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Duke +with +Peggy-Ann K. Duke +Judith L. duCellie +Boca Raton London New York +CRC Press is an imprint of the +Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business +8202_C000.indd 1 11/13/07 10:21:39 AM +CRC Press +Taylor & Francis Group +6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 +Boca Raton, FL 334872- 742 +© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC +CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business +No claim to original U.S. Government works +Printed in the United States of America on acidf- ree paper +10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 +International Standard Book Number1- 3: 978-0-8493-8202-4 (Hardcover) +This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted +with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to +publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of +all materials or for the consequences of their use. +Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- +lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- +ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the +publishers. +For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// +www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, +9787- 50-8400. CCC is a notf- orp- rofit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For orga - +nizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. +Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for +identification and explanation without intent to infringe. +Library of Congress Catalogingi- nP- ublication Data +Duke, James A., 1929- +Duke’s handbook of medicinal plants of the Bible / James A. Duke. +p. cm. +Includes bibliographical references and index. +ISBN 978-0-8493-8202-4 (alk. paper) +1. Herbs in the Bible 2. Plants in the Bible. 3. HerbsT-- herapeutic use. I. Title. II. Title: Handbook of +medicinal herbs of the Bible. +BS665.D85 2007 +220.8’58163--dc22 2007020177 +Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at +http://www.taylorandfrancis.com +and the CRC Press Web site at +http://www.crcpress.com +8202_C000.indd 2 11/13/07 10:21:40 AM +Contents +Acknowledgments...........................................................................................................................vii +Introduction......................................................................................................................................ix +Author...............................................................................................................................................xi +Bibliographic.Abbreviations........................................................................................................ xiii +Chemical.and.Medical.Abbreviations.........................................................................................xvii +Hushpuppy......................................................................................................................................xix +Format.of.This.Book......................................................................................................................xxi +Catalog.of.“Faith-Based”.Farmaceuticals......................................................................................1 +Cilician Fir (Abies cilicica (Antoine & Kotschy) Carrière) ++ Abietaceae .......................................1 +Indian Gum Arabic Tree (Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile) ++ Fabaceae .................................2 +Talh (Acacia seyal Delile.) ++ Fabaceae ...........................................................................................6 +Biblical Acacia (Acacia tortilis ssp. raddiana (Savi) Brenan) ++ Fabaceae .....................................7 +Corn Cockle (Agrostemma githago L.) + Caryophyllaceae ..............................................................8 +Hollyhock (Alcea rosea L.) + Malvaceae ........................................................................................ 11 +Camel’s Thorn (Alhagi maurorum Medik.) ++ Fabaceae ............................................................... 13 +Onion (Allium cepa L.) +++ Liliaceae ............................................................................................. 16 +Leek (Allium porrum L.) +++ Liliaceae .......................................................................................... 21 +Garlic (Allium sativum L.) +++ Liliaceae .......................................................................................23 +Aloe (Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.) (Gel) ++ Aloeaceae (Liliaceae).......................................................30 +Jointed Anabasis (Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq.) + Chenopodiaceae ................................... 35 +Rose-of-Jericho (Anastatica hierochuntica L.) ++ Brassicaceae ....................................................36 +Windofl wer (Anemone coronaria L.) + Ranunculaceae ..................................................................37 +Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ++ Apiaceae .....................................................................................39 +Mayweed (Anthemis cotula L.) + Asteraceae ................................................................................. 43 +Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.) + Thymelaeaceae ..........................................................44 +Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al.)++ Brassicaceae ............................................. 47 +White Wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba Asso) ++ Asteraceae ....................................................50 +Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) + Poaceae ....................................................................................... 52 +Tragacanth Milkvetch (Astragalus gummifer Labill.) +++ Fabaceae ............................................. 55 +Sea Orache (Atriplex halimus L.) + Chenopodiaceae ..................................................................... 57 +Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile.) ++ Balanitaceae .................................................58 +Frankincense (Boswellia sacra Birdw.) ++ Burseraceae ................................................................. 62 +Black Mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch ++ Brassicaceae ...............................................65 +Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L.) + Buxaceae ..............................................................................69 +Giant Milkweed (Calotropis procera (Willd.) Ait. X Asclepiadaceae............................................72 +Caper Bush (Capparis spinosa L.) +++ Capparaceae ..................................................................... 76 +Safofl wer (Carthamus tinctorius L.) +++ Asteraceae .....................................................................80 +Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) ++ Pinaceae................................................................84 +Purple Star Thistle (Centaurea calcitrapa L.) + + Asteraceae .......................................................86 +Spanish Thistle (Centaurea iberica Spreng.) ++ Asteraceae ..........................................................88 +Syrian Scabious (Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Roem. & Schult.) + Dipsacaceae ..................................89 +Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) +++ Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae) .......................................................90 +Judas Tree (Cercis siliquastrum L.) ++ Fabaceae............................................................................93 +Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) +++ Fabaceae .................................................................................94 +8202_C000.indd 3 11/13/07 10:21:41 AM +Endive (Cichorium endivia L.) +++ Asteraceae ..............................................................................97 +Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) +++ Asteraceae ..........................................................................100 +Cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees) +++ Lauraceae ............................................................ 104 +Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) +++ Lauraceae ........................................................... 108 +Ladanum (Cistus creticus L.) + Cistaceae ..................................................................................... 113 +Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) X Cucurbitaceae .................................................. 115 +Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai.) +++ Cucurbitaceae........................ 118 +Citron (Citrus medica L.) ++ Rutaceae ......................................................................................... 121 +African Myrrh (Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Engl. ++ Burseraceae .....................................126 +Balm of Gilead (Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C. Chr.) + Burseraceae .......................................128 +Abyssinian Myrrh (Commiphora habessinica (O. Berg) Engl.) + Burseraceae ............................ 130 +Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and other spp.) ++ Burseraceae ................................. 131 +Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) X Apiaceae .................................................................. 135 +Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) ++ Apiaceae ........................................................................ 138 +Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) ++ Iridaceae ...................................................................................... 143 +Melon (Cucumis melo L.) +++ Cucurbitaceae ............................................................................... 148 +Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) ++ Cucurbitaceae ....................................................................... 151 +Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) +++ Apiaceae ............................................................................. 155 +Italian Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) ++ Cupressaceae .................................................... 160 +Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) +++ Zingiberaceae ........................................................................ 162 +Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) J.F. Watson) ++ Poaceae ............................................. 168 +Maltese Mushroom (Cynomorium coccineum L.) ++ Balanophoraceae ....................................... 171 +Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) ++ Cyperaceae .............................................................................. 172 +Ceylon Ebony (Diospyros ebenum Koenig.) + Ebenaceae ............................................................ 174 +Coromandel (Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.) + Ebenaceae .......................................................... 176 +Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) ++ Elaeagnaceae........................................................ 178 +Rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) ++ Brassicaceae ................................................................................ 181 +Galbanum (Ferula gummosa Boiss.) + Apiaceae .......................................................................... 185 +Fig (Ficus carica L.) ++ Moraceae ................................................................................................ 187 +Sycamore Fig (Ficus sycomorus L.) + Moraceae .......................................................................... 191 +Manna (from Fraxinus ornus L.) ++ Oleaceae .............................................................................. 194 +Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.) + Malvaceae .............................................................. 197 +Gundelia (Gundelia tournefortii L.) + Asteraceae ........................................................................ 201 +English Ivy (Hedera helix L.) + Araliaceae ...................................................................................202 +Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ++ Poaceae .....................................................................................205 +Hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis name L.) + Liliaceae ................................................................. 210 +Golden Henbane (Hyoscyamus aureus L.) X Solanaceae ............................................................. 212 +Egyptian Henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus L.) X Solanaceae ......................................................... 213 +Yellow Flag (Iris Pseudacorus L.) + Iridaceae .............................................................................. 214 +English Walnut (Juglans regia L.) ++ Juglandaceae ..................................................................... 216 +Soft Rush (Juncus effusus L.) ++ Cyperaceae ............................................................................... 221 +Grecian Juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb) + Cupressaceae ......................................................224 +Cade Juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus L.) + Cupressaceae ...............................................................226 +Phoenician Juniper (Juniperus phoenicia L.) + Cupressaceae ......................................................228 +Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) ++ Asteraceae ...................................................................................229 +Calabash Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.) ++ Cucurbitaceae ................................. 233 +Bay (Laurus nobilis L.) ++ Lauraceae ...........................................................................................237 +Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) ++ Lythraceae ................................................................................ 241 +Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) +++ Fabaceae ................................................................................245 +8202_C000.indd 4 11/13/07 10:21:42 AM +White Lily (Lilium candidum L.) + Liliaceae ...............................................................................247 +Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) +++ Linaceae ...............................................................................250 +Storax (Liquidambar orientalis Mill and L. styraciflua L.) + + Hamamelidaceae ......................256 +Darnel (Lolium temulentum L.) X Poaceae ...................................................................................259 +Boxthorn (Lycium europaeum L.) + Solanaceae ...........................................................................260 +Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) +++ Rosaceae ........................................................................... 261 +High Mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) +++ Malvaceae ......................................................................266 +Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum L.) X Solanaceae ................................................................269 +Wild Mint (Biblical Mint) (Mentha longifolia (L.) L.) +++ Lamiaceae ....................................... 273 +Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) +++ Moraceae ......................................................................... 276 +Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) ++ Myrtaceae ................................................................................ 279 +Daffodil (Narcissus tazetta L.) X Amaryllidaceae ........................................................................283 +Jatamansi (Nardostachys grandiflora DC.) ++ Valerianaceae ......................................................285 +Watercress (Nasturtium officinal e R. Brown) ++ Brassicaceae ....................................................289 +Oleander (Nerium oleander L.) X Apocynaceae ...........................................................................294 +Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) ++ Ranunculaceae .....................................................................298 +White Waterlily (Nymphaea alba L.) +++ Nymphaeaceae ...........................................................303 +Olive (Olea europea L.) ++ Oleaceae ............................................................................................306 +Olive Oil (Olea europea L.) +++ ...................................................................................................309 +Lebanese Oregano (Origanum syriacum L.) +++ Lamiaceae ....................................................... 311 +Star of Bethlehem (Ornithogallum umbellatum L.) + Liliaceae ................................................... 312 +Christ’s Thorn (Paliuris spina-christi Mill.) + Rhamnaceae ........................................................ 315 +Sea Daffodil (Pancratium maritimum L.) + Amaryllidaceae ....................................................... 316 +Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) ++ Poaceae .................................................................................. 317 +Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) (+++ Seeds) (XXX Opium) Papaveraceae ....................320 +Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) +++ Arecaceae ..................................................................... 325 +Common Reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Stead.) ++ Poaceae .................................... 329 +Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) +++ Pinaceae ......................................................................... 332 +Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) ++ Abietaceae ................................................................... 334 +Stone Pine (Pinus pinea L.) + Abietaceae ..................................................................................... 335 +Mount Atlas Mastic (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) ++ Anacardiaceae................................................ 337 +Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus L.) ++ Anacardiaceae .......................................................................... 339 +Terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) ++ Anacardiaceae .................................................................. 341 +Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) +++ Anacardiaceae ........................................................................... 343 +Oriental Plane Tree (Platanus orientalis L.) ++ Platanaceae ........................................................345 +White Poplar (Populus alba L.) ++ Salicaceae .............................................................................348 +Euphrates Poplar (Populus euphratica Oliv.) ++ Salicaceae ......................................................... 350 +Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) ++ Rosaceae ................................................................................ 352 +Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) ++ Rosaceae ............................................................. 355 +Red Sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus L. F.) ++ Fabaceae .....................................................360 +Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) +++ Punicaceae ................................................................... 362 +Tabor Oak (Quercus ithaburensis Decne) ++ Fagaceae ................................................................ 367 +Asian Buttercup (Ranunculus asiaticus Auth.) + Ranunculaceae .................................................369 +White Broom (Retama raetam Forssk.) Webb & Berthel.) + Fabaceae ........................................ 371 +Palestine Buckthorn (Rhamnus palaestinas Boiss.) + Rhamnaceae ............................................. 373 +Castor (Ricinus communis L.) + Euphorbiaceae............................................................................ 374 +Dog Rose (Rosa canina L.) +++ Rosaceae ....................................................................................380 +Madder (Rubia tinctorium L.) X Rubiaceae ..................................................................................384 +Biblical Bramble (Rubus sanctus Schreb.) +++ Rosaceae.............................................................386 +Sheep Sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) ++ Polygonaceae ..................................................................388 +Butcher’s Broom (Ruscus aculeatus L.) ++ Ruscaceae ................................................................. 391 +8202_C000.indd 5 11/13/07 10:21:43 AM +Fringed Rue (Ruta chalepensis L.) + Rutaceae .............................................................................394 +Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) +++ Poaceae ...................................................................397 +Glasswort (Salicornia europea L.) ++ Chenopodiaceae ...............................................................402 +Willow (Salix acmophylla Boiss.) ++ Salicaceae ..........................................................................404 +Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica L.) + Salicaceae ....................................................................409 +Brittle Willow (Salix fragilis L.) + Salicaceae ............................................................................... 411 +Common Saltwort (Salsola kali L.) ++ Chenopodiaceae .............................................................. 413 +Peelu (Salvadora persica L.) ++ Salvadoraceae ............................................................................ 415 +Thorny Burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach ++ Rosaceae .............................................. 418 +Costus (Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch) ++ Asteraceae .............................................................. 419 +Lake Rush (Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla.) + Cyperaceae .................................................. 422 +Golden Thistle (Scolymus hispanicus L.) ++ Asteraceae .............................................................. 423 +Alexandrian Senna (Senna alexandrina Mill.) + Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae) ............................424 +Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) +++ Asteraceae .................................................. 428 +Charlock (Sinapis arvensis L.) + Brassicaceae .............................................................................. 433 +Vine of Sodom (Solanum anguivi Lam.) + Solanaceae ................................................................. 436 +Bitter-apple (Solanum incanum L.) ++ Solanaceae ....................................................................... 438 +Broomcorn (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) ++ Poaceae .............................................................440 +Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander.) ++ Styracaceae ....................................................................444 +Storax (Styrax officinalis L.) ++ Styracaceae ................................................................................447 +Sea Blite (Suaeda spp.) ++ Chenopodiaceae. ................................................................................449 +Salt Cedar (Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst.) ++ Tamaricaceae ..................................................... 451 +Dandelion (Taraxacum offi cinale G.H. Weber ex Wigger f.) +++ Asteraceae ............................. 453 +Sandarac (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.) + Cupressaceae.................................................... 459 +Bean Caper (Tetraena dumosa (Boiss.) Beier & Thulin) + Zygophyllaceae ................................. 461 +Shaggy Sparrowwort (Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl.) X Thymelaeaceae .....................................462 +Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) +++ Fabaceae ..........................................................463 +Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) +++ Poaceae ..................................................................................468 +Tulip (Tulipa spp.) + Liliaceae ....................................................................................................... 472 +Cattail (Typha spp.) +++ Typhaceae .............................................................................................. 474 +Hairy Elm (Ulmus canescens Melv.) ++ Ulmaceae ...................................................................... 478 +Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) +++ Urticaceae ......................................................................................480 +Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash ex Small) +++ Poaceae ..................................................485 +Laurestinus (Viburnum tinus L.) + Caprifoliaceae ........................................................................490 +Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) ++ Fabaceae ......................................................................................... 491 +Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) +++ Vitaceae ..........................................................................................496 +Spiny Cocklebur (Xanthium spinosum L.) + Asteraceae...............................................................502 +Spiny Zilla (Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl.) ++ Brassicaceae ...............................................................505 +Syrian Christthorn (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. ++ Rhamnaceae ......................................506 +Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) + Zosteraceae .................................................................................508 +Ref.erences. ..................................................................................................................................... 511 +Common.Name.Index .................................................................................................................. 521 +Scientific.Name.Index .................................................................................................................. 523 +8202_C000.indd 6 11/13/07 10:21:44 AM +Acknowledgments +For mysterious reasons, this third of my biblical undertakings has required the patience of Job. And +for their patience, I am indeed grateful to Barbara Norwitz, my publisher, Jill Jurgensen, senior +project coordinator, and Karen Simon, project editor, for tolerating some idiosyncrasies I introduced +in 2007, 30 years after my first publication with CRC Press. But Jobian patience has been required +by Judi duCellier, my associate for those same 30 years; Peggy Duke, my wife and illustrator, as we +creep and creak to our 50th wedding anniversary; and Mary Jo Bogenshutz-Godwin, another long- +time associate and frequent co-author. Mary Jo has patiently helped in many ways, especially in +getting occasional updates to my USDA phytochemical database, and moving us closer to a Duke’s +Handbook of Medicinal Herbs of Latin America. +8202_C000.indd 7 11/13/07 10:21:44 AM +8202_C000.indd 8 11/13/07 10:21:44 AM +Faith-Based Farmaceuticals: +Introduction +With the accelerating decline of my long-enjoyed good health, I lose faith more and more each year +in the pharmaceutical firms of America. It is clear that they wield incredible and potentially cor - +rupting power. I have little faith in the pharmaceutical firms’ desire to see a healthy America. I see +them promoting multiple-pills-a-day regimens, to be taken for life, and not necessarily promoting +health. Their side effects sometimes outweigh any health advantages they offer. But I gain faith each +year in the natural farmaceuticals in the Green Farmacy Garden. While I consider myself both a +naturalist and a spiritualist, I have strayed from the Southern Baptists who introduced me to religion +before I was old enough to have a questioning mind. Mine is still a questioning mind! Turning 78 +on April 4, 2007, I still envy those who believe, without doubt. I wish I did! Surely I so wish, if +they are right! Maybe even if they are wrong! They are less likely to worry themselves to death. I am +also impressed with gfi ures suggesting that 90 to 95% of Americans resort to prayer in illness. If +they believe, they are much more liable to be helped. If they believe more in the healing power +of their acupuncturist, chiropractor, herbalist, homeopath, naturopath, orthopedist, or even their +minister or shaman, than they do in their allopathic physician, there is a good chance that, with the +power of mind/body synergy, those non-allopathic modalities are more likely to succeed than the +allopathic modality. Yes, I am saying that with many people, believing is more liable to cure than +is allopathy. And those same people, reading that our many Biblical foods are menus of medicinal +phytochemicals, from which their bodies can selectively mine those needed by the ailing body, are +more liable to be helped by using the biblical food farmacy. +Many of us have come to believe my earlier published statistics that pharmaceuticals kill a thou- +sand times more Americans than herbs. The famous Gary Null and a few others even say that phar- +maceuticals are bigger killers than cancer, cardiopathy, diabetes, or stroke. And, it is easy to see that +the newest, most expensive, and most advertised pharmaceuticals are among the most dangerous. +Yes, shortly after Phase 3 clinical trials and final FDA approval, the pharmaceutical firms get their +marketing efforts into gear with the permeating message, “Ask your physicians if New Drugs A, B, +C and W, X, Y are right for you,” simultaneously giving free samples to the allopaths to encourage +you to take the new drug. And off go their drug reps to reward the allopaths with more than free +samples — training seminars in romantic places, where they will learn most of the positives about +the new drug and few of the negatives. Before you know it, you are taking Drug Z for the side +effects of Drug A. You, the American Public, are induced into what I call Phase 4 “Cynical Trials,” +in which half of the new pharmaceuticals will be relabeled, with stronger warnings, or partially or +completely recalled within a decade. Meanwhile, more expensive pharmaceuticals will continue +to cause many more deaths than are caused by the safe herbs we are led to believe are dangerous. +They are not! Check the Bextra, Celebrex, and Vioxx stories, and soon-to-be-heard statin stories +(three close friends of mine, too old to be worried about cholesterol, have been hospitalized because +of using statins), and head counts of iatrogenic fatalities. The Null numbers: The total number of +annual iatrogenic deaths in America is 783,936.(Null et al., 2003). +Remember that pharmaceuticals have been with us less than 150 years. If our ancestors left +Africa via the Holy Land 2000 years ago (for faith-based literalists), maybe a million years ago +(for the less literal), then our genes, tracing back to our African/Holy Land ancestors, have had at +least ten times more temporal experience with biblical herbs (e.g., cinnamon, coriander, cumin, +dill, garlic, grape, mint, milk thistle, myrrh, olive, onion, pomegranate, saffron, turmeric, and +8202_C000.indd 9 11/13/07 10:21:45 AM +the like). Pharmaceuticals and synthetic food additives are relatively new to our genes. Our bod- +ies have had thousands, perhaps millions, of years of evolutionary experience with the thousands +of phytochemicals in these edible species. Our bodies may even require many of them. In many +cases, I will wager but cannot prove, the body has evolved homeostatic mechanisms for maintain- +ing homeostatic balances for these phytochemicals. Our body can sequester them from our dietary +milieus if we need them, excreting them if we do not. We can prove this for simple elemental +chemicals such as selenium and zinc. I will also wager that homeostatic balancing activities exist +for hundreds of many, long-familiar dietary components. We just assigned an RDA for choline in +the past decade. The further we get from our paleolithic diet and, more importantly, the more syn- +thetic pharmaceuticals and food additives we ingest, the more liable we are to suffer imbalances. It +is not only food additives that hurt us; it is the subtractives as well. The subtractive phytochemicals +are those important nutrients reduced or lost in food processing. Most of the value in whole grains +is lost in the processing (e.g., some of the minerals such as copper, iron, manganese, selenium, and +zinc, and vitamins such as B , B , B , B , B , E, and folic acid). +1 2 3 5 6 +Restoring chemical balance may require getting back to basics, those primitive paleolithic foods +rich in phytonutrients. At the same time, we should reduce our consumption of over-processed, +nutrient-poor junk foods, avoiding additives and even pharmaceuticals where possible and plausible. +I am not saying that there is no place for pharmaceuticals, but I will say that in many cases there +are balanced Biblical foods that are pharmacologically competitive with unbalancing pharmaceu- +ticals, and these food farmaceuticals should be drugs of first resort, the pharmaceutical of last +resort. And if you believe more in me and my Biblical food farmaceutical shotgun than you believe +in your allopath and her/his expensive pharmaceutical silver bullets, then there is a better chance +that my natural approach will help you. Believing is half the cure. Can you believe in a company +whose 2-billion-dollar-a-year drug was shown in the Journal of the American Medical Association +(JAMA) back in 2002 to be no better than a placebo for major depression. Can you believe that, now +4 years later, that company still has the premier lead-off ad page for JAMA touting the $2-billion- +a-year drug as so trusted, so reliable, so efcafi cious? I suspect you would be better off with Biblical +walnut oil and Biblical saffron, nourishing and medicating your body, attenuating the depression +with few, or no, consequential side effects. Ask your congress person to insist on a new third-arm +trial comparing Zoloft with walnut oil/hypericum/saffron, a triple-whammy food-farmaceutical +antidepressant. If you count all the possible side effects reported in the fine print of that ad for the +$2-billion-a-year pharmaceutical, you will count more than a hundred. When that study was pub- +lished back in 2002 showing the pharmaceutical as no better than placebo, almost nobody heard +that the drug failed, too. The news was instead blaring out that “St. John’s wort no better than pla- +cebo.” True St. John’s wort (SJW) fared no better than placebo in this clinical comparison of SJW, +Zoloft, and the placebo. But that is the half of the story that Joan Q. Public heard a thousand times, +maybe once or twice hearing that the pharmaceutical also failed. Do I think there is a pharmaceuti- +cal/FDA/press conspiracy? I will say that they are all singing the same song, and the song is wrong, +thus hurting Americans. Their monotonous song drives American consumers from the safer food, +herb, and spice farmaceuticals to the more expensive, more dangerous synthetic pharmaceuticals +— all this at the expense of our health and the health of our planet. Even our rivers and lakes — and +consequently our water supply— are now cocktails of pharmaceutical residues. +That bit of antidepressant news was so depressing that I resorted to song writing as alternative +therapy. I like to remind people of the failure of the press to report the real news back in 2002. +8202_C000.indd 10 11/13/07 10:21:45 AM +About The Author +James.A..“Jim”.Duke,.Ph.D., economic botanist and ethnobotanist, retired after a full career with +the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, Beltsville, MD) in 1995. After “retiring,” +he served 5 years as senior science adviser with Nature’s Herbs. Although he has been retired for +more than a decade, the USDA still maintains his Phytochemical Database online at http://www. +ars-grin.gov/duke. He has published more than 30 books dealing with herbs, economic botany, and +ethnobotany. For the past 5 years, he has taught medical botany as distinguished lecturer with the +master of sciences program in herbal medicine at the Tai Sophia Institute, Laurel, Maryland. With +an aggregate of 6 years in Latin America, he still leads ethnobotanical trips. In 2007, for example, +he took one group to the Amazonian rain forest, accompanied by his Amazonian Ethnobotanical +Dictionary (Duke, J.A. and Vasquez Martinez, R., 1994. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 215 pp.). He +also led a group to Costa Rica in 2007, accompanied by his Tico Ethnobotanical Dictionary (online +at the USDA Phytochemical Database and an updated version of his Isthmian Ethnobotanical Dic- +tionary, first published, 1971). For the 16th year, he led a week-long efi ld course in ethnobotany in +coastal Maine. He often hosts tours of his own Green Farmacy Garden in suburban Maryland, with +some 300 medicinal herbs. +A Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill), where he also +attained his Ph.D., Duke was elected as distinguished alumnus 50 years later. He was appointed +honorary president of the Herb Society of America for 2007. +8202_C000.indd 11 11/13/07 10:21:45 AM +8202_C000.indd 12 11/13/07 10:21:46 AM +Bibliographic Abbreviations +The following is a listing of the books and journals frequently consulted for this book. +AAB = Arvigo and Balick (1993) +AAH = Allen and Hatefi ld (2004) +ABS = Abstract +ACT = Alternative & Complementary Therapies +AEH = De Smet et al. (1997) +AH2 = McGuffin et al. (2000) +AHL = Liogier (1974) +AHP = McGuffin et al. (1997) +AKT = Tillotson et al. (2001) +APA = Peirce (1999) +AUS = Austin (2004) +AVP = Arsene (1971) +BAT = Batanouny (1981) +BEJ = Bejar (2001) +BGB = Blumenthal et al. (2000) +BI2 = Duke (1999) +BIB = Duke (1983) +BIS = Bisset (1994) +BMD = Montague-Drake (1997) +BNA = Balick et al. (2000) +BO2 = Boik (2001) +BOI = B oik (1995); and for fuller citation, Cancer & Natural Medicine, Oregon Medical +Press, Princeton, MN, 315 pp. (= BOI) +BOU = Boulos (1983) +BOW = Bown (2001) +BRU = Bruneton (1999) +BUR = Jacobs and Burlage (1958) +CAN = Newall et al. (1996) +CEB = Erichsen-Brown (1989) +CJE = Earle (http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/) +COX = Newmark and Schulick (2000) +CR2 = Duke et al. (2002[[a) +CRC = Duke (1985) +CRH = Consumer Reports on Health +CWW = Wright (2002) +DAA = Duke and Ayensu (1985) +DAD = Duke and duCellier (1993) +DAS = Davies and Stewart (1990) +DAV = Duke and Vasquez (1994) +DAW = Duke and Wain (1991) +DEM = Moerman (1998) +DEP = Watt (1889–1892) +DLZ = De Lucca and Zalles (1992) +EAS = Eastman (1992, 1995, 2003) +8202_C000.indd 13 11/13/07 10:21:46 AM +EB = Economic Botany +EFS = Steinmetz (circa 1957) +EGG = Egg (1999) +EMP = Economic and Medicinal Plant Research +FAC = Facciola (1998) +FAD = Foster and Duke (1990) +FAH = Foster and Hobbs (2002) +FAY = Foster and Yue (1992) +FEL = Felter and Lloyd (1898) +FFJ = Flavor and Fragrance Journal +FNF = Father Nature’s Farmacy online database: http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ +FP1 = Zohary (1966) +FP2 = Zohary (1972) +FP3 = Feinbrun-Dothan (1978) +FT = Fitoterapia +GAZ = Skenderi (2003) +GHA = Ghazanfar (1994) +GMH = Grieve (1931) +GMJ = Grenand et al. (1987) +GOO = Google search +HC = Herb Clips (American Botanical Council) +HDN = Neuwinger (1996) +HEG = Hegnauer (1962–1997) +HG = HerbalGram +HH2 = Hansel et al. (1992, 1993, 1994) +HH3 = Blaschek et al. (1998, 1998) +HHB = List and Hohammer (1969–1979) +HJP = Philips (1958) +HOC = Tyler (1994) +HOE = Duke (1983) +HOO = Tyler (1985) +HOS = Duke et al. (2002[[b) +IED = Duke (1986) +IHB = Burkill (1966) +JAC = The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine +JAD = James A. Duke, personal communication +JAF = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry +JAH = Journal of the American Herbalists Guild +JAR = The International Journal of Aromatherapy +JBH = Harborne and Baxter (1983) +JEB = Journal of Ethnobotany +JFM = Morton (1977, 1981) +JLH = Hartwell (1982) +JMF = Journal of Medicinal Food +JN = Journal of Nutrition +JNP = Journal of Natural Products +JNU = Joseph et al. (2001) +KAB = Kirtikar and Basu (Reprint 1975) +KAL = Koch and Lawson (1996) +KAP = Kapoor (1990) +KC2 = Huang (1999) +8202_C000.indd 14 11/13/07 10:21:46 AM +KJV = King James Version of the Bible +KOM = Blumenthal et al. (1998) +LAF = Leung and Foster (1995) +LAW = Lawson (1996) +LEG = Duke (1981) +LIB = Libster (2002) +LMP = Perry (1980) +LRNP = Lawrence Review of Natural Products, looseleaf; periodically updated +LWW = Little et al. (1974) +M29 = Martindale; The Extra Pharmacopoeia (29th edition). The Pharmaceutical Press, +London (1989), 1930 pp. +MAB = Mills and Bone (1999) +MAM = Miller and Murray (1998) +MAX = Martinez (1969) +MKK = Kaul (1997) +MPB = Mors et al. (2000) +MPG = Gupta (1995) +MPI = ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) (1976, 1987) +MZN = Martin et al. (1961) +NAD = Nadkarni (1976) +NH = Barbara Grant or Grace Lyn Rich, Nature’s Herbs; personal communication +NMH = Humphrey (2003) +NP = Natural Products +NPM = Manandhar (2002) +NR = Nutrition Reviews +NUT = Duke (1989) +NWT = New World Translation of the Bible +ORAFTI = Newsletter Number 9 of ORAFTI +PAM = Pizzorno and Murray (1985) +PAY = Palevitch and Yaniv (2000) +PCS = Standley (1920–1926) +PDB = Phytochemical Database, http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ +PED = Pedersen (1998) +PER = Mark Dafforn, personal communication +PH2 = Gruenwald et al. (2000) +PHM = Phytomedicine +PHR = Fleming et al. (1998) +PIP = Schilcher (1997) +PJB = Protocol Journal of Botanical Medicine +PM = Planta Medica +PNC = Williamson and Evans (1989) +POR = Porcher’s Australian Nomenclature Database, http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au +PR = Phytotherapy Research +PST = Press et al. (1994) +RAR = Rutter (1990) +RCP = Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales +RIN = Rinzler (1990) +RIZ = Rizk (1986) +ROE = Roersch (1994) +RSV = Revised Standard Version of the Bible +RyM = Roig y Mesa (1928) +8202_C000.indd 15 11/13/07 10:21:46 AM +SAR = Schultes and Raffauf (1990) +SAY = Stamets (and Yao) (2002) +SF = Foster (1996) +SHT = Schulz et al. (1998) +SKJ = Jain and deFilipps (1991) +SKY = Lininger et al. (1998) +SOU = Soukup (1970) +SPI = Charalambous (1994) +SUW = Suwal (1976) +TAD = Tucker and Debaggio (2000) +TAN = Tanaka (1976) +TGP = Duke (1997) +TIB = Kletter and Kriechbaum (2001) +TMA = Time-Life, Editors (1996) +TOM = Tommy Bass; in Crellin and Philpott (1990) +TRA = Germosén-Robineau (TRAMIL) (1997) +ULW = Coe and Anderson (1999) +UPH = Uphof (1968) +UPW = Burkill (1985–1995) +USN = USDA Nomenclature Database, http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/tax/taxgenform.html. +VAD = García et al. (1998) (Vadmecum) +VOD = Beauvoir et al. (2001) +VVG = Van Wyk et al. (1997) +WAF = White and Foster et al. (2000) +WAM = White and Mavor (1998) +WBB = Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) +WHO = World Health Organization (1999) +WI3 = Wichtl (2004) +WIC = Wichtl (1984) +WIN = Kindscher and Hurlburt (1998) +WOI = CSIR (1948–1976) +WO2 = CSIR (1985) +WO3 = CSIR (2000) +X as prefix followed by several numbers = PubMed reference citation (e.g., X123456) +YAB = Yaniv and Bachrach (2005) +ZOH = Zohary (1982) +ZUL = Hutchings et al. (1996) +8202_C000.indd 16 11/13/07 10:21:47 AM +Chemical and Medical Abbreviations +Most of the miscellaneous abbreviations relate to chemistry, medicines, and dosages, but there are +some other abbreviations used in a similar table in Duke et al. (2002a). +ADD = Attention decfi it disorder +AHPA = American Herbal Products Association +ALA = Alpha-linolenic acid +APA = American Pharmaceutical Association +BO = Body odor +BPC = British Pharmacopoeia +BPH = Benign prostatic hypertrophy +CDC = Centers for Disease Control +cf. = Compare with +CNS = Central nervous system +COPD = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder +COX = Cyclooxygenase +COX-I = C yclooxygenase-inhibitor (sometimes, more specicfi ally COX -1 or COX-2-inhibitor) +cv = Cultivar +CVI = Chronic venous insufcfi iency +ED = Erectile dysfunction +ED50 = Effective dose at which 50% of subjects are “cured,” “effected,” “affected,” or +“altered” +e.g. = For example +EO = Essential oil +ERT = Estrogen replacement therapy +etc. = Et cetera +f = Folklore, not yet substantiated (following parentheses in “Activities” and +“Indications” sections) +g = Gram +GI = Gastrointestinal +GLA = Gamma-linolenic acid +GMO = Genetically modiefi d organism +GRAS = Generally recognized as safe +h (as an abandoned score for an activity or indication) = Homeopathic +H2O2 = Hydrogen peroxide +HCN = Hydrocyanic acid +hmn = Human +HPS = Hepatopulmonary syndrome +IBD = Inafl mmatory bowel disease +IBS = Irritable bowel syndrome +IC = Inhibitory concentration +IKKbeta = IkappaB-kinase-beta +iNOS = Inducible nitric oxide synthase +ipr = Intraperitoneal +ivn = Intravenous +l = Liter +8202_C000.indd 17 11/13/07 10:21:47 AM +LD50 = Lethal dose at which 50% of experimental population is killed +LDlo = Lowest reported lethal dose +MAOI = Monoamine oxidase inhibitor +MBC = Minimum bactericidal concentration +MDR = Multi drug resistant +mg = Milligram +MIC = Has been used by different sources differently = Minimum Inhibiting Concentration +or Mean Inhibiting Concentration +ml = Milliliter +MLD = Minimum lethal dose; mean lethal dose +mM = Millimolar +MRSA = Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus +mus = Mouse +NCI = National Cancer Institute +NO = Nitric oxide +ODC = Ornithine-decarboxylase +OPC = Oligomeric procyanidins +ORAC = Oxygen radical absorbance capacity +orl = Oral +oz = Ounce +PMS = Premenstrual syndrome +ppm = Parts per million +PSA = Prostate-specic afi ntigen +rbt = Rabbit +scu = Subcutaneous +SF = Stephen Foster +SHBG = Sexual hormone binding globulin +SLE = Systemic lupus erythematosus +SOD = Superoxide dismutase +Tbsp = Tablespoon +TCM = Traditional Chinese medicine +tsp = Teaspoon +µl = Microliter +µM = Micromolar +UTI = Urinary tract infection +viz. = Videlicet +Vol = Volume +X = S olitary X in the title line of the herb following the scientic fi name means “don’t +take it without advice from an expert.” Think of it as a skull-and-crossbones; X +followed by serial number = PMID (PubMed ID number) +ZMB = Zero moisture basis +8202_C000.indd 18 11/13/07 10:21:47 AM +Hushpuppy +The Sad Saga of ST. John +—.Jim.Duke +(Performed at Tai Graduation, June 2004; AHG, October 9, 2004) +I remember that sad day +In the year 2002 +When I heard the TV say +St. John ain’t good for you +I reckon they forgot +What you really oughta know +Two billion bucks of Zoloft +Placed second to placebo +And they also forgot +The good Doctor Cott +The first one to outline +The study design +But after Cott was gone +The design it was redrawn +With no redeeming graces +They took on basket cases. +They forgot the good St. John +Was the German’s number one +With better Deutsche direction +They take John for their depression +What’s the story we were fed +By our US Institute +They misled us instead +Saying herbs they ain’t “sehr gut” +Our NInstitutes of Health +Misleads us local yuppies +They rob health to pay off wealth +Their studies are “hushpuppies” +And the press in all its wisdom +Missed one important score +St. John reduced orgasm +But Zoloft reduced it more +Hushpuppy +A most depressing tune +Hushpuppy +8202_C000.indd 19 11/13/07 10:21:48 AM +Keep howling at the Moon +St. John +Ain’t you groaning in your grave +Pray John +Make the NIH behave +They muted the real news +The placebo beat the pill +But the news gave me the blues +Like liars always will +They forgot to tip us off +What I think we all should know +Two-billion-dollar Zoloft +Was poorer than placebo +That’s what really was the news +Hope that everybody knows +Zoloft did really lose +Outdone by mere placebos +So I’m plowing up my herbs +They’re much too hard to grow +Gonna move out to the suburbs +And grow me some placebo +Hushpuppy +A most depressing tune +Hushpuppy +Keep howling at the Moon +Hushpuppy +Did you want the herb to lose? +Your study +Was really just a ruse +St. John +Ain’t you groaning in your grave +Pray John +Make the NIH behave +—.Anonymous,.2002 +8202_C000.indd 20 11/13/07 10:21:48 AM +Format of This Book +It is only natural that a believer in evolution would have an evolving format. The current format +has evolved from my CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2nd edition, which had evolved from my +public domain Father Nature’s Farmacy, online at the USDA. There are some new features here. +Lead.Line: The lead line for each species remains pretty much the same. Common name +— (Scientific name Author) followed by an X, a +, ++, or +++ representing the rather +subjective safety scores, as in the past (X = don’t take it, + = OK but probably not as safe +as coffee, ++ = OK and probably as safe as coffee, and +++ = OK and probably safer than +coffee); then the taxonomic family to which the species belongs. Family names are always +in capital letters and end in “ACEAE.” Like allopaths, health announcers, and reporters, +I reserve the right to change my mind as new information comes in, positive or negative. +I assembled this information, based on the published literature — no prescription implied +or intended. +Synonyms: The next line may list some outdated synonyms, scientic fi names that at some +time in the past also have been applied to this species. +Notes: The NOTES paragraph almost always begins with biblical quotes from various trans- +lations of the Bible (KJV = King James Version; RSV = Revised Standard Version, NWT += New World Translation). It is amazing how many uncopyrighted versions of the Bible in +many languages are available on the Internet. And it is amazing how often the plant names +(usually underlined in the quotation) are differently translated in the various versions. +After these quotes follows a concise paragraph or two commenting on points of interest. +Common.Names: Here I have compiled many, but by no means all, common names, often +aggfl ed as to language or country of origin. First comes a name in alphabetical order +with a parenthetical citation of the country and/or language name or abbreviation. The +country/language names/abbreviations always have the initial letter capitalized and sub- +sequent letters in lowercase. These are followed by three-letter abbreviations (all capital +letters) of the source(s), sometimes supplemented by journal citations or PubMed abstracts +preceded by an X, to tell readers where I found these names. Sometimes one of the refer- +ences, most frequently KAB, will list more than a hundred common names, from various +parts of India and elsewhere, including dozens of Sanskrit names. In some such cases, I +took at least one name from that source from each country or language. Few users will +want to study all these common names unless it is a country they plan to visit. With an +electronic version of the database, they could generate the names pertinent to the country +they plan to visit. Often, the name itself will tell something about the plant or its medicinal +uses. I have elected to use the standardized common names (Scn.) endorsed by the Ameri- +can Herbal Products Association (AH2) as the pivotal common name in the lead line for +the entry. Occasionally, AH2 would offer an optional alternative common name, which I +have abbreviated Ocn. (= other common name). Where there was no standardized com- +mon name, I often use the abbreviation Nscn. (= no standardized common name). In such +cases, not uncommon in this biblical edition, I have consulted the USDA nomenclaturists +and their database, trying to ensure that they and I will agree, and this might later inufl - +ence the American Herbal Products Association should they decide to add some of these +to a revised edition of their standardized common name book. With these common names +8202_C000.indd 21 11/13/07 10:21:48 AM +aggfl ed with geographic and linguistic handles, skillful database managers can readily +print out mini-medicinal floras for many countries. +Activities: Following the common name paragraph are the activities reported for the herb, +followed by a parenthetical scoring of the level of the efcafi cy of that activity. I have a sub - +jective four-score evaluation of the efcafi cy of the activities f = strictly folklore; 1 = some +animal, epidemiological, in vitro, or phytochemical studies support the efcafi cy (I actually +feel that in many cases f may be better than 1); 2 = extracts of plant approved by Com- +mission E, by the TRAMIL Commission, or demonstrated by human clinical trials; and +a very rare 3 = herb itself clinically proven in human trials. If there is folkloric data (f), +and animal or phytochemical support (1), and clinical proof for extracts or the rare clini- +cal proof for the herb itself (3), as occasionally happens, e.g. with garlic, the efcafi cy score +would read f123. Our computer programs can then print out the best scoring herbs for a +given activity or indication. These efcafi cy scores are referenced like the common name, +by three-letter abbreviations of my major sources in capital letters, and/or PubMed citation +numbers preceded by X, and/or occasional shorthand journal citations. +Indications: Following the ACTIVITIES are the INDICATIONS reported for the herb, fol- +lowed by a parenthetical scoring of the level of the efcafi cy of that indication. I have the +same subjective efcafi cy scores f = folklore; 1 = some supporting animal, epidemiological, +in vitro, or phytochemical studies; 2 = approved by Commission E, or the TRAMIL Com- +mission, or proved in human clinical trials for simple herbal extracts; and a very rare 3 = +herb itself clinically proven in human trials. Combinations of these four scores can appear, +especially when many sources have been consulted. Not all sources consulted are cited but +I attempt to cite my new source succinctly when the score goes up or down. These scores +are referenced by three-letter abbreviations of my major sources, and/or PubMed serial +citation numbers preceded by X, and/or an occasional shorthand journal citation. Occa- +sionally, trying to reference every activity and indication, I have to resort to bibliographic +shorthand; hence, there will be a cryptic journal citation (especially of journals not cov- +ered by PubMed), with an abbreviation for the journal, followed by the volume number and +the page number, as in my CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Some examples are: +EB12:368 = Economic Botany, Vol. 12, p. 368. +FT67:215 = Fitoterapia. Vol. 67, p. 215. +ACT9:251 = Journal Alternative & Complementary Medicine, Vol. 9, p. 251. +Dosages: This entry has evolved signicafi ntly since CR2, the CRC Handbook of Medicinal +Herbs (2nd edition, 2002). First, I have added a third scoring element for the food farmacy +potential of the plant. FNFF stands for Father Nature’s Food Farmacy. Here is the FNFF +scoring pattern: +FNFF = X = I found nothing credible suggesting the plant as food. +FNFF = ? = Very questionable survival food. +FNFF = ! = Survival food or little known but locally important; not in United States +supermarkets. +FNFF = !! = Important food in some parts of world; not in major supermarkets. +FNFF = !!! = Important enough in the world to be in many United States supermarkets. +Following the food farmacy score, there will be dosages from various sources using the same +reference citations. Then there will be folkloric bullets suggesting how various countries and ethnic +groups report using the plant. With this new FNFF scoring, my computer can rank the herbs for +safety, efcafi cy, and food farmacy potential. In these litigious days, I feel safer recommending food +farmacy to friends and family. I think food farmacy should be the first line of attack when a simple +new medical problem arises. +8202_C000.indd 22 11/13/07 10:21:48 AM +Downsides: Under this heading I often report contraindications, interactions, and side effects, +just as in the CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (Edition 2, 2002). +Natural.History: Because of my increasing interest in zoopharmacognosy and natural his- +tory, I added this cubbyhole to permit inclusion of pertinent facts on the natural history. +Which animals are using it besides us? +Extracts: Here I try to include news on chemicals or extracts of the plant that have +proven effects. +8202_C000.indd 23 11/13/07 10:21:49 AM +8202_C000.indd 24 11/13/07 10:21:49 AM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” +Farmaceuticals +CILICIAN FIR (Abies cilicic A (ANto INe & Kots Chy) +CARRIèRe) ++ ABIet ACeAe +Notes (Cili Cia N Fir ): +The beams of our house are cedar, and our rafters of fir . +Song of Solomon 1:17 (KJV) +The beams of our house are cedar, our rafters are pine. +Song of Solomon 1:17 (RSV) +The beams of our grand house are cedars, our rafters juniper trees. +Song of Solomon 1:17 (NWT) +Off to a taxonomic bad start. What do you think? What timber was used in the rafters, fir as in +KJV, pine as in RSV, or juniper as in the NWT? In this exceptional case, each version has its own +rendering for the plant name underlined. No one can say for sure which version is correct. There are +no voucher specimens. You will hear me lament that fact many times. And even today, the names +fir, juniper, and pine mean different things to different people. If I include them all, I will have +more tentative species in my faith-based herbal here. Zohary (1982) lists Abies cilicica, Cupressus +sempervirens, and Juniperus excelsa as candidates for the word berosh, found more than 30 times +in the scriptures, and interpreted to mean coniferous trees with small scale-like or short linear +leaves rather than pine-like needles. Amazingly, he concludes by considering berosh a collective +name for all three. Perhaps not so amazing; we have popular scrub oak and scrub pine concepts that +are suprageneric here in the United States, and our English word conifer embraces more kinds of +gymnosperms than Zohary’s berosh. When Zohary encountered berosh associated with the word +for Lebanon or erez, he thinks they mean Abies cilicica, which grows in Lebanon mixed with cedar. +“The great timber negotiations between King Solomon and Hiram of Tyre undoubtedly included +this outstanding species of Lebanese tree, whose southernmost limit of distribution is today the vi-l +lage of Slenfe (at a latitude of about 3°4 North)”. Jane Philips (1958) noted that the tree still occurred +near Beirut and Tripoli. Private growers of the trees said they were used for medicine, the resin used +for cough medicines and salves. Twigs or dried leaves were boiled up in cough syrups. To prepare +the salve, leaves were ground up in a mortar to apply to wounds. Algerians are said to sprinkle +powdered leaves in butter as a vulnerary (Philips, 1958). +Commo N Names (Cili Cia N Fir ): +Berosh (Eng.; BIB); Cilician Fir (Eng.; USN); Cilicische Tanne (Ger.; USN); Nscn. + +8202_C001.indd 1 11/12/07 2:19:41 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +a Ctivities (Cili Cia N Fir ): +Antiseptic (1; X11962214); Bactericide (1; X10548751); Vulnerary (f1; BIB; X10548751). +iNdi Catio Ns (Cili Cia N Fir ): +Bacillus (1; X10548751); Bacteria (1; X10548751); Cough (f1; BIB; X10548751); Enterobacter (1; +X10548751); Escherichia (1; X10548751); Infection (1; X11962214); Klebsiella (1; X10548751); +Listeria (1; X10548751); Mycobacterium (1; X10548751); Proteus (1; X10548751); Pseudomonas (1; +X10548751); Staphylococcus (1; X10548751); Wound (f1; BIB; X10548751). +d osages (Cili Cia N Fir ): +FNFF = ? +• Algerians are said to sprinkle powdered leaves in butter as a vulnerary (BIB). +• Lebanese use the resin or leaf/twig decoction in cough syrups and wound salves (BIB). +INDIAN GUM ARABIC t Ree (Ac Aci A nilotic A +(L.) WILLD. ex DeLILe) ++ FABACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd.; Acacia vera Willd.; Mimosa arabica Lam.; Mimosa nilotica L. +Notes (iNdia N g um a rabi C t ree): +And the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush; and he +looked, and behold, the bush burned with fire, yet it was not consumed. +Exodus 3:2 (KJV) +And the angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush; and he +looked, and lo, the bush was burning, yet it was not consumed. +Exodus 3:2 (RSV) +Then Jehovah’s angel appeared to him in a flame of fire in the midst of a thornbush. As he kept look- +ing; why, here the thornbush was burning with the fire, and the thornbush was not consumed. +Exodus 3:2 (NWT) +In my first Bible book, I side with the Moldenkes, who concluded that the burning bush was an +Acacia. But the NWT renders it thornbush. Zohary (1982) argues convincingly that the plant called +sneh should be translated Senna, not Acacia nilotica as Moldenke and Tristam concluded, oRr ubus +as other scholars had concluded. Why? BecausAe cacia nilotica and Rubus do not occur on the +Sinai. He concludes that “the most plausible explanation for sneh is Cassia senna named sene in +all Arabic-speaking countries.” The taxonomic name has changed tSo enna alexandrina, but sene +persists in most Arabic quarters. However, I still include the Acacia. If the burning bush was thorny, +as inferred only in the NWT above, then it cannot be Cassia senna. +At the crossroads of the African, Asian, and European continents, the Holy Land serves as +the bridge from Africa through Egypt, to Asia and Europe. Thus, the medicinal wisdom of the +early Arabs, Copts, Hebrews, and Moslems assume great importance because of their empirical +8202_C001.indd 2 11/12/07 2:19:42 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +antiquity. The scriptures tell us that Abraham’s grandson Jacob immigrated into Egypt when he +learned that his long-lost son Joseph was prospering there. And that led to what I will call the +Jacobian exchange (introduction of middle-eastern species to Egypt), almost two millennia before +the Colombian exchange (mixing the ofl ra of the old and new worlds). Jacob’s stay was said to be a +400-year odyssey, so he took with him saplings of certain Acacias not native to Egypt. The upright +frames of the tabernacles were to be built of Acacias (BI2). Which Acacia can be argued for eons. +Thus, man has been moving species around for millennia, sometimes obscuring their true nativity. +Some scholars equate this Acacia with the thornbush of Exodus, equating the fire with the parasite +Loranthus acaciae. Roasted seed kernels provide a dye for black strings worn by Nankani women. +Commo N Names (iNdia N g um a rabi C t ree): +Abadonui (Dahomey; KAB); Acacia (Eng.; CR2); Acacia d’Egypte (Fr.; BOU); Ajabaksha (Sanskrit; +KAB); Akakia (Arab.; Iran; NAD); Ammughilam (Arab.; NAD); Amraya (Mauritania; UPW); Amur +(Mauritania; Sahara; KAB); Amura (Mali; UPW); Australian Wattle (Eng.; NPM); Babal (Guj.; +NAD); Babbar (Sin.; KAB); Bablia (Guj.; KAB); Babboola (Sanskrit; MPI); Babbuli (Kan.; KAB); +Babhul (Mar.; KAB); Babhula (Bom.; Mar.; Sin.; KAB; NAD); Babla (Beng.; Hindi; Pun.; KAB; MPI; +NAD); Babli (Mun.; KAB); Babola (Mal.; KAB; NAD); Babul (Eng.; Mah.; Nepal; Kum.; Kon.; Urdu; +CR2; KAB; NAD; SUW); Abadanui (Dahomey; UPW); Babul Acacia (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Babulla +(Ayu.; AH2); Babulo (Oriya; KAB); Babur (Nasirabad; Sibi; KAB); Bagana (Bambara; Ivo.; Malinki; +KAB; UPW); Bagaruwa (Hausa; Kano; Sokoto; KAB); Bambolero (Lambadi; KAB); Bamura +(Jubbulpore; KAB); Bani (Baraba; Surai; KAB); Bara Na (Fulah; KAB); Barbara (Sanskrit; NAD); +Barbaramu (Tel.; KAB; NAD); Bauni (Kan.; NAD); Baval (Porebunder; KAB); Bebned (Wolof; +KAB); Black Babul (Eng.; KAB; WO2); Boina (Wassula; KAB); Bois d’Arariba Rosa (Fr.; KAB); +Diabbe (Sarakolet; KAB); Egyptian Acacia (Eng.; BOU); Egyptian Thorn (Eng.; BOU; UPW); Espi-n +heira Preta (Port; Guinea-Bissau; UPW); Gabaruwa (Zaria; KAB); Gabur (San.; KAB); Gambia Pods +(Eng.; UPW); Gaodi (Peuhl; Tuculor; KAB); Garad (Niger; Nig.; UPW); Gaudi (Gambia; UPW); +Gobli; (Mysore; KAB); Gomma da India (Por.; KAB); Gommier d’Egypte (Fr.; BOU); Gommier +Rouge (Fr.; BOU; UPW); Gorzia (Ghana; UPW); Gum Arabic (Eng.; SUW); Gurti (Arab.; BOU); +Huanlongkyain (Burma; KAB); Indian Gum Arabic Tree (Eng.; Scn.; AH2); Iramangandam (Tam.; +KAB); Jali (Kan.; NAD); Kala Babli (Mah.; NAD); Kalikikar (Dec.; NAD); Kaloababal (Guj.; MPI; +NAD); Kambani (Bobo; Uper Volta; UPW); Kara (Togo; UPW); Karat (Arab.; GHA); Karemugilan +(Iran; NAD); Karijali (Kan.; MPI; NAD); Karuvael (Tam.; NAD); Karuvelakam (Mal.; KAB); Ka-ru +velum (Mal.; Tam.; NAD); Kharemughilam (Iran; KAB); Kikar (Beng.; Hindi; Pun.; Rendli; KAB; +NAD); KôBè (Guinea; UPW); Kommi (Greek; KAB); Kusatregon (Gurma; KAB); Nallatumma (Tel.; +MPI; NAD); Qarad (Arab.; BOU); Qarat (Arab.; GHA); Red Thorn (Eng.; UPW); Sak (Kas.; Pun.; +NAD); Sake (Marke; KAB); Sant (Arab.; BOU); Scorpion Mimosa (Eng.; UPW); Shameeruku (Kon.; +MPI; NAD); Shittim (Heb.; KAB); Shoka Masrya (Arab.; BOU); Shoka Qibttya (Arab.; BOU); Siludi +(Fulah; KAB); Tamak (Tuareg; KAB); Tulh (Arab.; Dho.; Oman; GHA); Tuma (Tel.; NAD); Unmugh- +ilam (Arab.; KAB; NAD); Vabboola (Sanskrit; NAD); Vabbula (Sanskrit; NAD). +a Ctivities (iNdia N g um a rabi C t ree): +Alexiteric (f; KAB); Algicide (1; ZUL); Amebicide (1; ZUL); Analgesic (1; X8982438); Anthelmintic +(f; KAB); Antiaggregant (1; X9251908); Anticarcinogenic (1; WO3; X12616620); Antiedemic (1; +X8982438); Antihepatitic (1; PR14:510); Antihistaminic (1; ZUL); AntiHIV (1; X10189947); Anti- +hypertensive (1; X10594935); Anti-inafl mmatory (f1; X8982438); Antimalarial (1; X10479756); +Antimutagenic (1; WO3; X12616620; X11850969); Antiplasmodial (1; X10479756); Antiplatelet +(1; X9251908); Antioxidant (1; X11837686); Antiseptic (1; WO3); Antispasmodic (1; X10594935); +Antitussive (f; BIB); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB; MPI; ZUL); Astringent (f; GMH; PH2; SUW); Bacter-i +cide (1; ZUL; X15476301); Calcium-Antagonist (1; X9251908); Chemopreventive (1; X11850969); +Decongestant (f; BIB; EB22:173); Demulcent (f; BIB; DEP; SUW); Expectorant (f; KAB; MPI; +8202_C001.indd 3 11/12/07 2:19:42 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Indian Gum Arabic Tree (Acacia nilotica). +NAD); Fungicide (1; WO3); HCV-Protease Inhibitor (1; PR14:510); Hemostat (f; DEP; NAD); Hepa- +totonic (f; KAB); Hypertensive (1; X10594939); Hypoglycemic (1; ZUL); Hypotensive (f1; BOU; +ZUL; X10594935); Lactagogue (f1; BIB; UPW; 15283686); Mastogenic (1; X15283686); Mollu-s +cicide (1; ZUL); Neurostimulant (f; BIB; UPW); p-Glycoprotein Inhibitor (1; X12748979); Plas- +modicide (1; X10479756); Protease Inhibitor (1; X11054840); Protisticide (1; ZUL); Spasmogenic +(1; X10594939); Stimulant (f; BIB); Taenicide (1; ZUL); Teratologic (f; ZUL); Tonic (f; DEP; SUW); +Vasoconstrictor (1; X10594939). +iNdi Catio Ns (iNdia N g um a rabi C t ree): +Alopecia (f; WO3); Ameba (f1; BOU; ZUL); Aphtha (f; NAD); Ascites (f; KAB); Asthma (f; WO3); +Bacteria (1; X15476301); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bleeding (f; BIB; NAD); Boil (f; GHA); Bronchosis +8202_C001.indd 4 11/12/07 2:19:46 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(f; KAB; WO3); Burn (f; SKJ; WO3); Cancer (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, ear (f; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; JLH); +Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, testes (f; JLH); Cataract (f; GHA); Catarrh +(f; GHA; HH2); Childbirth (f; DEP); Chill (f; ZUL); Cholecystosis (f; BIB; EB22:173); Cholera (f; SKJ; +WO3); Cold (f; GHA); Colic (f; KAB); Condyloma (f; BIB); Congestion (f; BIB); Conjunctivosis (f; +DEP; NAD); Cough (f; DEP; KAB; NAD); Cramp (f; BOU); Cystosis (f; DEP); Dermatosis (f; BOU; +WO3); Diabetes (f1; BOU; DEP; GHA; SUW; WO3; ZUL); Diarrhea (f; GHA; GMH; PH2; SUW); +Dysentery (f; BIB; DEP; SUW); Dyslactea (1; X15283686); Dyspepsia (f; ZUL); Dysuria (f; KAB); +Edema (1; X8982438); Enterosis (f1; DEP; X15476301); Fever (f; BIB; BOU; UPW); Flu (1; FNF); +Fracture (f; KAB); Fungus (1; WO3); Gastrosis (f; DEP); Gingivosis (f; BOU; DEP; PH2); Gono-r +rhea (f1; DEP; KAB; ZUL); Hemorrhoid (f; BIB; KAB; PH2); Hepatosis (f1; BIB; WO3; PR14:510; +X11054840); High Blood Pressure (f1; BOU; ZUL); HIV (1; X10189947); Hypersalivation (f; DEP); +Impotence (f; NAD; UPW); Induration (f; BIB; JLH); Infection (1; WO3; ZUL; X15476301); Inflam - +mation (1; PH2; X8982438); Insanity (f; KAB); Leprosy (f; KAB); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Leukorrhea +(f; DEP; NAD); Menorrhagia (f; DEP); Micromastia (1; X15283686); Mucososis (f; PH2); Mycosis +(1; WO3); Odontosis (f; PNC); Ophthalmia (f; BIB; JLH; KAB); Orchosis (f; BIB); Otosis (f; BIB; JLH); +Pain (1; X8982438); Pharyngosis (f; KAB; PH2); Pneumonia (f; ZUL); Prolapse (f; NAD); Proctosis (f; +DEP; UPW); Puerperium (f; DEP); Pulmonosis (f; ZUL); Salmonella (1; X15476301); Sclerosis (f; BIB; +JLH); Smallpox (f; BIB); Snakebite (f; DEP); Sore (f; DEP; UPW); Sore Throat (f; DEP; SUW; WO2); +Spermatorrhea (f; KAB); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (f; ZUL); Stomachache (f; UPW); Sto- +matosis (f; DEP; PH2; UPW); Strangury (f; KAB); Swelling (f1; GHA; X8982438); Syphilis (f; BIB; +WO3); Toothache (f; GHA; UPW; ZUL); Tuberculosis (f; BIB; UPW); Typhoid (f; BIB); Urethrosis +(f; KAB); Urogenitosis (f; NAD); Uterosis (f; DEP; KAB); Vaginosis (f; KAB; PH2); Venereal Disease +(f1; DEP; NAD; X11483371); Virus (1; X11054840); Worm (1; ZUL); Wound (f; UPW). +d osages (iNdia N g um a rabi C t ree): +FNFF = !! +Tender young pods eaten as vegetable; ripe seed kernels roasted and eaten, made into wine (TAN); gum +used in confectionary (TAN). Tender pods and shoots used as vegetable, and to stimulate milk pr-o +duction. Roasted seed kernels sometimes used for afl voring; the raw seed is good animal feed. (BIB). +Konkani make candy by drying the gum with butter, spices, and balling up with sugar (KAB). +• Arabs inhale smoke from burning pods for cold (GHA). +• Arabs soak crushed seeds overnight in water or fresh milk and drink for diabetes (GHA). +• Asian Indians use bark juice in mother’s milk as eyedrops for conjunctivosis (NAD). +• Asian Indians fry gum in ghee for impotence (NAD). +• Asian Indians consume the gum (not converted to sugar) for diabetes (NAD). +• Asian Indians gargle the leaf decoction for gingivosis, sore throat (NAD). +• Asian Indians take pulped leaves for diarrhea and dysentery, anally or orally (NAD). +• Ayurvedics consider the bark alexipharmic, anthelmintic, astringent, and use it for as-ci +tes, biliousness, bronchosis, burning sensations, cough, diarrhea, dysentery, dysuria, +leukoderma, and piles (KAB). +• Egyptian Nubians believe diabetics can take high carbohydrate foods as long as they +regularly take powdered pods (BOU). +• Guinea natives take gum/resin for chest and throat ailments, dysentery, and eye problems +(KAB). +• Konkani take one tola of leaves with four mashas cumin, two tolas sugar, eaten or drunk +with milk for bloody spermatorrhea (KAB). +• Masai use bark as aphrodisiac and neurotonic (UPW). +• Nigerians suck the gum for oral ulcers (UPW). +• Omani mix resin with egg white as collyrium for cataracts (GHA). +8202_C001.indd 5 11/12/07 2:19:47 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Rajputanans bruise the leaves to apply to sore eyes in children (KAB). +• Senegalese chew antiscorbutic bark and take bark tea for diarrhea, dysentery, and to-oth +ache (UPW). +• Unani consider the leaves astringent, cerebrotonic, febrifuge, hepatotonic, and useful for +gonorrhea, leukoderma, and strangury (KAB). +• Unani consider all parts of the plant aphrodisiac (KAB). +d ow Nsides (iNdia N g um a rabi C t ree): +None covered (AHP, KOM). Large internal doses may lead to constipation and dyspepsia (PH2). +Natural History (iNdia N g um a rabi C t ree): +Older shrubs are very important in diet of impala and kudu (X15278425). Lac insects often occur +on the tree, with resultant production of lac resin and shellac (BIB). +t ALh (Ac Aci A sey Al DeLILe.) ++ FABACeAe +Notes (t al H): +I will plant in the wilderness… the Shittah tree. +Isaiah 41:19 (KJV) +I tend to side with Zohary, who identiefi d the shittah as Acacia tortilis (q.v.). Still, according to Walker +(1957), the Shittah tree is mentioned in the Bible only once but its wood is referred to many times as +shittim, which is the plural of shittah in Hebrew. It was natural for Moses to turn to shittim to build +the Ark of the Covenant and the Tabernacle. No one is sure which species oAf cacia was meant. +Commo N Names (t al H): +‘Alk (Arab.; BOU); Abre à Gomme (Fr.; BOU); Buffalo Thorn (Eng.; UPW); Bulkia (Gambia; +UPW); Daci (Niger; UPW); Dedera èl Beida (Arab.; Sen.; UPW); Goga (Ghana; UPW); Gomme F-ri +able (Fr.; UPW); Gum Talha (Eng.; Trade.; AH2); Mimosa Epineux (Fr.; UPW); Sadra Bed (Arab.; +Mauritania; UPW); Sasé (Upper Volta; UPW); Seyal (Arab.; BOU); Seyal Acacia (Eng.; FAC); S-hit +tah Tree (Eng.; BOU); Shittim Tree (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; BOU); Sittim Wood (Eng.; FAC); Suakim +(Trade; UPW); Talca (Ocn.; AH2); Talakh (Ber.; BOU); Talh (Scn.; AH2); Tamat (Ber.; BOU); Te fi +(Ber.; BOU); Teleh (Arab.; Mali; UPW); Thala (Ber.; BOU); Thirsty Thorn (Eng.; BOU; UPW); +Thirty Thorn (Eng.; USN); Tutampolel (Nig.; UPW); Whistling Tree (Ocn.; AH2); Whistling Wood +(Eng.; USN); White Galled Acacia (Eng.; UPW); White Whistling Thorn (Eng.; UPW). +a Ctivities (t al H): +Analgesic (f; BOU); Aphrodisiac (f; UPW); Astringent (f; UPW); Diuretic (f; UPW); Emollient +(f; UPW); Febrifuge (f; UPW); Hemostat (f; UPW); Insectifuge (f; UPW); Pediculifuge (f; UPW); +Stimulant (f; UPW). +iNdi Catio Ns (t al H): +Biliousness (f; UPW); Aphrodisiac (f; UPW); Bleeding (f; UPW); Burn (f; UPW); Cancer (f1; UPW); +Cold (f; BOU); Conjunctivosis (f; UPW); Diarrhea (f; UPW); Dysentery (f; UPW); Enterosis (f; +DAW); Fever (f; BOU; UPW); Gastrosis (f; BOU); Gonorrhea (f; UPW); Headache (f; UPW); Impo- +tence (f; UPW); Inafl mmation (f; BOU); Jaundice (f; UPW); Leprosy (f; UPW); Lice (f; UPW); Oph - +thalmia (f; UPW); Pain (f; BOU; UPW); Puerperium (f; BOU); Respirosis (f; BOU); Rheumatism (f; +BOU; UPW); Snakebite (f; UPW); Syphilis (f; UPW); Ulcer (f; BOU); Venereal Disease (f; UPW). +8202_C001.indd 6 11/12/07 2:19:48 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d osages (t al H): +FNFF = !! +The tree yields a good quality gum (but inferior to that of A. senegal); said to be edible (BIB; BOU; +FAC; UPW). +• Ivory Coastals mix with Acacia sieberana for intestinal ailment (BIB). +• Masai consider the bark a stimulant, giving bark infusion to feverish children (UPW). +• Nigerians use the wood smoke against insects, lice, etc. (UPW). +• North Africans use wood smoke as a fumigant for rheumatic pain, and to protect mothers +against colds and fever 2 weeks after parturition (BOU). +• North Africans use the edible gum for respiratory inafl mmations and rheumatism, the +bark and leaves for gastric ulcers (BOU). +• Senegalese mix powdered root with hedgehogs’ ventral parts as an aphrodisiac (UPW). +• South Africans mention the gum’s use as an emollient and astringent for colds, diarrhea, +hemorrhage, and ophthalmia (WBB). +• Sudanese direct smoke from the heartwood toward rheumatic pain; the women appreciat- +ing the aroma and reddish color it imparts to their skin (UPW). +• Sudanese mix concentrated bark decoction with butter for conjunctivitis and headache +(UPW). +• Tanganyikans use the bark as a stimulant (BIB), taking the root for gonorrhea (UPW). +Natural History (t al H): +Phlebotomus orientalis, the vector of visceral leishmania in the Sudan, is typically associated +with Acacia seyal and Balanites aegyptiaca vegetation (X11370250). As with many Acacias, the +sweet-scented ofl wers attract bees (UPW). Swellings at the base of the thorns are called ant-galls, +and, when hollow, are invaded by ants; the hollowed growths sometimes whistle in the wind (UPW). +Like many Acacia species, seeds of this one are subject to predation by bruchid beetles (X8169432). +Birth seasons of some monkeys appear to be timed to availability of surplus energy and protein. +Patas monkeys’ high locomotive ability may enable them to obtain more energy from seeds of +Acacia seyal and gums of A. sieberiana, and more protein from grasshoppers and seeds of A. seyal +in the mid-dry season than the tantalus monkeys. Availability of seeds during the dry season may +exert the dominant inufl ence on timing of birth not only in patas, but also in savanna monkeys (Cer- +copithecus aethiops), which include the tantalus monkeys (X11132111). +extra Cts (t al H): +Ethanolic extract reduces tumors (UPW). +BIBLICAL ACACIA (Ac Aci A tortilis ssp. rA ddi An A +(sAv I) BReNAN) ++ FABACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Acacia raddiana Savi +Notes (bibli Cal a CaCia ): +And you shall make upright frames for the tabernacle of acacia wood. +Exodus 26:15 (RSV) +Zohary is convinced that the “common acacia” is the most correct identicatfi ion of the shittah whose +wood was used in constructing the Tabernacle. He argues that the other native species — A. albida, +A. laeta, A. negevensis, and A. tortilis — neither conform as well to the scriptural text, nor are they +8202_C001.indd 7 11/12/07 2:19:48 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +so suitable for construction. According to Zohary, A. albida and A. laeta are absent in the Sinai, +where the Israelites wandered. A. negevensis and A. tortilis are either unsuitable for construction +or are rare in the Sinai. Of 24 biblical references to shittim, 19 are to the acacia tree and 5 to places +associated with the tree. The Arabic word sunt designates acacia in Arabia, Egypt, and southern +Israel. Zohary argues that sunt is the linguistic equivalent of the Hebrew shittah (ZOH). +Commo N Names (bibli Cal a CaCia ): +Abser (Ber.; BOU); Abzac (Ber.; BOU); Aluki (Mali; UPW); Cilluki (Upper Volta; UPW); Faux +Gommier (Fr.; UPW); Gommier de Tunisie (Fr.; BOU); Hares (Arab.; BOU); Samr (Nig.; UPW); +Sayal (Arab.; BOU); Seyal (Niger; UPW); Shittah (Heb.; ZOH); Somer (Arab.; Yemen; X15890471); +Sunt (Arab.; Egypt; ZOH); Tadjdjart (Ber.; BOU); Tahi (Arab.; Sen.; UPW); Talh (Arab.; BOU); +Talha (Arab.; Mauritania; UPW); Tamat (Ber.; BOU); Tihi (Ber.; BOU). +a Ctivities (bibli Cal a CaCia ): +Antidote (f; UPW); Antiedemic (f; UPW); Antiseptic (f; BOU); Aphrodisiac (f; UPW); Astringent +(f; BOU); Febrifuge (f; UPW); Vulnerary (f; BOU; UPW). +iNdi Catio Ns (bibli Cal a CaCia ): +Allergy (f; UPW); Avitaminosis (f; UPW); Convulsion (f; UPW); Dermatosis (f; UPW); Diarrhea +(f; BOU); Edema (f; UPW); Enterosis (f; X15890471); Fever (f; UPW); Gastrosis (f; X15890471); +Hepatosis (f; BOU); Impotence (f; UPW); Infection (f; BOU); Jaundice (f; BOU); Ophthalmia (f; +BOU); Pulmonosis (f; BOU); Wound (f; BOU). +d osages (bibli Cal a CaCia ): +FNFF = ! +In times of scarcity, pods and seeds may be eaten by humans (UPW). +• Bambara in Mali make a draught from young plants with Piliostigma for convulsions +(UPW). +• Guinea and Senegal natives use powdered bark to dust on dermatosis and as vermifuge +(UPW). +• North Africans dissolve the gum in water for jaundice, ophthalmia, and pulmonosis (BOU). +• Senegalese take bark infusion for fever (UPW). +• Senegalese poultice the leaves with cowpea leaves onto allergic skin conditions and +edema (UPW). +Natural History (bibli Cal a CaCia ): +All the PubMed abstracts relate not to medicine, but to the symbiotic rhizobial bacteria associated +with the roots. In Israel, the tree is host to a bruchid beetle Caryodon gonagra, which is a pest of +stored groundnuts in Africa (UPW). +Co RN Co CKLe (Agrostemm A g ith Ago L.) + CARyophy LLACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Lychnis githago Scop. +Notes (Cor N Co Ckle ): +If my land cry against me … Let thistles grow instead of wheat and cockle instead of barley. +Job 31:40 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 8 11/12/07 2:19:49 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Corn Cockle (Agrostemma githago). +This weed, rarely encouraged for its attractive ofl wer, is more often regarded as a poisonous weed +of wheat. In the United States, it is declared a noxious weed seed in Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, +Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Mississippi, +North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode +Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and West Virginia. +8202_C001.indd 9 11/12/07 2:20:09 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Commo N Names (Cor N Co Ckle ): +Bolderik (Dutch; EFS); Corn Campion (Eng.; GMH); Corn Cockle (Eng.; EFS); Corn Pink (Eng.; +GMH); Darnell (Eng.; GMH); Gerzeau (Fr.; EFS); Gith (Eng.; GMH); Githage (Eng.; GMH); Gi-t +taione (It.; EFS); Karamuk (Tur.; EFS); Kornrade (Ger.; EFS); Lolium (Eng.; JLH; GMH); Mazze-t +tone (It.; EFS); Neguillon (Sp.; EFS); Nielle des Blés (Fr.; EFS); Nigela dos Trigos (Por.; EFS); +Nigella (Eng.; GMH); Raden (Ger.; JLH); Ray (Eng.; GMH); Tare (Eng.; GMH); Yetón (Arg.; EFS); +Zizany (Eng.; GMH). +a Ctivities (Cor N Co Ckle ): +Anesthetic (1; CRC); Antileukemic (1; X11408934); Antimitogenic (1; X11255109); Antimycotic +(1; PH2); Antiproliferant (1; X11408934); Antiviral (1; X11408934); Apoptotic (1; X11408934); +Bacteriostat (1; CRC; WO2); Cytotoxic (1; X14648395); Diuretic (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Embryotoxic +(1; X11453369); Emmenagogue (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Expectorant (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Hemolytic (1; +HH2); Hypotensive (1; WO2); Narcotic (1; WO2); Ribosome-inactivator (1; X11408934); Toxic (f1; +PH2; WO2); Vermifuge (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Vulnerary (1; FNF). +iNdi Catio Ns (Cor N Co Ckle ): +Aposteme (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cough (f; PH2); Dermatosis +(f; PH2); Dropsy (f; CRC; GMH); Edema (f; JLH; PH2); Exanthemata (f; CRC; WO2); Infection (1; +HH2); Fungus (1; HH2); Gastrosis (f; BIB; CRC; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; WO2); Induration (f; +JLH); Jaundice (f; CRC; EFS; GMH; WO2); Leukemia (1; X11408934); Mycosis (1; HH2); Paralysis +(f; BIB; CRC); Swelling (f; JLH; PH2); Tumor (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; X11408934); +Wart (f; JLH); Worm (f; BIB; PH2); Wound (1; FNF). +d osages (Cor N Co Ckle ): +FNFF =? +Young leaves “used as a vegetable with vinegar and bacon for emergency food” (FAC). Home-o +pathic only (HH2; PH2). +• Germans burned seeds until black and applied them to cancer (JHL). +d ow Nsides (Cor N Co Ckle ): +No health hazards known in conjunction with proper administration of designated homeopathic +dosages (PH2). Seed toxic, 2–3 g considered harmless to humans, over 5 g potentially lethal; signs +of intoxication include colic, conjunctivosis, cramps, delirium, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, la-ch +rymation, mucositis, and restlessness (PH2). The FDA Poisonous Plant database listed 95 citations +as of November 2004. +Natural History (Cor N Co Ckle ): +The large purple ofl wers have pale streaks, the “honey guides.” The long calyx teeth seem to serve as +landing strips for butterflies and moths, which pollinate the ofl wer. Nectar is secreted at the bottom +of the tube, too deep for bees. Anthers shed their pollen before the stigmata mature (GMH). +extra Cts (Cor N Co Ckle ): +LD50 (saponin mix) = 750 mg/kg orl mus HH2. LD50 (saponin mix) = 2.3 mg/kg ivn rat HH2. +LD50 (saponin mix) = 50 mg/kg orl rat HH2. Sprouts contain allantoin. +8202_C001.indd 10 11/12/07 2:20:09 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +ho LLyho CK (Alce A rose A L.) + MALvACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Althaea ficifolia (L.) Cav.; Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. +Notes (Holly Ho Ck): +Can that which is tasteless be eaten without salt, or is there any taste in the slime of the purslane? +Job 6:6–7 (RSV) +As Zohary notes, biblical scholars suggest bothA lcea and Malva as the best candidates for the Hebrew +halamuth. Both genera are common Israeli herbs, in early winter, used as edible potherbs. In toto, +Zohary argues stronger for Malva than Alcea, and who knows, so many thousands years later, what +was meant by these non-botanists of days gone by. Zohary’s picture leads me to believe that he is ta-lk +ing about the same hollyhock that keeps coming up back by my greenhouse, which once was calle d +Althea rosea. Anthropologist Jane Philips says it is one of the most widely used folk cures, both in +Lebanon and America (BIB). It is in Zohary’s book that I first saw “the slime of the purslane” (ZOH), +and I have personally seen what I call purslaneP (ortulaca oleracea) on the streets of Tel Aviv. +Commo N Names (Holly Ho Ck): +Alcea (Sp.; USN); Alcée (Fr.; KAB); Alcée Rose (Fr.; KAB); Altaia (Greek; KAB); Altea (Peru; EGG); +Alteia Rosada (Ma.; JFM); Althée (Fr.; KAB); Althée Rose (Fr.; KAB); Augenpappel (Ger.; KAB); Ba-s +tun ta San Giusepp (Malta; KAB); Bâton de Saint Jacques (Fr.; KAB); Baummalve (Ger.; EFS; KAB); +Baumrose (Ger.; KAB); Binafsa (Arab.; GHA); Black Hollyhock (Eng.; FAC); Bourdon de Saint Jacques +(Fr.; KAB); Brandrose (Ger.; KAB); Braunrose (Ger.; KAB); Chernaya Roja (Rus.; KAB); Ehrenrose +(Ger.; KAB); Felriss (Ger.; KAB); Feuerbluete (Ger.; KAB); Garden Hollyhock (Eng.; GMH); Garten- +malve (Ger.; KAB); Glochenpappel (Ger.; KAB); Glockrose (Ger.; KAB); Guimauve Rose Trémière +(Fr.; EFS; KAB); Gülhatmi (Tur.; EFS); Halsrose (Ger.; KAB); Hanna Aoi (Japan; TAN); Herbstrose +(Ger.; KAB); Herzleuchte (Ger.; KAB); Hochleuchte (Ger.; KAB); Hock Herb (Eng.; KAB); Hollyhoke +(Eng.; JLH); Hollyhock (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2; USN); Kohlrose (Ger.; KAB); Malva (Peru; Sp.; EFS; +EGG); Malva Arborea (Sp.; KAB); Malva de India (Por.; EFS); Malva de Jardin (Sp.; JFM); Malva +de San Jose (Sp.; JFM); Malvaííso (Por.; EFS); Malva Jaspeada (Chile; JLH); Malvaloca (Sp.; JFM; +KAB; USN); Malva Real (Chile; Peru; Ven.; EGG; EFS; JFM; JLH; KAB); Malvarrosa (It.; Malta; Sp.; +EFS; JFM; KAB; USN); Malvavisco (Sp.; EFS); Malvone (It.; EFS; KAB); Mályvarózsa (Hun.; EFS); +Mauve (Eng.; JLH); Mauve Arborée (Fr.; KAB); Mauve des Jardines (Fr.; KAB); Mauve Rose (Fr.; +KAB); Mirame Lindo (Sp.; JFM); Mundrose (Ger.; KAB); Nachrose (Ger.; KAB); Nalba de Gradina +(Rom.; KAB); Pappelrose (Ger.; EFS); Passe Rose (Fr.; EFS; KAB); Roemische Malve (Ger.; KAB); +Rosa di Mare (It.; EFS); Rose Alcée (Fr.; KAB); Rose _ B?aton (Fr.; KAB); Rose de Mer (Fr.; KAB); +Rose d’Outre Mer (Fr.; KAB); Rose Mallow (Eng.; EFS); Rose Papale (Fr.; KAB); Rose Trémière (Fr.; +EFS; USN); Rosen Eibisch (Ger.; EFS); Rosenpappel (Ger.; KAB); Rosoni (It.; EFS); Round Dock +(Eng.; KAB); Schwartz Pappelblüüte (Ger.; EFS); Schwartzmalve (Ger.; EFS; KAB); Shtok Rosa (Rus.; +KAB); Shu K’uei (China; EFS; KAB); Shu Kui Hua (Pin.; DAA); Siegmarsblume (Ger.; KAB); Stan- +genrose (Ger.; KAB); Stockmalve (Ger.; EFS; KAB; USN); Stockrose (Ger.; USN); Stokroos (Dutch; +EFS); Stokrose (Den.; EFS); Stokross (Dutch; KAB); Thuc Quy (Ic.; KAB); Ungerblume (Ger.; KAB); +Varita de San Jose (Cuba; Dr.; AHL; RyM); Varra de San Jose (Sp.; JFM); Weinrose (Ger.; KAB); W-et +terrose (Ger.; KAB); Winterrose (Ger.; KAB); Zhanba (Mongolia; X12795226). +a Ctivities (Holly Ho Ck): +Analgesic (f1; BRU; X2504193); Antiaromatase (1; X12502186); Antidiaphoretic (f; BIB); An-ti +edemic (f1; X2504193); Antiestrogenic (f1; X12502186); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; X2504193); +8202_C001.indd 11 11/12/07 2:20:10 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Hollyhock (Alcea rosea). +Aromatase Inhibitor (1; X12502186); Astringent (f; DEP); Circulostimulant (f; DAA); Demulcent (f; +DEP; GMH); Diuretic (f; DEP; EGG); Emollient (f1; BRU; GMH); Expectorant (f; EFS); Febrifuge +(f; DEP; LMP); Fungistat (f; FNF); Gastroprotective (1; FNF); Hypoglycemic (1; WO3); Refrigerant +(f; DEP); Stomachic (f; LMP); Vasoprotective (1; FNF). +iNdi Catio Ns (Holly Ho Ck): +Abscess (f; BIB; GHA; JFM); Aphonia (f; JFM); Aposteme (f; JLH); Bite (f; DAA); Bleeding (f; +DAA); Boil (f; WO3); Bronchosis (f; JFM); Bruise (f; BIB); Burn (f; DEP); Cancer (f; BIB; JFM); +Childbirth (f; LMP); Cold (f; BIB); Colosis (1; BRU); Constipation (f; DAA); Cough (f1; BIB; BRU; +DEP; GHA; JFM; PH2); Cramp (f1; BIB; BRU); Cystosis (f; DEP); Dermatosis (f1; BRU; JFM; PH2; +WO3); Diabetes (1; WO3); Dysentery (f; BIB; DEP; KAB); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAA; LMP); Earache +(f; EGG); Edema (f1; X2504193); Enterosis (f; DEP; PH2); Fever (f; BIB; PH2); Gastrosis (f; EGG; +PH2); Goiter (f; WO3); Gravel (f; BIB); Hematemesis (f; EGG); Hematuria (f; DAA); Hemorrhoid +8202_C001.indd 12 11/12/07 2:20:18 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(f; DAA); Inafl mmation (f1; JFM; PH2; X2504193); Itch (1; BRU); Jaundice (f; WO3); Laryngosis +(f; JFM); Malaria (f; DAA); Miscarriage (f; BIB); Ophthalmia (f; BIB); Pain (f1; BRU; X2504193); +Pharyngosis (f1; BRU; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; GMH; PH2); Respirosis (f; JFM; PH2); Rheumatism (f; +BIB); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Snakebite (f; DEP); Sore (f; DAA; DEP; PH2); Sore Throat (f; BIB; JFM); +Stomatosis (f1; BRU; PH2); Strangury (f; JFM); Sweating (f; BIB); Swelling (f1; EGG; X2504193); +Tenesmus (f; DEP); Thirst (f; PH2); Tumor (f; JLH); Urethrosis (f; JLH; PH2); Vaginosis (f; EGG). +d osages (Holly Ho Ck): +FNFF = !! +Young mucilaginous leaves cooked and eaten; ofl wer petals, raw or cooked, and cooked ofl wer buds +also eaten; black hollyhock petals useful for imparting deep colors to teas and wines. Roots yield +an edible starch (FAC; TAN) 1–2 oz mucilage (DEP). 1–2 g fl/teacup (PH2). 1.5 g fl/100 ml water +as mouthwash (PH2). +• Arabians drink the sweetened floral tea for cough (GHA). +• Arabians use leaves in collyria and poulticed onto abscesses (GHA). +• Brazilians apply the leaves to inafl mmation (JFM). +• Chileans apply the root decoction to tumors (JLH). +• Costa Ricans take floral infusion for cough and sore throat (JFM). +• Gypsies pound roots with honey, taking 2x per day to prevent miscarriage (BIB). +• Lebanese mix juice with powdered coffee, soot, spiderwebs, or sugar to stop bleeding (BIB). +• Lebanese take tea of dried plants and/or ofl wers for colds, cramps, sweating, and sore +throat (BIB). +• Middle Easterners apply mucilage to bruises, or with dough and olive oil to tumors (BIB). +• Peruvians poultice leaves, cooked in oil or milk, on swellings (EGG). +• Peruvians use sudoric dfi ecoction for cough and bloody vomiting (EGG). +• Peruvians use fresh leaf decoctions in douches (EGG). +• Peruvians use steam from floral decoction for earache (EGG). +• Punjabi use flowers for rheumatism, the root for dysentery (KAB). +• Venezuelans take ofl ral/foliar decoction/tea for aphonia, bronchosis, laryngosis, and +strangury (JFM). +d ow Nsides (Holly Ho Ck): +Class 1 (AHP). No health hazards known in conjunction with the proper administration of desi-g +nated therapeutic dosages (PH2). +CAMeL’s tho RN (Alh Agi m Aurorum MeDIK.) ++ FABACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Alhagi camelorum Fisch. +Notes (Camelt Hor N): +We have sent you money to buy burnt-offerings, and sin offerings, and incense, and prepare +ye manna. +Baruch 1:10 (KJV) +Because the Baruch manna was for sale, it was probably the resinous gum from some tree of the +Levant. During the heat of the day, a sweet gummy substance oozes from the leaves and stems. This +hardens upon contact with the air and is then collected by shaking over drop-cloths. +8202_C001.indd 13 11/12/07 2:20:19 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Camel’s Thorn (Alhagi maurorum). +Commo N Names (Camelt Hor N): +Aagul (Arab.; KAB); Adhikantaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Agoul (Fr.; KAB); Agul (Arab.; Mali; UPW); +Ahagul (Arab.; Mali; UPW); Al Heef (Arab.; GHA); Alhaju (Arab.; KAB); Ananta (Sanskrit; KAB); +Aqul (Oman; Qatar; Saudi; GHA); Arabian Manna Plant (Eng.; KAB); Athariyun (Urdu; KAB); +Bahukantaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Ballituruche (Kan.; KAB); Borellia (Mali; UPW); Camel’s Thorn +(Eng.; Scn.; AH2); Dhirghamula (Sanskrit; KAB); Dulallabha (Beng.; KAB); Duralabba (Ayu.; +AH2); Duramula (Sanskrit; KAB); Durlabha (Sanskrit; KAB); Durlambha (Nepal; KAB); Duspa- r +sha (Sanskrit; KAB); Elbo (Niger; UPW); Farakiyun (Urdu; KAB); Gandhari (Sanskrit; KAB); +Ghaz (Kila Saifulla; KAB); Girikarnika (Sanskrit; Tel.; KAB); Girikarnika Yavasa (Sanskrit; DEP); +Hagah Matsui (Isr.; PAY); Haj (Arab.; KAB); Halhagi (Fr.; KAB); Igol (Arab.; GHA); Javansa +(Hindi; DEP; KAB); Javasa (Hindi; Urdu; KAB); Javasha (Ayu.; AH2); Javaso (Guj.; KAB); Jawas +(Mar.; KAB); Jawassa (Bom.; KAB); Jawassi (Bom.; KAB); Junwasa (Hindi; KAB); Juwasa (Hindi; +DEP; KAB); Kachchura (Sanskrit; KAB); Kahribuz (Bal.; KAB); Kag (Oman; GHA); Kandar +(Gandava; KAB); Kandeira (Gandava; KAB); Kandera (Sibi; KAB); Kantakaluka (Sanskrit; KAB); +Kantaki (Sanskrit; KAB); Kantechumbaka (Mar.; KAB); Kappattumpa (Mal.; KAB); Kas (Mar.; +Sin.; KAB); Kaskhandero (Sin.; KAB); Kharebuz (Iran; KAB); Kharibuz (Iran; NAD); Kharishutr +(Iran; KAB); Kshudrengudi (Sanskrit; KAB); Makhe (Kila Saifulla; KAB); Marudbhava (Sanskrit; +KAB); Persian Manna Plant (Eng.; KAB); Rodanika (Sanskrit; KAB); Samudranta (Sanskrit; KAB); +Shinz (Kharan; Laleji; Las Bela; Ormara; KAB); Shoukuljamal (Arab.; DEP; KAB); Shutarkhar +(Iran; DEP; KAB); Shutharkhar (Bal.; Iran; DEP; KAB); Sukshmapatra (Sanskrit; KAB); Tandan +(Kohlu; KAB); Tanwan (Loralai; KAB); Tella (Tel.; DEP); Tellaginiya (Tel.; KAB); Tikshnaka- n +taka (Sanskrit; KAB); Tindan (Sibi; KAB); Toreyingalu (Kan.; KAB); Triparnika (Sanskrit; KAB); +Tz’u Mi (China; KAB); Ushtarkhar (Iran; KAB); Usturkhar (Sin.; KAB); Vanadarbha (Sanskrit; +KAB); Vasanta (Sanskrit; KAB); Vishaghna (Sanskrit; KAB); Vivarnaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Yas +(Sanskrit; KAB); Yavasa (Hindi; Sanskrit; DEP; KAB); Yavasaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Yawas (Mar.; +KAB); Zoz (Sibi; Zhob; KAB); Zuwasha (Cutch; KAB). +8202_C001.indd 14 11/12/07 2:20:20 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +a Ctivities (Camelt Hor N): +Alexiteric (f; BIB); Antiatherosclerotic (1; WO3); Antibilious (f; BIB; DEP); Antiemetic (f; WO2); +Antihypercholesterolemic (1; WO3); Antinociceptive (1 × 15507342; )Antiseptic (f1; WO2); Aperient +(f; BIB); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB; PAY); Cholagogue (f; BIB); Demulcent (f; BIB); Depilatory (f; WO2); +Depurative (f; BIB; KAP); Diaphoretic (f; KAB); Diuretic (f; BIB; WO2); Ergogenic (f1; WO3); +Expectorant (f; BIB); Febrifuge (f; KAB); Hypolipidemic (1; WO3); Hypotensive (1; WO3); Laxa- +tive (f; BIB; WO2); Orexigenic (f; KAB; SAY); Proteolytic (1; WO2); Refrigerant (f; KAB); Sup- +purative (f; BIB); Sympathomimetic (1; WO2); Tonic (f; KAB; SAY). +iNdi Catio Ns (Camelt Hor N): +Abscess (f; BIB; KAB); Adenopathy (f; JLH; UPW); Anorexia (f; BIB; SAY); Arthrosis (f; GHA); +Asthma (f; BIB); Atherosclerosis (1; WO3); Bacteria (1; WO2); Biliousness (f; DEP); Bleeding (f; +BIB); Bronchosis (f; BIB); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, gland (f; JLH); +Cardiopathy (1; X1305866); Cataract (f; GHA; PAY); Catarrh (f; PAY); Cerebrosis (f; BIB); Cons-ti +pation (f; PAY); Corneosis (f; BIB); Cough (f; DEP; PAY); Dermatosis (f; BIB); Diarrhea (f1; SAY; +X15138016); Enterosis (f; UPW); Epistaxis (f; BIB); Fever (f; PAY); Gastrosis (f; PAY); Gingivosis +(f; PAY); Halitosis (f; PAY); Headache (f; BIB; WO3); Hematachezia (f; PAY); Hemicrania (f; BIB; +KAB); Hemorrhoid (f; BIB; KAB); High Blood Pressure (1; WO3); High Cholesterol (1; WO3); +High Triglycerides (1; WO3); Impotence (f; PAY); Infection (f1; PAY; WO2); Jaundice (f; GHA); +Leprosy (f; BIB; KAB); Migraine (f; BIB); Nephrosis (f; PAY); Obesity (f1; BIB; KAB; WO3); +Odontosis (f; PAY); Opacity (f; BIB); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Pain (f1; GHA; WO3; X15507342); +Polyp (f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; JLH; PAY; WO3); Rheumatism (f; PAY; WO2); Smallpox (f; BIB); +Sore (f; BIB; PAY); Splenosis (f; PAY); Stomachache (f; PAY); Stomatosis (f; PAY); Swelling (f; +BIB; KAB; WO2); Thirst (f; KAB); Tumor (f; UPW); Water Retention (f; KAP). +d osages (Camelt Hor N): +FNFF = !! +Roots dug and consumed in the Sahara (UPW). The sugary secretion (manna) is edible, occurring +in small round grains, consisting mostly of sugars: melizitose, 47.1; sucrose, 26.4; and invert sugar, +11.6% (BIB); 1–2 g herb (KAP); 48–96 ml herb decoction (KAP). +• Ayurvedics regard the plant for anorexia, bronchosis, cerebrosis, constipation, dermatosis, +epistaxis, fever, leprosy, obesity, and thirst (KAB). +• Israelis boil root, steep overnight, strain, and drink 2 to 3 × day for kidney sand (PAY). +• Israelis boil root until the water is half gone, drinking it to stop bloody diarrhea (PAY). +• Israelis expose rheumatic pain to the crushed root steam (PAY). +• Israelis take seed tea for constipation, hemorrhoids, spleen infections, and stomachache +(PAY). +• Konkani smoke the plant with ajwan seed, black datura, and tobacco for asthma (KAB). +• Ormara natives apply root decoction topically on abscesses and swelling (KAB). +• Romans used the plant for nasal polyps (UPW). +• Unani view the plant as alexiteric, aperient, using for corneal opacities, hemicrania, +and hemorrhoids; they used the manna as aperient, aphrodisiac, cholagogue, depu-ra +tive, expectorant, using it for asthma, eruptions, hemorrhoids, nausea, and smallpox +(KAB). +8202_C001.indd 15 11/12/07 2:20:21 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +o NIo N (Allium cep A L.) +++ LILIACeAe +Notes (o Nio N): +We remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the +leeks, and the onions, and the garlick: But our soul is dried away: there is nothing at all, beside +this manna, before our eyes. +Numbers 11:5–6 (KJV) +We remember the fish we ate in Egypt for nothing, the cucumbers, the melons, the leeks, the +onions, and the garlic; but now our strength is dried up, and there is nothing at all but this manna +to look at. +Numbers 11:5–6 (RSV) +How we remember the fish that we used to eat in Egypt for nothing, the cucumbers and the water +melons, and the leeks and the onions, and the garlic; But now our soul is dried away. Our eyes are +on nothing at all except the manna. +Numbers 11:5–6 (NWT) +Although widely used in biblical times, the onion is only mentioned once, in Numbers 11, true also +of the leek and the garlic that we hear built the pyramids. Medicinally, I view the leek and onions +as dilute garlic (BIB). +Commo N Names (o Nio N): +Akaakai (Hawaii; LIB); Albasa (Hausa; KAB); Albassa-Haoussa (Sudan; AVP); Azalim (Ber.; +BOU); Azlim (Ber.; BOU); Basal (Arab.; Malta; GHA; KAB); Basar (Sin.; NAD); Basl (Arab.; DEP; +EFS; NAD); Basla (Malta; KAB); Baslim (Ber.; BOU); Bassal (Arab.; BOU); Bawang (Mal.; Malaya; +DEP; EFS; NAD); Besla (Arab.; BOU); Bhazal (Heb.; KAB); Bolle (Ger.; KAB); Btsong (Tibet; +NPM; TIB); Ceapa (Rom.; KAB); Ceba (Lan.; KAB); Cebo (Lan.; KAB); Cebola (Mad. Por.; AVP; +EFS); Cebola Comun (Por.; AVP); Cebola las Hortas (Por.; KAB); Cebola Ordinario (Por.; KAB); +Cebolla (Bel.; Sp.; AVP; EFS); Cebolla Cabezona (Sp.; AVP); Cebula (Pol.; KAB); Ceola (It.; KAB); +Cepa (Lan.; KAB); Chabura (Uvosha; Peru; SOU); Ciboria (Peru; Shipibo/Conibo; EGG); Ciboule +(Fr.; KAB); Cipolla (It.; EFS; KAB); Dirghapatra (Sanskrit; KAB); Dungari (Guj.; Sin.; DEP; KAB); +Dungari Kandu (Guj.; Sin.; NAD); Durgandha (Sanskrit; NAD); Echte Zwiebel (Ger.; EFS); Eerulli +(Mal.; NAD); Fara Albassa (Sudan; AVP); Gabu (Sokoto; KAB); Gemein Zwiebel (Ger.; EFS); Guda +(Kano; KAB); Gudagi (Sokoto; KAB); Hagyma (Hun.; KAB); Hui Hui Ts’ung (China; EFS); Hu +Ts’ung (China; EFS); Ira-Vengayam (Tam.; DEP; KAB); Irulli (Tam.; DEP; KAB; NAD); Jaman +Pullu (Aym.; Bol.; DLZ); Kanda (Bom.; Mah.; Mar.; DEP; KAB; NAD); Kando (Kon.; KAB); Ke-s +unni (Burma; DEP; KAB; NAD); Khtim (Cam.; KAB); Kiska (Tur.; EB54:155); Krommyon (Greek; +KAB); Ku Kut (Mex.; AVP); Kunbali (Kan.; DEP; KAB); Kyetthwonni (Burma; DEP; KAB; NAD); +Lasona (Ilo.; KAB); Lasuna (Tag.; KAB); Lauch (Ger.; AVP); Lawashi (Sokoto; KAB); Lebsal (Ber.; +BOU); Loegen (Den.; KAB); Log (Den.; EFS); Lok (Swe.; EFS); Luk (Rus.; KAB); Lunu (Sin.; KAB; +NAD); Makakanda (Sanskrit; KAB); Makkhang (Limbu; NPM); Mi (Sur.; AVP); Neermulli (Tel.; +NAD); Neerulli (Kan.; NAD); Nirulli (Kan.; Tel.; DEP; KAB); Nripakanda (Sanskrit; KAB); Nrip-a +priya (Sanskrit; KAB); Nripavhaya (Sanskrit; KAB); Nripeshtha (Sanskrit; KAB); Ochong (Lepcha; +NPM); Ognon (Haiti; AVP); Oignon (Fr.; Haiti; AVP; EFS); Oignon Comun (Fr.; KAB); Oignon +de Cuisine (Fr.; KAB); Onion (Eng.; CR2; NAD); Onyan (Ulwa; ULW); Palandu (Beng.; Sanskrit; +EFS; NAD); Piaj (San.; KAB); Piau (Kon.; KAB); Piyaj (Beng.; DEP; NAD); Piyang (Beng.; NAD); +8202_C001.indd 16 11/12/07 2:20:22 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Onion (Allium cepa). +8202_C001.indd 17 11/12/07 2:20:43 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Piyas (Assam; Hindi; India; Iran; DEP; EFS; KAB; NAD); Piyaz (Hindu; Iran; Nepal; Urdu; EFS; +KAB; NAD; SUW); Pulantic (Beng.; NAD); Puyaj (Bom.; KAB); Pyaj (Beng.; Bhojpuri; Chepang; +Gurung; Magar; Mooshar; Nepal; Newari; Sunwar; Tamang; Tharu; NAD; NPM); Rajapalandu (S-an +skrit; KAB); Rajapriya (Sanskrit; KAB); Rajeshtha (Sanskrit; KAB); Raktakanda (Sanskrit; KAB); +Ri-Sgog (Tibet; NPM); Rochaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Roedloek (Swe.; KAB); Safa (Sokoto; KAB); +Seba (Cat.; KAB); Sebúya (Garifuna; IED); Seigola (It.; AVP); Shaja (Kano; KAB); Sibojo (Ma.; +JFM); Sibuyas (Pam.; Tag.; KAB); Siepel (Dutch; EFS); Siwulla (Aym.; Bol.; Que.; DLZ); Sochan +(Tur.; KAB); Sogan (Tur.; EFS; EB49:406); Sommer-Kuchen Zwiebel (Ger.; EFS); Tamanegi (Japan; +TAN); Tibsal (Ber.; BOU); Tongolo (Hova; KAB); Tongolobe (Hova; KAB); Tongolovazaha (Hova; +KAB); Ts’ong Tse (China; KAB); Ui (Dutch; Ma.; EFS; JFM); Uigen (Dutch; KAB); Ullegaddi +(Tam.; NAD); Vella-Vengayam (Tam.; DEP; KAB); Vengayam (Kan.; Tam.; DEP; NAD); Vorosh-a +gyma (Hun.; EFS); Vulli-Gaddalu (Tam.; Tel.; DEP; KAB); Xonocatl (Mex.; AVP); Yangoa (Korea; +TAN); Yavanestha (Sanskrit; KAB); Yerragadda (Tel.; NAD); Zalim (Ber.; BOU); Zipolle (Ger.; +KAB); Zippel (Ger.; KAB); Z’Oignon (Haiti; AHL); Zongnon (Haiti; AVP); Zonyon (Creole; Haiti; +VOD); Zwiebel (Ger.; AVP; DEP; KAB). +a Ctivities (o Nio N): +Allergenic (f1; APA); Amebicide (f1; X10594976); Anthelmintic (f; WHO); Antianthrax (1; LIB); +Antiaggregant (12; KOM; MPI; SHT; WHO; WO3); Antiallergic (1; BRU; PHR; WHO); Antian-a +phylactic (1; X3932203); Antiasthmatic (f1; PHR; PNC); Antiatherosclerotic (f, APA; WO1); Anti- +12 +biotic (1; PNC); Anticarcinogenic (1; WO3); Anticariogenic (1; LIB); Anticystitic (1; X11272677); +Antidermatophytic (1; X7600010); Antidiabetic (f12; X15582196); Antidote (Tobacco); (f; NAD); +Antiedemic (f1; APA; WHO); Antihistamine (1; WHO); Antihypercholesterolemic (1; MPI); Anti- +hyperglycemic (12; GHA; WHO; X15582196); Antihyperlipidemic (1; BGB; WHO); Antihyper - +tensive (1; DAD); Antiinafl mmatory (f12; PHR; VOD); Antimitotic (1; WHO); Antimutagenic +(1; X9838070); Antioxidant (1; WO2; X15582196); Antiplatelet (1; BGB; WHO); Antiproliferant +(1; X15506817; X15890236); Antiseptic (f12; APA; BGB; JFM; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; PNC); +Antithrombotic (1; X15342218); Antithromboxane (1; WHO); Antitoxigenic (1; X7600010); Antitu- +mor (f1; APA; BGB; JLH); Aphrodisiac (f1; DAD; SKY; WHO; JAC7:405); Apoptotic (1; JAF51:208; +X15890236); Bacillus (1; LIB); Bactericide (12; KOM; PH2; SHT; WHO); Candidicide (f1; WHO); +Cardiotonic (f; DAD; JFM); Carminative (f; APA; PNC; WHO); Chemopreventive (1; X15506817); +Choleretic (f; JFM); Collyrium (f; GHA); Copper Chelator (1; WO2); Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor +(1; WHO); Decongestant (f1; APA); Demulcent (f; NAD); Deobstruent (f; KAP); Diaphoretic (f; +JFM); Diuretic (f1; BGB; PNC; SKJ; VOD; WHO); Emmenagogue (f; DAD; DEM; KAB; WHO); +Expectorant (f1; APA; GHA; PNC; SKJ; WHO); Febrifuge (f; GHA); Fibrinolytic (12; APA; +MPI; SHT; WHO); Fungicide (1; APA; WHO; X7600010; X15113089); Gram(+)-icide (1; WO3); +Gram(-)-icide (1; WO3); Hepatoprotective (f; X15582196); Hypocholesterolemic (12; BGB; JNU; +MPI; WHO; X15539326); Hypoglycemic (f12; APA; MPI; PNC; WHO; X15738612); Hypotensive +(12; DAD; KOM; SHT); Immunodepressant (1; X9103661); Lipolytic (2; BGB; KOM; SHT); Lipox- +ygenase Inhibitor (1; WHO); Mast Cell Stabilizer (1; X3932203); Nephroprotective (f; X15582196; +X15539326); Orexigenic (2; BGB; PH2; WHO); Parasiticide (f1; X10594976); Pectoral (f; KAB); +Peristaltic (f; KAB); Phospholipase Inhibitor (1; WHO); Propecic (f; EGG); Protein Kinase Inhib-i +tor (1; WHO); Protisticide (1; X10594976); Rubefacient (f; JFM); Sedative (f; KAB); Soporic fi (f; +DEP); Spermagenic (1; JAC7:405); Stimulant (f; JFM; NAD); Stomachic (f; KAB); Streptococcus +(1; LIB); Thrombolytic (1; X15342218); Tonic (f; WHO); Vermifuge (f; APA); Vulnerary (f; VOD). +iNdi Catio Ns (o Nio N): +Abscess (f; EB49:406); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Allergy (f1; BRU); Alopecia (f; EGG); Ameba (f1; +X10594976); Anaphylaxis (1; X3932203); Angina (f; BGB; PHR); Anorexia (2; BGB; KOM; PH2; +8202_C001.indd 18 11/12/07 2:20:43 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +WHO); Anthrax (1; LIB); Aphonia (f; DLZ); Apoplexy (f; DEP); Atherosclerosis (2; APA; KOM; +PH2; SHT); Asthma (f1; APA; BRU; JFM; PHR; PH2); Atherosclerosis (1; JFM; WO2); Bacil- +lus (1; X4064797); Bacteria (1; JFM; PH2); Bite (f; DEP); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bite (f; BOU; +NAD); Bleeding (f; KAB); Blister (f1; EGG; SKJ); Boil (f1; NAD; SKJ); Bronchosis (2; BGB; +PHR; PH2; WHO); Bruise (f; EGG; PHR; WHO); Bugbite (f; PHR); Burn (f; JLH; PHR); Cancer +(1; APA; JLH); Cancer, breast (f1; FNF; JLH; JNU); Cancer, colon (f1; JNU); Cancer, esophagus +(f1; JNU); Cancer, gland (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, lung (f1; JNU); +Cancer, rectum (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f1; APA; BRU; FNF; JLH; JAC7:405); Cancer, +uterus (f1; FNF; JLH); Candida (f1; X10594976); Carbuncle (f; KAB; LIB); Cardiopathy (f1; APA; +JFM; JNU); Caries (1; X9354029); Cataract (f; BOU); Catarrh (f; KAB); Chest Cold (f; JFM); +Chilblain (f; KAP; X15664457); Cholecocystosis (f; JFM; PHR); Cholera (f; DEP; WHO); Circu- +losis (f; EGG); Cold (f12; DEM; GHA; PHR; PH2); Colic (f; EGG; PHR; PH2; WHO); Colosis (f; +KAP); Congestion (f1; APA; BGB; JFM); Convulsion (f; KAB; LIB); Corn (f; JLH; LIB); Cough +(f12; BGB; FNF; GHA; JFM; PHR; PH2); Cramp (f; GHA); Cystosis (1; X11272677); Deafness +(f; GHA; JFM); Depressed Immune System (2; PHR); Dermatosis (f1; GHA; SKY; X7600010); +Diabetes (f12; APA; WHO; X15582196; X15738612); Dropsy (f; BGB; DAD; DLZ; GMH); Dys- +entery (f; BGB; DAD; JNU); Dysgeuzia (f; KAB); Dysmenorrhea (f; PHR); Dyspepsia (f12; JFM; +PHR; PH2); Dyspnea (f; BGB); Dysuria (f; KAB); Earache (f1; APA; DEM; DEP); Edema (f; +JFM; LIB); Enterosis (f; KAP); Epilepsy (f; JFM); Epistaxis (f; KAB; LIB); Escherichia (1; PH2; +X4064797); Felon (f; JLH); Fever (f2; DEM; GHA; PHR; PH2; WHO); Flu (f; DEM); Fracture (f; +EB51:195); Fungus (1; X10594976); Furuncle (f; DLZ; PHR); Gallstone (f; EGG); Gas (f; DAD; +JFM; SKJ); Gastrosis (f; EGG; GHA); Giardia (1; X10594976); Gingivosis (1; X9354029); Gravel +(f; BGB; DAD; GMH); Headache (f; LIB; VOD); Hemorrhoid (f; LIB); Hepatosis (f; KAB); High +Blood Pressure (2; PH2); High Blood Pressure (2; PHR; SHT; WHO); High Cholesterol (2; APA; +SHT; WHO);High Triglycerides (1; WHO); Hyperlipidemia (f; SKJ); Hysteria (f; DEP; KAB); +Impotence (f; KAB); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (2; JNU; PHR; PH2); Inafl mmation (2; PHR); +Insomnia (f; KAB); Interstitial Cystosis (1; X11272677); Jaundice (f; LIB; WHO); Laryngitis (f; +DLZ); Leishmania (1; FT75(1):9); Lymphangites (f; KAB); Malaria (f; DEP; GHA; JFM); Mange +(f; JFM); Migraine (f; KAB); Mycosis (1; X10548758); Nephrosis (f; BGB; GHA); Neuralgia (f; +JFM); NIDDM (2; WHO); Nyctalopia (f; KAB); Obesity (f1; BGB; LIB; SKJ); Odontosis (f; KAB); +Ophthalmia (f; SKJ); Osteoporosis (1; ACT5:330; JNU); Otosis (f; SKJ; WHO); Pain (f; GHA; +JFM); Paralysis (f; DLZ); Parasite (f1; JFM; ULW; X10594976); Periodontosis (1; X9354029); +Pertussis (f; PHR); Pharyngosis (2; PHR); Phthisis (f; DEP); Pimples (f; JFM; WHO); Proctosis +(f; KAB); Prolapse (f; KAB); Protozoa (1; X10594976); Pulmonosis (f; ULW); Rabies (f; KAB); +Rash (f; GHA); Respirosis (f; ULW); Rheumatism (f; JFM); Salmonella (1; PH2); Scabies (f; JFM; +LIB); Scurvy (f1; NAD); Sinusosis (f; LIB); Sores (f1; JNU; WHO); Sore Throat (f; DEP; GHA; +LIB); Splenosis (f; DEP; LIB); Splinter (f; X15664457); Staphylococcus (1; LIB); Sting (f; JFM); +Stomachache (f; PHR); Stomatosis (2; PHR); Strangury (f; KAP); Streptococcus (1; X9354029; +X4064797); Sunstroke (f; DEP); Swelling (f; JFM); Syncope (f; DEP; KAB); Tenesmus (f; BGB); +Thorn (f; X15664457); Thrombosis (f; JFM); Tinnitus (f; JFM); Tonsilosis (f; JFM); Toothache (f; +JNU); Tuberculosis (f; JFM; LIB); Varicosis (f; DLZ); Venereal Disease (f; LIB); Vertigo (f; KAB); +Virus (1; X10594976); Vision (f; GHA); Wart (f; PHR); Whitlow (f; JLH); Worm (f; JFM); Wound +(f; NAD; PHR); Yeast (1; WHO; X10594976). +d osages (o Nio N): +FNFF = !!! +Bulbs and leaves widely eaten; ofl wers and vivapoarous plantlets also eaten (FAC; TAN; EB54:155); +0.25–1 onion (2–5 oz) (APA); 1 tsp onion juice 3 to 4 ×/day (APA); 1 onion per day (JAD); 10–20 ml +bulb or leaf infusion (KAP); 1–3 g powdered seed (KAP); 50 g fresh onion or 20 g dry onion (KOM; +SHT; WHO); 4–5 tsp tincture/day (PHR); 4–5 Tbsp onion syrup (PHR). +8202_C001.indd 19 11/12/07 2:20:44 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Grated bulbs heated and mixed with grated soap and applied to abscess (EB49:406). +• Grated bulbs mixed with albumen, pine tar, and soap, and applied topically in setting +fractures (EB51:195). +• Arabs use honey extract as expectorant and for stomach cramps; they rub it on the face to +remove dark spots or rash (GHA). +• Arabs cook red onions with eggs and sesame oil for cold and cough (GHA). +• Arabs apply crushed bulb juice as eardrops for deafness and infections (GHA). +• Arabs eat fresh onion to clear irritated throat (GHA). +• Bahamans put a slice of onion in the shoe near the heel to treat a cold (JFM). +• Bolivians eat the bulbs for respiratory problems, and for bladder and kidneystones and +inafl mmation (DLZ). +• Bolivians take candied onions for cough, dropsy, insomnia, pertussis, strangury, onion +soup for cramps, paralysis, rheumatism, varices (DLZ). +• Curacaons plug an earache or ringing ear with the onion neck (JFM). +• Dominicans use diced bulbs with honey for bronchitis and catarrh (AHL). +• Nicaraguan Garifuna take juice orally for respiratory-pulmonary disorders, worms, and +intestinal parasites (IED). +• Haitians apply sliced onion to head for headache (VOD). +• Italians use onions for chilblains, splinters, and thorns (X15664457). +• Japanese put a cut onion under the pillow for insomnia (LIB). +• Peruvians and Bolivians report onion skin tea for laryngitis with loss of voice (DLZ; +SOU). +• Peruvians apply the outer layers of the onion to burns to prevent blistering (EGG). +• Russians boil bulbs in vinegar and apply to corns (JLH). +• Spaniards recommend onion juice for buzzing in the ears, and even deafness (JLH). +• Trinidadans take onion decoction for chest cold, cough, and tuberculosis (JFM). +• Yucatanese take 3 tsp onion juice per day for coronary thrombosis, edema, proteinuria, +strangury, adding lemon juice for flu, rheumatism, and tonsilitis (JFM). +d ow Nsides (o Nio N): +Class 1. Some idiopathic allergies (JAD). Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and contact dermatosis reported +(WHO). +extra Cts (o Nio N): +I have long believed that string beans and raw onions have helped me avoid diabetes. Studies in +2005 — some positive, some negative — have not weakened my belief (X15582196). El-Demerdash +et al. (X15582196) strengthened my case, demonstrating hypoglycemic activities of both onion and +garlic juice (at 10 ml/kg body weight or 4 g/kg, a huge dose for me, equivalent to 400 g onion juice). +The antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities of onion and garlic may protect against liver and +renal damage (X15582196). Conversely, Jelodar et al. (2005) found no hypoglycemic activity for +onion, as compared to much more potent garlic (X15738612). Wetli et al. (2005) say that osteopo- +rosis costs America $17 billion economically, over and beyond the pain and suffering. Adding 7% +dried onion bulbs to diets decreases bone resorption and increases bone mineral content in growing +rats. Rutin had been thought to contribute some of this activity but Wetli et al (.2005) ruled out afl vo - +noids as the major contributor(s) and suggested instead gamma-L-glutamytlr-ans-S-1-propenyl-L- +cysteine sulfoxide (GPCS), adding this to the long list of dietary phytochemicals that support bone +health, Ca, K, Mg, vit. C, D, and K, phytoestrogens (coumestrol, humulone, isoafl vones, zearelenol), +possibly other afl vonoids (hesperidin, rutin) and monoterpenes (X15853380). Chang et al. (2005d) +demonstrated a growth inhibitory effect of alk(en)yl thiosulfates from onion and garlic on tumor cell +8202_C001.indd 20 11/12/07 2:20:45 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +lines. Sodium n-propyl thiosulfate and sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate (natural constituents of onion +and garlic, respectively) were originally deemed to cause hemolytic anemia in dogs. They inhibiitn +vitro proliferation of three human tumorigenic cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Both induced +apoptosis (X15890236). Wetli et al. (2005) showed that a gamma-glutamyl peptide (gamma-L-glu- +tamyl-trans-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide) inhibited bone resorption by osteoclasts. One gram +onion added to rat food signicfi antly inhibits bone resorption at 2 mM (X15853380). Corea et al. +(2005) found four new antispasmodic compounds (furostanol saponins); high concentrations of +quercetin, quercetin 4(I)-glucoside, taxifolin, taxifolin 7-glucoside, and phenylalanine were also +isolated (X15713001). (=) SMCS proved a better antioxidant than glibenclamide and insulin, but the +drugs were better for antidiabetic activity (X12587728). Feeding rats 1 g powdered onion/day/month +boosted bone mineral content 17%, bone thickness more than 15%, performing better than calcitonin +(=) (JNU). In the study by Park and Shin (2005), cinnamon and onion oil followed garlic and clove +bud oils in lethality to the Japanese termite, Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe. Diallyl trisuldfi e was +most toxic, then diallyl disuldfi e, eugenol, diallyl suldfi e, and beta -caryophyllene (X15913300). +LeeK (Allium porrum L.) +++ LILIACeAe +syNo Nyms : +A. ampeloprasum L. fide some Auct.; Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum (L.) J. Gay; Allium laetum +Salisb.; Allium porrum var. maximim Schweinf.; Porrum comune Reichb.; Porrum sativum Mill.; +Porrum sectile Schult. fide HH2 +Notes (l eek): +We remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the +leeks, and the onions, and the garlick: But our soul is dried away: there is nothing at all, beside +this manna, before our eyes. +Numbers 11:5–6 (KJV) +We remember the fish we ate in Egypt for nothing, the cucumbers, the melons, the leeks, the +onions, and the garlic; but now our strength is dried up, and there is nothing at all but this manna +to look at. +Numbers 11:5–6 (RSV) +How we remember the fish that we used to eat in Egypt for nothing, the cucumbers and the water +melons, and the leeks and the onions, and the garlic; But now our soul is dried away. Our eyes are +on nothing at all except the manna. +Numbers 11:5–6 (NWT) +Zohary notes that the leek (hatzir) is widely cultivated in Israel and is “indeed the most precious” of +the few cultivated species of Allium. Some authors seem to think of A. ampeloprasum as the plant +when grown for its bulb, A. porrum as the leek. More from Cornucopia than Pharmacopeia, i.e., +from a culinary point of view, Facciola groups them all under Allium ampeloprasum: (1) the Levant +Garlic, Allium ampeloprasum, cultivated for its large roots, and including the Argentine garlic, +elephant garlic, Levant garlic, multiplier leek, Perennial Sweet Leek, Persian chives, and Yo-rk +town onion; (2) Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii, the British leek or Welsh leek; (3) Allium +ampeloprasum KURRAT group, the Salad leek or Kurrat Nabati, believed to be the leek of ancient +Egypt (leaves found in Egyptian tombs); (4) Allium ampeloprasum, Porrum group , the leek (FAC). +Kirtikar and Basu lump them both under Allium ampeloprasum (KAB). +8202_C001.indd 21 11/12/07 2:20:45 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Commo N Names (l eek): +Ail à Tuniques (Fr.; KAB); Ail d’Orient (Fr.; TAD); Ajet (Sp.; EFS); Ajo Porro (Cuba; Sp.; AVP; +USN); Àlbásàà Mai Kara (Hausa; Nig.; UPW); Alho Porró (Por.; USN); All Porret (Cat.; KAB); +Argentine Garlic (Eng.; FAC); Basal (Arab.; EFS); Breitlauch (Ger.; HH2); British Leek (Eng.; +FAC); Burri (Ger.; EFS); Cebollín (Sp.; AVP); Currat (Malta; KAB); Currat Salvagg (Malta; KAB); +Dungali (India; EFS); Giant Garlic (Eng.; TAD); Goondina (Iran; EFS); Great Headed Garlic (Eng.; +TAD); Hatzir (Heb.; Isr.; BIB); He (Vn.; EB42:413); Jumbo Garlic (Eng.; TAD); Kânda (India; EFS); +Karâts (Arab.; JLH); Kiras (Arab.; DEP); Kirath (Arab.; DEP; EFS); Kourât (Arab.; JLH); Krachhai +(Cam.; KAB); Kurrat Nabati (?; FAC); Kyet Thoon (Burma; DEP); Lauch (Ger.; KAB; USN); Leek +(Eng.; FAC; EB42:413); Levant Garlic (Eng.; FAC); Look (Dutch; KAB); Mama LaSalle’s French +Garlic (Eng.; TAD); Multiplier Leek (Eng.; FAC); Paru (Beng.; DEP; KAB); Pearl Onion (Eng.; +TAD); Perennial Sweet Leek (Eng.; FAC); Persian Chives (Eng.; FAC); Pferdknobauch (Ger.; TAD); +Pirasa (Tur.; EFS); Platandu (Sanskrit; EFS); Poireau (Fr.; Haiti; AVP; JLH; TAN; USN); Porei +(Rus.; KAB); Poro (Sen.; UPW); Porre (Den.; EFS); Porreau (Fr.; Haiti; AVP; EFS); Porree (Ger.; +USN); Porret (Eng.; EFS); Porreta (Por.; UPW); Porrey (Ger.; KAB); Porrina (It.; HH2); Porro +(Cat.; It.; Peru; Sp.; EGG; USN); Porro Hortense (Por.; UPW); Pourrat (Lan.; KAB); Pourriole (Fr.; +KAB); Prasium (JLH); Prei (Dutch; Sur.; AVP; EFS); Praz (Rom.; KAB); Puerro (Dr.; Peru; Sp.; +AHL; EGG; TAN; USN); Puerro Agreste (Sp.; KAB); Puerro de Vina (Sp.; KAB); Pulantu (India; +EFS); Purjo (Swe.; EFS); Purlok (Den.; JLH); Purret (Eng.; HH2); Pyaz (India; EFS); Salad Leek +(Eng.; TAN); Shan Chiu (China; EFS); Siboyas sa Taal (Pi.; KAB); Spanischer Lauch (Ger.; HH2); +Suppenlauch (Ger.; HH2); Taree Irani (FAC); Ti l’Onion (St. Lucia; AVP); Toi tay (Vn.; EB42:413); +Tsung (China; EFS); Verruga (Sp.; AVP); Welch Leek (Eng.; FAC); Welschlauch (Ger.; HH2); Win- +terlauch (Ger.; HH2); Winter leek (Eng.; TAN); Yorktown Onion (Eng.; FAC). +a Ctivities (l eek): +Antitumor (1; WO3); Aphrodisiac (f; DAW); Apoptotic (1; JAF51:208); Constipation (f; UPW); +Digestive (f; DAW; EFS); Discutient (f; DAW; EFS); Diuretic (f; BIB; EFS; KAB; UPW); Emollient +(f; KAB); Expectorant (f; EFS; KAB); Hypoglycemic (f; EB49:406); Hypotensive (f; BIB); Laxative +(f; UPW); Nephrotonic (f; KAB); Stimulant (f; KAB); Stomachic (f; DAW); Suppurative (f; KAB); +Vermifuge (f1; FNF; HH2). +iNdi Catio Ns (l eek): +Abscess (f; DAW); Angina (1; FNF); Arthrosis (f; DAW; JLH); Ascariasis (f; DAW); Bladderstone +(f; KAB); Boil (f; KAB); Calculus (f; KAB); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f1; FNF; JLH; WO3); Ca-r +cinoma (f1; FNF; JLH); Chafing (f; KAB); Chilblain (f; KAB); Cold (f; DAW); Conjunctivosis (f; +KAB); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; DAW); Cystosis (f; KAB); Diabetes (1; FNF; EB49:406); Diarrhea +(f; DAW); Dysentery (f; DAW); Enterosis (f; JLH); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Hepatosis (f; JLH); High +Blood Pressure (f1; BIB; FNF); Impotence (f; DAW); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f1; DAW; +FNF); Mycosis (f1; DAW; FNF); Nephrosis (f; DAW); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Otosis (f; DAW); Polyp +(f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; DAW); Rhinosis (f; DAW; JLH); Ringworm (f1; DAW; FNF); Scrofula (f; +DAW); Stone (f; KAB); Tuberculosis (f1; DAW; FNF); Tumor (f; JLH); Uterosis (f; JLH); Wart (f1; +FNF; JLH); Wen (f; JLH); Worm (f1; DAW; FNF; HH2); Wound (f; BIB). +d osages (l eek): +FNFF = !! +Whether you take the narrow or broad taxonomic interpretation, all parts of most varieties are +eaten somewhere. Of the stricter interpretation of leek, Tanaka says, all parts, except root, are used +in soups and stews (TAN); Facciola says of the stricter Porrum leek group, leaves and stalks are +8202_C001.indd 22 11/12/07 2:20:46 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +eaten, boiled, braised, steamed, or raw, in “salads. … Widely used in gourmet French cuisine, esp-e +cially vichyssoise. Glamorgan sausages, popular in Wales, are meatless sausages made from leeks, +cheese, and breadcrumbs. Sprouted seeds are eaten like those of onion or garlic” (FAC). +• Asian Indians suggest leek juice with cream for chafing, chilblains, and sore eyes (KAB). +• Brits say, “to eat leeks in Lide and Ramsins in May and all the year physicians may play +(AAH).” +• Cambodians use the plant as a diuretic and emollient (KAB). +• Danish suggest boiled leek for induration of the abdomen and stomach (JLH). +• French suggest crushed leek for tumors of the joints (JLH). +• Germans plastered the plant or its juice on cancers (JLH). +• Lebanese tie bruised leaves around cuts (BIB). +• Lebanese with HBP are encouraged to eat more of the diuretic leek (BIB). +extra Cts (l eek): +Viewing this as generic with garlic, but dilute, I would use larger doses for any of the indications +for which garlic has proven successful, including antisepsis, both prophylactic and curative, and as +an immunostimulant. +GARLIC (Allium s Ativum L.) +++ LILIACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Porrum sativum Mill. +Notes (g arli C): +We remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the +leeks, and the onions, and the garlick: But our soul is dried away: there is nothing at all, beside +this manna, before our eyes. +Numbers 11:5–6 (KJV) +We remember the sfi h we ate in Egypt for nothing, the cucumbers, the melons, the leeks, the onions, +and the garlic; but now our strength is dried up, and there is nothing at all but this manna to look at. +Numbers 11:5–6 (RSV) +How we remember the fish that we used to eat in Egypt for nothing, the cucumbers and the water +melons, and the leeks and the onions, and the garlic; But now our soul is dried away. Our eyes are +on nothing at all except the manna. +Numbers 11:5–6 (NWT) +To me, garlic is biblical food farmacy for cancer, cardiopathy, cerebropathy, diabetes, and sepsis. +I often ponder a paradox. While many health writers will tell you not to chronically tweak your +immune systems with such things as boneset, echinacea, elderberry, huangchi, I have not heard them +say the same thing about garlic, one of the best immune boosters, with at least a dozen compounds +reported to boost the immune system. Back during the anthrax scare, I spoke of garlic (seriously, +although most people assumed I was talking frivolously) as the “herbal duct tape” because of its mu-l +tiple antiseptic and immune-stimulating phytochemicals. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC), +Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) are quick to +say that people with depressed immune systems are more likely to get the “disease of the year” +8202_C001.indd 23 11/12/07 2:20:47 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Garlic (Allium sativum). +8202_C001.indd 24 11/12/07 2:21:09 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(my flippant term for, as examples, anthrax, bird ufl , SARS, or West Nile virus). However, I have +never heard them recommend boosting the immune system with antiseptic garlic to improve one’s +odds against these very diseases. That is a ponderous paradox. Back during our first anthrax scare, +there was no clinical proof that Cipro or garlic was useful against anthrax. Garlic is a broad-spectrum +antibiotic, not liable to lead to multiple drug resistance. And now garlic has been showinn vitro to +help slow anthrax (X14598920). Will the phytochemical politicians again advise us not to suggest +that garlic can help with the “disease of the year?” I can get garlic immediately in case of anthrax +attack — but I might need several days, a doctor’s appointment, a prescription, and a few dollars to get +Cipro. Garlic would help; Cipro would help; resistance will emerge to pure Cipro; resistance would be +less likely to develop to the synergic mix of dozens of antiseptic compounds in whole garlic. The year +2004 saw garlic identiefi d as the herb of the year. If I were told I could have only one medicinal herb, +it would certainly be the biblical garlic. I think of it as the medicine of the millennium. I confess that +I have not reviewed all the PubMed citations — 120 alone in the first quarter of 2005. +Commo N Names (g arli C): +Aglidion (Greek; KAB); Aglio (It.; Malta; AVP; EFS; KAB); Ail (Fr., Haiti; AHL; AVP; EFS); +Ail Comun (Fr.; AVP); Ail de Cuisine (Haiti; AHL); Aiu (Rom.; KAB); Ajo (Bel.; Sp.; Dr.; AHL); +Ajo comun (Sp.; EFS); Ajusa (Aym.; Bol.; Que.; DLZ); Alho (Mad.; Por.; AVP); Alho Manso (Por.; +JFM); Alho Ordinario (Por.; AVP; EFS; KAB); All (Cat.; KAB); Arishtha (Sanskrit; KAB); Asna +Pullu (Que.; DLZ); Ay (Cat.; KAB); Ayo (Ga; KAB); Banag (Ilo.; KAB); Baoang (Vis.; KAB); +Bauang (Vis.; KAB); Baratchouria (Bas.; AVP); Bauangpoti (Jolo; KAB); Bawang (Java; Tag.; +KAB; TAN); Bawang Puteh (Mal.; EFS); Belluli (Can; KAB); Bhutabhna (Sanskrit; KAB); Chesnok +(Rus.; KAB); Churl’s Treacle (Eng.; KAB); Czosnek (Pol.; AVP; KAB); Cu Toi (Annam; KAB); Da +Suan (Pin.; JAD); Dawang (Malaya; KAB); Dirghapatraka (Sanskrit; KAB); Foom (Arabic; KAB); +Fokhagyma (Hun.; EFS); Ganda (Vis.; KAB); Garlic (Eng.; CR2); Gartenlauch (Ger.; AVP); Gogpa +(Tibet; NPM); Gogpa (Sherpa; NPM); Grinjana (Sanskrit; KAB); Hsiao-suan (Chi.; EFS); Hv-il +dog (Den.; AVP); Hwitolk (Swe.; AVP); Ivimba (Xosa; KAB); Kanchai (Cam.; KAB); Katukanda +(Sanskrit; KAB); Kesumphiu (Burma; KAB); Knofofl ok (Dutch; AVP); Knoblauch (Ger.; EFS); +Knoofl ok (Dutch; EFS); Knoofl ok (Sur.; AVP); Knoplook (Dutch; KAB); Kyalic (Miskito; ULW); +Kyatthoubega (Burma; KAB); Kyetthwunbya (Burma; KAB); Lahasun (Bhojpuri; NPM); Lahsan +(Hindi; KAB); Lai (Haiti; AHL); Lasan (Guj.; Hindi; India; EFS; KAB); Lashan (Beng.; KAB); L-as +huna (Sanskrit; KAB); Laso (Vis.; KAB); Lasun (Beng.; Danuwar, Mooshar, Sunwar, Tharu; KAB; +NPM); Lasuna (Sanskrit; Malaya; Mar.; EFS; KAB); Lasunas (Mar.; KAB); Lauch (Ger.; KAB); +Lava (Newari; NPM); Lay (Creole; Haiti; TRA; VOD); Lye (Haiti; AVP); Lehsun (Urdu; KAB); +Lha-ming-khrag (Tibet; NPM); Look (Dutch; KAB); Lossun (Kon.; KAB); Mahakanda (Sanskrit; +KAB); Mahaushana (Sanskrit; KAB); Mahusudha (Sanskrit; EFS); Manmuk (Rai; NPM); Manul +(Korea; TAN); Mlechhakanda (Sanskrit; KAB); ‘Mpunzi (Xosa; KAB); Naharu (Assam; KAB); +Ninniko (Japan; TAN); Noh (Tamang; NPM); Poor Man’s Treacle (Eng.; KAB); Q’achi (Cal-la +waya; DLZ); Rahushhishta (Sanskrit; KAB); Rasona (Sanskrit; KAB); Rasonaka (Sanskrit; KAB); +Rasun (Beng.; San.; KAB); Samanachupang (Krobo; KAB); Samsak (Tur.; KAB); Sarimsak (Tur.; +EFS; EB49:406); Sarmisak (Tur.; EB54:155); Sar Moussak (Tur.; AVP); Saum (Arab.; KAB; TAN); +Scorodon (Greek; KAB); Seer (Iran; AVP); Sgog Skya (Tibet; TIB); Shuklakandha (Sanskrit; KAB); +Shunuan (Dec.; KAB); Sir (Iran; EFS; KAB); Som (Arab.; EFS); Soom (Arab.; AVP); Suan (China; +KAB); Suan t-eou (China; KAB); Sudulunu (Sin.; KAB); Tafarnuwa (Hausa; KAB); Tai-Tsoua +(China; AVP); Ta Suan (China; KAB); Taum (Arab.; KAB); Tchesnoks (Rus.; AVP); Teum Tal Ichell +(Malta; KAB); Theriague du Paysan (Fr.; KAB); Thom (Arab.; GHA); Thoum (Arab.; AVP; BOU); +Thujsa Pullu (Aym.; Bol.; DLZ); Tiskert (Ber.; BOU); Tissert (Ber.; BOU); Tongologasy (Hova; +KAB); Tongolonkova (Hova; KAB); Toum (Arab.; BOU); Ugragandha (Sanskrit; KAB); Usturoiu +(Rom.; KAB); Vatari (Sanskrit; KAB); Vellaippundu (Tam.; KAB); Vellullitellagadda (Tel.; KAB); +Vitlok (Swe.; EFS); Yavaneshta (Sanskrit; KAB). +8202_C001.indd 25 11/12/07 2:21:10 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +a Ctivities (g arli C): +Acarifuge (1; KAL); ACE Inhibitor (1; NP6:1); Adaptogenic (1; X15881870); Alterative (f; KAP; PED); +Alexiteric (f; KAB); Amebicide (f1; APA; X11101670); Analgesic (f1; BGB; ULW); Angiotensin Receptor +Blocker (1; NP6:1); Anodyne (f; DAD); Androgenic (1; KAL); Anthelmintic (f1; KAL; WHO); Antiaafl - +toxin (1; X1394115); Antiaggregant (f123; APA; FNF; KOM; PH2; SHT; VOD); Antiallergic (f1; AKT; +JN131:1075s); Antiandrogenic (1; DAD; JN131:1075s); Antianemic (f1; JN131:1016s); Antiangiogenic +(f; BO2); Antiarteriosclerotic (f12; KAL); Antiarthritic (f1; KAL); Antiatherogenic (2; BGB; WHO); +Antibiotic (f12; AKT; PNC; PED); Anticancer (f1; KAL; SKY); Anticholinesterase (1; KAL); Antico-l +lagenase (f; BO2); Antidiabetic (f1; KAL; PNC); Antidote (f; VOD; WO2); Antieicosanoid (1; BO2); +Antifertility (1; KAL; WO2); Antifungal (f12; KAL; SKY); Antigiardal (1; X11101670); Antihepatotoxic +(1; CAN; KAL); Antihypercholesterolemic (1; WHO); Antihyperglycemic (1; KAP); Antihyperlipidemic +(1; WHO); Antihypertensive (f1; SKY; VOD; WHO); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; APA; BGB); Antiintegrase +(1; KAL); Antiisoprene (1; BO2); Antileukemic (1; JN131:1027s); Antilymphomic (1; BO2); Antimyco - +bacterial (1; PR14:303); Antimycotic (f12; BGB; KAL); anti-NF-kB (1; BO2; JN131:1020s); Antinitro- +saminic (1; VOD; JN131:1027s); Antioxidant (1; AKT; KAL; PH2; SHT; WO3); Antiplatelet (1; WHO); +Antiproliferant (1; X15890236); Antiprostaglandin (1; WHO); Antipyretic (f1; WHO); Antiradicular (1; +VOD); Antirheumatic (f1; KAL); Antiseptic (f123; AKT; APA; GHA; PH2; PNC; SKY; VOD); Antisick- +ling (1; JN131:1016s); Antispasmodic (f1; DLZ; PED; WHO); Antistress (1; KAL); Antithrombotic (f1; +FAY; PH2; PNC); Anti-TNF (1; BO2); Antithyroid (1; KAL); Antitubercular (1; PR14:303); Antitumor +(f1; BGB; PNC); Antiulcer (f1; X11238826); anti-VEGF (1; BO2); Antiviral (1; AKT; APA; KAL; SKY); +Aphrodisiac (f1; DAD; WHO); Apoptotic (1; BO2; X15890236); Bactericide (2; AKT; FAD; KOM; SKY; +WHO); Beta-Blocker (1; NP6:1); Calcium-Channel Blocker (1; NP6:1); Cardioprotective (f1; FNF; VOD; +X15881870); Cardiotonic (f1; AKT; JFM); Carminative (f1; PED; RIN; WHO); Choleretic (f1; MAM); +Decongestant (f1; FAY); Detoxicant (f; AKT; FAY); Diaphoretic (f; JFM; PED; PNC); Digestive (f1; AKT; +PED); Diuretic (f1; FAD; WHO); Edemagenic (1; WO3); Emmenagogue (f1; JFM; WHO); Estrogenic (1; +KAL); Expectorant (f; PED; PNC; WOI); Fibrinolytic (123; APA; GHA; KAL; KOM; PH2); Fungicide +(f12; FAD; KOM; MAM); Gastroprotective (f1; FNF; VOD); Gastrotonic (f; KAB); Glutathiogenic (1; +BO2; PH2; JN131:1010s); Hepatoprotective (1; BGB; JFM; WO3); Hyperglycemic (1; PNC); Hypocholes- +terolemic (12; AKT; DAD; FAD; PH2; SHT); Hypoglycemic (f1; DAD; KAL; PED; PNC; X15738612); +Hypolipidemic (f1; BGB; DAD; PED; PNC); Hypoperistaltic (2; WHO); Hypotensive (12; AKT; BGB; +FAD; SHT); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; AKT; VOD); Hypouricemic (f; JFM); Immunostimulant (1; AKT; +BGB; CAN; FAY; PED); Insectifuge (f1; KAL); Insulin-sparing (1; PNC); Interferonigenic (1; X11238818); +Interleukenogenic (1; WO3); Lactogogue (f; NMH); Larvicide (1; WO2); Lipogenic (f; KAB); Lipolytic +(12; KOM; PH2; SHT; WHO); Lymphocytogenic (1; AKT); Memorigenic (f1; GHA; JN131:1016s); Muco- +lytic (1; MAB); Myocontractant (1; CAN); Myorelaxant (1; CAN); Nervine (PED); NKC Enhancer (1; +AKT; PH2); NO-genic (1; KAL); Orexigenic (f; KAB); Ovicide (1; WO3); Oxytocic (1; WO2); Parasiticide +(f1; AKT); Phagocytotic (1; AKT; JN131:989s); Prooxidant (1; BO2); Protisticide (1; KAL); Radiopr-o +tective (JN131:1010s); Rubefacient (f; JFM); Sedative (1; WHO); Spermicide (1; KAL); Tonic (f; KAB); +Vasodilator (1; SHT; WHO); Vermifuge (f1; AKT; APA; VOD); Vulnerary (f1; PED). (For much more +information, see Koch and Lawson’s excellentG arlic Book (KAL): I do not have time to read and rescore, +but if they tabulate clinical trials demonstrating the efcfi acy of whole garlic, it should get a 3.) +iNdi Catio Ns (g arli C): +Abscess (f1; DAA; PNC); Acne (f; FAD); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Aegilops (f; JLH); Aging (f1; PH2); +Allergy (f1; AKT; EGG); Alopecia (f1; WHO; WO2); Alzheimers (1; JN131:1010s); Amebiasis (f12; +FAY; PNC); Amenorrhea (f1; BGB; JFM; LIB); Anemia (f; DAD); Angina (f1; FNF); Anorexia (f; +FAY); Anthrax (1; X14598920); Appendicitis (1; FAY; PNC); Aphthae (1; KAL); Arrhythmia (f; EGG); +Arteriosclerosis (12; BGB; BIS; FAD; KAL; PH2); Arthrosis (f1; FAD; KAL; PHR; PH2; EB49:406); +Asthma (f1; PNC; WHO); Atherosclerosis (f123; AKT; APA; PHR; SHT: WHO); Athlete’s Foot (f12; +8202_C001.indd 26 11/12/07 2:21:10 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +LIB; TGP); Bacillus (1; LAW; X10548758); Bacteria (1; JFM; PH2); Bite (f; FAY; JFM); Boil (f1; +DAA); Bronchiestasis (1; KAL); Bronchosis (f12; FAD; PHR; PH2; BOD; WHO); Burn (f12; KAL); +Callus (f; JFM; PH2); Cancer (f12; AKT; FAD; PH2); Cancer, abdomen (f1; AKT; FNF; JLH); Ca-n +cer, bladder (f1; FNF; JLH; X11341051; X11238811); Cancer, breast (f1; BRU; JN131:989s); Cancer, +colon (f1; AKT; (f1; FNF; JLH)); Cancer, esophagus (f1; JN131:1075s); Cancer, gland (1; X11238818); +Cancer, liver (f1; BO2; PR14:564); Cancer, lung (f1; BRU; FNF; JLH; JN131:989s); Cancer, prostate +(f1; X11102955); Cancer, skin (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f1; AKT; VOD; X11238811); Ca-n +cer, uterus (f1; FNF; JLH); Candidiasis (f12; CAN; KAL; TRA; VOD); Carbuncle (f; FAY); Ca-r +diopathy (f123; BGB; EGG; FAD; SKY; VOD); Caries (f1; FNF; KAB); Catarrh (f1; AKT; BGB); +Celiac (1; KAL); Chilblain (f; EGG); Childbirth (f; JFM; KAB); Cholecocystosis (f; APA); Cholera +(f1; PNC; TRA); Chronic Fatigue (f; JFM); Circulosis (f; DLZ); Coccidiosis (1; KAL); Cold (f12; +AKT; FAD; GHA; PHR; PNC); Colic (f1; GHA; WHO); Colosis (1; KAL; LAW); Congestion (f1; +FAY); Conjunctivosis (f; GHA); Constipation (f; JFM; PH2); Convulsions (f; KAB; PHR); Corn (f; +EGG; JLH; LIB; PHR); Cough (f12; APA; FAD; PHR); Cramp (f; PH2); Cryptococcus (1; DAA); +Cystosis (f; JFM); Cytomegalovirus (1; KAL); Dandruff (f; EGG; GHA); Deafness (f; LAW); Debility +(f; PH2); Dementia (1; X11238823); Dermatosis (f1; AKT; DAA; DAD; KAL; PNC; VOD); Diabetes +(f1; GHA; MAM; PH2; PNC; X15738612); Diarrhea (f1; AKT; GHA; PNC); Diptheria (f; DAA; DAD; +EGG); Dropsy (f; KAB); Dyspepsia (f1; AKT; JFM; KAL); Dysentery (f12; AKT; DAD; FAD; PNC); +Dysmenorrhea (f; PHR; PH2); Dyspepsia (f1; BIS; PNC; WHO); Dyspnea (1; FAD; FAY); Earache +(f1; FAD; TRA); Edema (f; JFM; PNC); Enterosis (f12; AKT; APA; FAD; GHA; PH2; VOD; WHO); +Epigastrosis (2; WHO); Epilepsy (f; AKT; FAY); Escherichia (1; LAW; WO2); Felon (f; JLH); Fever +(f12; FAD; PHR; PH2); Fibrinolytic (SHT); Fibroid (f; DAD; JLH); Filaria (1; KAL); Flatulence (f1; +GHA; WHO); Flu (f1; AKT; APA; EGG; KAL; PNC; TRA); Fungus (f1; AKT; JFM); Gangrene (f; +EGG; KAP); Gas (f1; DAD; GHA; JFM; PH2; TRA; VOD); Gastroenterosis (f12; BIS; DAD; FAD); +Gastrosis (f12; AKT; FAD; FAY; PH2; WHO); Giardia (f1; KAL; X11101670); Gout (f; DEP; FAD; +JFM); Headache (f; JFM); Helicobacter (1; AKT; X11238826); Hemorrhoid (f; JFM); Hepatosis (f12; +APA); Hepatotoxicity (Acetaminophen); (2; MAM); Herpes (f1; KAL; TRA); High Blood Pressure +(f12; AKT; FAD; PH2; SHT; ULW; WHO); High Cholesterol (123; AKT; APA; KAL; PH2; SHT); +High Triglycerides (123; AKT; APA; KAL; SHT); HIV (1; KAL); Hookworm (f1; AKT; KAL; WHO); +HPS (1; X15833681); Hyperlipidemia (123; SHT; WHO); Hyperperistalsis (2; WHO); Hypoglycemia +(f; FAY); Hypotension (f; DAD); Hysteria (f; JFM); Immunosuppression (12; PHR; SKY); Impotence +(f1; AKT; X112388); Infection (f123; AKT; APA; EGG; GHA; PH2; PNC; SKY); Insomnia (f; JFM); +Intermittent Claudication (12; BGB; SHT; TGP); Itch (f1; TRA; VOD); Keratosis (1; KAL); Lamblia- +sis (1; KAL); Laryngosis (f1; KAL; KAP); Lead Poisoning (1; PNC); Leishmania (1; X11119248); +Leprosy (f; JFM); Leukemia (f; JLH); Leukoderma (f; EGG; KAB); Lumbago (f; PH2); Lupus (f; +KAL); Lymphoma (1; BO2; JLH); Malaria (f; DAD; EGG; JFM); Malnutrition (f; VOD); Mange (f; +JFM); Melancholy (f; JFM); Melanoma (1; JN131:1027s); Meningosis (f; DAA); Menopause (f; JFM); +Mucososis (1; KAL); Myalgia (f; PHR; PH2); Mycosis (f1; AKT; PNC; TRA); Myofascitis (f; DAA); +Nausea (f1; TRA; WHO); Nephrosis (f1; DLZ; GHA; KAL); Neuralgia (f1; KAL; PHR); Neuroblas- +toma (1; JN131:1027s); Nicotinism (1; KAL); Odontosis (f; KAB); Osteoporosis (1; X15173999); Otitis +(f1; BOU; FAD; SKY); Pain (f; GHA; JFM; PH2; EB49:406); Palpitation (f; JFM); Paradentosis (1; +KAL); Paralysis (f; KAB); Parasite (f1; AKT; ULW); Paratyphoid (f; KAP); Paratyphus (f; LAW); +Periodontosis (1; LAW; X15892950); Pertussis (f12; DAD; FAD; FAY; PNC); Pharyngosis (f12; PHR); +Pinworm (f1; AKT; FAY); Pneumonia (f1; DAD; KAL; VOD); Poliomyelitis (1; KAL; LAW); Polyp +(f; JLH); Porphyromonas (1; X15892950); Pulmonosis (f; KAP; VOD); Pulposis (1; LAW); Raynaud’s +Disease (2; TGP); Respirosis (f1; AKT; BGB; KAL; PH2; WHO); Rheumatism (f1; FAD; KAL; PH2; +VOD; EB49:406); Rhinosis (f12; BGB); Ringworm (f1; APA; DAA; WHO); Roundworm (f1; KAL; +WHO); Salmonella (1; WO2); Scabies (f1; DAA; JFM); Sciatica (f; PHR; PH2); Senile Dementia (1; +KAL; X11238823); Sepsis (f1; KAL); Shigella (1; LAW; TRA; WO2); Sinusosis (f1; FAY); Snake- +bite (f; FAD; FAY; GHA); Sore (f1; FAD; JFM); Sore Throat (f1; KAL); Soroche (f; KAL); Sple- +nosis (f; EGG; KAB); Sporotrichosis (1; KAL); Staphylococcus (1; LAW); Stomachache (f; FAY); +8202_C001.indd 27 11/12/07 2:21:11 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Stomatosis (f12; PHR); Streptococcus (12; X9354029; X15892950); Stroke (1;JN131:1010s); Swelling +(f; AKT; FAD; FAY; GHA; JFM); Syncope (f; KAB); Tapeworm (f; JFM); Thirst (f; KAB); Thrombosis +(f123; APA; EGG; GHA; KAL; KOM; PH2); Toothache (f1; TRA); Tonsilosis (f1; LAW); Trachoma +(f; DAA); Trichomonaisis (f1; DAA); Trypanosomiasis (1; KAL); Tuberculosis (f1; APA; EGG; GHA; +JFM; KAL; TRA); Typhoid (f; DAA); Typhus (f1; DAD; KAL); Ulcer (f1; AKT; X11238826); Ulcus +cruris (12; KAL); UTIs (f1; WHO); Vaginosis (f12; APA; DAA; KAL); Varicosity (f; DLZ; JFM); Virus +(1; PH2; TRA); Vitiligo (f; EGG); Wart (f; EGG; PHR; PH2); Wen (f; JLH); Whitlow (f; JLH); Worm +(f1; AKT; APA; EGG; JFM; VOD); Wound (f; GHA; PHR); Yeast (f12; APA; CAN; JAD; WO2). +d osages (g arli C): +FNFF = !!! +Bulbs and leaves widely eaten more as spice than vegetable; seeds, seedlings, and vivaparous sprouts +also eaten (FAC, TAN; EB54:155); 1–5 cloves/day (APA); 2–4 g, 3× /day (CAN); 2–4 ml tincture +(1:5 in 45% ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN); 0.03–0.12 ml garlic oil/day (CAN); 2–8 ml garlic syrup (CAN); +2–4 ml garlic juice (CAN); 9–15 g fresh bulb (FAY); 1.5–6 g fresh tuber (KAP); 1–2 minims garlic +oil (KAP); 4 g fresh garlic/day (KOM); one 400-mg StX/day; 3–4 550-mg capsules 3× /day (NH). +One enteric-coated 400-mg tablet (StX to contain at least 3 mg allicin potential) ×1 /day at mealtime +(NH); 1/4–1/2 cup fresh bulb (PED); 6–12 g dry bulb (PED); 9 g dry bulb/45 ml alcohol/45 ml water +(PED); 2–4 ml garlic juice (PNC); 2–8 ml garlic syrup (PNC); 600–900 mg/day coated garlic (SHT); +4 g garlic or one average clove; 5000 µg allicin/day (SKY); 8–12 g bulb, ×3 /day (TRA). +• Arabs inhale steam from boiling water with garlic for tuberculosis (GHA). +• Arabs suggest eating cloves daily for colic, diabetes, diarrhea, enteralgia, and swellings +(GHA). +• Arabs warm skinned cloves in cow’s milk, add fat, heat until thickened; add ground g-in +ger, laurel, pepper, and senna; take for colds, cough, nephrosis, and improving memory +(GHA). +• Arabs use ashes from burnt cloves to treat eye infections (GHA). +• Bolivians suggest a clove garlic for arteriosclerosis, cerebral congestion, high arterial +pressure; garlic soup for circulatory and kidney problems (DLZ). +• Bolivians suggest three cloves garlic mashed in one cup of milk with honey for arterio- +sclerosis, gastric, respiratory, or pulmonary problems (DLZ). +• Bolivians suggest a glass of water with 20 drops garlic tincture for hemorrhage, high blood +pressure, palpitations, varicose veins (DLZ) (maybe a martini with garlic instead of onion? +(JAD). +• Dominicans suggest rubbing garlic onto rheumatism (AHL). +• Haitians take bulb decoctions, juices, or teas for bronchitis, dermatoses, gas, itch, pneumonia, +and other pulmonary problems; they eat the bulbs for worms and hypertension (VOD). +• Mexicans suggest taking three cloves in milk each morning to prevent malaria and tube-r +culosis (JFM). +• Mexicans take a leaf decoction as emmenagogue (JFM). +• Peruvians eat the cloves for arrhythmia, arteriosclerosis, cardiopathy, catarrh, diabetes, +embolism, hysteria, hypertension, malaria, menopause, smoker’s syndrome, splenosis, +and thrombosis (EGG). +• Peruvians suggest rubbing cut garlic on corns, dandruff, infection, itch, rheumatism, +sores, vitiligo, and warts (EGG). +• Trinidadans take garlic decoction for dyspepsia, enterosis, hypertension, stomachache, +strangury, and rubbing the crushed cloves on the belly to facilitate childbirth (JFM). +• Yucatanese suggest three chipped bulbs in milk or tomato juice for diabetes, malaria, or +rheumatism, or steeping in alcohol 5 days and taking up to 20 drops a day for asthma, +atherosclerosis, or hypertension (JFM). +8202_C001.indd 28 11/12/07 2:21:12 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d ow Nsides (g arli C): +Class 2c (AHP, 1997). Some thiol-bearing compounds in garlic and onion and their relatives can +cause acantholysisi n vitro (Brenner et al., 1995) and possibly pemphigus in vivo. “More than 5 cloves +a day may induce afl tulence and heartburn (Castleman, 1996) and ‘thin blood’” (people taking blood +thinners may overthin their blood thereby). Some people are very allergic to garlic. Contraindicated +in hyperthyroid (TRA); Commission E reports rare GI disturbances, allergic reactions, and change +of odor of skin and breath (Commission E). Allergic reactions of contact dermatosis and severe as-th +matic attacks (from inhalation of garlic powder) may occur. Topical application of garlic or garlic +oil may cause local irritating effects. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur following ingestion +of fresh garlic bulbs, extracts, or oil (AEH1). Suldesfi may irritate the GI tract or cause dermatosis +(CAN). Fresh garlic is reportedly dangerous to children (AHP). Use sparingly with children under +2 years of age; may irritate mouth or stomach if used too liberally (WAM). Then there is Miller and +Murray’s extremely cautious but not critical review (MAM). Although possibly “useful for mild +hypertension … routine use is not recommended (MAM)” After informing us that no drug-drug +interactions have been reported for garlic, they feed us a long list of potential drug-drug interactions. +Hasty readers, especially medical doctors, will take this as a proven drug-garlic interaction, “Avoid +concomitant use … with NSAIDS, anticoagulants and drugs that inhibit liver metabolism” (e.g., +cimetidine (Tagamet), ciproafl xin (Cipro), clarithromycin, diltiazem (Cardizem), enoxacin, erythro- +mycin, ufl oxetine (Prozac), ufl voxamine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, paroxetine (Paxil), +ritonavir) “may at least additively and perhaps synergistically interact with garlic.” Watch also drugs +extensively metabolized by the liver (alprazolam, amitriptyline, astemizole, carbamazepine, ci-s +apride, clozapine, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, desipramine, diazepan (Valium), imipramine, ph-e +nytoin (Dilantin), propranolol, terfenadine (Seldane), theophylline, triazolam, warfarin (Coumadin), +and drugs that may be affected by liver inhibition (e.g., propranolol, diazepam) (MAM). Miller and +Murray (1998) tabulate allergic contact dermatosis, burning GI sensations, diaphoresis, diarrhea, +light-headedness, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, nausea, spinal epidural hematoma, and vomiting as +side effects of garlic. They even try to attribute a case of spinal hematoma to garlic (in an 87-year- +old male ingesting 2 g daily “to prevent heart disease.” Perhaps they are too eager to accentuate the +negative, attributing the problem “to garlic’s ability to inhibit normal platelet function.” Still acce-n +tuating the negative, they talk about rats given massive doses (50 mg/day garlic powder) developing +degenerative changes in 45 days and severe testicular lesions after 70 days (MAM). The credibility +of their uncritical data is questionable; for example, on one page (i.e., p. 144), they talk about 0.75 mg +garlic essential oil divided in three doses a day causing anorexia, nausea, severe vomiting, diarrhea, +marked weight loss, metrorrhagia, and menorrhagia; yet on the following page (i.e., p. 145), they +casually discuss a dosage more than three orders of magnitude higher for 20 days lowering platelet +aggregation from 30.37% to 21.21% (MAM). I feel I have to report this to my readers, although I +consider it mostly hyperbolic. At 3 × 300 mg/day coated garlic powder tablet dosages, GI disco-m +fort was the most frequent side effect (also bloating, dizziness, headache, hypotensive circulatory +reactions, outbreaks of sweating); daily doses of 900 to 1200 mg were associated with garlic odor. +“May potentiate the effect of antihypertensive and anticoagulant medications” (SHT). No known +contraindications during pregnancy and lactation (SKY). +extra Cts (g arli C): +Of the 120 new PubMed abstracts for garlic in the rfi st quarter of 2005, some were disappointing. Iranian +scientists (e.g., Jelodar et al. ,2005) found, contrary to my expectations, that garlic, but not onion and +fenugreek, is hypoglycemic in experimental rats. I think they should have also compared the mix of +the three biblical herbs, anticipating synergy or additivism, all recommended in Persian folklore med-i +cine as good for diabetes (X15738612). Bakri and Douglas (2005) extended the well-known antiseptic +activity of garlic to bacteria involved in periodontitis (X15892950). In general, the minimal inhibitory +and minimum bactericidal concentrations for Gram-negative strains (garlic MIC range 35.7–1.1mg/ml; +8202_C001.indd 29 11/12/07 2:21:12 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +allicin mean MIC 4.1 µg/ml; mean MBC 7.9 µg/ml) were lower than those for the Gram-positive strains +tested (garlic MIC range 142.7–35.7 mg/ml; allicin mean MIC 27.5 µg/ml; mean MBC 91.9 µg/ml). The +putative periodontal pathogens had among the lowest MICs (17.8–1.1 mg/ml garlic) and MBCs (35.7–1.1 +mg/ml garlic) (X15892950). Verma et al. (2005) demonstrated adapotogenic activity of garlic oil on +exercise tolerance in coronary patients. Thirty patients were given garlic oil for 6 weeks. The 6-week +treatment reduced heart rate at peak exercise and resultant workload on the heart (X15881870). Kim et al. +(2005) showed that too much diallyl disuldfi e could be cytotoxic to neuronal cells. Levels of free radicals +and membrane lipid peroxidation increased dose dependently at levels higher than 25 µM (X 15950962). +Chang et al. (2005) found that sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate had cyclooxygenase inhibitory as well as +antiaggregant activity in canine platelets (X15850716). Akyuz and Kaymakoglu (2005) suggest garlic +and lamivudine in combination as a natural/chemotherapy for hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), one +I never heard of previously. HPS is characterized by abnormalities of arterial oxygenation in patients +with chronic liver disease, with or without portal hypertension. There is no denfi itive treatment except +liver transplantation. One HPS patient with liver cirrhosis and HPS received garlic and lamivudine for 3 +years. Signs of liver failure and hypoxemia gradually improved, indicating that lamivudine may improve +the functional reserve of the liver, while garlic may help to reduce the signs and symptoms of HPS +(X15833681). Chang et al. (2005) suggest that garlic oil’s anticarcinogenic activities may be due to (1) +antioxidant activity, (2) induction of apoptosis, (3) inhibition of DNA-adduct formation, (4) modulation +of immune function, and/or (5) modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme activities (X15796590). I +can suggest dozens of other phytochemical reasons. For several other useful phytochemical activities in +whole garlic, consult the multiple-activity-menu site at the USDA (http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/dev/all. +html) — and one might well be overwhelmed by the 19-page printout. Active hypoglycemic compounds +may have insulin-sparing activity, the thiol groups competing for insulin with the inactivating com- +pounds (PNC). Ajoene is antiaggregant, antilipoxygenase, antiprostaglandin (CAN; PNC) synergizes +the antiaggregant activity of dipyramidole, forskolin, indomethacin, and prostacyclin. Garlic (or allicin) +is antiseptic to Actinobacter, Aeromonas, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Candida albicans, Citrobacter, Cory- +nebacterium, Cryptococcus, Epidermophyton, Escherichia coli, Hafnia, Herpes, Inufl enza, Klebsiella, +Microsporum, Mycobacterium, Pasturella, Proteus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Rhodotorula, Salmo- +nella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Torulopsis, Tricho- +monas sp., Trichophyton, Trichosporum, and Vibrio cholera (CAN; PNC); LD50 = 60 mg/kg ivn mus +(SHT); 120 mg/kg scu mus M11 (SHT) might be a good way to cut back on your grocery bill (except +for garlic), if you believe this quote: “Rats fed up to 2000 mg/kg garlic extract for 6 months showed no +weight loss but did show a slightly reduced food intake relative to controls. There were no changes in +renal function, hematologic parameters, or selected serologic parameters; and there was no evidence +of any pathologic changes in organs or tissues.” Experimentally antiaggregant, bactericidal, diuretic, +fungicidal, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive (FAD; FNF). Clinical studies suggest utility in arterio- +sclerosis, cardiopathy, GI disorders, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure (FAD). Commission E +approvals differ: Blumenthal et al. (1998) approve 4 g fresh garlic or equivalent preparations “supportive +to dietary measures at elevated levels of lipids in blood” and preventive measures for age-dependent +vascular changes,” while Gruenwald et al. (1998) approve garlic for almost the same things for which +they approve echinacea, viz. arteriosclerosis, bronchosis, cold, cough, fever, pharyngosis, stomatosis, +and “tendency to infection.” +ALoe ( Aloe ver A (L.) BURM. F.) (GeL) ++ ALoe ACeAe (LILIACeAe) +syNo Nyms : +Aloe barbadensis Mill; Aloe indica Royle, nom. nud.; Aloe perfoliata var. vera L. [basionym]; Aloe +vulgaris Lam., nom. illeg. fide USN +8202_C001.indd 30 11/12/07 2:21:13 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Aloe (Aloe vera). +8202_C001.indd 31 11/12/07 2:21:38 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Notes (a loe ): +And there came also Nicodemus, which at the first came to Jesus by night, and brought a mix - +ture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred pound weight. Then took they the body of Jesus, and +wound it in linen clothes with the spices, as the manner of the Jews is to bury. +John 19:39–40 (KJV) +Nicode’mus also, who had at first come to him by night, came bringing a mixture of myrrh and +aloes, about a hundred pounds’ weight. They took the body of Jesus, and bound it in linen cloths +with the spices, as is the burial custom of the Jews. +John 19:39–40 (RSV) +Nicode’mus also, the man that came to him in the night the first time, came bringing a roll of +myrrh and aloes, about a hundred pounds [of it]. So they took the body of Jesus, and bound it up +with bandages with the spices, just the way the Jews have the custom of preparing for burial. +John 19:39–40 (RSV) +Early authors, mostly American or English, on biblical botany, and even I, concluded that the +biblical aloe of the New Testament wa sAloe perryi or Aloe socotrina. Knowing how taxonomi- +cally difcfi ult this genus of some 250 to 300 species is, I am relieved to accept the opinion of Israeli +scientist Michael Zohary, who concludes that the aloe of John 19 was “probably an oil extracted +from the succulent leaves of Aloe vera (in its broader sense also including A. succotrina and A. bar- +badensis).” It was widely used in that part of the world for embalming and for medicine (ZOH). It is +generally agreed that the aloes and myrrh, not cheap even then, were to facilitate Jesus’ embalming +and wrapping in linen (BMD). As mentioned in my second edition (CR2), there is still much confu- +sion resulting from varying interpretations by various scientists. I will abide by AHPA’s decision to +treat the scientic nfi ame as the standardized common name, whether I like it or not. +Commo N Names (a loe ): +Acibar (Sp.; USN); Adala (Sanskrit; KAB); Aloe (Creole; Guy.; Ocn. Sp.; AH2; GMJ; USN); Aloès +(Haiti; USN); Aloès de Jardins (Fr.; Haiti; AHL); Aloès Vulgaire (Fr.; USN); Aloe Vera (Scn.; +AH2); Aloi (Greek; KAB); Angani (Tam.; KAB); A’oe (Ger.; AVP); A’ona (Pol.; AVP); Azvre (Por.; +AVP); Babosa (Mad.; Por.; AVP); Babosa Commun (Por.; AVP); Bamboo (Usa.; AVP); Bamboo +key (Fla.; AVP); Barbados Aloe (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; USN); Brahmi (Kan.; KAB); Chenninayakam +(Mal.; KAB); Chinnakalabanda (Tel.; KAB); Curaçao Aloe (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; USN); Darakhte +Sibr (Iran; DEP); Darakhtesinn (Iran; KAB); Echte Aloe (Ger.; USN); Eliya (Dec.; DEP); Ghig-u +vara (Hindi; KAB); Ghigvar (Hindi; DEP); Ghikanuar (Hindi; KAP); Ghikavar (Hindi; DEP); +Ghikuanri (Oriya; KAB); Ghiqwara (Urdu; KAB); Ghiu Kumari (Nepal; SUW); Ghrita Kumari +(Beng.; India; AH2; DEP; KAB); Girta Kunvar (Beng.; DEP); Kadvikunar (Guj.; KAB); Kalabanda +(Tel.; DEP); Kanyá (Sanskrit; DEP); Kanyrasara (India; AH2); Katalai (Sri.; Tam.; AVP; DEP); +Kattala (Mal.; DEP); Key Bamboo (Fla.; AVP); Komarisa (Singh.; DEP); Koraphada (Mar.; DEP; +KAB); Kumári (Hindi; Sanskrit; DEP); Kunvar (Tel.; DEP); Laloi (Haiti; AVP); Lalwa (Creole; +Haiti; VOD); Lankhu Laphi (Aym.; DLZ; SOU); Lephaee (Sin.; DEP); Lolu Sora (Kan.; DEP); Lu +Hui (Pin.; DAA; KAB); Musabar (Arab.; KAB); Nha Dam Luu Hoi (Ic.; AVP); Patte laloi (Haiti; +AVP); Pet’k’kin’ki (Maya; AVP); Sabar (Arab.; GHA); Sabara (Arab.; DEP); Sábila (Bol.; Peru; Sp.; +DLZ); Sabur Obiknovennoi (Rus.; AVP; KAB); Sambour (Tur.; AVP); Saqal (Arab.; GHA); Sávila +(Peru; Mdd.; Sp.; DAV; USN); Sávila Penca (Ecu.; BEJ); Sawila (Aym.; Que.; DLZ); Semper Vive +8202_C001.indd 32 11/12/07 2:21:38 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(Sp.; AVP); Sempervivum (Ma.; JFM); Sentebibu (Ma.; JFM); Shazaon Lepa Burma; DEP); Sibhir +(Iran; AVP); Sibr (Iran; DEP); Simple Bible (Ma.; JFM); Sinkle Bible (Ma.; JFM); Singwanaka +Luih (Ulwa; ULW); Tazavon-Lepa (Burma; DEP); True Aloe (Eng.; USN); West Indian aloe (Eng.; +USN); Yerba de Gomas (Ma.; JFM); Zabbara (Malta; KAB); Zabila (Mex.; Sp.; AVP; DLZ). +a Ctivities (a loe ): +Abortifacient (f1; GMJ; WO3); Analgesic (f1; EGG; PH2); Angiogenic (1; X14517429); Anthelmin- +tic (1; MPI); Antiaggregant (f; CRC); Antiaging (f; WO3); Antialcoholic (1; WO3); Antiapoptotic (1; +X15613791); Antibradykinin (1; X15182910); Anticancer (f1; JLH; X15531293); Antidote (alcohol) +(f1; DLZ; WO3; X8937458); Antiedemic (f1; ALH; CAN; WHO); Antigliomic (1; X15747063); Anti- +herpetic (1; AAB; PH2; RCP7(1)); Antihistamine (1; APA); Anti-inafl mmatory (f1; AAB; CAN; PH2; +WHO; WO3; X15751795; X15182910); Antilipoxygenase (1; X15751795); Antioxidant (1NP9(2):8); +Antiplaque (f; WO3); Antiproliferant (1; X15531293); Antiprostaglandin (1; WHO; NP9(2):8); Ant-i +radicular (1NP9(2):8); Antiretroviral (1; NP9(2):8); Antiseptic (f1; CRC; PH2; X15615409); Ant-i +thromboxane (1; PH2; WHO; NP9(2):8); Antiulcer (f1; AAB; PH2); Antiviral (1; AAB; PH2; WO3); +Antiwrinkle (f; WO3); Aperient (f; DAA; DEP); Aphrodisiac (f; NP9(2):8); Apoptotic (1; X15531293; +X15747063); Arylamine-N-Acetyltransferase Inhibitor (1; PH2); Bactericide (1; APA); Bitter (FED); +Cholagogue (f; CRC); Cicatrizant (f1; DLZ; EGG; RCP7(1)); Collagenic (1; PH2; NP9(2):8); Co-l +lagenase Inhibitor (1; X12479983); COX-2-I (1; X12677534); Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor (1; PH2); +Decongestant (f; DLZ); Demulcent (f1; WAM); Depurative (f; CRC); Digestive (f1; CRC; WAM); +Emmenagogue (f1; DAA; JFM; MPI); Emollient (f1; GMJ; WAM); Fibroblastogenic NP9(2):8; +Fungicide (1; APA; PH2; NP9(2):8); Gram(+)-icide (1; X15615409); Gram(-)-icide (1; X15615409); +Hemostat (1; WO3); Hypocholesterolemic (1; WO3; X14598919); Hypoglycemic (1; CAN; JAC7:405; +X15117555); Hypotensive (1; X11731923); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; JAC7:405); Immunomodulator +(1; PH2); Immunostimulant (1; NP9(2):8); Insecticide (f; CRC); Larvicide (f; CRC); Laxative (f1; +PH2; WAM; NP9(2):8); Metalloproteinase Inhibitor (1; X12479983); Microcirculatory Stimulant +(CAN); Mitogenic (1; WO3); Moisturizer (f1; CRC); Nematicide (1; CRC); Osteogenic (1; RCP7(1); +Phagocytotic (1; CAN; PNC); Propecic (f; KAP); Purgative (f; DLZ); Radioprotective (1; MPI; +X15613791); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC; MPI); Thromboxane-A-2-Synthase Inhibitor +(1; X12677534); TNF-genic (1; NP9(2):8); Tonic (f; MPI); Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (1; PH2); Ver- +mifuge (f; IED); Vulnerary (f1; CAN; EGG; WAM; WHO; WO3; X14517429). +iNdi Catio Ns (a loe ): +Abrasions (f1; WHO); Abscess (f; CAN; DLZ); Acne (f; CRC; WHO); Acrochordons (f; CRC); +Adenopathy (f; DEP); Alopecia (f; CRC; DAV; KAP); Amenorrhea (f; CRC; PH2); Anemia (f; +WHO); Apoplexy (f; DEP); Arthrosis (f1; CAN; EGG; WO3); Asthma (f12; CAN; DLZ; EGG; +KAP; PNC; RCP9(1); NP9(2):8); Bacteria (1; APA; PH2; NP9(2):8); Baldness (f; CRC); Bite (f; +ULW); Bleeding (f; CRC); Blindness (f; WHO); Boil (f; AAB); Bronchosis (1; CAN; WO3); Bruise +(f1; JFM; WHO); Bugbite (f1; APA; ULW); Burn (f1; AAB; CAN; ULW; VOD; WAM; WHO; +X15751795); Cancer (f1; FNF, JAD; JLH; PH2); Cancer, anus (f1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, breast (f1; +CRC; JLH); Cancer, larynx (f1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, lip (f1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f1; l CRC; +JLH); Cancer, lymph (f; DEP); Cancer, nose (f1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, skin (f1; CRC; JLH); Can- +cer, stomach (f1; CRC; JLH; PH2); Cancer, tongue (f; EGG; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); +Cerebrosis (f; DLZ); Childbirth (f; CRC; DAA); Cholecystosis (f; JFM); Cold (f; CRC; JFM); Colic +(f; DEP; KAP; PH2); Colitis (f12; JFM; X15199891; X15043514); Condyloma (f; CRC; JLH); Con- +gestion (f; DLZ); Conjunctivosis (f; EGG; DEP; PHR); Constipation (f12; DAA; PH2; WAM; adult +only); Consumption (f; KAP); Convulsion (f; CRC; NP9(2):8); Cough (f; APA; CRC; KAP); Cys - +tosis (f; JFM); Decubitis (f; AAB); Dermatosis (f1; PH2; ULW; WHO; WO3; NP9(2):8); Diabetes +(f1; APA; CAN; VOD; JAC7:405; NP9(2):8); Dysmenorrhea (f; AHL; KAP); Dyspepsia (f; AHL; +CRC); Eczema (f; CAN; CRC); Edema (f1; CAN; JFM; VOD; WHO); Enterosis (f; CRC; VOD; +8202_C001.indd 33 11/12/07 2:21:39 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +WO3); Epilepsy (f; KAP); Erysipelas (f; CRC; EGG); Erythema (f12; X15857459); Escherichia (1; +NP9(2):8); Fever (f; DEP; GHA; VOD; NP9(2):8); Flu (1; NP9(2):8); Fracture (1; RCP7(1)); Frostbite +(f12; APA; PH2; WHO; NP9(2):8); Fungus (1; AAB; APA; MPI; PH2); Gastrosis (f; CRC; VOD; +WO3); Gingivosis (f; WO3); Glaucoma (f; WHO); Glioma (1; X15747063); Glossosis (f; JLH); +Gonorrhea (f; JFM); Headache (f; GHA; VOD); Hemorrhoid (f; APA; CRC; WHO); Hepatosis (f1; +BEJ; CRC; DEP; RCP6(1)); Herpes (12; AAB; PH2; NP9(2):8; RCP7(1)); High Cholesterol (1; WO3; +X14598919); High Triglycerides (1; JAC7:405); HIV (1; WO3); Hysteria (f; CRC; VOD); IBD (12; +X15043514); Immune Decfi iency (1; CAN; PNC); Impotence (f; NP9(2):8); Indigestion (1; WAM); +Infection (f1; APA; BEJ; PH2; NP9(2):8) Infertility (1; CRC; MPI); Inafl mmation (f1; CAN; CRC; +GHA; PH2; VOD; WHO; NP9(2):8; X15182910); Intoxication (1; X8937458); Ischemia (1; PH2); +Itch (f; DAA); Jaundice (f; CRC; KAB); Klebsiella (1; NP9(2):8); Leprosy (f; KAB); Leukemia (f; +CRC; JLH); Leukorrhea (f; JFM); Lumbago (f; KAB); Measles (1; NP9(2):8); Mouth Sores (f1; +CAN; EGG); Myalgia (f; KAB); Mycosis (1; FNF; PH2; WHO); Nephrosis (f; JFM); Ophthalmia +(f; DEP; KAB); Pain (f; EGG; GHA; PH2); Peptic Ulcers (f1; CAN; CRC); Periodontosis (f; EGG); +PMS (f; APA); Pneumonia (f; JFM); Proctosis (f; CRC); Pseudomonas (1; NP9(2):8); Psoriasis (f12; +CAN; PH2; WHO; NP9(2):8; X15857459); Pulmonosis (f; JFM); Radiation Burns (1; CRC; DAA; +WHO); Rash (f1; AAB; IED); Rheumatism (f; WO3); Ringworm (f1; APA); Salmonella (1; CRC); +Seborrhea (f; WHO); Shock (1; X15566601); Snakebite (f; IED); Sore (f1; IED; X15751795); Sore +Throat (f; JFM); Splenosis (f; DEP; KAB); Sprain (f; JFM); Staphylococcus (1; CRC; PH2); Sting +(f; IED); Stomatosis (f; JLH); Strangury (f; KAB); Streptococcus (1; CRC); Sunburn (f1; AAB; +PNC; VOD; WAM); Swelling (f; GHA; JFM); Syphilis (f; PHR); Toothache (f; DAV); Trachosis (f; +WO3); Tuberculosis (1; DAA); Tumors (f1; CRC); Ulcer (f1; APA; JFM; PH2; VOD; WAM; WHO; +WO3); Uterosis (f; CRC); Vaccinia (1; NP9(2):8); Vaginosis (f; APA); Venereal Disease (f; CRC; +JFM); Virus (1; PH2; NP9(2):8); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Weaning (f; VOD); Worm (f1; IED; MPI; +PH2); Wound (f1; APA; CAN; CRC; NP9(2):8). +d osages (a loe ): +FNFF = ! +I would not myself think of it as food but TAN calls it a vegetable and FAC says the gel is often +added to juices and jellies; bitter extracts are used in some beverages and candies and Dr. Samst +Swedish bitters (FAC; TAN); 50–300 mg powder in a single dose at bedtime (AHP); 50–200 mg +powder (APA); 1 Tbsp gel 3 ×/day (APA); 25 mg in 701 mg soybean oil, 1–2 softgels 3 ×/day; apply +topically; or 1 tsp juice after meals (SF). +• Arabs rub fresh leaves or juice over the body to cool fevers (GHA). +• Ayurvedics regard the plant as alexiteric, alterative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, and useful +for asthma, bronchitis, dermatitis, erysipelas, fever, hepatosis, jaundice, leprosy, ophtha-l +mia, splenomegaly, and tumors (KAB). +• Caribbeans eat the “jelly” for constipation, cough, and sore throat (JFM). +• Chinese as early as 100 A.D. used aloe for convulsions, dermatosis, fever, and sinusosis +(NP9(2):8). +• Curacaons take the sap for gallbladder ailments (JFM). +• Greeks in Dioscorides’ time used the sap for boils, dermatosis, itch, sores, and took it +internally for infections and stomach disorders (NP9(2):8). +• Haitians make a hot aqueous extract of dried leaves as an antidiabetic, purgative, and +vermifuge (VOD). +• Jamaicans take the “jelly” in decoction for biliousness and cold (JFM). +• Kenyans taught me how to use the gel as an efcafi cious sunscreen (JAD). +• Latinos eat jelly-like flesh to relieve sore throat (JFM). +• Omani apply the gel to swollen eyes (GHA). +8202_C001.indd 34 11/12/07 2:21:39 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• Peruvians apply the gel to burns, conjunctivitis, erysipelas, inafl mmation, and sores (EGG). +• Trinidadans steep the flesh in stout, for jaundice; in rum, for pneumonia (JFM). +• Unani consider the plant antiinafl mmatory, carminative, digestive, purgative, tonic, and +useful for biliousness, hemorrhoids, lumbago, myalgia, ophthalmia, splenitis (KAB). +• Yucatanese apply heated leaves to abscesses, bruises, erysipelas, and gum boils (JFM). +d ow Nsides (a loe ): +Gel Class 1 Internally; Gel Class 2d Externally (AHP); Class 2b, 2c, 2d for the powder. Dermatosis; +Diarrhea; Intestinal Cramps; Nephrosis; Ulcers. Newall, Anderson, and Phillipson caution that anth-ra +quinones may be purgative, and an irritant to GI tract. Because of its cathartic and reputed abortifacient +actions, its use in pregnancy and lactation should be avoided. However, they suggest that topical, but +not oral, application might be okay during pregnancy and lactation (CAN). The latex can be a drastic +cathartic. Contraindicated for pregnant women and children (LRNP). Do not use internally in pr-eg +nancy (WAM). Do not use with undiagnosed abdominal pain (WAM). Do not use internally for more +than 10 days (WAM). Epidemiological studies in Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives +have three times higher rate of colon carcinoma (AEH). May cause allergic dermatosis. Taken in excess +it may result in ulcers or irritated bowels (TMA, 1996). Hypoglycemic. Commission E reports contra- +indications, adverse effects, and interactions of anthranoid laxatives (AEH). Naturopaths Yarnell and +Meserole (1996) state that people allergic to aloe may develop a severe rash following its application. +Alcoholic extract at 100 mg/kg for 3 months is toxic in mice (AAB). While not indicting this species, +Neuwinger (1996) notes several fatalities from other species of Aloe. Few botanists can identify the +species of aloe with nothing but the latex there, no leaf, no ofl wer, etc. (JAD). +extra Cts (a loe ): +Aloe gel, Barbados aloe, and aloe powder contain, respectively, 4.87, 4.65, and 4.21% aloin, and +2.2, 2.1, and 2.03% aloe emodin. Gel preparations are reportedly effective against peptic ulcers +(unless stress induced), radiation burns, and skin ulcers, and ineffective against stress-induced +gastric and peptic ulcers. Healing wounds (10 mg/kg scu rat; 100 mg/kg scu mus); Bezakova et +al. (X15751795), finding antilipoxygenase activity for aloe extracts, further rationaliz use of aloe +extracts in acute inafl mmation, especially minor burns and skin ulcers (X15751795). Paulsen et al. +(2005), in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of commercial Aloe vera gel, found it useful +in psoriasis vulgaris. In 41 patients with stable plaque psoriasis, erythema, infiltration, and des- +quamation decreased in 72.5% [but 82.5% improved on placebo, making it better than the aloe. +Sounds like placebo and Zoloft (X15857459).]. Mijatovic et al. (2005) reported antigliomic action +of aloe emodin, a chemical found in aloe and many other unrelated species. The antigliomic act-iv +ity involves induction of both apoptosis and autophagy, as well as differentiation of glioma cells +(X15747063). Biswas and Mukherjee (2003) proved vulnerary activity of several folkloric wound +healers, including aloe, found effective in experimental models (X15866825). +Jo INte D ANABAsIs (An AbAsis A rticul At A +(Fo RssK .) Moq.) + C he Nopo DIACeAe +Notes (Joi Nted a Nabasis ): +The sons of Gad: Ziphion, Haggi, Shuni … +Genesis 46:16 (KJV) +Zohary, equating Shuni with Anabasis, believes that “there must have been Hebrew names for +a species predominant through hundreds of miles of the Judaean Desert, the Negev, Edom and +8202_C001.indd 35 11/12/07 2:21:40 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +elsewhere. … These names, while not finding a place among the ofl ra of the Bible, have survived as +proper names in Hebrew and as plant names in Arabic” (ZOH). It is one of the most common desert +dwarf shrubs, often dominating the vegetation type, enduring extreme drought for several consec-u +tive years. Several of the 25 species in the genus contain the alkaloid anabasine. This species, rich +in potassium and saponins, is used as a detergent. Dried plants are collected as fuel. +Commo N Names (Joi Nted a Nabasis ): +Agram (Arab.; ZOH); ‘Ajram (Arab.; ZOH); Ashna (Heb.; ZOH); Agram. (Leb.; HJP); Balbal (Leb.; +HJP; ZOH); Hagarmi (Heb.; ZOH); Jointed Anabasis (Eng.; ZOH); Shenan (Arab.; ZOH); Shuni +(Heb.; ZOH); Tatir (Atab.; HJP); Ushnan (Arab.; ZOH). +a Ctivities (Joi Nted a Nabasis ): +Vulnerary (f; HJP). +iNdi Catio Ns (Joi Nted a Nabasis ): +Sore (f; HJP); Wart (f; HJP). +d osages (Joi Nted a Nabasis ): +FNFF = ! +Stems produce an edible gum or manna (UPH). +• Lebanese goat herders smear mashed plant, with blood and mud, on goat lesions (HJP). +• Lebanese use fresh leaf tea, or dry plant ashes, on running sores (HJP). +Natural History (Joi Nted a Nabasis ): +The plants are heavily grazed by camels and goats (BIB; UPH). The fat sand rat Ps(ammomys +obesus), a diurnal gerbillid, wholly herbivorous rodent, is able to survive consuming only this hal-o +phytic chenopod (X11073792). +extra Cts (Joi Nted a Nabasis ): +Contains a complex mix of saponins and prosaponins, involving glucose, glucuronic acid, and ox-y +triterpenic acid derived from anabasic acid (HEG; HOC). Thus far I find no reports of the interes-t +ing insecticidal alkaloid anabasine in this species, but I suspect it could well be there. Anabasine, +if present, is reported to have antismoking, insecticidal, myorelaxant, respirastimulant, sialogogue +activities, and is fairly potent as a rodenticide [Ldlo = 10 mg/kg (orl rat)] (PDB). +Rose -o F-JeRICho ( An Ast Atic A hierochuntic A L.) ++ BRAss ICACeAe +Notes (r ose -o F-Jeri CHo ): +O my God, make them like a wheel; as the stubble before the wind. +Psalms 83:13 (KJV) +Folklore has it that Mary clenched this in her hand when birthing Jesus (GHA). A typical tumbl-e +weed and resurrection plant, it occurs in sand depressions or wadis in hot deserts, like the Judaean +and Negev. It is probably what was mentioned as the “wheel” in Psalms 83. Zohary calls it the true +Rose of Jericho. Dry fruiting branches hygroscopically expand into the “Jericho Rose” when placed +8202_C001.indd 36 11/12/07 2:21:41 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +in water, even if dry for several years. The rose is sold in Middle Eastern markets as “Kaff Mariam,” +(e.g., Qatar and other Arabian States and Emirates). The plant is soaked in water and, when it has +unfurled, the water is drunk by the expectant mother, perhaps in hopes that the offspring will fill +out as readily as the Jericho Rose, a symbol of resurrection (BAT; RIZ). +Commo N Names (r ose -o F-Jeri CHo ): +Akaraba (Ber.; BOU); Bint en Nebi (Arab.; BOU); El Kemsha (Arab.; BOU); Elkmisha (Arab.; BOU); +Haddaq (Arab.; BOU); Jericho Rose (Eng.; BIB); Jerose (Fr.; BOU); Kaff al-‘Adhra (Arab.; GHA); +Kaff el-‘adra (Arab.; BOU); Kaff e Maryam (Arab.; Qatar GHA); Kaff Lella Fatma (Arab.; BOU); +Kaff Maryam (Arab.; BOU); Kamaash (Arab.; BOU); Kamché (Arab.; Mauritania; UPW); Ke-m +she (Arab.; BOU); Kemshet en Nebi (Arab.; BOU); Kershoud (Arab.; BOU); Kmisa (Arab.; BOU); +Komechi en Nebi (Mail; UPW); Kufayfah (Arab.; BOU); Main de Fathma (Alg.; Fr.; BOU; UPW); +Mary’s Flower (Eng.; BIB); Qebad (Arab.; BOU); Rose de Jericho (Fr.; BOU); Rose of Jericho (Eng.; +BOU); Shagaret Maryam (Oman; Qatar; Saudi; GHA); Palestinian Tumbleweed (Eng.; BIB); Sh- a +gret Mariam (Arab.; BOU); Shajaret et Talq (Arab.; BOU); St. Mary’s Flower (Eng.; BOU); Tamkelt +(Ber.; BOU); True Rose of Jericho (Eng.; USN); Wheel (Eng.; BIB); Yedd Fatma (Arab.; BOU). +a Ctivities (r ose -o F-Jeri CHo ): +Analgesic (f; BOU); Emmenagogue (f; BOU); Hepatoprotective (1; X12643908). +iNdi Catio Ns (r ose -o F-Jeri CHo ): +Amenorrhea (f; BOU); Childbirth (f; BOU; GHA); Cold (f; BOU); Epilepsy (f; BOU); Hepatosis (1; +X2643908); Pain (f; BOU). +d osages (r ose -o F-Jeri CHo ): +FNFF = ? +• Arabians, near birth, soak the dry plant in water and drink to avoid birthing pain (BAT; +BOU; GHA; RIZ). +• Rabat Arabs take the infusion for colds and epilepsy (BOU). +extra Cts (r ose -o F-Jeri CHo ): +Anastatins A and B have hepatoprotective effects (on D-galactosamine-induced cytotoxicity in -pri +mary cultured mouse hepatocytes) even more potent than commercial silybin (X12643908). +WINDFLo WeR (Anemone coron Ari A L.) + RANUNCULACeAe +Notes (w iNd Flower ): +Consider the lilies of the field , how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin: And yet I say +unto you, that even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. +Matthew 6:28 (KJV) +Traditionally, says Zohary, this is believed to be the lilies of the efi ld of Matthew and Luke. Com- +mon, colorful, showy in much of the open areas of the Middle East, coming in blue, pink, purple, +red, scarlet, white, violet (FP1; ZOH). This spectacular ornamental is said to still be abundant on +the Mount of Olives, as it was in Jesus’ day (BIB). Today this is the most common anemone in the +8202_C001.indd 37 11/12/07 2:21:41 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Windofl wer ( Anemone coronaria). +ofl rist trade. Mythology has it that the anemone sprung from the tears of Venus pining for Adonis: +where a tear dropped, a windofl wer grew. Even Pliny swore that anemones only ofl wered when the +wind was blowing. Magicians gathered them in his day as a remedy against disease, tying the ofl w- +ers around the neck or arm of the patient as a charm to cure all illness (BIB). +Commo N Names (w iNd Flower ): +Crown Anemone (Eng.; ZOH); Garden Anemone (Eng.; BIB); Lily (Eng.; BIB); Lily of the Field +(Eng.; BIB); Poppy Anemone (Eng.; BIB); Sakkir (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Shaka’ik un Za’man (Arab.; +Syria; HJP); Windofl wer (Eng.; BIB; HJP). +8202_C001.indd 38 11/12/07 2:21:51 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +a Ctivities (w iNd Flower ): +Vulnerary (f; HJP). +iNdi Catio Ns (w iNd Flower ): +Leprosy (f; HJP); Malaria (f; HJP); Rhinosis (f; HJP); Sore (f; HJP); Tuberculosis (f; HJP); Tumor +(f; JLH). +d osages (w iNd Flower ): +FNFF = X +• Arabs used the flowers for treating tumors (JLH). +• Lebanese immigrants claim that the plant is good for malaria (HJP). +• Middle Easterners still use classically to cleanse the nose and sores, using the root for +tuberculosis and the plant for leprosy (HJP). +d ow Nsides (w iNd Flower ): +As of July 2004, the FDA Poisonous Plant Database listed titles alluding to the toxicity of this species. +Natural History (w iNd Flower ): +Although not producing nectar, the ofl wers, opening by day closing by night, attract insects that feed on the +copious pollen. The ofl wers are mostly cross-pollinated and the copious seeds distributed by the wind. +DILL (Anethum gr Aveolens L.) ++ ApIACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Anethum sowa Kurz; Peucedanum graveolens L.; Peucedanum sowa Kurz. +Notes (d ill ): +Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, +and have omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to +have done, and not to leave the other undone. Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow +a camel. +Matthew 23:23–24 (KJV) +Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for you tithe mint and dill and cummin, and have +neglected the weightier matters of the law, justice and mercy and faith; these you ought to have done, +without neglecting the others. You blind guides, straining out a gnat and swallowing a camel. +Matthew 23:23–24 (RSV) +Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because you give the tenth of the mint and the dill +and the cumin, but you have disregarded the weightier matters of the Law, namely justice and +mercy and faithfulness, These things it was binding to do, yet not to disregard the other things. +Blind guides, who strain out the gnat but gulp down the camel +Matthew 23:23–24 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 39 11/12/07 2:21:52 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Dill (Anethum graveolens). +Although some scholars think this “biblical anise,” only in the KJV, might be Pimpinella, (ZOH) +Zohary argues that it is unlikely that Pimpinella “has ever been grown in the biblical countries.” +Dill is more characteristically a plant of oriental cultivation than anise. In postbiblical literature, +dill is named shiveth, which is identical to the arabic sabth (ZOH). Dill was grown by the ancient +Greeks and Romans. Lebanese have a legend that Abraham taught his people about dill when he +came from the north. The Talmud records that its seeds, stems, and leaves were subject to tithe. The +essential oil has shown inhibitory effects on various organisms, such as Bacillus anthracis. +8202_C001.indd 40 11/12/07 2:22:13 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Commo N Names (d ill ): +Adas (Malaya; EFS); Adas Manis (Malaya; EFS); Anega (Ger.; Sp.; AVP; EFS); Anet (Eng.; USN); +Aneta Odorant (It.; EFS); Aneth (Fr.; BOU); Aneth Odorante (Fr., Fwi.; AVP); Aneth Denouil (Fr.; +EFS); Aneto (It.; Por.; AVP; EFS); Ayn-Jaradi (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Baluntshep (Bom.; DEP); Baston +do Diale (Belgium; JLH); Buzzalchippet (Arab.; AVP); Chebit (Syria; AVP); Chibith (Syria; AVP); +Dereotu (Tur.; EBS; EB54:155); Dild (Den.; EFS); Dilkfruid (Dutch; EFS); Dill (Eng.; Swe.; CR2; +EFS); Dilla (Nor.; EFS); Dillenkraut (Ger.; EFS; HHB); Dillkraut (Ger.; EFS; HHB); Dillsmen (Ger.; +AVP); Ecarlade (Fr.; Fwi.; AVP); Endro (Por.; AVP; EFS); Eneldo (Peru; Sp.; AVP); Faux Anis (Fr.; +Fwi.; EFS; AVP); Fenouil Batard (Fr.; Fwi.; AVP; BOU); Fenouil Puant (Fr.; Fwi.; AVP; BOU); +Finnochio Fetido (It.; EFS); Funcho (Mad.; JAD); Gurkenkraut (Ger.; HHB); Hinojo Hedionodo +(Sp.; EFS); Hulwa (Oman; GHA); Keper (Pol.; AVP); Keraonia (Arab.; AVP); Kerti Kapor (Hun.; +EFS); Koper (Pol.; AVP); Misreya (Sanskrit; DEP); Misroya (Sanskrit; EFS); Neto (It.; EFS); Sabth +(Arab.; ZOH); Sadhab el Barr (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Sadhan al Barr (Oman; GHA); Sa Myiet (Burma; +DEP); Sata Kuppi (Tam.; DEP); Satapushpi (Sanskrit; DEP); Shabat (Qatar; GHA; RIZ); Shamar +(Arab.; BOU; HJP); Shebat (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Shebet (Arab.; BOU); Sheveth (Heb.; ZOH); Shibit +(Arab.; BOU); Shibith (Oman; Syria; GHA; HJP); Shi Luo (China; DAA); Shi Luo Zi (Pin.; DAA); +Shubit (Arab.; EFS); Shulupa (Beng.; DEP); Shumar (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Shumra (Arab.; Syria; +HJP); Soi (Kas.; DEP); Sowa (India; AVP; EFS); Soya (Kum.; Nepal; Pun.; DEP; SUW); Spinet +(Oman; GHA); Sulpa (Beng.; DEP); Sulpha (Beng.; DEP); Surva (Guj.; DEP); Sutopsha (Hindi; +DEP); Suva (India; EFS); Tebs (Arab.; BOU); Tere Otou (Tur.; AVP); Venkel (DWI; JFM). +a Ctivities (d ill ): +Allergenic (1; X12868972); Antidote (f; BOU); Antiemetic (f; BOU); Antihyperlipidemic (1; +X11409638); Antihypercholesterolemic (1; X11409638); Antioxidant (1; X15364640); Antiradicular +(1; X15364640); Antisecretory (1; X12493079); Antiseptic (f1; ZUL; X12797755); Antispasmodic +(f12; APA; BOU; KOM; PH2; TRA); Antitoxic (1; TRA); Antitumor (f1; TRA); Bacteriostat (12; +APA; KOM; PH2; TRA; ZUL); Candidicide (1; X12797755); Cardiodepressant (1; APA); Carmin-a +tive (f1; BOU; JFM; PNC; ZUL); Collyrium (f; JFM); Deobstruent (f; DEP); Detergent (f; CRC); +Digestive (f; BOU; CRC); Diuretic (f1; APA; BOU; CRC; DEP; JFM); Emmenagogue (f; DEP); +Emollient (f; BOU); Estrogenic (f1; FNF); Fungicide (1; TRA); Gastroprotective (f1; X12493079); +GST Inducer (1; X1438594); Hypoglycemic (1; TRA); Hypotensive (1; APA; FNF; TRA); Insecti- +cide (1; X15125529); Insectifuge (1; ZUL); Lactagogue (f1; APA; BOU; CRC; JFM; NMH; TRA); +Larvicide (1; X15125529); Laxative (f; CRC); Mutagenic (1; X7411385); Myorelaxant (1; APA); +Narcotic (f; CRC); Orexigenic (f; APA); Psychadelic (f; CRC); Respirostimulant (f; APA); Sedative +(f1; BOU; TRA); Soporic fi (f; JFM); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f1; BOU; PNC; ZUL); Vaso - +dilator (1; TRA). +iNdi Catio Ns (d ill ): +Anorexia (f12; APA; PHR); Aposteme (f; CRC; JLH); Bacillus (1; TRA); Bacteria (12; APA; ZUL); +Bronchosis (12; PHR); Bruise (f; CRC); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; CRC; JLH); +Cancer, anus (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver +(f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; +CRC; JLH); Candida (1; X12797755); Cardiopathy (1, TRA) Childbirth (f; JFM); Cholecocystosis +(2; PHR); Cold (f12; PHR); Colic (f1; CRC; GHA; PNC; ZUL); Condylomata (f; CRC); Cough (f12; +APA; CRC; PHR); Cramp (f1; BOU; PHR; PH2; TRA); Diabetes (1; TRA); Dropsy (f; AHL; CRC); +Dyslactea (f1; APA; BOU; CRC; JFM; NMH; TRA); Dyspepsia (f12; APA; CRC; KOM); Enterosis +(f12; APA; GHA; JLH; PHR; PH2); Escherichia (1; TRA); Fever (f12; PHR); Fibroid (f; JLH); Fun- +gus (1; X12797755); Gas (f1; JFM; TRA; ZUL); Gastralgia (f1; TRA); Gastrosis (f12; APA; PHR; +8202_C001.indd 41 11/12/07 2:22:13 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +PH2; TRA; X12493079); Halitosis (f1; APA; PH2); Heart Problems (1; TRA); Hemorrhoid (f1; APA; +CRC); Hepatosis (f2; JLH; PHR); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; FNF; TRA); High Cholesterol (1; +X11409638); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Infection (f12; APA; PHR); Insomnia (12; APA; CRC; PHR; +PH2); Jaundice (f; AHL; CRC); Mastosis (f; CRC; JLH); Mycosis (1; TRA; X12797755); Nephrosis +(f; APA; PH2); Neuroses (1; APA); Obesity (1; X11409638); Pain (f; BOU; DEP); Pharyngosis (12; +PHR); Respirosis (f; PH2); Salmonella (1; TRA); Sclerosis (f; CRC); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Scurvy (f1; +CRC); Shigellosis (1; TRA); Salmonella (1; TRA); Sore (f; CRC); Spasms (f; PHR); Splenosis (f; +JLH); Staphylococcus (1; CRC); Stomachache (f1; APA; BOU; CRC; JFM; TRA); Stomatosis (12; +PHR); Syphilis (f; PH2); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); Urethrosis (1; APA; PH2); Uterosis (f; JLH); UTI’s +(f; APA; PHR); Venereal Disease (f; PH2); Worm (f; PH2); Yeast (1; X12797755). +d osages (d ill ): +FNFF = !!! +Dill is used primarily as a condiment. Dried fruits (seeds) are used in pickles, soups, spiced beets, +sfi h, and sfi h sauces, with eggs, and in potato salads. Roasted fruits serve as a coffee substitute. Hot +fruit extracts are used to make jams and liqueurs; the dill oil is also used in liqueurs. Fresh leaves +are used in salads, with cottage cheese, cream cheese, steaks, chops, avocado, cauliofl wer, green +beans, squash, tomatoes, and tomato soup, zucchini, and shrimp. Dried leaves, known as dill weed, +are also used to season various foods. Ethiopians use tender plant parts, dried fruits, and ofl wers +in afl vorings, especially alcoholic beverages. Oil from the seed is used chiey fl as a scent in soaps +and perfumes, and in the pickle industry. Weed oil, from the aboveground parts of the plant, is +used in the food industry because of its characteristic dill herb smell and afl vor (FAC, TAN). Chew +1/2–1 tsp seed (APA); 2 tsp crushed seed/cup water (APA); 1 g seed (HHB); 3 g seed (KOM; PHR); +0.1–0.3 g EO (KOM; PHR); 0.3–1 ml concentrated dill water (PNC); 0.05–2 ml (I would have said +0.05–0.2 ml) essential oil (PNC); (cf. celeryseed, close kin) (PNC). +• Asian Indians use the seed for abdominal tumors (JLH). +• Bahamans use the plant decoction for stomachache in children (JFM). +• Belgians apply the leaves to tumors (JLH). +• Dominicans suggest bruised leaves for bruises and sores (AHL). +• Dominicans suggest the antiscorbutic stimulant root as a diuretic in dropsy and jaundice +(AHL). +• Dutch Antilleans use the cooled plant decoction as a collyrium (JFM). +• Lebanese suggest the use of the tea alone, with or interchangebly with true anise, for baby +colic (HJP). +• Peruvians use the seeds for cancerous indurations and as lactagogues (JLH). +• Peruvians use foliar or seed infusion as a diuretic (EGG). +• Peruvians use the plant juice as an antiseptic and carminative (EGG). +• Venezuelans use the decoction as carminative, diuretic, lactagogue, and soporicfi (JFM). +d ow Nsides (d ill ): +Class 1 (AHP, 1997). None known (KOM). No health hazards or side effects in conjunction with +proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages (PH2). Contact photodermatosis possible +as in most umbellifers. Fresh juice may possibly cause photodermatosis (PHR; X12868972). We +might extend to all apiaceous oils Bisset’s comments on celeryseed oil, “The drug is contraindicated +in inafl mmation of the kidneys, (BIS)” because apiaceous essential oils may increase the inafl m - +mation as a result of epithelial irritation (BIS). Tramil (TRA) conservatively cautions for dill and +fennel; contraindicated in reproductive women; limit dosage to 3 days. Doses of 175 mg/kg aqueous +extract gastrically intubated in pregnant rats may be embryotoxic and or teratogenic (TRA). +8202_C001.indd 42 11/12/07 2:22:14 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +extra Cts (d ill ): +Proestos et al. (2005) checked the species for afl vonoid phenolics and their antioxidant and antim-i +crobial activity, finding circa 360 ppm quercetin, 445 ppm (-)-epicatechin, and 16 ppm vanillic acid +in dill (X15713039). LD50 (Hydroethanolic Fruit Extract) = 1000 mg/kg ipr rat (TRA). +MAyWeeD (Anthemis cotul A L.) + Aste RACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Anthemis abyssinica J. Gay; Anthemis foetida L.; Anthemis heterophylla Wallr.; Anthemis psorosperma +Ten.; Anthemis ramosa Link.; Chamaemelum cotula (L.) All.; Chamaemelum foetidum Baumg.; Marula +cotula (L.) DC.; Marula foetida (Lam.) S.F. Gray; Marula vulgaris Bluff & Fingerh. fide HH2 +Notes (mayweed ): +But go into a field of flowers, where no house is builded, and eat only the flowers of the field; taste +no flesh, drink no wine, but eat flowers only. +4 Ezra Apocrypha 9:24 (KJV) +Zohary notes that the yellow-white, diminutive daisy-like ofl wers (more than 20 species of Anthe- +mis being found in Israel) ensure it a primary place among the ofl wers of the efi ld. Wisely, he des - +ignates dog fennel as Anthemis sp. (ZOH). +Commo N Names (mayweed ): +Amarusca (Eng.; JLH); Arbiyan (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Bald Eye Grow (Eng.; BUR); Camomilla Me-z +zana (It.; HH2); Camomille des Chiens (Fr.; USN); Camomille Puante (Fr.; USN); Chiggy Weed +(Eng.; BUR); Cotula Fetida (It.; EFS); Dillweed (Eng.; BUR); Dilly (Eng.; BUR); Dillweed (Eng.; +BUR); Dog Daisy (Eng.; BUR); Dog-fennel (Eng.; AH2; USN); Doggis Fenkel (Eng.; JLH); Echhuan +(Arab.; Syria; HJP); Fetid Chamomile (Eng.; BUR); Fieldweed (Eng.; BUR); Fieldwort (Eng.; BUR); +Foul Wormwood (Eng.; JLH); Fuss ul Kilab (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Hashish el Knanzir (Arab.; Syria; +HJP); Hay Fennel (Eng.; BUR); Horse Daisy (Eng.; BUR); Hunds Kamille (Ger.; HH2); Ikhawan +(Arab.; ZOH); Ironwort (Eng.; AAH); Kahwan (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kuhdill (Ger.; HH2); Macela +Fetida (Por.; EFS; HH2); Madder Mayweed (Eng.; BUR); Magarza (Sp.; HH2); Manzanilla Fetida +(Sp.; EFS); Manzanilla Hedionda (Sp.; HH2; USN); Manzanilla Malagata (Sp.; HH2); Margaça +(Mad.; Por.; JAD); Margarzuela (Sp.; EFS); Mawth (Eng.; JLH); Maydewode (Eng.; JLH); Ma-y +ofl wer (Eng.; BUR); Mayweed (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; USN); Mayweed Chamomile (Eng.; USN); North - +ern Dogfennel (Eng.; BUR); Poison Daisy (Eng.; BUR); Ribyaan (Arab.; ZOH); Stinkende Kamille +(Dutch; EFS); Stinking Chamomile (Eng.; HH2; USN); Stinking Mayweed (Eng.; HH2); Stinkende +Hundskamille (Ger.; USN); Stinkkamille (Ger.; HH2); Wild Chamomille (Eng.; EFS; HH2). +a Ctivities (mayweed ): +Anodyne (f; BUR); Antiinflammaory (f; WO2); Antispasmodic (f; HH2); Bitter (f; BUR); Carminative +(f; EFS); Collyrium (f; BUR); Diaphoretic (f; HJP; TOM); Emetic (f; EFS; HH2); Emmenagogue (f; +EFS; HH2); Febrifuge (f; EFS); Insecticide (f; WO2); Insectifuge (f; AAH); Sedative (f; HJP); Tonic (f; +EFS; HH2; TOM); Unguent (f; EB28:316); Vermifuge (f; EFS); Vesicant (f; BUR); Vulnerary (f; EFS). +iNdi Catio Ns (mayweed ): +Amenorrhea (f; UPH); Arthrosis (f; BUR); Asthma (f; BUR; HJP); Cancer (f; JLH); Conjuncti- +vosis (f; HJP); Dermatosis (f; HJP); Diarrhea (f; HJP; EB31:353); Dropsy (f; BUR); Dysentery (f; +HJP); Dyspepsia (f; EB31:353); Epilepsy (f; HJP); Fever (f; EFS); Gas (f; EFS); Headache (f; HH2); +8202_C001.indd 43 11/12/07 2:22:15 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Hyperkinesis (f; HJP); Hysteria (f; HH2; HJP); Insecticide (f; UPH); Neurosis (f; HH2); Ophthalmia +(f; HJP); Pain (f; BUR); Pulmonosis (f; BUR); Rheumatism (f; BUR); Scrofula (f; BUR); Sore (f; +AAH; EB28:316); Spasm (f; EFS); Sting (Bee) (f; UPH); Worm (f; EFS). +d osages (mayweed ): +FNFF = ! +Used for teas, and in Peru for flavoring (FAC). +• British use in salves for cancer (JLH). +• Irish use with crowfoot for cancer (JLH). +• Lebanese make floral tea to calm adolescents and hystericals (HJP). +• Mapuche Indians use for hysteria and neuroses (HH2). +• Russians use as a vermifuge (HH2). +d ow Nsides (mayweed ): +As of November 2004, the FDA Poisonous Plant Database listed 39 titles alluding to the toxicity of +this species. +Natural History (mayweed ): +The ofl wers attract many insect pollinators, which collect the pollen and/or sip the nectar. When ofl wer - +ing, the plant turns the outer ofl wers down in the evening and spreads them out in the morning (ZOH). +AGARWoo D (Aquil Ari A mAl Accensis LAM.) + thy MeLAeACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Agallochum malaccense O.K.; Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.; Aquilaria malaicense Rumph.; Aqui- +laria ovata Cav.; Aquilaria secundaria DC.; Aquilariella malaccensis Van Thiegh fide HH2 +Notes (a garwood ): +All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes… +Psalm 45:8 (KJV) +This is the aloe of the Old Testament; that of the New Testament is generally considered to be Aloe +vera. The darker of several types of eaglewood, especially when partially diseased and decayed, +is highly valued in perfumery, as incense, and for fumigation. The treasured unhealthy wood is so +much more valuable than the healthy, that the healthy tree is too often destroyed in the quest for +patches of unhealthy wood. Called agar, it is powdered and used as a efl a and lice repellent. The +soft and fragrant inner wood, itself worth its weight in gold, was molded and used as a setting for +precious stones. Myth has it in the East that eaglewood is the only tree to have descended to Man +from the Garden of Eden, all others having perished. Supposedly, Adam brought one of its shoots +and transplanted it to the land where he settled, other eaglewoods having sprung from this shoot. +That is why it is sometimes called Shoot of Paradise and Paradise Wood. Malayans made cloth from +the pounded bark. Annamese make a paper substitute from the bark, having presented 30,000 rolls +of aloe paper to a Chinese emperor in A.D (BIB). +Commo N Names (a garwood ): +Adlerholz (Ger.; USN); Agallochon (Greek; DEP); Agallochum (Eng.; DEP); Agalugi (HH2); Agar +(Bom.; Guj.; Hindi; Iran; Jap. Tam.; Urdu; DEP; HH2; KAB); Agare Hindi (Arab.; DEP); Agarwood +8202_C001.indd 44 11/12/07 2:22:16 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe .0 Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis). +(Eng.; Scn.; AH2; USN); Agaru (Ayu.; Beng.; Kan.; Sanskrit; AH2; DEP); Aggalichandana (Tam.; +DEP; KAB; WO2); Aggar (Arab.; HH2); Aggur (Arab.; HH2); Aghal (Sanskrit; ZOH); Aghalukhi +(Arab.; DEP); Agnikashtha (Sanskrit; KAB); Agre Hindi (Iran; DEP); Agru (Tel.; DEP); Agulugin +(HH2); Aguru (Sanskrit; HH2); Ahalim (Heb.; IHB); Ahaloth (Heb.; DEP; IHB; ZOH); Akatau +(Mal.; KAB); Akyan (Burma; NAD); Akyau (Burma; DEP); Akyaw (Eng.; DEP); Aloes Wood +(Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; USN); Anaryaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Aquilaire (Fr.; KAB); Asara (Sanskrit; +KAB); Aud Hindi (Arab.; DEP); Aude Hindi (Arab.; DEP); Belanjirj (Iran; NAD); Bois d’Aigle (Fr.; +8202_C001.indd 45 11/12/07 2:22:39 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +HH2); Bois d’Aloes (Fr.; HH2); Bringhaja (Sanskrit; KAB); Calambac (Eng.; DEP); Chan Krasna +(Cam.; KAB); Cheng Ch’en Chi (China; KAB); Ch’en Hsiang (China; KAB); Chen Xiang (Pin.; +AH2); Eaglewood (Eng.; USN); Gaharu (Malaya; IHB); Garu (Mal.; DEP); Hindiagara (Bom.; +DEP); Indian Aloewood (Eng.; USN); Jinkoh (Malaya; HH2); Jishvarupa (Sanskrit; KNAD); Jonk +(Sanskrit; KAB); Kanankoh (Malaya; HH2); Karas (Mal.; IHB); Kashthaka (Sanskrit; KAB); K-aya +gahru (Mal.; NAD); Kayu (Mal.; DEP); K?ekaras (Malaya; IHB); Kihay (Sin.; DEP; KAB); Klim +(Malaya; Semang; IHB); Krasne (Cam.; KAB); Krimigandha (Sanskrit; KAB); Krimija (Sanskrit; +KAB); Krishna (Sanskrit; KAB); Krishnagaru (Kan.; Tam.; Tel.; NAD); Kyara (Malaya; HH2); +Laghu (Sanskrit; KAB); Lign-aloes (Eng.; JLH; USN); Lignum Aloes (Eng.; DEP); Loha (Sanskrit; +KAB); Lohakhya (Sanskrit; KAB); Malacca Eaglewood (Eng.; WO2); Malayan Aloewood (Eng.; +WOI); Mi Hsiang (China; KAB); Nwahmi (Thai; DEP); Nyaw Chah (China; DEP); Ood Hindi +(Arab.; DEP); Owd (Iran; HH2); Owd Hindi (Iran; HH2); Paradise Wood (Eng.; HH2); Pataka (S-an +skrit; KAB); Pichhila (Sanskrit; KAB); Pravara (Sanskrit; KAB); Rajarah Kalijya (Sanskrit; NAD); +Rajarha (Sanskrit; KAB); Sam Chit (Malaya; KAB); Sási (Assam; DEP); Shoot of Paradise (Eng.; +BIB); Sinnah (Sin.; DEP; KAB); Tabak (Sakai; IHB); T?beal (Malaya; Pangan; IHB); ?Tnegkaras +(Malaya; IHB); Ud (Mal.; KAB); Ud el Juj (Arab.; NAD); Ud Hindi (Arab.; DEP); Ude Hindi (Arab.; +DEP); Ugar (Beng.; DEP); Uggor (Arab.; HH2); Vanshika (Sanskrit; KAB); Varnaprasadana (S-an +skrit; KAB); Xylaloe (Greek; ZOH); Yelunjooj (;? HH2); Yogasha (Sanskrit; KAB). +a Ctivities (a garwood ): +Anodyne (f; BIB; NAD); Antianaphylactic (1; X9324002); Anticancer (1; X7320738); Antihist-a +minic (1; X9324002); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB); Astringent (f; KAB); Cardiotonic (1; WO2); Carmina- +tive (f; BIB); Cerebrotonic (f; KAB); Cholagogue (f; NAD); CNS Depressant (1; X8441779; WO3); +Cytotoxic (1; X7320738); Deobstruent (f; NAD); Diuretic (f; BIB); Febrifuge (1; X8441779); Insec- +tifuge (f1; WO2); Pulifuge (f1; WO2); Sedative (1; X8441779); Stimulant (f; BIB); Stomachic (f; +BIB); Tonic (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (a garwood ): +Allergy (1; X9324002); Anaphylaxis (1; X9324002); Anuria (f; HH2); Asthma (f1; BIB; WO2; +X9324002); Bleeding (f; DEP); Bronchosis (f; BIB; NAD); Cancer (f; BIB); Cancer, colon (f; BIB); +Cancer, liver (f; BIB); Cancer, lung (f; BIB); Cancer, stomach (f; BIB); Cancer, thyroid (f; BIB); +Cardiopathy (f; IHB); Childbirth (f; BIB; IHB); Cholera (f; HH2); Colic (f; BIB; DEP); Congestion +(f; BIB); Cough (f; HH2); Dermatosis (f; BIB); Diarrhea (f; BIB); Dropsy (f; BIB); Dysgeusia (f; +KAB); Enteralgia (f; BIB); Enterosis (f; BIB); Fever (f1; BIB; DEP; X8441779); Gastrosis (f; BIB); +Gout (f; BIB; DEP); Headache (f; NAD); Hepatosis (f; KAB); Hiccup (f; BIB); Impotence (f; KAB); +Induration (f; BIB); Leukoderma (f; BIB; KAB); Malaria (f; BIB; HH2); Nausea (f; BIB; DEP); +Nephrosis (f; BIB); Ophthalmia (f; BIB); Otosis (f; BIB); Pain (f; BIB); Palpitation (f; IHB); Palsy (f; +BIB; DEP); Paralysis (f; BIB); Pulmonosis (f; BIB); Rheumatism (f; BIB; DEP); Smallpox (f; IHB); +Thirst (f; KAB); Tumor (f; JLH); Vertigo (f; BIB; DEP); Wound (f; BIB). +d osages (a garwood ): +FNFF = ? +• Asian Indians apply a paste of Agaru and Isvari in brandy to the chest in bronchitis and +to the head in headache (NAD). +• Asian Indians use the plant for abdominal tumors (JLH). +• Ayurvedics use wood for ear and eye ailments, asthma, dermatosis, hiccup, and leuc-o +derma (KAB). +• Chinese consider the wood aphrodisiac, carminative, stimulant, and tonic (KAB). +8202_C001.indd 46 11/12/07 2:22:40 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• Malayans, considering it carminative, stimulant, and tonic, take it in childbirth, for +female ailments, and for coronary palpitations (IHB). +• Unani use wood for asthma, bronchitis, diarrhea, enteritis, gastritis, hepatitis, nausea, +and to stabilize the fetus in the uterus (KAB). +Natural History (a garwood ): +Only fungus-infected wood provides the prized agarwood of commerce. Species of Aspergillus, +Fusarium, Penicillium, and Fungi imperfecti. +ho RseRADIsh ( Armor Aci A rustic An A p. GAeRt N. et AL .) +++ BRAss ICACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib.; Cardamine armoracia O. Ktze.; Cochlearia armoracia L.; Cochle- +aria rusticana Lam.; Nasturtium armoracia (L.) Fr.; Radicula armoracia (L.) Robinson; Rorippa +armoracia (L.) Hitchc.; Rorippa rusticana Gren. & Godr. +Notes (Horseradis H): +The fourteenth day of the second month at even they shall keep it, and eat it with unleavened +bread and bitter herbs. +Numbers 9:11 (KJV) +Although most books on medicinal plants of the Bible, including my own, do not mention the horserad- +ish, it seems to be the most important passover herb and is mentioned in the Torah. Under several ortho- +graphic variants (marror, maror, mohror, moror, morror), the Torah mentions eating the morror (marror, +maror, moror), or the bitter herb. Many of my Jewish friends consider it the bitter herb mentioned in +Numbers 9:10–11 (Helen Metzman; Wayne Silverman, separate personal communications, 2007). +I find it a great spice, especially with ketchupy seafood cocktail sauces like I enjoyed last night +with shrimp cocktail. I was taken aback when the first title crossing my desk as I settled back +into compiling today was “Deodorization of Swine Manure using Minced Horseradish Roots and +Peroxides.” Pennsylvania scientists Govere et al. (2005) removed all offensive phenolics without +recurrence for 72 hours, but human panels considered the odor reduced 50% in intensity, dare I +call it IC50 = 1 part horseradish to 10 parts manure + calcium peroxide (26 or 34 mM) + hydrogen +peroxide (34, 52, or 68 mM). The authors conclude that using horseradish “as enzyme carriers and +peroxides as electron acceptors emerges as an effective approach to phenolic p(-cresol- p-ethylphe- +nol) and phenol odor control in animal manure,” skillfully avoiding the issue of the nonphenolic +contributors (volatile fatty acid-like -nbutyric, n-caproic, isobutyric, isocapoic, isovaleric, propionic, +and n-valeric acids) and indoles (indole, scatole). “More work is required to find ways to increase the +removal of indolic odorants and volatile fatty acids.” Govere et al. (2005) +Commo N Names (Horseradis H): +Aed-mädarõigas (Estonia; POR); Balsamita Jaramago (Sp.; EFS); Barbaforte (It.; EFS; HH2); +Bayírtupu (Tur.; EFS); Boereradijs (Dutch; POR); Chren (Rus.; HH2); Chrzan (Pol.; HH2); Ch-r +zan pospolity (Pol.; POR); Cran (It.; EFS); Cran de Bretagne (Fr.; EFS); Cranson (Fr.; USN); Cren +(It.; HH2); Grand Raifort (Fr.; POR); Great Raifort (Eng.; GMH); Hoosu radiishu (Japan; POR); +Horseradish (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2); Khren (Rus.; POR); Közönséges Torma. (Hun.; POR); Kren +(Ger.; POR); Kr?en (HH2); Kreno (Dutch; POR), La Gen (China; POR); Mädarõigas (Estonia; POR); +Makatakak (Hocak; WIN); Ma luo po (China; TAN); Meeretisch (Ger.; POR); Meerradi (Ger.; +POR); Meerrettich (Ger.; POR; USN); Mérédic (Fr.; HH2); Meredik (Dutch; POR), Mierik (Dutch; +8202_C001.indd 47 11/12/07 2:22:41 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana). +POR), Mierikswortel (Dutch; EFS); Morror (Heb.; ?); Mountain Radish (Eng.; GMH); Moutarde +des Allemands (Fr.; GMH); Moutarde des capucins (Fr.; POR); Moutardelle (Fr.; POR); Peberrod +(Den.; POR); Pepparot (Swe.; POR); Piparjuuri (Fin.; POR); Rábano Forte (Por.; HH2); Rábano +Picante (Sp.; Por.; USN); Rábano Picanto (Por.; USN); Rábano Rusticana (Sp.; EFS; USN); Rábano +Silvestre (Por.; POR); Rafano (It.; EFS); Raifort Cran (Fr.; USN); Raifort Sauvage (Fr.; EFS); Raiz +Forte (Brazil; Por.; POR; USN); Red Cole (Eng.; GMH); Seiyo wasabi (Japan; TAN); Seiyou wasabi +(Japan; POR); Taramago (Sp.; POR). +a Ctivities (Horseradis H): +Abortifacient (f; DEM; FEL; LIB); Allergenic (1; CAN); Antiedemic (f; BGB); Antiinafl mmatory +(f1; BGB; COX; X15231456); AntiMRSA (1; X17260672); Antimutagenic (1; X16250249); Anti- +oxidant (1; FNF; PED; X15231456); Antisarcomic (1; WO2); Antiseptic (f12; APA; KOM; SKY; +X17260672); Antispasmodic (f1; HHB; PHR; PH2); Antitumor (f1; FAD); Bactericide (1; BGB; +FAD; X17260672); Bitter (f1; PED; WO2); Carcinostatic (f1; PHR; PH2); Carminative (f; EFS; +8202_C001.indd 48 11/12/07 2:23:08 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +WO2); Chemopreventive (1; X15231456); Circulatory Stimulant (f; CAN); COX-2 Inhibitor (1; +X15231456); Counterirritant (f1; PED); Decongestant (f1; APA); Depurative (f; DEM); Diapho- +retic (f; PNC); Digestive (f; APA; CAN; DEM); Diuretic (f; APA; FEL; LIB; PNC); Emmenagogue +(f; LIB); Expectorant (f1; APA; FAD; PED); Fungicide (f1; HHB); Gram(+)-icide (1; X17260672); +Gram(-)-icide (1; X17260672); Hyperemic (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Hypotensive (1; BGB; CAN); +Hypothyroid (1; CAN); Immunostimulant (f; LIB; PED); Insecticide (1; X16786497); Larvicide (1; +X16786497); Laxative (f; LIB); Mucolytic (f; MAB); Orexigenic (f; DEM; EFS); Pectoral (f; EFS); +Rubefacient (12; APA; SKY); Sialogogue (f; FEL; WO2); Stimulant (f; PNC); Vesicant (f1; FAD); +Vulnerary (f; CAN; LIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (Horseradis H): +Abrasion (f; HOO); Allergy (f1; LIB; PED); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; X15231456); Anorexia (f; APA; +DEM); Arthrosis (f1; APA; BGB; CAN; COX; X15231456); Asthma (f1; BGB; DEM; FNF); Atony (f; +FEL); Bacillus (1; X10548758); Bacteria (12; HHB; HH2; KOM; X17260672; X10548758); Bronchosis +(f12; APA; PHR; PH2; SKY; X16618018); Bruise (f; HOO); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, abdomen +(f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, breast (f1; FNF); Cancer, colon (f1; FNF; JLH; X15231456); Cancer, liver (f1; +FNF; JLH); Cancer, nose (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f1; FNF; +JLH); Cancer, skin (f1; FNF; JLH; WO2); Catarrh (1; KOM; PHR; X17260672); Chilblain (f; GMH); +Cholecystosis (f; PHR; PH2); Cold (f1; DEM; SKY); Colic (f; APA; PH2); Congestion (f1; APA); Cough +(f12; GMH; PHR; PH2); Cramp (f1; HHB; WIN); Cystosis (1; LIB; PHR); Debility (f; BOW); Dental +Plaque (f; FAD); Diabetes (f; DEM; LIB); Dropsy (f; FEL; GMH; HHB); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM); +Dyspepsia (f; PHR; PH2; SKY); Dysuria (CAN; PED; fi PHR); Edema (f; BGB; CAN); Enterosis (1; +PH2; WO2); Epistaxis (f; HOO); Escherichia (1; HH2; X17260672; X10548758); Fever (f; BOW); Flu +(f1; GMH; PHR; PH2; X17260672); Freckle (f; FEL; HOO); Fungus (1; HHB; X10548758); Gastrosis +(f; LIB); Glossosis (f; DEM); Gout (f; BGB; GMH; HHB; PHR; WO2); Gravel (f; DEM); Haemophilus +(1; X17260672); Headache (f; HOO); Hepatosis (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; LIB); +Hoarseness (f; FEL; GMH; HOO; WO2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f12; HH2; PH2; X17260672; +X16618018); Inafl mmation (f1; CAN; PH2); Lumbago (f; SKJ); Moraxella (1; X17260672); MRSA +(1; X17260672); Myalgia (f12; BGB; KOM; PH2); Mycosis (f1; HHB; HH2; X10548758); Neuralgia +(f; DEM; GMH); Pain (f1; DEM; PH2); Pericardosis (f; BOW); Pertussis (f; GMH; LIB); Pleurisy (f; +BOW); Pseudomonas (1; X17260672); Pulmonosis (f12; APA; DEM; KOM; PHR; PH2; X17260672); +Respirosis (f12; APA; DEM; KOM; PHR; PH2; X17260672); Rheumatism (f; DEM; HHB; PHR); +Rhinosis (f1; JLH; PED); Sciatica (f; APA; BGB; GMH); Sinusitis (f12; LIB; SKY; WAF; X16618018); +Sore (f; LIB; WIN); Sore Throat (f; LIB; SKY); Splenosis (f; GMH; WO2); Staphylococcus (1; HH2; +X17260672); Stomachache (f; HOO; LIB); Stomatosis (f; DEM); Stone (f1; CAN; LIB); Streptococcus +(1; X17260672); Swelling (f; BGB; JLH); Toothache (f; DEM; LIB); Typhoid (f1; WO2); Urethrosis (12; +KOM; PH2); UTIs (urinary tract infections) (12; APA; BGB; KOM; PH2; X17260672; X16618018); +Worm (f; APA; GMH); Wound (f; APA; BOW; HOO); Yeast (1; X10548758). +d osages (Horseradis H): +FNFF = !!! +Roots (and occasionally young leaves) widely eaten as spice (as pickle, potherb, or salad ingredient); sliced +roots cooked and eaten like parsnips (FAC; TAN), 2–4 g fresh root before meals (CAN); 1–2 drachms +grated root (FEL); 20 g fresh root (KOM); 1–2 Tbsp fresh root (PED); 1.5–3 g dry root (PED); 2 g dry root: +10 ml alcohol/10 ml water (PED); 0.5–1 tsp root 3 ×/day (SKY); 2–3 ml tincture 3 ×/day (SKY). +• Hoosiers apply bruised leaves to the forehead for headache, and the stomach for sto-m +achache (HOO). +• Hoosiers apply leaves wet with vinegar to abrasions, bruises, sprains, and wounds (HOO). +8202_C001.indd 49 11/12/07 2:23:08 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Hoosiers take sweetened vinegar decoction of horseradish for hoarseness (HOO). +• Hoosiers wash freckles regularly with a sour milk infusion (5 hours) of grated horseradish +(HOO). +• Hoosiers sniff powdered root for nosebleed (Tyler strongly discourages such) (HOO). +d ow Nsides (Horseradis H): +Class 2d. Contraindicated with gastrosis or GI mucososis, and nephrosis. Not for children under 4 +years old (AHPA, 1997; AEH; KOM). No health hazards or side effects known in conjunction with +proper therapeutic dosages (PH2). Newall, Anderson, and Phillipson (1996) caution that glucosin-o +lates are allergenic and an irritant. Because of the irritant oil, excessive ingestion should be avoided +during pregnancy and lactation. May depress thyroid function, an action “common to all members +of the cabbage and mustard family.” “The oil is one of the most hazardous of all essential oils and is +not recommended for either external or internal use” (CAN). Excessive doses may lead to diarrhea +or night sweats. “One case of a heart attack has been recorded — the patient survived” (TAD). +extra Cts (Horseradis H): +Horseradish peroxidase hypotensive (ivn cat) stimulates arachidonic acid metabolites (CAN). +Germans have a commercial preparation (Angocin Ant-iInfekt N), mixing shoots of Tropaeolum +major and roots of horseradish. It is used to treat respiratory and urinary tract infections. The +volatile mustard oils are activated in the GI tract after ingestion. Both oils have antibacterial a-ctiv +ity. (Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, +Streptococcus pyogenes, methicillin-susceptible [MSSA] and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus +[MRSA]). Combining the two herbs led to synergy against Pseudomonas (X17260672). +Wh Ite W o RMWoo D (Artemisi A herb A-Alb A Asso) ++ A ste RACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Artemisia inculta Del.; Artemisia sieberii Besser; Seriphidium herba-album (Asso) Soják fide GHA +& RIZ +Notes (w Hite w ormwood ): +But her end is bitter as wormwood, sharp as a two-edged sword. +Proverbs 5:4 (KJV) +Zohary maintains that this is most likely to be the biblical species in the Holy Land (ZOH )A. . judaica is +similarly used. Bedouins sell both species in Cairo markets. Herba-alba is used in native perfumery. The +drink absinthe is made from a similar species, and thousands of gallons were once consumed annually, +especially in France. It is said at rfi st to produce pleasant sensations, inspiring the mind with grandiose +ideas, making one “ drunken with wormwood.” Others compare the effects of the smoke from various +species of Artemisia with smoke from Cannabis. Bedouins believe that the fumes will keep away the +cosmopolitan evil eye, perhaps a parallel with Amerindian smudging. Such smudgings are occasionally +visited by police ofcfi ials because the Artemisia smoke also smells like Cannabis smoke. Bedouins use +dry wooly galls from the wormwood for tinder to start rfi es (BIB). In Lebanon, Philips maintains that A. +arborescens, A. herba-alba, A. judaica, and A. maritima are used interchangeably. +Commo N Names (w Hite w ormwood ): +Abelbel (Ber.; BOU); ‘Alala (Arab.; BOU); Apsinthos (Greek; ZOH); Armoise (Fr.; BOU); Armoise +blanche (Fr.; BOU); biblical Wormwood (Eng.; BIB); Desert Wormwood (Eng.; RIZ); Ghoreird +8202_C001.indd 50 11/12/07 2:23:09 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(Arab.; BOU); Ghurayrah (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Ifsi (Ber.; BOU); Izri (Ber.; BOU); Laanah (Heb.; +ZOH); Laehnah (Heb.; BI2); Odessir (Ber.; BOU); Shih (Arab.; Qatar; Syria; BI2; BOU; GHA; +HJP); Thym des steppes (Fr.; BOU); White Wormwood (Eng.; HJP; USN); Wormwood (Eng.; +BOU); Zeri (Ber.; BOU); Zerzeri (Ber.; BOU). +a Ctivities (w Hite w ormwood ): +Abortifacient (f; HJP); Anthelmintic (f1; HJP; X7162537); Antienteritic (f; DAW); Antigastritic (f; +DAW); Antihemolytic (1; FNF); Antileishmanic (1; X11346978); Antiophidic (1; FNF); Antiseptic +(1; BOU; DAW; X8786657); Antispasmodic (f1; CWW; DAW; EB22:165); Antiulcer (1; CWW); +Ascaricide (1; GHA); Bactericide (1; Yashphe et al., 1995); Decongestant (f; DAW); Diuretic (f; +HJP); Emmenagogue (f; BOU; DAW); Febrifuge (f; BOU; DAW); Fungicide (1; CWW); Gastro- +acidulant (1; X10189949); Gastroprotective (1; X10189949); Hemostat (f; DAW); Hyperglycemic +(1; X8786657); Hypoglycemic (1; X8786657); Hypolipidemic (1; CWW); Hypotensive (1; CWW); +Insecticide (1; BOU); Parasiticide (1; BOU); Stimulant (f; BOU); Tonic (f; BOU); Vermifuge (f; +BOU; DAW; HJP; X7162537). +iNdi Catio Ns (w Hite w ormwood ): +Abscess (f; BOU; DAW); Amenorrhea (f; DAW); Bacteria (1; X458619); Bedbug (f; HJP); Bleeding +(f; BOU; DAW); Bronchosis (f; DAW); Burn (f; BOU); Cold (f; HJP); Congestion (f; DAW); Cough +(f; BOU; DAW); Cramp (f; DAW); Dermatosis (f; HJP); Diabetes (1; X9324004; X8786657); Diar- +rhea (f; BOU); Dysphoria (f; DAW); Enterobius (1; X3256117); Enterosis (f; CWW; DAW; ZOH; +EB22:165); Epilepsy (f; HJP); Escherichia (1; CWW); Fever (f; BOU; DAW); Fungus (1; CWW); +Gastrosis (f1; DAW; EB22:165; HJP; X10189949; X3747566); Gingivosis (f; HJP); Headache (f; +BOU; DAW); Head Cold (f; HJP); High Blood Pressure (f1; CWW; HJP); Infection (1; DAW; +X8786657; X458619); Leishmania (1; X11346978); Malaria (f; HJP); Mycosis (1; CWW); Neurosis +(f; BOU; DAW); Ophthalmia (f; BOU; DAW); Respirosis (f; CWW); Rheumatism (f; DAW); Rhino - +sis (f; DAW); Salmonella (1; CWW); Shigella (1; CWW); Sore (f; DAW); Spasm (f1; CWW; DAW; +EB22:165); Stomachache (f; HJP); Toothache (f; CWW: DAW; FP3); Ulcer (1; CWW); Worm (f1; +BOU; DAW; GHA; ZOH); Wound (f; BOU; HJP). +d osages (w Hite w ormwood ): +FNFF = ! +Dried leaves used as tea by Negev and Sinai Bedouin (ZOH). +• Bedouins tamp leaves in the nostrils as a nasal decongestant for cold (BIB). +• Bedouins drink leaf tea, in water or milk, for colds and cough (BIB). +• Bedouins, when newly born, inhale smoke from burning leaves to insure good health +(similar aromatic species of Artemisia are used by Orientals and Amerindians in mox-i +bustion and smudging, respectively) (BIB). +• Egyptians use wormwood for tapeworms (BI2). +• Israelis and Palestinians use the leaves for toothache (FP3; HJP). +• Lebanese apply leaf macerate with shea and olive oil to cuts, dermatosis, and lesions +(HJP). +• Lebanese make a strong tea from dried whole herb to expel worms (HJP). +• North Africans use the plant to calm bleeding, cough, emotions, fever, headache, nerves, +ophthalmia, and stomach (BOU). +• Saudi Bedouins inhale the smoke for medicinal purposes (GHA). +8202_C001.indd 51 11/12/07 2:23:10 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Natural History (w Hite w ormwood ): +Although bitter, the plant is grazed by goats (ZOH). Camels that graze on the plant are said to be +spared certain skin diseases. Snakes are reported from the shade of the herb (BIB). Farmers in the Nile +Valley fumigate poultry with smoke from burning leaves. They view the herb as a snake repellent. +extra Cts (w Hite w ormwood ): +Aqueous extract is antileshmanial at 4 µg/ml (X11346978). Stomach acid content increased 251% +by ethanol extracts (X10189949). +GIANt R eeD (Arundo don Ax L.) + po ACeAe +syNo Nyms : + Arundo bengalensis Retz.; Donax arundinaceus Beauv. +Notes (g ia Nt r eed): +A reed shaken with the wind. +Matthew 11:7 (KJV) +Many scholars have identiefi d this as the reed of the Bible, while Zohary has instead picked the +very similar Phragmites communis, which see, from four species of reed in Israel with long root- +stocks and tall stems, hollow and jointed, entirely covered with large leaves, each ending in tassels +of ofl wers. But Zohary admits to a “collective” colloquial concept of reeds much broader than the +taxonomist’s narrower concepts (ZOH). Presenting us with some interesting information on Arundo +donax, as well as several common names, the USDA’s R.E. Perdue (now retired) also noted that +many of these common names are applied to both Arundo and Phragmites. With no voucher speci- +mens, who knows what was really in the hands or minds of early biblical writers and sfi herfolk? +Various authors state that both the names and uses are almost interchangeable. (But onlAy rundo +of these seems to contain the rather dangerous compound bufotenine.) What follows is some of +what I wrote in 1985, hoping that it accrues to Arundo. Although believed by Egyptians to be a +Syrian introduction, Arundo apparently is rare or absent as a truly wild plant or seedling. It is c-ul +tivated along water courses, but usually above the water level. Even around big lakes, it seems to +be exclusively propagated by root divisions, usually by sfi hermen. Stems serve as support for vines +and similar climbing plants, and for making trellises and the like for climbing cultivated plants. In +Egypt, the reeds are also used for fencing and roofing. Reeds are also used as measuring rods, wal-k +ing sticks, arrow shafts, sfi hing poles, musical instruments (e.g., clarinets and bagpipes in Europe), +baskets, and mats. Romans used such reeds for pens. It makes good-quality paper, and Italians use +it in manufacturing rayon (BIB). +Commo N Names (g ia Nt r eed): +Adavi Keekasa Gaddi (Tel.; WO2); Alo Kyu (Burma; WOI); Arrow Reed (Eng.; EFS); Baktu-s +ing (Limbu; NPM); Bamboo Reed (Eng.; NPM); Bambou Indien (Guad.; AVP); Bambou Mare +(Guad.; AVP); Bansi (Pun.; WOI; WO2); Bara Nal (Hindi; WO2); Bhok (Chepang; NPM); Ca- l +ami (It.; EB12:368); Cana (Por.; EFS); Caña Bambua (Pr.; Sp.; AVP); Caña Brava (Pr.; Sp.; AVP); +Caña Brava de Castilla (Col.; Sp.; AVP); Caña Común (Sp.; EFS); Caña de Castilla (Cuba; Dr.; +Sp.; AVP; EFS); Caña Guana Carrizo (Sp.; AVP); Caña Hueca (Sp.; Cuba; AVP); Caña India (Pr.; +Sp.; AVP); Cañaveral (Mex.; Sp.; AVP); Cana-vieira (Mad.; JAD); Canna (It.; EB12:368); Canna +Berganena (It.; EB12:368); Canna Commune (It.; EB12:368); Canna da Rocchi (It.; EB12:368); +Canna di Cannitu (It.; EB12:368); Canna di Stenniri (It.; EB12:368); Canna do Reino (Por.; AVP); +8202_C001.indd 52 11/12/07 2:23:11 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Giant Reed (Arundo donax). +Canna Domestica (It.; EB12:368); Canna du Provenza (It.; EFS); Canna Montana (It.; EFS); Canna +Zagariddara (It.; EB12:368); Canne de Province (Fr.; EFS); Carrizo (Mex.; Peru; EGG; EB12:368); +Carruzo (Peru; Sp.; EFS); Ceneviera (It.; EB12:368); Ciane Gergane (It.; EB12:368); Ckingkan (Agu-a +runa; Peru; EGG); Cow Cane (Eng.; AVP); Cuin (Cuba; AVP); Danubian Reed (Eng.; NPM); Dexne +8202_C001.indd 53 11/12/07 2:23:13 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(Peru; Uvosha; EGG); Donaci (It.; EB12:368); Donax Cane (Eng.; NPM); Foocañunhyta (Ocaina; +Peru; EGG); Gaba Nal (Assam; WO2); Gaha Nal (Beng.; WO2); Giant Reed (Eng.; NPM); Grand +Roseau (Fr.; Mart.; AVP); Great Reed (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; NPM); Guajana (Pr.; Sp.; AVP); Gutamu +(It.; EB12:368); Honrkandma (Rai; NPM); Italian Reed (Eng.; NPM); Kadi Lak (Sanskrit; WO2); +Kalamos (Greek; EB12:368); Kami¸s (Tur.; EFS); Kasab (Egypt; EB12:368); Khen (Laos; AVP); +Korukkai (Tel.; WO2); Lata (Col.; Sp.; AVP); Lenrakut (Tharu; NPM); Manglong (Lepcha.; NPM); +Nal (India; WO2); Naldura (Gharwal; WO2); Narhal (Delhi; WO2); Narkat (Bhojpuri; Danuwar; +Gurung; Nepal; Sunwar; Tamang; NPM); Narkul (India; WO2); Narsal (Delhi; WO2); Nyapan +kathi (Newari; NPM); Panache (Mart.; AVP); Pfahlrohr (Ger.; AVP); Pfeilrohr (Ger.; EFS); Pijlriet +(Dutch; EFS); Provence Cane (Eng.; NPM); Quassab (Arab.; AVP); Racine de Canne (Fr.; AVP); +Riesenschilf (Ger.; EB12:368); Riet (Dutch; AVP); Rohr (Ger.; AVP); Roseau (Fr.; EB12:368); +Roseau des Jardines (Haiti; AVP); Say Lau (Vn.; AVP); Spanish-Bambooreed (Eng.; WO2); Sukana +(Pun.; WO2); Taquara (Por.; AVP); Taquari (Por.; AVP); Te?be?rau Gading (Malaya; IHB); Thagal +(Nepal; NPM); Uaichi (Aguaruna; Peru; EGG); Virtamu (It.; EB12:368); Wasserrohr (Ger.; EFS); +Z’herbe Roseau (Haiti; AVP). +a Ctivities (g ia Nt r eed): +Analgesic (f; EGG); Antifeedant (1; X10803974; X8254352); Antiacetylcholinesterase (1; WO2); +Antigalactagogue (f; DAW; MPI; SKJ; WO2); Antihistaminic (1; WO2); Antispasmodic (f; MPI); +Cyanogenic (1; BIB); Depurative (f; AHL; DAW); Diaphoretic (f; DAW); Diuretic (f; BIB; DAW; +NPM); Emmenagogue (f; MPI; NPM; SKJ); Emollient (f; DAW); Hallucinogenic (1; BIB); Hyper- +tensive (1; DAW); Hypotensive (1; DAW; WO2); Insecticide (1; WO3); Myorelaxant (1; MPI); Res- +pirodepressant (1; MPI); Sudoric (fi f; DAW); Vasopressor (1; FNF). +iNdi Catio Ns (g ia Nt r eed): +Cancer (f; BIB); Condyloma (f; BIB); Dropsy (f; BIB); Dysmenorrhea (f; NPM); Headache (f; +NPM); High Blood Pressure (1; DAW); Induration (f; BIB); Low Blood Pressure (1; DAW); Ma-s +tosis (f; BIB); Pain (f; EGG); Syphilis (f; AHL); Venereal Disease (f; AHL); Wart (f; BIB); Wound +(f; JAD). +d osages (g ia Nt r eed): +FNFF = ! +Young shoots occasionally eaten. +• Dominicans suggest the roots as antilactagogue, antisyphilitic, depurative, and diuretic +(AHL). +• Egyptians use Arundo and Phragmites as diaphoretic and diuretic. +• Italians boil roots in wine with honey for various cancers (JLH). +• Peruvians consider the rhizomes analgesic and diuretic (EGG). +d ow Nsides (g ia Nt r eed): +The bufotenine alkaloids could be problematic. +Natural History (g ia Nt r eed): +Agriculture Handbook No. 165 lists the following as affecting this species: Armillaria mellea (root +rot), Leptostroma donacis, Papularia sphaerosperma, Puccinia coronata (crown rust), and Seleno- +phoma donacis (stem speckle). +8202_C001.indd 54 11/12/07 2:23:14 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +extra Cts (g ia Nt r eed): +Ethanolic rhizome extracts show antiacetylcholinesterase, antihistaminic, antispasmodic, and hy-po +tensive activities (WO2). Leaves emit isoprene (WO3). +Said to raise the blood pressure in high doses, lower it in lower doses (AHL). Leaves may co-n +tain bufotenine, which is reportedly antialzheimeran, anticholinesterase (1/30th physostigmine), +aphrodisiac, cardioactive, CNS-active, hallucinogenic, hypertensive, mydriatic, respiraparalytic, +and serotoninergic (http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke). +t RAGACANth MILK vet Ch ( Astr Ag Alus gummifer LABILL.) +++ FABACeAe +syNo Nyms : + Astracanthus gummifer (Labill.) Podlech; Astragalus adpressus Ehrenb ex Walp.; Astragalus eri- +anthus Willd.; Astragalus noemiae Eig. fide HH2 +Notes (t raga Ca Nt H milkvet CH): +And their father Israel said unto them, If it must be so now, do this; take of the best fruits in the +land in your vessels, and carry down the man a present, a little balm, and a little honey, spices, +and myrrh, nuts, and almonds. +Genesis 43:11 (KJV) +Then their father Israel said to them, “If it must be so, then do this: take some of the choice fruits +of the land in your bags, and carry down to the man a present, a little balm and a little honey, +gum, myrrh, pistachio nuts, and almonds. +Genesis 43:11 (RSV) +So Israel, their father, said to them, “If then, that is the case, do this: Take the finest products of +the land and carry them down to the man as a gift, a little balsam, and a little honey, labdanum, +and resinous bark, pistachio nuts, and almonds. +Genesis 43:11 (NWT) +Working with the RSV, the only version of the three to mention gum, clearly differing botanically +from the KJV and NWT above, Zohary concludes that the word nekhoth, mentioned only twice in +the Hebrew Bible, should be translated tragacanth. The KJV seems to have substituted spices, the +NWT labdanum, for the gum in the RSV. As a mediocre botanist, not a historian or biblical scholar, +I do not know which, if any, version is correct. Further complicating life, the AH2 speciefi s that +the Standardized Common Name of the dried gummy exudate of the stems of A. gummifer is gum +tragacanth. Zohary notes that the genus Astragalus has about 1800 species, “many of them produc- +ing the tragacanth gum.” (ZOH) Zohary says tragacanth is “a dried gum exuded from certain spiny +and shrubby species of Astragalus occurring in several countries of the Middle East, including +Israel” (ZOH). Zohary lists 50 species of Astragalus, but not A. gummifer, in the Flora of Palestine +(FP2). It is difcfi ult for trained taxonomists who have devoted their lives to the study of legumes to +identify ofl wering and fruiting specimens of the shrub; who, then, can identify the “gum,” perhaps +mentioned in Genesis? It could have been the gum of many species of Astragalus, perhaps even +admixtures of gum from several species or even other gum- or resin-bearing shrubs. Before his +death, Howard Scott Gentry, who himself had studied tragacanth in the Middle East, tried to in-ter +est me in just such a study. There was much anticancer interest in the various species oAf stragalus. +I declined, frightened by the taxonomic complexity. I fear no one man in his lifetime could resolve +8202_C001.indd 55 11/12/07 2:23:14 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +the taxonomic difcfi ulties of this complex but useful genus. Hungry early man doubtless used traga- +canth as a survival food, after seeing that ants, goats, and sheep relish the sweeter gums. Tragacanth +gum is one of the oldest natural emulsiefi rs known to man, extensively used in vaginal jellies and +creams, low-calorie syrups, toothpastes, and hand lotions. The gum is used in such foods as salad +dressings, sauces, ice creams, confections, syrups, milk powder stabilizers, citrus oil emulsions, and +cheeses. Together with guar, tragacanth may make the cheaper ice creams healthier, substituting +soluble cholesterol-free polysaccharides for the unhealthy cream. Some of these polysaccharides +are active against ascites tumor types in mice. Among the species taxonomically confused with or +called tragacanth, or some derivative thereof, Hartwell notes “folk-cancer” remedies for chronic +indurations of the liver (including, probably, cirrhosis), nasal polyps, non-ulcerated cancers, sup-er +ufl ous efl sh, and tumors of the eyes, fauces, and liver. It was once used to stiffen calico, crape, etc. +Need for fuelwood in poor desert areas may jeopardize many natural stands of this shrub (e.g., in +Iran, source of the best tragacanth, where it is largely used in medicine and confectionary) (BIB). +Commo N Names (t raga Ca Nt H milkvet CH): +Adragante (Fr.; EFS); Alquitira (Sp.; USN); Angira (India; EFS); Astragale à Gomme (Fr.; USN); +Besem (Heb.; BI2); Dragante (It.; EFS); Goat-Thorn Bush (Eng.; AH2); Gomme Adragante (It.; +EFS); Gum (Eng.; BIB); Gum Tragacanth (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; USN); Gummitragant (Ger.; USN); +Katâd (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kathira Bayda (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kitre Givenne (Tur.; EFS); Nakaa +(Arab.; ZOH); Nakaath (Arab.; ZOH); Nekhoth (Heb.; ZOH); Tragacanth (Eng.; FAC); Tragacanth +Milkvetch (Eng.; AH2); Tragacanthstruik (Dutch; EFS); Tragacanto (Sp.; USN); Tragant (Den.; +Ger.; USN); Traganthstrauch (Ger.; EFS). +a Ctivities (t raga Ca Nt H milkvet CH): +Anticancer (1; BIB); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB); Demulcent (f; BIB; EFS; HJP); Diuretic (f; BIB; HJP); +Emollient (f; BIB; EFS); Laxative (1; BIB; EFS; PH2); Peristaltic (1; PH2); Vulnerary (f; HJP). +iNdi Catio Ns (t raga Ca Nt H milkvet CH): +Burn (f; BIB); Cancer (1; BIB; JLH); Cancer, eye (1; BIB; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; BIB; JLH); Cancer, +throat (1; BIB; JLH); Cirrhosis (f; JLH); Cough (f; BIB); Diarrhea (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; JLH); +Induration (f; JLH); Ophthalmia (f; JLH); Polyp (f; BIB; JLH); Rhinosis (f; BIB; JLH); Wound (f; +BIB; HJP). +d osages (t raga Ca Nt H milkvet CH): +FNFF = !! +More food additive than food, the FDA denfi es GRAS gum tragacanth as “the exudate from one of sev- +eral species of Astragalus gummiefi r Labillardiere,” permitting its use up to 2000 ppm in baked goods +and baking mixes, 7000 ppm in condiments and relishes, 13,000 ppm with fats and oils, 8000 ppm with +gravies and sauces, 2000 ppm with meat products, 2000 ppm with processed fruits and fruit juices, and +up to 1000 ppm in all other food categories. 1 tsp (circa 3 g) granulated drug added to 250–300 ml +liquid (PH2). +• Lebanese apply powdered tragacanth to cuts and wounds (HJP). +d ow Nsides (t raga Ca Nt H milkvet CH): +None at therapeutic dosages except for rare allergy. Should be taken with plenty of water, as with +all bulking agents (PH2). +8202_C001.indd 56 11/12/07 2:23:15 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +seA o RAChe (Atriplex h Alimus L.) + Che Nopo DIACeAe +Notes (s ea o ra CHe): +Who cut up mallows by the bushes, and juniper roots for their meat. +Job 30:4 (KJV) +They pick mallow and the leaves of bushes, and to warm themselves the roots of the broom. +Job 30:4 (RSV) +They were plucking the salt herb by the bushes, And the root of broom trees was their food. +Job 30:4 (NWT) +Zohary suggests that this difcfi ult passage, like so many from Job, might have been better rendered +as, “They pick the leaves of the orache and the wormwood.” The translation of maluah as “orache,” +and not true mallow, is better because Job is alluding to the desert, where orache, also called salt +bush (if not salt herb as in NWT), is common. It is a strong-growing bush or shrub, 5 feet or more +tall, with gray foliage and inconspicuous ofl wers. One of the most common desert plants in salt atfl s, +it is used as survival food and as a salt source. The closely relateAd triplex rosea, which occurs in +the biblical area as well, has been a folk remedy for such cancerous conditions as corns, hard lumps, +and indurations (JLH). Smoke from burning seed is used to treat skin ailments and sores. Lebanese +doctors are said to extract anodynes, emetics, hypnotics and purgatives from the plants. According +to Boulos, the seeds are in small doses emetic, in large doses poisonous (BOU). Ashes of the plant +are taken for gastric acidity, the roots for dropsy (BIB). +Commo N Names (s ea o ra CHe): +Abougboug (Ber.; BOU); Alimo (It.; HH2); Álimo (Sp.; USN); Aramès (Ber.; BOU); Arams (Ber.; +BOU); Armuelle Glauco (Sp.; USN); Arroche (Fr.; BOU); Arroche Halime (Fr.; HH2; USN); Halime +(Fr.; BOU); Kattaf (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Mallow (Eng.; BIB); Maluh (Arab.; BOU); Malûhh (Arab.; +HJP); Marisma (Sp.; USN); Mediterranean Saltbush (WO2); Meermelde (Ger.; HH2); Meerportu- +lak (Ger.; HH2); Orzaga (Sp.; USN); Osagra (Sp.; USN); Pourpier de Mer (Fr.; USN); Qataf (Arab.; +BOU); Qataf Bahhari (Arab.; HJP); Qtout (Arab.; BOU); Roghata (Arab.; BOU); Rughat (Arab.; HJP); +Rughl (Arab.; GHA); Salgada (Sp.; USN); Salgadeira (Por.; USN); Salguiera (Madiera; Por.; JAD); Sea +Orache (Eng.; BOU; FAC; USN; WO2); Sea Purslane (Eng.; BOU; FAC; USN); Shrubby Orache (Eng.; +USN); Staudenmelde (Ger.; HH2); Strauchmelde (Ger.; USN); Tall Shrubby Orache (Eng.; HJP). +a Ctivities (s ea o ra CHe): +Anodyne (f; HJP); Antacid (f; BOU); Antidiabetic (f1; HH2); Emetic (f; BOU; GHA); Hypnotic +(f; HJP); Hypoglycemic (1; HH2); Insulin Potentiator (1; HH2); Insecticide (1; X9617055); Larv-i +cide (1; X9617055); Mosquitocide (1; X9617055); Purgative (f; HJP); Toxic (f; BOU); Vermifuge (f; +HH2); Vulnerary (f; HJP). +iNdi Catio Ns (s ea o ra CHe): +Dermatosis (f; HJP); Diabetes (f1; HH2); Gastrosis (f; BOU); Hyperacidity (f; BOU); Infection (f; +HH2); Sore (f; HJP); Worm (f; HH2); Wound (f; HJP). +8202_C001.indd 57 11/12/07 2:23:16 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d osages (s ea o ra CHe): +FNFF = !! +Described as famine food in North Africa (WO2). Leaves and young shoots have served as a p-ot +herb. These “mallows” are commonly eaten by the poor between Aleppo and Jerusalem (e.g., eaten +by hungry Palestinian shepherds like spinach). According to the Talmud, Jews working on the +reconstruction of the Temple in 520–516 b.c. ate these “mallows” (BIB; FP1). Facciola makes it +sound a bit more enticing. Young leaves and shoot tips eaten raw or in casseroles, pastas, quiches, +soups, etc. Plant produces an edible manna (FAC). +• Arabians view the seed decoction as emetic (GHA). +• Lebanese apply dried leaf powder to sores and wounds (HJP). +• Lebanese use seed infusion or direct seed smoke to dermatoses and sores (HJP). +• Negev Bedouins take the leaf tea for diabetes (HH2). +• North Africans cut the root into long narrow pieces used as a toothbrush (BOU). +• North Africans take the alkaline ashes of the plant for gastric acidity (BOU). +d ow Nsides (s ea o ra CHe): +North Africans view small doses of the seeds as emetic, large doses poisonous (BOU). +Natural History (s ea o ra CHe): +The fat sand rat( Psammomys obesus), a diurnal gerbillid rodent, is herbivorous and able to thrive while +consuming only sea orache, a plant relatively low in energy content and high in ash and water content. +Before consuming A. halimus leaves, the fat sand rats scrape off the outer layer with their teeth, thereby +removing many of the electrolytes but increasing the gross energy and organic matter content of the +leaves by only about 3.1%. There are advantages to this diet: (1) it provides a more stable diet throughout +the year than do seeds; (2) fat sand rats have no competition for this food resource from other rodents; and +(3) their burrows are at the base of the plants, requiring little energy to forage (X8679505). +DeseRt DA te ( bAl Anites A egypti Acus (L.) DeLILe.) ++ BALANIt ACeAe +Notes (d esert d ate ): +Is there no balm in Gilead; is there no physician there? why then is not the health of the daughter +of my people recovered? +Jeremiah 8:22 (KJV) +Is there no balm in Gilead? Is there no physician there? Why then has the health of the daughter +of my people not been restored? +Jeremiah 8:22 (RSV) +Is there no balsam in Gilead? Or is there no healer there? Why is it, then, that the recuperation +of the daughter of my people has not not come up? +Jeremiah 8:22 (NWT) +Moldenke and Moldenke note that the Douay Bible of 1609 renders Jeremiah 8:22 to read, “Is there +no rosin in Gilead?” resulting in this edition being termed the Rosin Bible. The Bishop’s Bible of +1568 reads, “Is there no tryacle in Gilead?” and is termed the Treacle Bible. Should we call the +8202_C001.indd 58 11/12/07 2:23:16 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiacus). +Jehovah’s Witness version (NWT) the balsam version, and the KJV and RSV the balm versions? +Jericho monks are said to regard Balanites as the balm or balsam, selling an oily gum from the +fruit as such to travelers. Both Balanites and Pistacia are common in Palestine and commonly +called balm. Balanites is also revered by the Mohammedans in western India. Israeli Zohary rules +out Balanites in favor of Commiphora, or myrrh, favoring the assumption that the Queen of Sheba +brought it as a gift from Arabia to King Solomon (BIB). But with so many opinions, I include Bala- +nites in case the Jericho monks are right and Zohary wrong. Here in America, the balm of Gilead is +yet something else, a poplar with propolis-like resin. Scholars, not me, will probably argue about the +Balm of Gilead for millennia. In these days of pharmaceutically inspired allopathic shenanigans, +I would worry more about there being no balm in Gilead than there being no physician in Gilead. +Physicians kill more people than guns, which kill more people than herbs. +8202_C001.indd 59 11/12/07 2:23:39 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Commo N Names (d esert d ate ): +Addoua (Ber.; BOU); Adua (Hausa; KAB; UPW); Alo (Ber.; BOU); Angarvriksha (Sanskrit; KAB); +Angulidala (Sanskrit; KAB); Anilantaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Balah Harara (Arab.; BOU); Balanite +d’Egypte (Fr.; BOU); Betu (India; USN); Bhallakivriksha (Sanskrit; KAB); Bupapabu (Niger; UPW); +Ciatt (Tigrinia; KAB); Daruparnaphala (Sanskrit; KAB); Dattier du Désert (Fr.; BOU; KAB); D-at +tier Sauvage (Fr.; USN); Desert Date (Eng.; BOU; TAN); Ebora (Ber.; BOU); Egorea (Guj.; KAB; +NAD); Egyptian Balsam (Eng.; BOU); Egyptian Myrobalan (Eng.; FAC); Elheglyg (Arab.; KAB); +Gak (Tigrinia; KAB); Gara (Tel.; KAB); Garachetti (Tel.; NAD); Garbaïe (Mali; UPW); Garrah +(Gond.; KAB); Gaurtvaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Gongo (Upper Volta; UPW); Gouasa (Tigrinia; KAB); +Gouritivac (Sanskrit; NAD); Guasa (Tigrinia; KAB); Gungo (Ghana; UPW); Guri (Tel.; WOI); Ha-d +jlidj (Arab.; Sen.; UPW); Haugeleg (Fr.; BOU); Heghelig (Arab.; KAB); Heglig (Arab.; Nig.; BOU; +UPW); Heglik (Sudan; KAB); Héglik (Fr.; USN); Hingan (Beng.; Dec.; Hindi; KAB; NAD; WOI); +Hinganbet (Bom.; Cutch; Dec.; Mar.; KAB; WOI); Hingane (Mar.; KAB); Hingar (Ulwar; KAB); +Hingen (Hindi; KAB); Hinger (Bom.; Guj.; KAB; NAD); Hingol (Beng.; Dec.; Hindi; NAD); Hin- +gon (Beng.; KAB); Hingoriyun (Porebunder; KAB); Hingot (Gwalior; Hindi; Urdu; KAB; NAD; +WOI); Hingota (Hindi; KAB); Hingotia (India; USN); Hingu (Hindi; KAB); Hinguputra (Sanskrit; +KAB); Ibororhen (Ber.; BOU); Ingalarade (Kan.; KAB); Ingalare (Kan.; KAB); Ingalukke (Kan.; +KAB); Ingua (Hindi; KAB); Inguda (Sanskrit; KAB); Ingudi (Sanskrit; Tel.; KAB; WOI); Ingudihala +(Uriya; KAB); Ingul (Sanskrit; KAB); Inguni (Sanskrit; KAB); Jalajantu (Sanskrit; KAB); Kantaka +(Sanskrit; KAB); Krisharaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Kroshtuphala (Sanskrit; KAB); Kunja (Togo; UPW); +Kuosa (Tigrinia; KAB); Lalo (India; USN); Maghe (Tigrinia; KAB); Manchuta (Mal.; NAD); Mi-ro +balano de Egipto (Sp.; USN); Mjunju (Swahili; KAB); Mogha (Tigrinia; KAB); Munipadapa (Sa-n +skrit; KAB); Murtoki (Gambia; UPW); Myrobalan d’Egypt (Fr.; UPW); Nanjunda (Tam.; NAD; +WOI); Nanjundan (Tam.; KAB); Nanjunta (Mal.; KAB); Ol Ngoswa (Masai; KAB); Putigandha +(Sanskrit; KAB); Putripatra (Sanskrit; KAB); Regorea (Guj.; WOI); Ringri (Tel.; KAB; NAD); Sel-i +batico (Bogos; KAB); Sereno (Ivo.; UPW); Shulari (Sanskrit; KAB); Soapberry Bush (Eng.; BOU); +Soapberry Tree (Eng.; FAC; TAN; USN); Soump (Wolof; KAB); Taboraq (Ber.; BOU); Tailabija +(Sanskrit; KAB); Tanupatra (Sanskrit; KAB); Tapasamudrama (Sanskrit; KAB); Tapasataru (S-an +skrit; KAB); Teïchat (Arab.; Mauritania; UPW); Teisset (Ber.; BOU); Thorn Tree (Eng.; BOU); Ti-k +taka (Sanskrit; KAB); Tiktarnajja (Sanskrit; KAB); Toruvattu (Tam.; KAB); Tugga (Ber.; BOU); +umNulu (Tonga; KAB); Vinashaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Vishakantaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Zachum Oil +Tree (Eng.; BOU); Zachun (India; USN); Zachumbaum (Ger.; USN); Zaqqoum (Arab.; BOU). +a Ctivities (d esert d ate ): +Alexipharmic (f; KAB); Alterative (f; KAB); Analgesic (f; KAB); Anthelmintic (f; BOU; HDN; +KAB; X10904170); Antidiabetic (1; WO3); Antidote (Curare) (f; BOU); Antiedemic (1; X15763372); +Antifeedant (1; HDN; WO3); Antifertility (1; X12179631); Antiinafl mmatory (1; X15763372); Anti - +nociceptive (1; X15763372); Antioxidant (1; X15763372); Antischistosomal (1; HDN; X15664459); +Antiseptic (f; HDN); Antispasmodic (1; HDN); Aperient (f; KAB); Aphrodisiac (; fl UPW); +Bactericide (1; HDN); Burn (f; BIB); Cathartic (f; DEP); Cholagogue (1; HDN); Choleretic (1; HDN); +CNS Depressant (1; HDN); Curare (1; HDN); Emetic (f; BOU; KAB); Expectorant (f; DEP; WO2); +Fungicide (1; HDN); Hemolytic (1; HDN); Hemostat (f; HDN); Hepatoprotective (1; PR15:598); +Hypotensive (1; HDN); Insectifuge (f; HDN); Lactagogue (f; UPW); Larvicide (1; WO3); Laxative +(f; BOU); Molluscicide (1; HDN); Nematicide (1; WO3); Piscicide (1; HDN); Purgative (f; DEP; +HDN; NAD); Stimulant (f; UPW); Vermifuge (f; BOU; NAD). +iNdi Catio Ns (d esert d ate ): +Abscess (f; UPW); Angina (f; UPW); Anxiety (f; HDN); Asthma (f; HDN); Bacillus (1; HDN); Bac- +teria (1; HDN); Bilharzia (f; HDN); Bite (f; KAB); Bleeding (f; HDN); Blennorrhea (f; UPW); Boil +8202_C001.indd 60 11/12/07 2:23:39 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(f; BOU; KAB); Bronchosis (f; UPW); Bubo (f; HDN); Burn (f; NAD; WO2); Carbuncle (f; UPW); +Caries (f; UPW); Catarrh (f; HDN); Childbirth (f; WO2); Circumcision fi (BOU); Cold (f; DEP; +HDN); Colic (f; BIB; KAB; NAD; UPW); Conjunctivosis (f; HDN); Cough (f; BIB; DEP; KAB; +NAD); Cramp (f; HDN); Dermatosis (f; KAB); Diabetes (1; WO3); Diarrhea (f; HDN); Dysentery +(f; KAB; UPW); Edema (1; X15763372); Fasciolaris (1; X10904170); Fever (f; BOU; HDN); Freckle +(f; NAD; WO2); Fungus (1; HDN); Gingivosis (f; UPW); Guinea Worm (1; WO3); Hemorrhoid (f; +UPW); Hepatosis (f1; HDN; UPW; PR15:598); Herpes (1; BIB; HDN); High Blood Pressure (1; +HDN); Impotence (f; UPW); Infection (f; BIB); Infection (1; HDN); Infertility (f; HDN); Inafl mma - +tion (f1; HDN; X15763372); Insanity (f; HDN; UPW); Jaundice (f1; UPW; PR13:439; X10441790); +Leprosy (f; UPW); Leukoderma (f; BOU; KAB); Malaria (f1; BIB; BI2 BOU); Mycosis (1; HDN); +Pain (f1; BOU; HDN; X15763372); Paralysis (f; UPW); Pertussis (f; WO2); Pneumonia (f; WO2); +Pulmonosis (f; WO2); Rheumatism (f; BIB; UPW); Schistosomiasis (1; HDN; 15664459); Shingle +(1; HDN); Sleeping Sickness (f; KAB); Smallpox (f; HDN); Snakebite (f; HDN); Sore (f; KAB); +Splenosis (f; BOU; UPW); Stomachache (f; HDN); Stomatosis (f; UPW); Swelling (f1; UPW; +X15763372); Syphilis (f; BIB; BOU; UPW); Urethrosis (f; HDN); Venereal Disease (f; BIB); Virus +(1; HDN); Worm (f; BI2; BOU; HDN; NAD); Wound (f; BI2; BOU; HDN); Yaws (f; UPW); Yellow +Fever (;fl UPW). +d osages (d esert d ate ): +FNFF = !! +Fruits eaten fresh, dried, in alcoholic beverages (e.g., the Hauska ango), and syrups; seeds eaten raw +or dried, in breads or soups, source of edible oil; ofl wers and leaves also eaten as vegetables or in +soups (e.g., in Chad, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan) (BI2; FAC; UPW). +• African Arabs use the fruit pulp as detergent, the bark to poison fish (KAB). +• Asian Indian suggest 2 to 30 g seed as expectorant (DEP). +• Asian Indians suggest 1 to 20 grains fruit as purgative (DEP). +• Ayurvedics use the fruits as alexipharmic, alterative, analgesic, anthelmintic, antiderm- a +titic, and antidysenteric (KAB). +• Ethiopians use bark as an antiseptic, the leaf to dress wounds, and the fruit as an ant-hel +mintic laxative (BIB). +• Ghanans use smoke from stem to heal circumcision wounds, leaves as vermifuge (BI2). +• Lebanese apply the oil to sores, treating dermatosis and rat bites with fruits (BI2). +• Libyans use the leaves to clean infected wounds, and root for herpes and malaria (BI2). +• Nigerians consider the plant abortifacient (BI2). +• Nigerians eat the unopened flower buds as an aphrodisiac (UPW). +• Nigerian Yoruba take the floral decoction for sore throat (UPW). +• Saharans take powdered bark for angina and bronchosis (UPW). +• Sudanese use the oil as a purgative (KAB). +• Turks suggest this as one of the best stomachics, and great for curing wounds. +• Ugandans use the oil to treat sleeping sickness (BI2). +• Unani use fruits for boils, dermatoses, and leukoderma (KAB). +Natural History (d esert d ate ): +In the biblical desert, there are often strings of oases with about a dozen tropical tree species, +including Acacia, Balanites, Moringa, Salvadora, etc. Needing high temperature and humidity, +they adhere to the mouth of tributaries (e.g., in the Aravah and Jordan Valleys). In Arabia and +Somaliland, Balanites often occurs in thornbush vegetation under arid tropical conditions, with +Commiphora, Maerua, Ziziphus, etc. +8202_C001.indd 61 11/12/07 2:23:40 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +extra Cts (d esert d ate ): +The active principle, probably a saponin, is lethal to cercaria, sfi h, miracidia, mollusks, and tadpoles. +One fruit weighing 25 g has enough active ingredient to kill the bilharzial mollusks in 30 l water. +FRANKINCeNse (boswelli A sAcr A BIRDW.) ++ BURseRACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Boswellia carteri Birdw. +Notes (Fra Nki NCeNse): +And the LORD said unto Moses, Take unto thee sweet spices, stacte, and onycha, and galbanum; +these sweet spices with pure frankincense: of each shall there be a like weight: +Exodus 30:34 (KJV) +And the LORD said to Moses, “Take sweet spices, stacte, and onycha, and galbanum, sweet spices +with pure frankincense (of each shall there be an equal part). +Exodus 30:34 (RSV) +And Jehovah went on to say to Moses, “Take to yourself perfumes; stacte drops and onycha, and +perfumed galbanum, and pure frankincense. There should be the same portion of each. +Exodus 30:34 (NWT) +It is nice when all three versions translate it as frankincense, all three actually being pretty con-sis +tent in the formula for a holy incense. On reading Zohary (1982), I see he had a change in plans just +before publication, eliminating one species of Boswellia, for he says “the resins from the two spe- +cies listed above” (but he only listed one). He even hints, without clearly stating, that frankincense +may involve resins from as many as 24 species of Boswellia. Boswellia carteri has been reduced to +synonymy with Boswellia sacra. Frankincense came to the Holy Land via the famous spice route +across southern Arabia and some of the littoral stations of East Africa, the same caravan highway +used also for goods from India and points farther east (Zohary, 1982). Zohary rationalizes his c-on +clusions by pointing to similarities between the Arabic luban and the Hebrew levonah. Today, the +Catholic Church may be the major consumer, often using frankincense in ceremonial incenses. +Another true scholar, botanical historian John W. Thieret (1996), seems to agree with Zohary, +noting that a main source of frankincense is Boswellia sacra. “Herodotus (born 484 BC) wrote that +the frankincense trees were guarded by vast numbers of small winged serpents; he was wrong.” +(ZOH) Most frankincense comes from Somalia (following bananas and cattle as leading export) +where it provides work for some 10,000 Somali families, but some is gathered in Arabia. Most goes +to Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt, the major markets, but it heads off in lesser quantities in all +directions. Early botanist Theophrastus, some three centuries before Christ, said that most franki-n +cense came from Saba (southwestern Arabia, once ruled by the famed Queen Sheba). That ancient +country became rich from the incense trade. Approximately 333 b.c., Alexander the Great’s army +captured Gaza, plundering its frankincense and sending it to Greece. Tons of incense were buried in +the temples of Babylon and Nineveh. And in King Tut’s tomb, 3000-year-old balls of frankincense +were recovered. “In today’s churches, frankincense is an ingredient in the incense that sometimes +nearly suffocates the faithful…. Because frankincense and myrrh no longer enjoy the esteem that +they did two millennia ago, I wonder what the Wise Men would bring today. Perhaps gold, dates, +and oil” (Thieret, 1996). I would have guessed saffron. +8202_C001.indd 62 11/12/07 2:23:41 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Frankincense (Boswellia sacra). +Import statistics are difcfi ult to come by. Scholarly historian Thieret (1996) suggests total yearly +production of myrrh is perhaps 500 tons, of frankincense 1000 tons. Recently, U.S. imports run 5 +to 20 tons. The United Kingdom imports circa 30 tons frankincense each year, one perfume manu- +facturer alone consuming 5 tons annually (Thieret, 1996). +Ghazanfar (1994) notes that in southern Arabial, uban trees occur in wadis extending to the +coast on the lower slopes of the gullies and runoffs. The gum exuding from cuts is the major medici- +nal incense, being burned to give a perfumed smoke, used to improve the aroma of clothing, hair, +8202_C001.indd 63 11/12/07 2:24:05 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +and residences. The resin, used to stimulate digestion, to treat mastitis, and strengthen the teeth is +also mixed into hair products. Soot collected from burning the resin is used as kohl memory device +collyrium for soothing sore eyes. Pregnant Yemenis chew the gum, and it is also chewed for emo- +tional and psychological problems. Arabians often chew it as a masticatory, believed to improve the +memory, or add it to coffee. The resin is presumed to be diuretic and purgative. Thieret (1996) adds +that in Greco-Roman medicine, frankincense was prescribed for abscesses, bruises, chest ache, +hemorrhage, hemorrhoids, paralysis, and ulcers. In northern Africa, it is used for back problems, +chest congestion, chronic coughs, poliomyelitis, and venereal ailments (Thieret, 1996). I fear that +much of the information I have compiled should be viewed as generic rather than specicfi . I have +focused on Boswellia sacra and carteri (HHB and WO2 data below; however, refer to B. serrata, +so-called Indian Olibanum, syn. B. glabra Roxb.). I doubt that there are many people who can swear +on a stack of Bibles as to whether a resin is frankincense, myrrh, or one or the other species or +genera or a mixture of many species. Let the buyer beware. The frankincense problem is a franken- +steinian taxonomic nightmare. I think the common name probably conveys, in this case, as much +accuracy as the scientic fi name, for those resins for which there is no voucher specimen. I have, with +that in mind, added the EFS common names for frankincense below, finding much congruence with +names derived from other sources. +Frankincense was mentioned 22 times in the Bible, 16 times as an item of worship, 3 times as a +product of the garden of Solomon, twice as a tribute of honor, and only once as an item of mercha-n +dise. It is chieyfl used in incense as a perfume, especially in Catholic ceremonies. Recent authorities +maintain that the “incense” used in the service of the Tabernacle was a mixture, in definite propor- +tions of frankincense, galbanum (Ferula gumosa), onycha (Styrax benzoin), and stacte S( tyrax offi - +cinalis), and the use of any incense not composed of these four ingredients in the proper proportions +was strictly forbidden. Frankincense was highly regarded by Egyptians for embalming and fumig-at +ing. The gum is used as a masticatory, to clean the mouth. Oil of olibanum is used in high-grade pe-r +fumes, especially for oriental and ofl ral types, and was once used as a depilatory. Resin is imported +into Lebanon, primarily as incense, but secondarily as a cosmetic and medicine (BIB). +Commo N Names (Fra Nki NCeNse): +Árbol del Incensio (Sp.; USN); Arbre à Encens (Fr.; USN); Baga ul Bân (Syria; HJP); Bakhor (Arab.; +GHA); Encens Mâle (Fr.; EFS); Frankincense (Eng.; CR2; FAC); Hsün lu Hsiang (China; EFS); +Incenso (It.; USN); Incienso (Sp.; EFS); Ju Hsiang (China; EFS); Kapitthaparni (Sanskrit; EFS); +Levonah (Heb.; ZOH); Lobhan (India; EFS); Lubân (Arab.; Yemen; EFS; GHA; ZOH; X15890471); +Lubân Dhakar (Syria; HJP); Magher (Arab.; USA); Menjan Arab (Malaya; EFS); Mogar (Arab.; +USA); Moxor (Somalia; USN); Mughur (Arab.; USA); Mustikim (Malaya; EFS); Oliban (Fr.; USN); +Olibán (Sp.; USN); Olibano (It.; Sp.; EFS; USN); Olibanum (Eng.; CR2; FAC); Olibanum Tree (Eng.; +USN); Ru Xiang (Pin.; DAA); Ru Xiang Shu (Pin.; AH2; USN); Salai (India; EFS); Saleh (India; +EFS); Weihrauchbaum (Ger.; USN); Weihrauchpafl nze (Ger.; USN); Wierookboom (Dutch; EFS). +a Ctivities (Fra Nki NCeNse): +Abortifacient (f; EFS); Alterative (f; BIB; EFS); Analgesic (f; HHB); Anticomplementary (1; PH2); +Antidote (hemlock) (f; BIB); Antielastase (1; X12244881); Antihepatitic (1; PR14:510); Antiin- +flammatory (1; X12244881); Antileukotriene (1; X12244881); Antiseptic (1; PH2); Antitussive +(f; X15890471); Astringent (f; BIB); Carminative (f1; BIB; EFS; PH2); Decongestant (f; BOW); +Depilatory (f; BIB); Digestive (f; GHA; HAD); Diuretic (f; BIB; EFS; GHA); Ecbolic (f; EFS); +Emmenagogue (f; EFS); Expectorant (f; BIB; BOW); Fumigant (f; BIB); HCV-Protease Inhibitor +(1; PR14:510); Irritant (1; PH2); 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor (1; X12244881); Memorigenic (f; BIB; +GHA); Purgative (f; GHA); Sedative (f; BIB; EFS); Stimulant (f; BIB; EFS); Tonic (f; BIB; EFS). +8202_C001.indd 64 11/12/07 2:24:05 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +iNdi Catio Ns (Fra Nki NCeNse): +Abscess (f; HAD); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Anxiety (f; BOW); Arthrosis (1; COX; FNF); Asthma +(f1; HHB; X12244881); Backache (f; HAD); Bilharzia (f; BIB); Bleeding (f; BIB; HAD); Boil (f; DEP); +Bronchosis (f1; BIB; DEP; X12244881); Bruise (f; HAD); Callus (f; BIB); Cancer (1; COX; FNF; JLH); +Cancer, anus (1; BIB; COX); Cancer, breast (1; BIB; COX); Cancer, eye (1; BIB; COX); Cancer, penis (1; +BIB; COX); Cancer, spleen (1; BIB; COX); Cancer, teat (1; BIB; COX); Cancer, testicle (1; BIB; COX); +Carbuncle (f; DEP; JLH); Cerebrosis (1; X12244881); Chest ache (f; BIB); Colitis (1; FNF; X12244881); +Congestant (f; HAD); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; HAD); Crohn’s Diseases (1; X12244881); Dermatosis +(f; GMH); Dysentery (f; BIB); Dysmenorrhea (f; BOW); Dyspepsia (f; HAD); Edema (1; FNF); Fever +(f; BIB); Gingivosis (f; BOW); Gonorrhea (f; BIB); Hemorrhoid (f; HAD); Hepatosis (1; PR14:510); +Infection (f; BOW); Laryngitis (f; BIB; DEP); Leprosy (f; BIB); Leukemia (1; FNF); Mastosis (f; GHA; +JLH); Meningioma (1; FNF); Myelosis (f; HAD); Neurosis (f; BIB; GHA; HAD); Ophthalmia (f; GHA; +JLH); Orchosis (f; JLH); Pain (f; HHB); Paralysis (f; BIB); Pharyngosis (f; X15890471); Polio (f; HAD); +Polyp (f; JLH); Proctosis (f; JLH); Psychosis (f; HAD); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (1; BIB; FNF; +X12244881); Side ache (f; BIB); Sore (f; DEP); Spermatorrhea (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomach- +ache (f; BIB); Stomatosis (f; BOW); Swelling (f1; BIB; FNF; HJP); Syphilis (f; BIB); Ulcer (f; HAD); +Ulcerative colitis (1; X12244881); Urogenitosis (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; HHB); UTI (f; BOW); Vaginosis (f; +BOW); Venereal Disease (f; BIB); Vomiting (f; HAD); Wound (f; PH2). +d osages (Fra Nki NCeNse): +FNFF = !! +Aromatic frankincense chewed or essential oil extracted as afl voring used in baked goods, candy, +gelatin, ice cream, and soft drinks (FAC). +• Asian Indians use frankincense for nervous disorders and rheumatism (BIB). +• Arabians use the digestive resin as hair oil, to stimulate digestion, and to strengthen teeth +(GHA). +• Arabians use soot from burning frankincense to sooth sore eyes (GHA). +• Chinese use for urogenital ailments (BIB). +• East Africans use bark exudate as a tonic and diuretic, and to treat syphilis (BIB). +• Lebanese chew the frankincense to cleanse the mouth (HJP). +• Saudis chew it or add to coffee as diuretic, memorigenic (35 grains), and purgative (BIB; +GHA). +• Swahili use the gum as a diuretic (BIB). +• Yemeni chew the gum for pregnancy and emotional and psychological problems (GHA). +• Tanganyikans boil resin with sesame oil, taking daily for bilharzia (BIB). +extra Cts (Fra Nki NCeNse): +Class 1 (AHP). No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2). +BLACK MUst ARD (br Assic A nigr A (L.) W. D. J. Ko Ch ++ BRA ss ICACeAe +Notes (bla Ck mustard ): +Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is like to a grain of mus- +tard seed, which a man took, and sowed in his field: Which indeed is the least of all seeds: but +when it is grown, it is the greatest among herbs, and becometh a tree, so that the birds of the air +come and lodge in the branches thereof. +Matthew 13:31–32 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 65 11/12/07 2:24:06 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Black Mustard (Brassica nigra). +8202_C001.indd 66 11/12/07 2:24:20 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Another parable he put before them, saying, “The kingdom of heaven is like a grain of mustard +seed which a man took and sowed in his efi ld; it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown +it is the greatest of shrubs and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and make nests in +its branches.” +Matthew 13:31–32 (RSV) +Another illustration he set before them, saying, “The kingdom of the heavens is like a mustard +grain which a man took and planted in his field; which is, in fact, the tiniest of all the seeds, but +when it has grown it is the largest of the vegetables and becomes a tree, so that the birds of heaven +come and find lodging among its branches.” +Matthew 13:31–32 (NWT) +Zohary favors Brassica nigra, the black mustard, as the grain of mustard seed in the Bible. As an +Israeli botanist, he would certainly know better than I that Brassica nigra is the tallest of the local +species of Brassica and closely related Sinapis, and that its seeds are small (circa 1 mm). But he also +admits that “The Greek sinapis is undoubtedly ‘mustard’.” No need to quibble about whether it is +the least of seed or not. (I suspect a mustard seed is a hundred times heavier than orchid seed, even +than Artemisia annua seed.) I suspect that in biblical times, as in Maryland efi lds in spring, few +but botanists make distinctions between the Brassica and Sinapis. Many writers do not distinguish +between black, brown (Indian), and white mustard Br( assica nigra, Brassica juncea, and Sinapis +alba, respectively) but the spice and medicine trades seem to favor the white. And the canola and +rapeseed varieties have been hopelessly manipulated, even in the GMO efi ld. Few if any taxono- +mists and agronomists can distinguish all Brassica varieties and species, and probably fewer chem- +ists, herbalists, pharmacists, and physicians can be sure of the variety or species. My entries can be +no more reliable than their sources. Seems as though the group might better be treated generically +than specicafi lly or varietally. Black mustard is cultivated for its seeds, one source of commercial +table mustard, and used as a condiment and medicine. Seeds also contain both a fixed and an ess-en +tial oil, used as a condiment, lubricant, and soap constituent. Black mustard is mixed with white +mustard (Sinapis alba) to make mustard ofl ur, used in various condiments as “English Mustard” +when mixed with water, and “Continental Mustard” with vinegar. The leaves are eaten as a potherb. +Mustard ofl wers are good honey producers. In agriculture, mustard is also used as a cover crop. +Smoke from burning plants may repel flies and mosquitoes (BIB). +Commo N Names (bla Ck mustard ): +Aslrai (Hindi; KAB); Bilesasive (Kan.; KAB); Black Mustard (Eng.; CR2; WIN); Ch’ing Cheih +(China; EFS); Chou Noir (Fr.; BOU); Fekete Mustár (Hun.; EFS); Gruener Senf (Ger.; KAB); +Kalirai (Guj.; KAB); Kalo Tori (Nepal; NPM); Kalorai (India; EFS); Khardal (Arab.; BOU); Kh-ar +dal Aswad (Arab.; BOU; HJP); Khurdal (Arab.; KAB); Kuro Garashi (Japan; TAN); Libdan (Arab.; +BOU); Libsan (Arab.; BOU); Lifsan (Arab.; BOU); Mostarda (Mad.; JAD); Mostarda Negra (Por.; +EFS); Mostarda Ordinario (Por.; EFS); Mostaza Negra (Sp.; EFS); Mosterd (Dutch; KAB); Moutarde +Noir (Fr.; BOU); Napi (Greek; KAB); Navuce Rouge (Fr.; KAB); Raisarisha (Beng.; KAB); Rayo +(Nepal; SUW); Sansonv (Kon.; KAB); Sar Shaf (Iran; EFS); Sarsan (Bom.; KAB); Sarshapa (Sa- n +skrit; EFS); (Ger.; EFS); Schwartzer Senf (Ger.; EFS); Senapa (It.; KAB); Senapa Nera (Malta; +KAB); Senape Nera (It.; EFS); Senep (Den.; KAB); Sénevé Noir (Fr.; BOU); Senfkohl (Ger.; EFS); +Siya Hardal (Tur.; EFS); Sort Sennep (Den.; EFS); True Mustard (Eng.; KAB); Tzu Cheih (China; +EFS); Xawipanatek (Hocak; WIN); Yungs-nag (Tibet; NPM); Zwarte Mosterd (Dutch; EFS). +8202_C001.indd 67 11/12/07 2:24:21 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +a Ctivities (bla Ck mustard ): +Abortifacient (f; CEB; DAW); Anodyne (f; DAW); Antidote (Narcotics) (f; CEB; FEL; HJP); Anti-e +demic (f; KAB); Antifertility (f; WOI); Antiinafl mmatory (f; KAB); Antiscorbutic (f1; BOU; FNF); +Carminative (f; DAW); Cordial (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; DAW; FEL; HHB); Emetic (f; BOU; DAW); +Febrifuge (f; BOU); Gastrotonic (f; CEB); Insectifuge (f; KAB); Laxative (f; BOU; DAW); Memo- +rigenic (f; HJP); Orexigenic (f; DAW); Pancreatonic (f; CEB); Rubefacient (f; DAW; EFS; SUW); +Stimulant (f; DAW; WOI); Stomachic (f; DAW; EFS; HHB; WOI); Vesicant (f; DAW). +iNdi Catio Ns (bla Ck mustard ): +Abscess (f; DAW); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Ague (f; DEM); Alopecia (f; DAW); Ameba (f; DAW); +Amenorrhea (f; FEL); Angina (f; FEL; HHB); Anorexia (f; DAW; DEM; KAB); Apoplexy (f; FEL); +Arthrosis (1; FNF); Asthma (f; DEM); Bite (f; CEB); Bloat (f; DAW); Boil (f; DAW); Bronchosis (f; +HHB; PH2); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Ca-n +cer, neck (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, sinew (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen +(1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, wrist (1; FNF; +JLH); Cardiopathy (f; HHB; PH2); Chest cold (f; HJP); Cholera (f; FEL); Circulosis (f; PH2); Cold +(f; DAW; DEM; WIN); Congestion (f; DAW; FEL); Constipation (f; DAW; FEL); Cough (f; DAW); +Cramp (f; DAW); CVI (f; PH2); Depression (f; HJP); Dermatosis (f; DAW); Dropsy (f; HJP); Dys - +entery (f; DAW); Dysmenorrhea (f; FEL); Dyspepsia (f; CEB; FEL); Ectoparasite (f; DAW); Edema +(f; DAW); Enterosis (f; FEL; PH2); Epilepsy (f; DAW); Fever (f; BOU; DAW; DEM; FEL; HHB); +Fibroid (f; JLH); Fibroma (f; JLH); Gastrosis (f; FEL; PH2; WIN); Glaucoma (f; PH2); Headache (f; +DAW; FEL; PH2); Head-cold (f; DEM); Heartburn (f; HHB); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hiccups (f; DAW); +Induration (f; JLH); Inafl mmation (f; DAW; FEL); Itch (f; DAW); Lumbago (f; PH2); Lymphoma (f; +JLH); Maculitis (1, FNF); Meningosis (f; FEL); Nervousness (f; DEM); Neuralgia (f; DAW; WOI); +Ophthalmia (f; DAW); Otosis (f; DAW); Pain (f; DEM; FEL; HHB); Pharyngosis (f; DAW); Phthisis +(f; DEM); Pleurisy (f; DAW; FEL; PH2; WOI); Polyp (f; JLH); Pneumonia (f; DAW; PH2; WOI); +Pulmonosis (f; FEL); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (1; DAW; FNF; PH2; WOI); Rhinosis (f; +DAW); Sciatica (f; PH2); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sinusosis (f; PH2); Snakebite (f; DAW; SUW); Sple- +nosis (f; DAW; JLH; KAB); Spine (f; FEL); Stomachache (f; DAW); Sore Throat (f; DAW; KAB); +Stroke (f; HJP); Syncope (f; HJP); Toothache (f; CEB; DAW; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Tumor +(f; KAB); Typhus (f; FEL); Uterosis (f; JLH); Worm (f; DAW). +d osages (bla Ck mustard ): +FNFF = !!! +Seeds widely eaten as spice, or sprouted; also an oil source; leaves eaten raw or cooked; young +ofl wer clusters cooked like broccoli (FAC; TAN). +• Ayurvedics suggest the plant for anorexia, cough, dermatosis, fever, splenomegaly, itch, +parasites, throat, tumors, and worms (KAB). +• Balkans take black mustard early in the morning to prevent fainting spells and stroke, to +cheer the mind and help the memory (HJP). +• Iranians use mustard as an emetic for narcotic poisoning (HJP). +• Lebanese boil the seed with juniper berries for dropsy (HJP). +• Lebanese poultice the seeds, with or without afl xseed, for chest cold and counterirritant +(HJP). +• Syrians use mustard for indurations of the spleen (JLH). +• Unani view seeds as antiedemic, antiinafl mmatory, antitussive, bechic, laxative, orex-i +genic, stomachic, using for boils, rhuematism, splenomegaly, and toothache (KAB). +8202_C001.indd 68 11/12/07 2:24:22 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d ow Nsides (bla Ck mustard ): +Class 1 (Internal, ingestion of too much can be irritating); Class 2b (External; duration not to exceed 2 +weeks); not for children under 6 years of age. Severe burns can occur with long-term topical use (AHP). +Contraindications: children younger than 6 years; renal disease (mustard oil is absorbed through the +skin). Even external poultice should be limited to 5 to 10 minutes pediatrically, 10 to 15 minutes for +adults, less for sensitive patients (KOM). Millspaugh has said “unground seeds … proved dangerous, as +they are liable to become impacted in the bowel and set up a fatal inafl mmation” (CEB), 15 to 30 minutes +plaster can cause severe burns (AHP). Adverse effects: skin and nervous damage (prolonged use). Should +not be used for more than 2 weeks (AEH). Avoid taking with ammonia-containing products as ammonia +with mustard oil yields inactive thiosinamine (PH2). Contraindicated in GI ulcers and nephrosis (PHR). +Overdoses internally cause GI distress (PHR). Hyperthyroidism with goiter traced “to the use of the +isothiocyanates in mustard” (APA). Delaneyite nitpickologists will doubtless clamber to put the same +goitrogenic warning on all members of the mustard family as well as papaya, caper, and nasturtium. +Natural History (bla Ck mustard ): +The plants are fairly high in vitamins, minerals, and protein. The leaves are eaten by ducks, mus-k +rats, and deer, and serve as shelter for small aquatic animal life. Black mustard is insect pollinated. +Bees collect the copious mustard nectar and produce a mild-afl vored, light-colored honey. Mildews +appear on the leaves, causing malformation of ofl wer heads and pods, a situation often controlled +by sulfur dusting or spraying with Bordeaux Mixture. Main insect pest is Mustard Sawy fl (Athalia +lugens proxima), larvae of which feed on the leaves. Nematodes include Ditylenchus dipsaci, Het- +erodera crucifera, H. schachtii, Meloidogyne arenaria, M. hapla, Nacobbus aberrans, Xiphinema +indicum, Pratylenchus penetrans, and P. pratensis (HOE). +Box Woo D (buxus sempervirens L.) + BUxACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Buxus wallichiana Baillon fide DEP +Notes (boxwood ): +I will set in the desert the fir tree, and the pine, and the box tree together. +Isaiah 41:19 (KJV) +As in my out-of-print 1985 book, I have cited here those uses usually attributed to the European +box (Buxus sempervirens) because the biblical box (Buxus longifolia) is reported to have similar +properties. Balfour does not even distinguish them, referring to the box of Isaiah as “the Buxus +sempervirens” of botanists (BIB). Indeed, some authors consider this only a variant of the European +box, Buxus sempervirens. Zohary fails to list either (ZOH). The wood, hard and taking a fine polish, +is valued wherever a hardwood is needed, for carvings, combs, mathematical instruments, spoons, +and turnery, etc. Cultivated by the Romans for the hard wood, inlaid with ivory for cabinet work and +jeweled caskets. The wood was also used for tablets that were covered with wax and used for w-rit +ing. It was said to be used both as a substitute for hops and as a green manure for hops. Boiled with +lye it was supposed to tint the hair auburn. It is prized in the Holy Land as an ornamental evergreen. +Leaves sometimes used to adulterate uva-ursi (BIB). +Commo N Names (boxwood ): +‘Athaq (Arab.; BOU); Azazzer (Ber.; BOU); Bakas (Arab.; KAB); Baqs (Arab.; BOU); Beuqs (Ber.; +BOU); Bois Bénit (Fr.; KAB); ‘Boix (Cat.; BOU); Boj (Sp.; EFS); Boje (Sp.; EFS); Bojeo (Sp.; EFS); +8202_C001.indd 69 11/12/07 2:24:22 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens). +Bosso (It.; EFS); Bossolo (It.; EFS); Boxboom (Dutch; KAB); Boxwood (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2; +USN); Buchsbaum (Ger.; EFS); Buco (Por.; HH2); Buis (Fr.; BOU); Buis Commun (Fr.; KAB); Buis +Toujours Vert (Fr.; BOU; EFS); Buje (Sp.; HH2); Bujo (Sp.; HH2); Buksus (Rus.; KAB); Bush Tree +(Eng.; KAB); Busso (It.; KAB); Buxbom (Swe.; KAB); Buxo (It.; Por.; EFS; KAB); Bwès Beni (Bel- +gium; JLH); Chikri (India; Kas.; Pun.; DEP; EFS; KAB; WOI); Cimisu (Rom.; KAB); Cimsu (Rom.; +KAB); Common Box Tree (Eng.; BOU; EFS); Common Boxwood (Eng.; USN); Dudgeon (Eng.; +GMH); Duolgeon (Eng.; KAB); Dwarf Box (Eng.; KAB); European Box (Eng.; USN); Evergreen +Box (Eng.; KAB); Huang Yang Mu (China; EFS); Ibiqis (Ber.; BOU); Merisor Turcesc (Rom.; KAB); +Mortella (It.; KAB); Ozanne (Fr.; KAB); Palm (Dutch; KAB); Palmboom (Dutch; KAB); Palm- +boompje (Dutch; EFS); Pampri (India; EFS); Papar (Pun.; KAB); Papri (Jaunsar; Pun.; KAB); Papur +(Pun.; KAB); Poppar (Him.; Pun.; KAB); Pyxos (Greek; KAB); Samshit (Rus.; KAB); Sansadu +8202_C001.indd 70 11/12/07 2:24:43 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(Jaunsar; KAB); Shamshad (Arab.; Him.; Iran; Pun.; Urdu; BOU; KAB; WOI); Shanda Laghune +(Afg.; DEP; KAB); Shumaj (Pun.; DEP; KAB); S¸ims¸ir (Tur.; EFS); Turkish Boxwood (Eng.; USN). +a Ctivities (boxwood ): +Allergenic (1; HH2); Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; KAB); Antiacetylcholinesterase (1; +X15036468); Antibutylcholinesterase (1; X15036468); Anticholinesterase (1; X15036468); Antiox-i +dant (f; X15143441); Antiseptic (1; X11926538); Antitumor (f; CRC); Astringent (f; KAB); Bactericide +(1; PH2; X11926538); Cardiotonic (f; KAB); Cathartic (f; BIB; CRC); Cerebrotonic (f; KAB); Chol-a +gogue (f; CRC; EFS); Cytotoxic (1; HH2; PH2); Depurative (f; CRC; PHR); Dermatitigenic (1; HH2); +Diaphoretic (f; BIB; CRC; DEP; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; CRC); Emetic (f; BIB; CRC); Febrifuge (f; +CRC; DEP; EFS); Hepatotonic (f; KAB); Herbicide (1; X11926538); Hypotensive (1; HH2; PH2; +X1720559); Laxative (f; CRC; EFS; HHB); Narcotic (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Phytotoxic (1; X10346940); +Propecic (f1; EFS; HH2); Purgative (f; DEP; KAB); Sedative (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Sudoricfi (f; CRC; +EFS); Teratogenic (f; HH2); Tonic (f; EFS); Toxic (f; EFS); Vermifuge (f; CRC; EFS). +iNdi Catio Ns (boxwood ): +Alopecia (f1; BIB; EFS; PH2); Bacteria (1; PH2; X11926538); Bite (f; GMH); Bot (f; GMH); Cancer (f; +HHB; JLH); Constipation (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; HHB; PH2); Epilepsy (f; BIB; CRC; GMH; HHB); +Fever (f; CRC; DEP; EFS; KAB); Gout (f; CRC; HHB; PH2); Headache (f; KAB); Hemorrhoids (f; +BIB; CRC); Hepatosis (f; KAB); Infection (1; X11926538); Insomnia (f; EFS); Leprosy (f; CRC); +Malaria (f; CRC; EFS; HHB; PH2); Pain (f; KAB); Paralysis (1; PH2); Pneumonia (f; PH2); Proctosis +(f; KAB); Prolapse (f; KAB); Pulmonosis (f; HH2); Rash (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; BIB; BOU; CRC; +HHB; PH2); Stomatosis (f; KAB); Syphilis (f; BOU; CRC); Tetanus (1; PH2); Toothache (f; BIB; CRC; +HH2); Tuberculosis (1; PH2); Venereal Disease (f; BIB; BOU; CRC); Worm (f; CRC; EFS). +d osages (boxwood ): +FNFF = ? +I do not find anything in my usual edible plant books, but at least four sources suggest that the +leaves and bark are used as a substitute for tea in Gahrwal (WO2). One drachm powdered leaves as +purgative (GMH), 10 to 20 g powdered leaves as vermifuge (GMH); 1 to 2 oz wood in decoction as +sudoric (fi GMH). +• Belgians use the wood oil for cancers (JLH). +• Unani consider the seeds astringent, cardiotonic, cerebrotonic, hepatotonic, the leaves +good for headache, pain, and prolapsed anus (KAB). +d ow Nsides (boxwood ): +Class 3 (AHP). No health hazards known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2). The FDA Po-i +sonous Plant Database yielded 62 abstracts as of November 2004. Narcotic and sedative in full +doses, emeto-cathartic, possibly fatally so, and convulsant in overdoses (BIB). Leaves have caused +fatalities in grazing animals. Toxic symptoms include collapse, convulsions, cramps, dermatosis, +diarrhea, nausea, paralysis, shakes, vertigo, vomiting, and possibly death due to asphyxiation (CRC; +PH2). The lethal dose of the alkaloid mix called “Buxin” is 800 mg per dog, or 100 mg/kg body +weight, which speculatively estimated to humans would be 5 to 10 g/kg (HH2). +Natural History (boxwood ): +Leaves, occasionally browsed by goats and other animals, have proven fatal to cattle (WOI). +8202_C001.indd 71 11/12/07 2:24:44 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +extra Cts (boxwood ): +Most of the data above apply to Buxus sempervirens. Atta-ur-Rahman et al .reported new steroi- +dal alkaloids from Buxus longifolia: (+)-cyclovirobuxeine F, N-benzoyl-O-acetylbuxalongifoline, +buxasamarine, (+)-cyclobuxamidine, and two known steroidal bases (16 alpha-acetoxybuxaben-za +midienine and trans-cyclosuffrobuxinine) from the leaves of Buxus longifolia. The new alkaloids +showed signicafi nt antibacterial activity (X9358638). +GIANt MILKW eeD (cA lotropis procer A (WILLD.) AIt. x A sCLepIADACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Asclepias procera Ait.; Asclepias procera Willd.; Asclepias heterophylla Decaisne.; Calotropis +hamiltonii Wight.; Calotropis heterophylla Wall.; Calotropis inflexa Chiovenda; Calotropis mudari +Ham.; Calotropis syriaca (Gmel.) Woodson; Calotropis wallichii Wight. +Notes (g ia Nt milkweed ): +For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of +gall, their clusters are bitter. +Deuteronomy 32:32 (KJV) +For their vine comes from the vine of Sodom, and from the fields of Gomor’rah; their grapes are +grapes of poison, their clusters are bitter. +Deuteronomy 32:32 (RSV) +For their vine is from the vine of Sodom, and from the terraces of Gomor’rah; their grapes are +grapes of poison, their clusters are bitter. +Deuteronomy 32:32 (NWT) +Only Zohary, among the biblical scholars I have read, suggests this species as a biblical species, +noting, as I have noted, that it is very common in the Holy Land; wherever it is found, it is called by +its Arabic name osher. The apple of Sodom, he continues, is more a symbol than a botanical, gently +criticising other writers, like perhaps even me, who have equated the Apple of Sodom with such spe- +cies as Citrullus colocynthis, Solanum incanum, or Solanum sodomaeum, “unjustiafi bly” see the +latter species). Symbolizing the evil Gomorrah and Sodom, its cursed fruit is devoid of efl sh and full +of hairs (the silk). The juice is poisonous. Sodom was once happy, famed for its fruits and wealth. It +was burned by lightning but there are still remainders of that divine fire, and traces of the vfi e cities +are still there. The Calotropis fruits may look t fi to eat, but when picked they dissolve into smoke +and ashes. That certainly could apply to our local milkweed fruits and could apply equally well to +the ripe fruits of the giant milkweed, better than those of Citrullus or Solanum. This is how Jose- +phus interpreted the Apple of Sodom. Zohary accepts Josephus’s interpretation. Having seen giant +milkweed in Israel, Egypt, Kuwait, and wherever I go in the arid tropics, I am inclined to agree. +C. gigantea and C. procera are confused, with good reason, in the efi ld and in the herbarium. +They have very similar activities and indications (WO2). My Haitian source (AVP) includeAss cle- +pias gigantea as a synonym for Calotropis procera, implying to me that AVP was not distinguishing +the species. Vice versa for EFS. I have consequently entered all their common names below. Both are +called giant milkweed by the USDA, but that common name is preferred for the namesakeC . gigan- +tea. AH2 further confounded the issue by giving them both the same standardized name,m udar, but +8202_C001.indd 72 11/12/07 2:24:45 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Giant Milkweed (Calotropis procera). +8202_C001.indd 73 11/12/07 2:24:48 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +some different and some shared common names for the two species. Here I reluctantly accede to the +Herbal PDR (Edition 2), which treats the species separately. KAB keys the species as follows: +• Corolla lobes narrow, shorter than the staminal column with 2 obtuse auricles just below +the entire apex: C. gigantea +• Corolla lobes broader, as long as or longer than the staminal column without auricles +below the 2-cleft apex: C. procera +Commo N Names (g ia Nt milkweed ): +Akanda (India; EFS); Alabara (Sudan; AVP); Alarka (Sanskrit; EFS); Algodón de Arbol (Ma.; +JFM); Algodón de Seda (Cuba; Dr.; Sp.; AVP; RyM); Algodón de Sierra (Ma.; JFM); Algodón +Extranjero (Dr.; Sp.; AHL; JFM); Apple of Sodom (Eng.; ZOH); Arbole de Seda (Sp.; AVP; EFS; +JFM); Arbre à Soie (Fr.; Haiti; AVP; EFS; LWW); Arka (Ayu.; Sanskrit; AH2; EFS); Asclépiade +Géante (Fr.; AVP); Asclépias Géant (Guad.; AVP); Ashkar (Arab.; GHA); Auk, Auricula Tree (Ma.; +JFM); Babambi (Cameroon; HDN); Bambango (Togo; HDN); Baramadha Aka (?; Nepal); Bara- n +bakh (Arab.; BOU); Biduri (Malaya; EFS); Bo (Somalia; HDN); Bomba (Ma.; Pr.; JFM; LWW); +Bowstring Hemp (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Calotrop (Ma.; JFM); Calotrope (Fr.; BOU); Cazuela (Cuba; +Sp.; AVP; JFM); Ciúme (Brazil; MPB); Coton de France (Mart.; LWW); Coton Soie (Haiti, AHL; +AVP; JFM); Cow Heel (Ma.; JFM); Crown Flower (Eng.; AVP); Dindare (Eth.; HDN); Dumb Cotton +(Ma.; JFM); Estrella de Hollanda (Sp.; AVP); Etethero (Kenya; HDN); Fafetone (Fr.; BOU); Faftan +(Sen.; HDN); Faftan Calotrope (Ma.; JFM); Flôr da Sêda (Brazil; MPB); Flor de Seda (Brazil; +MPB); French Cotton (Bar.; Jam.; BOU; JFM; LWW); French Jasmine (Ma.; JFM); Ganganpi (Ivo.; +HDN); Giant Milkweed (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; AVP); Giant Swallowwort (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; AVP); +Gigantic Swallowort (Eng.; EFS); Hortênsia (Brazil; MPB); Huré Go (Burkina Faso; HDN); Jester’s +Cap (Eng.; AVP); Katuna di Seda (Dwi.; Ma.; JFK; LWW); Khok (Iran; EFS); Kihuta (Uganda; +HDN); Kipanpango (Gambia; HDN); Kpampuug (Ghana; HDN); Krenka (Arab.; BOU); Lechoso +(Ma.; JFM); Lembega (Malaya; EFS); Leta-Unde (Malwai; Yao; HDN); Liberty Tree (Ma.; Wi.; +JFM; LWW); Madar (Ocn.; AH2); Mal Casada (Dr.; Sp.; AVP); Mandara (Sanskrit; EFS); Mata +de Seda (Pr.; Sp.; AVP); Mercurio Vegetal (Ma.; JFM); Mudar (Fr.; Eng.; Scn.; AH2; EFS; ZOH); +Mudar Pafl nze (Ger.; EFS); Nfogo (Sudan; AVP); Negyi (Ber.; BOU); Niogo (Sudan; AVP); Oshaar +(Egypt; HDN); Oshar (Arab.; GHA); Osher (Arab.; ZOH); Oshur (Arab.; GHA); Palomitas de Seda +(Ma.; JFM); Palu di Leche (Ma.; JFM); Pomme de Sodom (Fr.; Ma.; BOU; JFM); Pompompogolo +(Sudan; AVP); Rembega (Malaya; EFS); Remiga (Malaya; EFS); Safed (Hindi); Sano Chad; HDN); +St. Thomas Bush (Bah.; Ma.; JFM; LWW); Sodom Apple (Eng.; HJP); Sprainleaf (Ma.; JFM); +Swallowwort (Ocn.; AH2); Torcha (Ber.; BOU); Totaa fi (Sudan; AVP); Tounfayfi a (Sudan; AVP); +Tourza (Ber.; BOU); Tula (Ma.; Pr.; JFM; LWW); Tumfaa fi (Hausa; Mali; Niger; Nig.; HDN); +Turdja (Maur.; HDN); Turuturu (Tanzania; HDN); Ushar (Arab.; Sudan; Syria; EFS; HDN; HJP); +Ushayr (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Ushr (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Wild Cotton (Bah.; Ma.; JFM; LWW); Wild +Down (Bah.; Ma.; JFM; LWW); Zijdkkatoen (Dwi.; Ma.; JFM; LWW). +a Ctivities (g ia Nt milkweed ): +Abortifacient (f; HDN); Acaricide (1; X14620053); Alexiteric (f; KAB); Alterative (f; DEP; +KAP); Analgesic (f1; KAB; MPB; X15848031); Anesthetic (f; HDN); Anthelmintic (1; HDN; +KAB; X16085379); Anticoagulant (1; HDN); Anticonvulsant (1; X16446065); Antidiabetic (1; +X16054794); Antiedemic (1; X15643548; X16192673); Antihistaminic (1; X16192673); Antiinafl m - +matory (1; HDN; KAB; MPB; X15643548; X16192673); Antinociceptive (1; X15848031); Antiox- +idant (1; X16054794); Antiseptic (f; HDN); Antispasmodic (f1; DEP; GHA; KAP; X15752643); +Antitumor (1; JFM; PH2; X15689169; X16688796); Anti-VEGF (1; X16688796); Anxiolytic (1; +X16446065); Bactericide (1; HDN); Bitter (f; KAP); Cardioactive (1; X3086679); Cardiotonic +8202_C001.indd 74 11/12/07 2:24:48 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(f1; BOU; KAP; PH2); Curare (1; HDN); Depilatory (f; DEP; HDN; KAB; MPB); Diaphoretic (f; +DEP; PH2; SUW); Digestive (f; KAB); Diuretic (f; HJP); Emetic (f; DEP; HJP; KAP; PH2; SUW); +Expectorant (f; BOU; DEP; KAP; PH2; SUW); Febrifuge (1; HDN; X16106390); Fibrinolytic (1; +HDN; X15922393); Fungicide (f; HJP); Gastrotonic (f; KAB); Hemostat (f; X15922393); Hepato- +protective (1; HDN; X16688796); Hypertensive (1; HDN); Insecticide (1; HDN; JFM); Insectifuge +(f; HDN); Larvicide (1; HDN; X12557934); Molluscicide (1; HDN); Nervine (f; DEP); Myorela-x +ant (1; X15752643); Neurotonic (f; GHA); Ovicide (1; HDN); Proteolytic (1; HDN; KAB; MPB; +X15922393); Purgative (f; GHA; KAP; SUW); Respirastimulant (1; HDN); Rubefacient (f; DEP); +Sedative (1; X16446065); Stimulant (f; KAB); Stomachic (f; EFS; KAB); Sudoric fi (f; EFS; KAP); +Tonic (f; DEP; KAP); Tranquilizer (f; MPB); Uterotonic (1; HDN; KAP); Vasoconstrictor (1; HDN); +Vermifuge (f1; HDN; X16085379); Vulnerary (f; HJP). +iNdi Catio Ns (g ia Nt milkweed ): +Abscess (f; HDN); Amenorrhea (f; HDN); Anasarca (f; DEP; KAB; PH2); Ancylostomiasis (f; +HDN); Anorexia (f; DEP); Aphtha (f; DEP); Apoplexy (f; BOU); Arthrosis (f1; DEP; HDN; HJP); +Ascites (f; DEP; PH2); Asthma (f; BOU; DEP; KAB; SUW); Bacillus (1; HDN); Bacteria (1; HDN); +Bite (f; KAB); Bleeding (f; X15922393); Bronchosis (f; DEP; KAP); Cachexia (f; DEP); Cancer +(f1; JLH; PH2; X15689169); Cancer, abdomen (f1; JLH; X15689169); Cancer, liver (f1; JLH; PH2; +X15689169; X16688796); Cancer, ovary (f1; JLH; X15689169); Cancer, skin (1; PH2; X15689169); +Cardiopathy (1; FNF; HDN); Caries (f; HDN); Catarrh (f; DEP; KAB); Chancre (f; HDN); Cold (f; +SUW); Colic (f; HDN); Constipation (f; DEP); Convulsion (f1; SEP; PH2; X15752643); Cough (f; +GHA; KAB; PH2; SUW); Cramp (f1; DEP; KAP; X15752643); Dermatosis (f; DEP; JFM; SUW); +Diabetes (1; X16054794); Diarrhea (f; SUW); Dropsy (f; DEP; HJP; KAB); Dysentery (f; BOU; +DEP; HJP; KAP; PH2; SUW); Dysmenorrhea (f; HDN); Dyspepsia (f; PH2; SUW); Dyspnea (f; +GHA); Dystocia (f; HDN); Earache (f; HJP); Edema (f1; HDN; X16192673); Elephantiasis (f; BOU; +DEP; SUW); Enterosis (f; KAB; PH2; SUW); Epididymitis (f; DEP); Epilepsy (f; DEP; HDN); +Escherichia (1; HDN); Fever (1; DEP; HDN; KAB; X16106390); Fungus (f; HJP); Gastrosis (f; +HDN); Gonorrhea (f; DEP); Headache (f; HDN; HJP; JFM); Hemorrhoid (f; DEP; HJP; KAB); +Hepatosis (f; DEP; KAB); High Blood Pressure (f; HDN); Hysteria (f; DEP); Infection (1; HDN); +Inafl mmation (1; HDN; KAB; MPB; X16192673); Insanity (f; HDN); Insomnia (f; HDN); Leprosy +(f; BOU; DEP; HJP; JFM; PH2; SUW); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Malaria (f; DEP; HJP; KAB); Myco- +sis (f; HJP); Obesity (f; PH2); Pain (f1; KAB; MPB; X15848031); Paralysis (f; DEP; KAB); Parasite +(f; HDN); Pertussis (f; HDN); Pharyngosis (f; KAP; PH2); Phthisis (f; DEP); Psychosis (f; HDN); +Rheumatism (f; DEP; MPB; SUW); Rhinosis (f; KAP; PH2); Ringworm (f; KAB); Scabies (f; BOU; +KAB); Sinusosis (f; HDN); Snakebite (f; DEP; KAB); Sore (f; BOU; JLH); Spasm (f1; DEP; KAP; +X15752643); Splenosis (f; DEP; KAB); Staphylococcus (1; HDN); Stomachache (f; HDN); Stoma- +tosis (f; DEP); Swelling (f1; DEP; JLH; KAB; SUW; X16192673); Syphilis (f; BOU; JFM; PH2; +SUW); Toothache (f; BOU; DEP; JFM; PH2); Tumor (f; JLH); Tuberculosis (f; HDN); Venereal +Disease (f; DEP; HJP; PH2); Vomiting (f; PH2; SUW); Wart (f; JLH); Whitlow (f; HDN); Worm +(f1; PH2; SUW; X16085379); Wound (f; DEP; GHA; KAB). +d osages (s odom ’s milkweed ): +FNFF = X +200–600 mg bark as a diaphoretic and expectorant, 2–4 g as emetic (HHB; PHR). Boil seven leaves +for 1 hour in 50 ml water; drink 4 ×/day (HDN). +• Arabians mix leaves with clove oil, Indian almond fruit, and black cumin seeds, heat, and +rub onto paralyzed limbs (GHA). +• Asian Indians use the roots or leaves for cancer, especially abdominal tumors (JLH). +8202_C001.indd 75 11/12/07 2:24:49 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Ayurvedics consider the ofl wers antisialogogue, orexigenic, stomachic, and tonic, using +them for asthma and piles; viewing the plant as anthelmintic, its ashes as expectorant, +they use the hot leaves to treat enteralgia (KAB). +• Baluchistani use the bark as an expectorant, roots as purgative, and dried juice as a-nti +spasmodic and neurotonic (GHA) +• Barbadans apply latex or leaves to rheumatic pains or swelling (JFM). +• Colombians consider the latex antisyphilitic, diaphoretic, emetic, vermifuge, and insert +it into aching teeth (JFM) +• Curacaons use fresh leaves, upper surface out, for headaches, and for sprains and sw-ell +ings, especially when a cold is coming on (JFM). +• Egyptian Bedouins use fresh leaf cataplasm for sunstroke, the latex for scabies in camels +and goats; they apply the latex to loosen them or alleviate toothache (BOU). +• Lebanese use latex as abortifacient, fungicide, vulnerary, for arthrosis, dermatosis, +dropsy, earache, headache, venereal disease, and wounds (HJP). +• North Africans smoke dry leaves for asthma (BOU). +• North Africans use stomachic sudoric fi root bark for dysentery, elephantiasis, and syph-i +litic ulcers (BOU). +• Omani oil painful spots on back or joints and then apply heatedC alotropis leaves (GHA). +• Pathans use the root as a toothbrush, hoping to cure toothache (KAB). +• Venezuelans use the latex to treat dermatoses and leprosy (JFM). +• Yemeni use dry leaf/twig decoction for breathing difcfi ulties (GHA). +d ow Nsides : (g ia Nt milkweed ): +No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2). Dangerous plant. +Very high doses may cause death (PH2), following bradycardia, convulsion, diarrhea, and vo-mit +ing (PH2). Traditional use in India may cause severe bullous dermatosis, leading occasionally to +hypertrophic scars. Perkins and Payne note convulsions, diarrhea, vomiting, slowed but stronger +heartbeat, labored respiration, increased blood pressure, and possible death (CRC). +extra Cts (g ia Nt milkweed ): +Calotropine effective in vitro against epidermoid tissue cultures of the rhinopharynx (PH2). Many +extract activities listed in HDN. +CApeR BUsh (cA ppAris spinos A L.) +++ CAppARACeAe +syNo Nyms : + Capparis rupestris Sm. fide USN +Notes (Caper bus H): +Also when they shall be afraid of that which is high, and fears shall be in the way, and the almond +tree shall flourish, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail: because man +goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets. +Ecclesiastes 12:5 (KJV) +They are afraid also of what is high, and terrors are in the way; the almond tree blossoms, the +grasshopper drags itself along and desire fails; because man goes to his eternal home, and the +mourners go about the streets. +Ecclesiastes 12:5 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 76 11/12/07 2:24:50 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Caper Bush (Capparis spinosa). +Also they have become afraid merely at what is high, and there are terrors in the way. And the almond +tree carries blossoms, and the grasshopper drags itself along and the caper berry bursts; because +man is walking to his long- lasting house, and the wailers have marched around in the street. +Ecclesiastes 12:5 (NWT) +While KJV and RSV call it “desire,” the NWT graciously, and I hope accurately, calls it caper. I +know that the capers of commerce belong to two taxonomic species: Capparis decidua (Scn. = +karira, AH2) and Capparis spinosa (Scn. = caper bush, AH2; the biblical desire, ZOH), both of +which occur in the Holy Land. The karira is almost leaefl ss, like a broom, with corymbose red +ofl wers, while the caper bush is a leafy clambering shrub with white ofl wers solitary or in fascicles +of two or three (KAB; ZOH). Sharing some of the healthy virtures with the mustard family (Bras- +sicaceae), this might be considered another healthy component of the Mediterranean diet. +Commo N Names (Caper bus H): +Abiyonah (Heb.; BI2); Alcaparra (Por.; USN); Alcaparro (Sp.; EFS; USN); Amseilih (Ber.; BOU); +Asef (Arab.; BOU); Assaaf (Arab.; BOU); Avionah (Heb.; ZOH); Azuf (Arab.; KAB); Bandar +8202_C001.indd 77 11/12/07 2:25:05 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(Pun.; KAB); Barar (Pun.; KAB); Barari (Pun.; KAB); Bassar (Pun.; KAB); Bauri (Jaunsar; Pun.; +KAB); Belachem (Ber.; BOU); Ber (Hindi; Pun.; KAB); Bussar Ultakanta (Kum.; KAB); Cabriola +(Sp.; EFS); Caper (Eng.; CR2); Caper Bush (Eng.; Scn.; AH2); Cappara (Malta; KAB); Capparo +(It.; KAB); Cappero (It.; TAN); Câprier (Fr.; BOU; USN); Câprier Commun (Fr.; BOU); Câprier +Epineux (Fr.; BOU); Common Caper (Eng.; HJP); Edible Caper (Eng.; DEP); El Azaf (Arab.; ZOH); +Ezov (Heb.; KAB; ZOH); Fakouha (Arab.; GHA); Felfel el-djebel (Arab.; BOU); Kabar (Arab.; +Bom.; Iran; Syria; Urdu; DEP; KAB); Kabar Karak (Iran; EFS); Kabarish (Tur.; KAB); Kabarit +el Weli (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kabarra (Pun.; KAB); Kabawa (Afg.; KAB); Kabbar (Arab.; BI2; +BOU); Kabbara (Afg.; KAB); Kabra (Hindi; India; Lad.; Pun.; Tibet; EFS; KAB; MKK); Kabur +(Arab.; KAB); Kachra (India; EFS); Kakadani (Sanskrit; EFS); Kakri (Pun.; KAB); Kalo Kantharo +(Guj.; WO2); Kalvari (Sin.; KAB); Kander (Pun.; KAB); Kantharo (Guj.; WO2); Kaparis (Greek; +KAB); Kapernbaum (Ger.; USN); Kapernstrauch (Ger.; USN); Kapersovyi Kust (Rus.; KAB); Kap- +ertjessstruik (Dutch; EFS); Kapperboom (Dutch; KAB); Karika (Sanskrit; EFS); Katrimullinag- +idda (Kan.; WO2); Kaur (Pun.; KAB); Kebir (Iran; KAB); Kebre (Tur.; EFS); Keri (Pun.; KAB); +Khafkhander (Jhalawan; KAB); Khakandir (Jhalawan; KAB); Khawarg (Bal.; KAB); Kiabara +(Arab.; EFS); Kiari (Jaunsar; Pun.; KAB); Kirap (Las Bela; Ormara; KAB); Kokilakshamu (Tel.; +KAB; WO2); Krap (Las Bela; Ormara; KAB); Kronbeiser (Arab.; BOU); Kulvari (Sin.; DEP); +Kurak (Iran; KAB); Lasafa (Arab.; BI2; GHA); Lassaf (Arab.; BOU; ZOH); Marattamaggu (Kan.; +WO2); Mullukattari (Kan.; KAB); Ouailoulou (Ber.; BOU); Pahinro (Diwana; Las Bela; KAB); +Panetero (Las Bela; KAB); Qabbar (Arab.; Mali; UPW); Ouailoulou (Ber.; BOU); Shafallah (Arab.; +Oman; Qatar; Saudi; GHA); Shalem (Arab.; BOU); Shwak el Hhimâr (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Tailou- +out (Ber.; BOU); Taker (Pun.; KAB); Taparera (Cat.; KAB); Tapenier (Fr.; KAB); Taybout (Ber.; +BOU); Tsailaloul (Ber.; BOU); Ul A¸saf (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Ulta Kanta (Kum.; DEP). +a Ctivities (Caper bus H): +Alterative (f; EFS); Analgesic (f; BIB; SKJ); Anthelmintic (f1; BIB); Antiallergic (1; X15799005); +Anticystic (1; WO2); Antidote (Beryllium) (f; WO2); Antierythemic (1; X15799005); Antihista- +minic (1; X15799005); Antiparalytic (f; HAD); Antiseptic (f; BOU); Antiviral (1; WO2); Aphrod-i +siac (f; BIB; BOU); Astringent (f; EFS; WO2); Bactericide (1; BIB; WO2); Capillariprotective (f; +BOW); Deobstruent (f; DEP); Diuretic (f; EFS; SKJ; WO2); Emmenagogue (f; BIB; DEP); Expec- +torant (f; BIB; EFS; GHA; WO2); Fungicide (1; BIB; WO2); Hemostat (f1; WO2); Molluscicide (1; +X15287187); Orexigenic (f; BIB; BOU; HOS; WO2); Purgative (f; HAD); Stimulant (f; BIB; EFS); +Tonic (f; EFS; GHA; SKJ). +iNdi Catio Ns (Caper bus H): +Adenopathy (f; BIB; JLH); Aging (f; BIB); Allergy (1; X15799005); Amenorrhea (f; DEP); Arte- +riosclerosis (f; BIB; BOU); Arthrosis (f; BIB); Bleeding (f; BOW); Cancer (f1; BIB); Cancer, abd-o +men (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, groin +(f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, head (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (f1; +FNF; JLH); Cancer, neck (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f1; FNF; +JLH); Cataract (f; BIB); Chill (f; BIB; BOU); Cirrhosis (f; WO2); Cold (f; BIB); Conjunctivosis (f; +BOW); Cough (f; BOW; GHA); Cramp (1; HOS); Cystosis (f; JLH); Dengue (f; BIB; HJP); Diabetes +(f; GHA); Diarrhea (f; BOW; BOU); Dropsy (f; BIB; BOU; DEP); Dysentery (f; BIB); Dysmenor- +rhea (f; BIB); Earache (f; BI2; GHA); Enterosis (f; BOW); Erythema (1; X15799005); Fever (f; +BOU); Fracture (f; BIB); Ganglion (f; BOU); Gastrosis (f; BOW; GHA); Gout (f; DEP; SKJ; WO2); +Headache (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f1; JLH; HOS; WO2); Hyperacidity (f; MKK); Impotence (f; BOU); +Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f; BOW; BOU); Infertility (f; BIB; BOU); Inafl mmation (f1; HOS); +Malaria (f; BIB; HJP); Malta Fever (f; BIB); Nephrosis (f; BOU; JLH; WO2); Ophthalmia (f; BIB; +BOU); Otosis (f; BIB); Pain (f; BIB); Palsy (f; DEP); Paralysis (f; HAD); Rheumatism (f; HJP; +8202_C001.indd 78 11/12/07 2:25:05 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +WO2); Sclerosis (f; BIB); Sciatica (f; BIB); Scrofula (f; BIB; BOU); Scurvy (f1; DEP; WO2); Snak-e +bite (f; BIB); Sore (f; DEP); Splenomegaly (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; BIB; BOU; WO2); Toothache (f; +BIB); Tuberculosis (f1; BIB; WO2); Tumors (f1; BIB; HOS); Ulcer (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; JLH); Wart +(f; BIB; JLH); Worm (f; GHA). +d osages (Caper bus H): +FNFF = !! +Food farmacy. Young pickled buds, the capers of commerce, imparted the biblical “desire” or relish +to food. Mediterranean capers are gathered and steeped in vinegar for an appetizer. Flower buds +used to afl vor canapes, gravies, salads, and sauces, after being cooked and pickled. Raw capers are +all but unpalatable and much improved in the pickling process. Bay leaves, black pepper, and/or t-ar +ragon are good in the pickling vinegar. Some favor capers pickled in sea salt. Some French sauces +graced with capers include ravigote, remoulade, tartare, and some vinaigrettes. Sprouts sometimes +eaten like asparagus, as well as the buds and shoots. Pickled fruits eaten in Arabia, in Cyprus, and +Punjab; branch tips are also pickled (FAC; HOS; TAD; TAN). +• Algerians boil whole plant in oil as a puerperal hydragogue (HOS). +• Arabians use leaves with leaves of Rhazya stricta for diabetes (GHA). +• Arabians use powdered leaves in cooking oil as eardrops for earache (GHA). +• Asian Indians apply the expressed caper juice to earache (BI2). +• Asian Indians use capers for burns, pulmonosis, sores, tuberculosis, and wounds (BI2). +• Bedouins use, with Teucrium pilosum, as a cold inhalant; they boil chopped or pow- +dered leaves, inhaling the vapors for headache; they apply decoction in cloth poultices to +arthritic pains; barren women are covered with ground leaves oCf apparis and Tamarix +to inhale the vapors (HOS). +• Hoggar use the plant to treat rheumatism (UPW). +• Iranians use the plant for intermittent fever and rheumatism (HOS). +• Latinos take brandy, honey, or wine decoctions for liver ailments (JLH). +• Lebanese take plant decoction for dengue, malaria, and Malta fever, regarding the root +specic ffi or malaria or splenomegaly following malaria (HJP), +• North Africans use flower buds in compresses for the eyes (BOU). +• Spaniards think eating capers staves off old age (BI2). +• Unani consider the root bark aperient, analgesic, emmenagogue, expectorant, and verm- i +fuge, using it in adenopathy, paralysis, rheumatism, splenomegaly, and toothache; they +use the juice to kill worms (KAB). +d ow Nsides (Caper bus H): +Isothiocyanates in overdose can cause problems. +Natural History (Caper bus H): +Leaves and fruits are favored foods of goats and sheep (DEP). The nocturnal ofl wers are pollinated +by hawk moths, and the seeds are disseminated by birds (ZOH). +extra Cts (Caper bus H): +Stachydrine, in animals, hastens coagulation. Shirwaikar et al. (1996) found antihepatotoxic act- iv +ity in alcoholic, ether, ethyl acetate, and petrol extracts of root bark. All reduced elevated serum +transaminases (orally in rats up to 2000 mg/kg with no evident toxicity) (FT67(3):200). +8202_C001.indd 79 11/12/07 2:25:06 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +sAFFLo WeR (cA rth Amus tinctorius L.) +++ Aste RACeAe +syNo Nyms : + Cnicus indicus fide EFS +Notes (sa FFlower ): +Thy plants are an orchard of pomegranates, with pleasant fruits; camphire, with spikenard, +Spikenard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, +with all the chief spices: +Song of Solomon 4:13–14 (KJV) +Your shoots are an orchard of pomegranates with all choicest fruits, henna with nard, nard and +saffron, calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense, myrrh and aloes, with all chief spices. +Song of Solomon 4:13–14 (RSV) +Your skin is a paradise of pomegranates, with the choicest fruits, henna plants along with spike- +nard plants; spikenard and saffron, cane and cinnamon, along with all sorts of trees of frankin- +cense, myrrh and aloes, along with all the finest perfumes. +Song of Solomon 4:13- 14 (NWT) +Israeli authors such as Zohary, more familiar with the Israeli Flora and the Holy Land than am I, +should be better equipped to speculate as to which herbs were really meant in some elusive pas- +sages. I am both pleased and displeased to note that Zohary, too, leaves a few problems unresolved, +including one involving two major medicinal plants (saffron and turmeric) and one minor medicinal +(safofl wer), all sources of yellow dyes. All three can be grown in the warmer regions of Israel, but +the turmeric would be difcfi ult. Saffron and safofl wer would both be easy to grow. Here are points +that Zohary makes: “Saffron (in Hebrew, karkom) is mentioned only once in the Bible.” (ZOH) +Some commentators identify it with turmeric, which “was never grown” (ZOH) in Israel, others +with saffron, which was probably grown but only in postbiblical times. There is linguistic support +for both possibilities. “There is no doubt that the sown karkom efi lds mentioned in the Mishnah (of +the Talmud) refer to Crocus sativus.” (ZOH) More data he presents point “to the identicfi ation of +biblical karkom as turmeric and not as crocus…. But doubt arises when one considers another widely +cultivated annual yielding numerous heads of orange ofl wers” (ZOH) (safofl wer, Carthamus tincto- +rius). Zohary notes that safofl wer was cultivated in Egypt as early as 3500b .c., first for its ofl wers and +dyes, later for its oilseed potential. Where does this leave me? Should I include just one or all three +candidates for the one mention of saffron in the Bible? From the medicinal point of view, turmeric +seems even more important than saffron, which appears even more important than safofl wer. Ditto +from the likelihood point of view, based on the views of Zohary. In reading Zohary, I think he would +place his bets first on safofl wer, then on turmeric, and finally on crocus, as the biblical saffron. +Commo N Names (sa FFlower ): +Açafrão (Mad.; Por.; EFS; PST); Açafrão Bastardo (Por.; USN); African Saffron (Eng.; KAB); +Agnishikha (Sanskrit; KAB); Agnisikha (Tel.; KAB); Akhariza (Arab.; KAB); Alazar (Sp.; EFS); +Alazor (Spain; VAD); American Saffron (Eng.; EFS); Azafrán (Sp.; Ven.; JLH); Azafrán e la Tierra +(Pi.; KAB); Azafrán Romí (Sp.; KAB; EFS); Barre (Hindi; Nwp.; DEP; KAB); Bastard Safran (Ger.; +EFS); Bastard Saffron (Eng.; HJP); Basterd Saffraan (Dutch; KAB); Biri (Tag.; KAB); Brandusa +de Tvvamna (Rom.; KAB); Bundi (Rajputana; KAB); Cachumba (Pam.; KAB); Cartamo (It.; EFS); +8202_C001.indd 80 11/12/07 2:25:07 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Safofl wer ( Carthamus tinctorius). +8202_C001.indd 81 11/12/07 2:25:10 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Cártamo (Sp.; EFS; USN); Carthame des Teinturiers (Fr.; EFS); Carthamine Dye (Eng.; DEP); +Casabha (Vis.; KAB); Chendurukam (Tam.; KAB); Cnigue (Fr.; KAB); Croco Bastardo (It.; EFS); +Croco Hortense (It.; KAB); Crocus (Eng.; JLH); Daccam (Ic.; KAB); Dyer Saffron (Eng.; ZOH); +Farberdistel (Ger.; EFS); Farber Saofl r (Ger.; EFS); Faux Safran (Fr.; EFS); Galapmachu (Manipur; +KAB); Gartensafran (Ger.; KAB); Ghosfor (Malta; KAB); Graine de Perroquet (Fr.; EFS); Grano de +Perrouget (Lan.; KAB); Gulekafshah (Iran; KAB); Habb et Quirthim (Arab.; JLH); Heboo (Burma; +KAB); Hong Fah (Malaya; KAB); Hong Hua (China; Pin.; AH2; EFS); Hong Lang Hoa (China; +KAB); Ihhrid (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kadaya (Mar.; KAB); Kagireh (India; EFS); Kajirah (Beng.; +KAB); Kamalottara (Sanskrit; DEP; EFS); Kar (Hindi; Nwp.; DEP; KAB); Karada (Guj.; KAB); +Kardai (Bom.; DEP; KAB); Karha (Urdu; KAB); Karkom? (Heb.; ZOH); Kartam (Tur.; EFS); Ka-s +embar (India; EFS); Kasumba (Malaya; EFS); Kazhirah (Iran; DEP); Kazirah (Iran; EFS); K-es +umba (Malaya; EFS); Khasaddana (Iran; EFS); Khoinbo (Sin.; KAB); Knikos (Greek; KAB); Kurdi +(Mar.; DEP); Kurtam (Pun.; DEP); Kurthum (Arab.; EFS); Kurtim (Egypt; KAB); Kusambe (Kan.; +KAB); Kusanbe (Kan.; DEP); Kusbo (Kon.; KAB); Kushumba Vittulu (Tel.; DEP); Kusum (Beng.; +DEP); Kusumba (Cutch; India; DEP; EFS); Kusumbha (Ayu.; AH2); Mexican Saffron (Eng.; FAC); +Parrot Seed (Eng.; HJP); Powari Jo Bij (Sin.; DEP); Qirtim (Arab.; DEP); Qurtum (Arab.; Syria; +HJP); Safefl r (Swe.; KAB); Safofl er (Dutch; EFS); Safofl wer (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; HJP; USN; ZOH); +Safir (Pun.; KAB); Saofl r (Rus.; KAB); Safra Bort Saafrano (Cat.; KAB); Safran Bâtard (Fr.; DEP; +EFS); Sendurgam (Tam.; DEP); Su (Burma; DEP); Usfar (Arab.; EFS); ‘Usfur (Arab.; Syria; HJP); +Wilder Safran (Ger.; EFS); Wilde Saffraan (Dutch; EFS); Wild Saffron (Eng.; EFS); Za’farân +(Arab.; Syria; HJP); Zafferano Falso (It.; EFS). +a Ctivities (sa FFlower ): +Abortifacient (AHP; HHB; PH2); Analgesic (f1; EFS; WO3); Anodyne (f; EFS); Antiacne (1; +JAR12:99); Antiaggregant (1; AHP; PNC); Antiaging (f; KAB); Antiedemic (1; WO3); Antifertility +(f; DAA); Antihydrotic (f; HHB; PH2); Antiinafl mmatory (1; PNC; WO3; X8987908); Antiischemic +(1; X8425843; X12802724); Antimelanogenic (1; X15577216); Antimelanomic (1; X15577216); +Antioxidant (1; X15706901); Antipyretic (f; PED); Antitumor (1; PH2; X8604239); Aphrodisiac (f; +KAB); Bactericide (1; WO2); Bechic (f; KAB); Bitter (PED); Calcium Blocker (1; WO3; X8281577); +Cardiotonic (1; WO3); Carminative (f; KAB); Cathartic (1; WO2); Cytotoxic (1; X11090999); +Decongestant (f; DAA); Diaphoretic (f; DAA; HJP; PED); Diuretic (f; KAB; PNC); Emmenagogue +(f1; AHP; EFS; HHB; PH2; WO2); Expectorant (f; HHB; PH2); Febrifuge (f; DAA); Fungicide +(1; DAA; VAD); Hypocholesterolemic (1; HHB); Hypoglycemic (f1; VAD); Laxative (f1; DEP; +HHB; HJP; PH2; PNC; WO2); Lipolytic (f; VAD); Nematicide (1; VAD; WO2); Neuroprotective (1; +X8425843; X12802724); Orexigenic (f; KAB); Phototoxic (f; DAA); Purgative (f; EFS; PH2); Seda- +tive (f1; KAB; WO2); Stimulant (f1; HHB; PH2; WO2); Teratogenic (1; X11090999); Thrombolytic +(1; X15806964); Tyrosinase Inhibitor (1; X15577216); Uterotonic (1; AHP; X7646782); Vermifuge +(f; DAA). +iNdi Catio Ns (sa FFlower ): +Acne (1; JAR12:99); Amenorrhea (f1; AHP; DAA; DEP; PH2); Anorexia (f; KAB); Arteriosclerosis +(f; VAD); Arthrosis (f; HJP; PH2); Bacteria (1; DAA); Boil (f; DAA); Bronchosis (f; KAB; PH2); +Bruises (f; PNC); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, skin (f1; PH2; X8604239); Ca-n +cer, stomach (f; PH2); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Candida (1; DAA); Cardiopathy (f; PNC); Catarrh (f; +KAB); Chickenpox (f; PED); Childbirth (f; DAA; DEP); Cold (f; KAB); Comedon (1; JAR12:99); +Congestion (f; DAA); Constipation (f; DEP; HJP; VAD); Cough (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; KAB; +PNC; VAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAA; PNC); Dystocia (f; DAA); Dysuria (f; KAB); Edema (1; +WO3); Embolism (f1; VAD; X15806964); Enterosis (f; VAD); Escherichia (1; DAA); Fever (f; DAA; +PNC); Fungus (f1; DAA; KAB; VAD); Hepatosis (f; JLH; KAB; PED); High Cholesterol (f; VAD); +8202_C001.indd 82 11/12/07 2:25:10 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Impotence (f; KAB); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; DAA; VAD); Inafl mmation (1; JLH; WO3); +Insomnia (1; WO3); Ischemia (1; X8425843); Itch (f; KAB); Jaundice (f; DEP; KAB); Leprosy (f; +KAB); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Measles (f; DEP; KAB; PNC); Metrorrhagia (f; HHB); Mycosis (f1; +DAA; KAB; VAD); Neurosis (1; X8425843); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Pain (f1; PH2; VAD; WO3); +Paralysis (f; DEP; HHB); Parasite (f; VAD); Pemphigus (f; DAA); Pneumonia (f; DAA; HHB; PH2); +Pulmonosis (f; KAB); Rheumatism (f; DEP; HHB); Ringworm (f; KAB); Scabies (f; KAB; PH2); +Scarlatina (f; DEP; KAB); Sore (f; DEP; KAB); Sore Throat (f; KAB); Sprain (f; HJP); Strangury +(f; KAB); Swelling (1; WO3); Thrombosis (f1; VAD; X11243195); Uterosis (f; DAA; DEP); Wound +(f; DAA; PH2; PNC); Yeast (1; DAA). +d osages (sa FFlower ): +FNFF = !! +Seeds roasted and eaten as vegetable; leaves cooked like spinach; ofl wers used as poor man’s sa-f +fron, often cooked with rice or used as food dye; seed oil commercially available in the United +States (DEP; FAC); 1 g in tea; to 3 ×/day (HHB); 1–2 tsp fresh ofl wer (PED); 2–3 g dry ofl wer +(PED); 3 g dry flower:15 ml alcohol/15 ml water (PED); 10 g achene/day as laxative (VAD). +• Ayurvedics suggest laxative ofl wers for leprosy, strangury; seeds aphrodisiac; leaves +diuretic, laxative, orexigenic, for dysuria and ophthalmia (KAB). +• Bengali apply seed oil, three to six applications, for itch (KAB). +• Indochinese use flowers as emmenagogue and tonic, for dysmenorrhea and paralysis +(KAB), +• Iranians use seed oil in salves for rheumatism and sprains (HJP). +• Jamaicans mash the seed in sweet water as laxative, flowers for jaundice (DEP). +• Lebanese often give children the diaphoretic laxative floral tea (HJP). +• Lebanese use safofl wer oil in liniments (e.g., for rheumatism) (HJP). +• Philippinos use flowers to treat jaundice (KAB). +• Unani view ofl wers as diuretic, expectorant, hepatotonic, hypnotic, for boils, bronchitis, +complexion, leukoderma, piles, ringworm, scabies; the seeds or seed oil good for old +folk, analgesic, aphrodisiac, bechic, carminative, purgative, for arthrosis, catarrh, he-pa +tosis, leukoderma, scabies, sore throat (KAB). +• Venezuelans apply the plant in cataplasms to tumors (JLH). +d ow Nsides (sa FFlower ): +Class 2b-2d. Contraindicated in patients with hemorrhagic disease or peptic ulcers. Reportedly +abortifacient, emmenagogue, and uterotonic. May prolong blood coagulation time (AHP). No health +hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2). +Natural History (sa FFlower ): +Safofl wer is self-pollinated with some cross-pollination. Pollen and nectaries are abundant with +insects working the ofl wers. Safofl wer is attacked by many fungi: Alternaria carthami (leaf spot +and bud rot), A. zinniae, Bremia lactucae, Cercospora carthami, Cercosporella carthami, Chae- +tomium globosum, Collectorichum capsici, Corticium solani, Ectoctroma carthami, Epicoccum +nigrum, Erysiphe cichoracearum, Fusarium acuminatum, F. solani, Gloeosporium carthami, +Glomerella cingulata, Leveillula compositarum, L. taurica, Macrophomina phaseoli, Macro- +sporium carthami, Marsonia carthami, Oidium carthami, Oidiopsis taurica, Phyllosticta car- +thami, Phytophthora drechsleri (root rot), Ph. palmivora, Ph. parasitica, Puccinia carthami (rust), +Pythium debaryanum, P. oligandrum, Ramularia carthami, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Septoria +carthami, Verticillium albo-atrum (wilt). It is parasitized by Orobanche cernua and Striga lutea, +8202_C001.indd 83 11/12/07 2:25:11 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +and is attacked by the Chilli mosaic and Cucumber mosaic virusesP. seudomonas solanacearum, +a bacterium, attacks it. Among the nematodes, the following have been isolated from safofl wer: +Meliodogyne incognita acrita, M. javanica. Insect pests include Lygus bugs, wireworms, aphids, +leaf hoppers, thrips, and sunofl wer moth larvae (HOE). +CeDAR o F LeBANo N (c edrus lib Ani A. RICh.) ++ p INACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Cedrus cedrus Huth.; C. libanotica Link; C. libanitica (Trew) Pilger; C. libanensis Juss. ex Mirb.; +C. patula K. Koch, Larix cedrus fide CJE and EFS +Notes (Cedar o F l eba No N): +Let fire come out of the bramble, and devour the cedars of Lebannon. +Judges 9 (KJV) +This marvelous handsome tree once forested many slopes of Lebanon, but many were cut because +of their excellent qualities. Both the First and the Second Temples in Jerusalem were made of cedar. +Biblical scholars (e.g., Moldenke and Moldenke) lament the “history of the Holy Land,” which has +been transformed from a land of palms, ofl wing with milk and honey, to its present inhospitable +desert condition. How ironic that this plundering of the forests was begun by men who wanted to +build a temple to God, a place where men might worship their Creator. William Cullen Bryant +beautifully praised the cedars, clearly predicting my sentiments: +“The groves were God’s first temples, +Ere man learned +To hew the shaft …” +Solomon, in one of the first recorded “botany lectures,” spoke of trees “from the cedar that is in +Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springeth out of the wall.” Ironically, he is one of the first recorded +plunderers of the forest as well. He is said to have raised a group of 30,000 Israelites and sent them in +turns, some 10,000 a month, to fell the trees, with the assistance of 150,000 slaves, under the superv-i +sion of 3300 ofcfi ers. They labored seven years to build a “temple for the glory of God” and thirteen +more to build the fabulous House of the Forest of Lebanon that so impressed the Queen of Sheba. +Adding conservational insult to injury, goats were permitted to browse the deforested slopes, finish- +ing off the once moist forests, converting it to “one of the most impoverished” areas in the world. The +cedar exudes a balsam that makes the durable wood very aromatic. Resistant to decay and insects, +the timber is excellent for such building. Lebanese correctly believe the tree puriefi s the air (BIB). +Commo N Names (Cedar o F l eba No N): +Arz (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Arz Libnan (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Arz ur Rabb (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Cedar (Eng.; +ZOH); Cedar of Lebanon (Eng.; CJE; CR2; HJP); Ceder van de Libanon (Dutch; EFS); Cèdre du Liban +(Fr.; EFS); Cedro del Libano (It.; Sp.; EFS); Doedar (India; EFS); Devadaru (Sanskrit; EFS); Erez (Heb.; +ZOH); Glory of Lebanon (Eng.; ZOH); Ibhûl (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kedros (Greek; JLH); Lebanese Cedar +(Eng.; CJE), Libanon Zeder (Dutch; EFS); Sanobar i Hind (Iran; EFS); Stnûb (Arab.; Syria; HJP). +a Ctivities (Cedar o F l eba No N): +Antiseptic (1; X11962214); Bactericide (1; X10548751); Diuretic (f; BIB; EFS); Expectorant (1; +HHB; PH2); Fungicide (1; FNF); Insecticide (f; BIB). +8202_C001.indd 84 11/12/07 2:25:11 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe .0 Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani). +iNdi Catio Ns (Cedar o F l eba No N): +Asthma (f; BIB; HJP); Bacteria (1; X10548751); Bacillus (1; X10548751); Blenorrhagia (f; BIB); +Boil (f; BIB; HJP); Bronchosis (f; BIB); Burn (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer (f; BIB; JLH); Catarrh (1; PH2); +Cough (1; FNF; HHB); Dermatosis (f; BIB); Enterobacter (1; X10548751); Fungus (1; FNF); Gastro- +sis (f1; × 1047317)5; Helicobacter (1; X10473175); Induration (f; BIB; JLH); Infection (f1; BIB; HJP; +X11962214); Klebsiella (1; X10548751); Listeria (1; X10548751); Mycobacterium (1; X10548751); +Phthisis (f; BIB); Proteus (1; X10548751); Pseudomonas (1; X10548751); Pulmonosis (f; HJP); Rash +(f; BIB); Respirosis (f; BIB; HJP); Staphylococcus (1; X10548751); Tuberculosis (1; BIB; HHB). +8202_C001.indd 85 11/12/07 2:25:31 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d osages (Cedar o F l eba No N): +FNFF = ? +Tree sometimes produces an edible manna (TAN). +• Algerians use deodar cedar pitch for boils and dislocations (HJP). +• Egyptians use sap or oil from the wood for burns, cancer, and indurations (JLH). +• Lebanese inhale the smoke from burning branches for asthma-like pulmonary difcfi ul - +ties (HJP). +• Lebanese use the pitch and ashes in salves to poultice onto deep infections (HJP). +• Turks use the cones, active againstH elicobacter, for various stomach ailments (X10473175). +d ow Nsides (Cedar o F l eba No N): +No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (not given) (PH2). +extra Cts (Cedar o F l eba No N): +Essential oil fungitoxic at 1000 ppms (FFJ4(1):1). +pURpLe st AR th Ist Le (c ent Aure A c Alcitr ApA l .) + + Aste RACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Calcitrapa stellata Lam. +Notes (purple star t Histle ): +Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee. +Genesis 3 (KJV) +Worst of weeds, some species head high, some thistles are said to make nutritious vegetables, po-t +herbs, and depuratives. Back in 1929, Temple, a London writer, in his Flowers and Trees of Pales- +tine, said, probably of thistles in general, “Many of these thistles, which grow from 10 to 15 feet +high (C. calcitrapa rarely attains 1 m in height; MPG), and briers are decided obstructionists to +travelers who leave the beaten track, and are consequently described as noxious thorny plants.” +(Temple, 1929). Zohary does not specicafi lly mention this species nor is it reported in the Flora of +Palestine (FP3; ZOH). Hence, I fear I may have been too eager to accept earlier suggestions that this +is one of the “thistles” of the Holy Land. I will bet it is there in Israel, if not mentioned in the Bible. +Zohary, who surely would know more about the matter than I, suggests Centaurea iberica instead. +Commo N Names (purple star t Histle ): +Aboujoulj (Ber.; BOU); Abre Puño (Arg.; Sp.; EFS); Abrojo (Sp.; EFS); Aceb (Ber.; BOU); Ad +Dardarriyah (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Aourmela (Ber.; BOU); Bou Neggar (Arab.; BOU); Bou Shweika +(Arab.; BOU); Calcatreppolo (It.; EFS); Calcitrapa (Por.; EFS; MPG); Caltrops (Eng.; BOU); Cardo +Estrelado (Por.; EFS); Cardo Estrellado (Por.; Sp.; EFS; MPG; VAD); Ceceprete (It.; EFS); Centa-u +rée Chausse-Trape (Fr.; USN); Chardon Étoilé (Fr.; BOU; EFS); Chaussetrape (Fr.; BOU); Common +Star Thistle (Eng.; EFS; HJP); Corn Flower (Eng.; HOC); Garnanzos del Cura (Sp.; EFS); Hassak +(Arab.; BOU); Ippofesto (It.; EFS); Kalketrap (Dutch; EFS); Mouse Thorn (Eng.; BOU); Murrâr +(Arab.; Syria; BOU; HJP); Murrayr (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Nowar Bellaremj (Arab.; BOU); Purple +Star Thistle (Eng.; USN); Red Star Thistle (Eng.; USN); Star Thistle (Eng.; USN); Stern-Flocken- +blume (Ger.; USN); Stern-Flodkenblume (Ger.; EFS); Trepa Caballos (Sp.; EFS). +8202_C001.indd 86 11/12/07 2:25:32 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Purple Star Thistle (Centaurea calcitrapa). +a Ctivities (purple star t Histle ): +Antioxidant (1; X12203269); Antiseptic (1; MPG); Aperitive (f; VAD); Bactericide (1; MPG); Cho- +lagogue (f; BIB); Choleretic (f; VAD); Cytostatic (1; MPG); Depurative (f; BIB); Digestive (f; VAD); +Diuretic (f; EFS); Emmenagogue (f; BIB; BOU); Febrifuge (f; EFS; VAD); Hypoglycemic (f1; MPG; +VAD); Hypotensive (1; MPG); Orexigenic (f; BOU; VAD); Stimulant (f; EFS); Stomachic (f; BOU); +Sudoric (fi f; BIB; EFS); Tonic (f; BIB; EFS); Vermifuge (f; BOU); Vulnerary (f; BOU). +8202_C001.indd 87 11/12/07 2:25:54 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +iNdi Catio Ns (purple star t Histle ): +Amenorrhea (f; BOU); Anorexia (f; BOU; VAD); Bacteria (1; MPG); Brucella (1; MPG); Cancer +(f; BIB; JLH); Cold (f; VAD); Corns (f; JLH); Diabetes (f1; MPG; VAD); Dyskinesia (f; VAD); +Fever (f; BIB; EFS); Fistula (f; BIB; WO2); Flu (f; VAD); Gallstone (f; HJP); Gravel (f; BIB; WO2); +Headache (f; BOU); High Blood Pressure (1; MPG); Hyperglycemia (f; VAD); Infection (1; MPG); +Jaundice (f; BIB); Kidney stone (f; HJP); Malaria (f; BOU); Mycobacterium (1; MPG); Nephrosis (f; +BOU; HJP); Ophthalmia (f; BOU); Pain (f; BOU); Pseudomonas (1; MPG); Salmonella (1; MPG); +Staphylococcus (1; MPG); Stone (f; BIB; BOU; WO2); Wound (f; BOU); Worm (f; BOU). +d osages (purple star t Histle ): +FNFF = ! +Young shoots consumed raw in Egypt, as a potherb elsewhere (e.g., among Albanians in North Italy) +(X12203269). Bedouins harvest the oleiferous seed and grind it for food (HJP). Fresh plant suspe-n +sion 125–600 g per day (VAD). 20–40 g herbs infused 10 minutes per liter of water, 3–5 cups/day +(VAD). Decoction of 30 g plant per liter of water, 3–5 cups/day (MPG; VAD). +• Argentines use the juice to treat corns (JLH). +• Europeans take seed powder in wine for stones (WO2). +• Europeans use powdered roots for fistula and gravel (WO2). +• Lebanese eat boiled stems for jaundice (HJP). +• Lebanese take (with dilating herbs such as belladonna) to help pass gall and kidney stones +(HJP). +• North Africans consider the seeds anodyne, antilithic, febrifuge, and vulnerary, using the +whole plant for malaria and ophthalmia, and the leaves for headache (BOU). +• Portuguese use ofl wers and leaves as febrifuge and vulnerary, and the roots and fruits as +diuretics (MPG). +• Spaniards suggest the plant for anorexia, cold, diabetes, hepatobiliary dyspepsia, hyp-er +glycemia, hyposecretory dyspepsia, flu, and wounds (VAD). +d ow Nsides (purple star t Histle ): +Contraindicated in pregnant and lactating women (VAD). Diabetics should watch insulin levels (VAD). +Natural History (purple star t Histle ): +Although grazed by animals, it can produce intoxication (e.g., encephalomalacia in horses that +consume it) (VAD). +spANIsh th Ist Le (c ent Aure A iberic A spReNG.) ++ Aste RACeAe +Notes (s pa Nis H t Histle ): +Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field. +Genesis 3:18 (KJV) +Thorns and thistles it shall bring forth to you; and you shall eat the plants of the field. +Genesis 3:18 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 88 11/12/07 2:25:54 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +And thorns and thistles it will grow for you; and you must eat the vegetation of the field. +Genesis 3:18 (NWT) +Thorn and thistles shall grow up on their altars. +Hosea 10:8 (RSV) +Zohary notes that the word dardar shows up only twice in some versions of the Bible. He suggests +that dardar may refer to species of Centaurea, possibly C. iberica, called dardar by the Arabs in +the Holy Land. Even Zohary is not sure that C. iberica was intended in the Bible, especially the cita- +tion in Genesis 3:18. (See Silybum for my equally weak second opinion.) Nowhere does C. iberica +occur as a weed in the efi lds. These Arab and Hebrew names may mean potherb in general rather +than Centaurea specicafi lly. This type of thistle is distinguished from other thistles and thorns by +the atfl , whorled rosette hugging the ground in winter. The Arabs gather the Iberian dardar (mean- +ing whorls), also called murrier (merorim in Hebrew). These terms may mean potherb in general +rather than Centaurea specicafi lly. In India, the flower heads are used for eczema. +Commo N Names (s pa Nis H t Histle ): +Dardar (Arab.; ZOH); Dardur (Arab.; ZOH); Iberian Knapweed (Eng.; GOO); Iberian Star Thistle +(Eng.; USN); Merorim (Heb.; ZOH); Mureir (Heb.; ZOH); Spanish Thistle (Eng.; ZOH); Thistle +(Eng.; BIB). +a Ctivities (s pa Nis H t Histle ): +Antidiabetic (1; X14750205); Insulinogenic (1; X14750205). +iNdi Catio Ns (s pa Nis H t Histle ): +Diabetes (1; X14750205); Eczema (f; BIB). +d osages (s pa Nis H t Histle ): +FNFF = ! +Arabs gather the leaves of young plants of this and several other species as a potherb. +sy RIAN sCABIo Us (c eph Al Ari A syri Ac A (L.) +Roe M. & sCh ULt.) + DI psACACeAe +Notes (syria N s Cabious ): +The kingdom of heaven may be compared to a man who sowed good seed in his field; but while +men were sleeping, his enemy came and sowed weeds among the wheat, and went away. +Matthew 13: 24–5 (RSV) +Zohary equates this with sowing weed seeds that resemble the seeds of the crops. “Darnels and sca-bi +ous are both noxious weeds that grow only among crops, and damage them. … The Syrian scabious +resembles wheat only by virtue of its seed”, (ZOH) while the darnel plant and seed alike resemble +wheat. Its grains are closely associated with certain wheat varieties and are harvested acc-iden +tally with the wheat. As a result, the weed seeds are sown with the following wheat crop, in some +cases overwhelming the crop, in others contributing their bitterness to the resultant ofl ur. I gather +8202_C001.indd 89 11/12/07 2:25:55 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +from Zohary’s conclusion that the seed must be somewhat edible. “Sometimes the weed overwhelms the +wheat, so that the farmer is forced to harvest it instead of the sown plant.” (ZOH) According to the USDA +Nomenclature Database, the seeds are human food (valued in Georgia, previously of the USSR, but not +elsewhere, when contaminating wheat and ground into ofl ur for specially afl vored bread) (USN). +Commo N Names (syria N s Cabious ): +Abrepuños (Sp.; USN); Céphalaire de Syrie (Fr.; USN); Escabiosilla (Sp.; USN); Makhobeli (Rus.; +USN); Taradan Shalam (Arab.; ZOH); Zuwan Aswad (Arab.; ZOH). +d osages (syria N s Cabious ): +FNFF = ! +Grown as an oilseed in Russia (FP3); sometimes made into wheat ofl ur as the seeds are threshed +with the wheat in which it is a weed. +CARo B (c er Atoni A siliqu A L.) +++ FABACeAe (CAesALpINIACeAe) +Notes (Carob ): +John had his raiment of camels hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his meat was +locusts and wild honey. +Matthew 3:4 (KJV) +This is one of the most important tree species in the Middle Eastern vegetation type known as +maquis, with Pistacia. Arab proverbs hint that the carob tree is cursed, and one should not sleep +under it. And yet, carob is widely cultivated for its fruit and seeds, both high in sugar and calcium, +low in protein and fats. It is used in “health foods” as a chocolate substitute. A single carob tree +may yield 800 pounds of fruit. The seeds are said to be the ancient weight used by goldsmiths, and +instituted from early times as carat weight. Seeds commanded a high price; singers imagined they +cleared the voice. Carob is also used in textile printing, synthetic resins, insecticides, and fungicides. +American imports were mostly used in tobacco afl vorings and cosmetics, but have now moved into +the health food arena. In the Prodigal Son story, the younger son asked for his inheritance, which he +then spent quickly and unwisely. When he had no money or food left, he hired out as a swine tender. +Because he had no bread, he wanted to eat the carob pods being fed to swine. On April 25, 1982, in +Burtonsville, Maryland, carob-coated walnuts sold for $2.89 a pound, more tfi ting for a profligate +son. The price is more than twice that today. +Commo N Names (Carob ): +Abernid (Ber.; BOU); Albero della Carroba (It.; HH3); Alfarrobeira (Mad.; Por.; JAD; KAB); +Algaroba; (Sp.; DEP); Algarroba; (Sp.; Peru; EGG; RAR; VAD); Algarroba del Libano (Sp.; EFS); +Algarroba Europeo (Sp.; EFS); Algarrobeira (Por.; USN); Bockshornbaum (Ger.; HH3); Bread +Bean (Eng.; KAB); Carob (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2); Carob Bean (Eng.; HH3); Carob Tree (Eng.; +BOU); Caroba (Sp.; USN); Carobe (It.; KAB); Carobo (It.; KAB); Carobole (It.; KAB); Caroube +(Fr.; USN); Caroubier (Fr.; BOU; EFS; KAB); Caroubier a Siliques (Fr.; TAN); Carouge (Fr.; HH3; +KAB); Caruba (Ger.; KAB); Carrubio (It.; DEP; KAB); Carrubo (It.; Malta; EFS; KAB); Ceratonia +(Peru; EGG); Chechire Gum (Eng.; HH3); Curenecillo (Sp.; SOU); Garrofe (Cat.; KAB); Garrofero +(Sp.; EFS; KAB); Goma de Garrofín (Sp.; VAD); Guainella (It.; HH3; KAB); Hansbrod (Den.; +EFS); Harruba (Malta; KAB); Haruv (Heb.; ZOH); Haruvim (Heb.; ZOH); Ikidou (Ber.; BOU); +Inago Mame (Japan; TAN); Jans Broodboom (Dutch; KAB); Johannisbrod (Swe.; KAB); Joha-n +nisbrotbaum (Ger.; KAB; USN); Johannisbrotkehrmehl (Ger.; HH3); Johnsbread Tree (Enf.; EFS); +8202_C001.indd 90 11/12/07 2:25:56 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Carob (Ceratonia siliqua). +Karobbaum (Ger.; KAB); Karobenbaum (Ger.; HH3); Karobenboom (Dutch; KAB); Keciboynuzu +agaci (Tur.; EFS); Keratia (Greek; KAB); Keration (Heb.; BI2); Keratonia (Greek; KAB); Kh-ar +nub (Arab.; Pun.; BOU; DEP; KAB); Kharnub Nupti (Arab.; Pun.; DEP); Kharnub Shami (Arab.; +DEP); Kharroub (Arab.; BOU); Kharrouba (Arab.; BOU); Kharrub (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kharruh +(Arab.; BI2); Khirnub (Arab.; KAB); Locust Bean (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; WO2); Locust Tree (Eng.; +BOU; WO2); Meccaniamli (Pun.; WO2); Pain de Jean Baptiste (Fr.; EFS); Pane di Santo Giovanni +(It.; HH3); Qarmatit (Yemen; GHA); Ribba (Arab.; BOU); Rojkovvi (Rus.; KAB); Roscov (Rom.; +KAB); Selarwa (Ber.; BOU); Sodbrodbaum (Ger.; KAB); St. John’s Bean (Eng.; SKJ; ZOH); St. +John’s Bread (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; BOU; SKJ); Tikherroubt (Ber.; BOU); Tikida (Ber.; BOU); Tikidat +(Ber.; BOU); Tikidit (Ber.; BOU); Tisliwha (Ber.; BOU). +8202_C001.indd 91 11/12/07 2:26:07 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +a Ctivities (Carob ): +Antacid (f; DEP; KAB); Antibacterial (12; SKY; WO2); Anticancer (f1; X12490228); Anticarcinoma +(f1; X12490228); Anticoagulant (1; PH2); Antiexudative (1; HH3; PH2); Antioxidant (1; X11782210); +Antiproliferant (1; X12490228); Antiseptic (f1; WO2); Antitoxic (f1; SKY); Antitussive (f; BIB); Anti- +viral (1; HH3; PH2); Apoptotic (1; X12490228); Astringent (f1; BOU; SKY; WO2); Bechic (f; BOU); +Caspase-3 Inducer (1; X12490228); Demulcent (f; BIB); Digestive (f1; PH2); Diuretic (f; BOU); Fun- +gicide (f; VAD); Hemolytic (1; WO2); Hypocholesterolemic (1; BIB; LAF); Hypoglycemic (1; HH3; +LAF); Hypoinsulemic (1; LAF); Hypolipidemic (1; PH2); Laxative (f; BOU; LAF); Pancreatonic (1; +HH3); Pectoral (f; BIB; DEP; EFS); Purgative (f; BIB; DEP; EFS); Resolvent (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (Carob ): +Asthma (f; BIB); Atherosclerosis (f; VAD); Cancer (f1; X12490228); Carcinoma (f1; X12490228); +Catarrh (f; BIB; IED; PNC); Celiac (f; PH2); Childbirth (f; PH2); Colitis (f; PH2); Constipation (f; +IED; HJP); Cough (f; BIB; DEP; HHB; PH2; WO2); Dehydration (f; WO2); Diabetes (f1; LAF; +VAD; WO2); Diarrhea (f12; GHA; HHB; SKY); Duodenosis (f; VAD); Dyspepsia (f12; SKY; WO2); +Enterosis (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f; VAD); Heartburn (f1; SKY); Hepatosis (1; X12490228); High +Cholesterol (1; BIB; LAF); Hyperglycemia (1; LAF); Hyperlipemia (f; VAD); Hyperperistalsis (f; +WO2); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f; VAD); Mononucleosis (f; IED); Mycosis (f; VAD); Obesity +(f1; LAF; VAD); Sprue (f; PH2); Steatorrhea (f; HHB); Ulcer (f; VAD); Voice (f; PNC); Vomiting (f; +PH2); Wart (f; JLH). +d osages (Carob ): +FNFF = !!! +The fruit, food for the poor in Jewish folklore, also appears in the Christian tradition as “St. John’s +Bread,” eaten by St. John the Baptist in the wilderness. Powdered pulp used as chocolate substitute; +ripe fruits made into molasses like dibs (e.g., in Palestine); scorched seeds a coffee substitute; trag-a +sol, a gum extracted from the seeds, is used in dressings, ice cream, pickles, and sauces. Alcoholic +beverages are made from the pods (BIB; FAC; FP2; TAN). One story in the Talmud tells that the +Jewish sage Rabbi Shimeon Bar Yohai, hiding from the Romans in Galilean caves with his son, +sustained life with carob alone for 12 years (ZOH). In Cyprus, a brittle candy known as “pasteli” is +made from the pods (BIB). 15–20 g carob mixed in applesauce (SKY); 50 drops ufl id extract (1:1) +goma garrofin 3 ×/day (VAD); 500–1500 mg capsule 1/2 hour before meal, with plenty of juice or +water (VAD). +• Arabians take the dry seed kernels with sugar for diarrhea (GHA). +• Egyptians apply carob to warts (JLH). +• Lebanese grind pods into a laxative treacle called “dibbis kharub” (HJP). +• Southern Europeans used the pods for asthma and cough (BIB). +• Spaniards take the ofl ur for diarrhea, gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcers, and infantile na-u +sea (VAD). +• Spaniards take the seed starch as a laxative, and to help obesity and prevent atheros-cle +rosis (VAD). +• Spaniards use green fruit as a fungicide (VAD). +d ow Nsides (Carob ): +Class 1 (AHP, 1997). No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages +(PH2). Infant diarrhea must be monitored by a professional to ensure proper hydration with high +electrolyte ufl id during acute diarrhea (SKY, 1998). Avoid with intestinal obstructions or stenoses +8202_C001.indd 92 11/12/07 2:26:08 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(VAD). Best to monitor insulin in diabetics (VAD). Can interfere with intestinal absorption of other +medicines (e.g., penicillin and lithium salts) (VAD). +extra Cts (Carob ): +Papagiannopoulos et al .(2004) quantiefi d the polyphenols in carob fruits, reporting 41 individual +phenolics (448 mg/kg extractable polyphenols comprising gallic acid, hydrolyzable and condensed +tannins, afl vonol-glycosides, and traces of isoafl vonoids) (X15186098). While no clear competitor +with green tea, carob should share in many of the purported health benetfi s of green tea in the major +killers, cancer, cardiopathy, and diabetes. Carob tannins inactivate toxins by binding with them; +inhibit bacteria (SKY; X14170956). I suspect that is why I was given carob when I suffered salmonella +in Panama nearly half a century ago. By making stomach contents more viscous, bfi ers and sugars +may interfere with acid reufl x in the esophagus (SKY). Rats fed a bfi er -free diet containing 1% choles- +terol exhibited a small increase in serum cholesterol and a vfi efold increase in liver cholesterol. Add-i +tion of 10% pectin or 10% locust bean gum kept the increase in liver cholesterol down (BIB). LD50 +(Carob gum) = 9100 mg/kg orl dog HH3; LD50 (Carob gum) = 10,000 mg/kg orl hamster HH3; LD50 +(Carob gum) = 13,000 mg/kg orl mus HH3; LD50 (Carob gum) = 13,000 mg/kg orl rat HH3. +JUDAs t Ree (c ercis siliqu Astrum L.) ++ FABACeAe +Notes (Judas t ree): +And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged himself. +Matthew 27:5 (KJV) +A handsome ornamental tree, most probably not the tree on which Judas hanged himself — if he +hanged himself at all. Tradition, more than 200 years old, has it that the red color of the ofl wers +results from the trees blushing or burning with shame when Judas selected it. Because Zohary +does not mention it in his plants of the Bible, I suppose he doubts that Judas hanged himself on the +Judas tree. But he does illustrate it well in the Flora of the Palestine (FP2). Hence, it is certainly a +handsome tree of the Holy Land although not mentioned per se in the Bible. Other authors (GMH) +think Judas hanged himself on an elderberry, Sambucus (GMH), but there are no elderberries listed +for the native Flora of Palestine. Sambucus nigra is cultivated in that part of the world and could +support the weight of a hanging man. I saw a substantiaSl ambucus nigra tree near Hildegarde von +Bingen’s. The Judas tree of Palestine is also said to be an ornamental timber tree, the ofl wer buds of +which are pickled and eaten (FP2). +Commo N Names (Judas t ree): +Albero di Guida (It.; EFS); Arból de Amor (Sp.; EFS); Arból de Judea (Sp.; EFS); Arbre de Judie +(Fr.; EFS); Arjorán (Sp.; EFS); Ching P’i (China; EFS); Echter Judasbaum (Ger.; EFS); Erguvan +(Tur.; EFS); Gainier (Fr.; EFS); Judas Boom (Dutch; EFS); Judas Tree (Eng.; USN); Love Tree +(Eng.; USN); Namdumbu (Sp.; EFS); Olaia (Por.; EFS); Siliquastro (It.; EFS); Tzu Ching (China; +EFS); Arból de Judea (Sp.; EFS). +a Ctivities (Judas t ree): +Aromatic (f; EFS); Bitter (f; EFS). +iNdi Catio Ns (Judas t ree): +Catarrh (f; EFS); Headache (f; EFS). +8202_C001.indd 93 11/12/07 2:26:09 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d osages (Judas t ree): +FNFF = ! +Flowers used in pickles and salads (BIB; FP2). +Ch ICKpeA (c icer A rietinum L.) +++ FABACeAe +Notes (CHiCkpea ): +The oxen likewise and the young asses that ear the ground shall eat clean provender, which hath +been winnowed with the shovel and with the fan. +Isaiah 30:24 (KJV) +And the oxen and the asses that till the ground will eat salted provender, which has been win- +nowed with shovel and fork. +Isaiah 30:24 (RSV) +And the cattle and the full- grown asses cultivating the ground will eat fodder seasoned with +sorrel, which was winnowed with the shovel and with the fork. +Isaiah 30:24 (NWT) +Provender, perhaps a mistranslation, was mentioned six times in the Bible (KJV). In my first Medic- +inal Plants of the Bible, I did not include the chickpea; none of the scholars I had read seemed to +stress that as a possibility. Since then, however, I have read that the word provender of the Bible +might better have been translated as hummus, and indeed may have been the chickpea. And yes, the +leaves of the provender are eaten, more by animals than by humans. But humans do ingest cooked +young leaves like spinach. According to Zohary, the biblicahl amitz, cognate with the Arabic humus +and the Aramaic himtza, means chickpea, and today himtza is modern Hebrew for chickpea (“The +RSV translation as ‘provender’ is mistaken.”)(ZOH). I will accept Zohary’s conclusions and include +chickpea. But there are still version variations; it is “clean” in KJV, it is “salted” in RSV, and “s-ea +soned with sorrel” in NWT (Zohary did not index Rumex = sorrel in ZOH, but lists more than +15 varieties and species of Rumex in FP1). Chickpea, apparently, was originally domesticated in +Turkey and some neighboring countries. It has been found in pre-pottery Neolithic levels of some +prehistoric sites, in Early Bronze Age deposits of Jericho, in Iraq, as well as elsewhere. Earliest +records are from Turkey “dating from 5000 BC” (ZOH). Allegedly, the cicer of the Romans, Horace +referred to parched seed as food for the poor. Supposedly cultivated in Egypt since the earliest times +of the Christian era, it was perhaps considered common and/or unclean (DEP). Today, I believe that +chickpea was one of several pulses, including Pisum, Vicia, even Trigonella (if you consider that a +pulse) already cultivated in the biblical world in biblical times, more than 2000 years ago. +Commo N Names (CHiCkpea ): +Badam (Mooshar; NPM); Bagolyborsó (Hun.; POR); Balabhaishajya (Sanskrit; KAB); Balabhoyja +(Sanskrit; KAB); Becudo (Lan.; KAB); Beiqa (Arab.; BOU); Bengal Gram (Eng.; KAB; MPI); +Black Chickpea (Eng.; POR); Black Desi (Eng.; POR); Blac-kseeded Chickpea (Eng.; POR); Booto +(Oriya; WO2); Bukkeert (Nor.; POR); But (Beng.; Hindi; San.; Urdu; KAB; WO2); Butakala (Beng.; +POR); Butkalai (Beng.; KAB; NAD); Butma (Assam; POR; WO2); Cabuli (Nwp.; DEP); Café Fra-n +cais (Fr.; KAB); Cana (Nepal; POR); Canaa (Nepal; POR); Cece (It.; DEP; KAB); Ceci (It.; TAN); +Ceseron (Fr.; KAB); Ceze (Lan.; KAB); Cezerous (Lan.; KAB); Cezes (Lan.; KAB); Chahna (Sin.; +8202_C001.indd 94 11/12/07 2:26:09 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +KAB); Chana (Beng.; Guj.; Hindi; Kas.; Pun.; Urdu; KAB; MPI; WO2); Chanaa (Guj.; POR); Ch-a +naabatulaa (Beng.; POR); Chanabartula (Beng.; POR); Chanaka (Sanskrit; MPI; WO2); Chan-aka +mulu (Tel.; NAD); Chania (Guj.; KAB; WO2); Chaniaa (Guj.; POR); Chano (Kon.; MPI); Chenna +(Dec.; KAB); Chennuka (Sanskrit; DEP); Chickpea (Eng.; CR2); Chola (Beng.; Iran; Pun.; DEP; +KAB; NAD; WO2); Chole (Hindi; Pun.; WO2); Chono (Kon.; KAB); Chot Abut (Beng.; MPI); +Chotobata (Beng.; POR); Chotobut (Beng.; POR); Chunna (Hindi; DEP; KAB); Chunnaa (Hindi; +POR); Cicer (Roman; DEP); Cicérole (Fr.; BOU; KAB); Cicerolle (Fr.; KAB); Cicri (Malta; KAB); +Ciecierzyca Pospolita (Pol.; POR); Ciserole (Fr.; KAB); Ciseron (Fr.; KAB); Cizrna Beraní (Czech; +POR); Common Gram (Eng.; IHB; KAB); Csicseri borsó (Hun.; POR); Da Zi Ji Dou (China; POR); +Djelbane (Ber.; BOU); Dhal (India; LEG); Echte Kicher (Ger.; POR); Ee Chip T’eu Kong (Korea; +POR); Erebinthos (Greek; DEP); Ervanço (Por.; KAB; POR); Gairance (Fr.; BOU); Gairoutte (Fr.; +KAB); Garavance (Malta; KAB); Garbance (Fr.; KAB); Garbanzo (Eng.; Sp.; KAB; LEG; POR); +Garbanzos (Dr.; Sp.; AHL; DEP); Garoutte (Fr.; KAB); Garvance (Fr.; KAB); Garvane (Belgium; +Fr.; JLH; KAB); Gram (Eng.; CR2); Grno de Bico (Por.; KAB; POR; USN); Grno Gravanço (Por.; +POR); Grauwe Erwt (Dutch; POR); Hamaz (Ber.; BOU); Harbara (Bom.; Mar.; KAB; MPI; WO2); +Harbarchana (Bom.; NAD); Harimandhakam (Tel.; DEP; KAB); Harimandhakama (Tel.; POR); +Harimantha (Sanskrit; KAB; POR; WO2); Hei Xiao Zi Ji Dou (China; POR); Hei Zi Ji Dou (China; +POR); Hhimmass (Arab.; POR); Himtza (Aramaic; Heb.; ZOH); Hiyoko-Mame (Japan; POR; +TAN); Hommos (Arab.; BOU; POR); Hommos Malana (Arab.; POR); Homos (Egypt.; DEP; KAB); +Horse Bean (Eng.; IHB); Hui Hui Dou (China; POR); Humug (Arab.; NAD); Humus (Arab.; ZOH); +Ikiker (Ber.; BOU); I Chip T’eu Kong (Korea; POR); Ji Dou (China; POR); Ji Tou Dou (China; +POR); Jivana (Sanskrit; KAB); Jumez (Arab.; KAB; WOI); Kabuli Chickpea (Eng.; POR); Kachang +Arab (Malaya; POR); Kachang Kuda (Dei.; Malaya; IHB; POR); Kadala (Kan.; Mal.; MPI; WO2); +Kadalai (Tam.; POR; WO2); Kadalakka (Mal.; WO2); Kadale (Kan.; MPI; WO2); Kadle (Tel.; +NAD); Kadli (Carnatic; KAB); Kaffeärt (Swe.; POR); Kahviherne (Fin.; POR); KalabPh. (Burma; +POR); Kalai (Beng.; DEP; WOI); Kalapai (Burma; DEP; KAB); Kanchuki (Sanskrit; KAB); Ka-ri +kadale (Kan.; KAB; POR); Katala (Mal.; MPI); Keker (Dutch; KAB; POR); Kempukadale (Kan.; +KAB); Kichererbse (Ger.; KAB; POR); Kichererbsen (Ger.; POR); KikFrt (Den.; POR); Kikärt +(Swe.; POR); KikerFrt (Den.; POR); Kodala (Sin.; POR); Kondakkadala (Sin.; Tam.; KAB; MPI); +Kondi (Sin.; POR); Kreukerwt (Dutch; POR); Krishnachanchuka (Sanskrit; KAB); Kudole (Kan.; +KAB); Kulopan (Burma; NAD); Large-seeded Chickpea (Eng.; POR); Makhud (Punj.; MPI); May +Bu Ri Kong (Korea; POR); Moroejang (Mun.; KAB); Morujang (Mun.; WO2); Nakhud (Iran; Pun.; +DEP; NAD); Naut (Rom.; KAB); Nahot (Rom.; KAB); Nochut (Tur.; POR); Nohud (Tur.; POR); +Nohut (Tur.; EB54:155); Nut Baranii (Rus.; POR); Ovetche Harokh (Rus.; KAB); Pajito (Mad.; Por.; +JAD); Pesette (Fr.; KAB); Pisello Cece (It.; POR); Pisello Cornuto (It.; POR); Poischi (Fr.; NAD); +Pois Becu (Fr.; KAB); Pois Blanc (Fr.; KAB); Pois Chiche (Fr.; BOU; MPI; TAN); Pois ciche (Fr.; +KAB); Pois Cornu (Fr.; KAB); Pois Gris (Fr.; KAB); Pois Pointu (Fr.; KAB); Provender (Bib.; Eng.; +BIB; ZOH); Ram’s Head Chickpea (Eng.; POR); Revithi (Greek; POR); Revithia (Greek; POR); +Sakalapriya (Sanskrit; KAB); Salealpriya (Sanskrit; POR); Sanagalu (Tel.; WO2); Sannaagalu (Tel.; +DEP); Sanuagalu (Tel.; KAB); Senagalu (Tel.; MPI); Sigro (Cat.; KAB); Sisér (Arm.; POR); Sisiér +(Arm.; POR); Sissererwt (Dutch; POR); Sissererwten (Dutch; POR); Sisyr (Arm.; POR); Siuro +(Cat.; KAB); Smooth-seeded Chickpea (Eng.; POR); Sugandha (Sanskrit; KAB); Tete de bellier +(Fr.; KAB); Thua Hua Chaang (Thai; POR); Turetskii Gorokh (Rus.; POR); Vajibhakshya (Sanskrit; +KAB); Vajimantha (Sanskrit; KAB; POR); Wrinkled-seeded Chickpea (Eng.; POR); Xiao Zi Ji Dou +(China; POR); Ying Zui Dou (China; POR); Zweigerbse (Ger.; MPI). +a Ctivities (CHiCkpea ): +Allergenic (1; X15662964); Anthelmintic (f; KAB; WO2); Antianemic (1; FNF); Antiatherogenic +(1; MPI); Antibilious (f; DEP; MPI); Anticervisotic (1; FNF); Anticheilitic (1; FNF); Anticoronary +(1; FNF); Antidementic (1; FNF); Antidepressant (1; FNF); Antigingivitic (1; FNF); Antiglossitic +8202_C001.indd 95 11/12/07 2:26:10 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(1; FNF); Antigout (1; FNF); Antihyperlipidemic (1; WO3); Antiinfertility (1; FNF); Antiinafl m - +matory (f; KAB); Antileukemic (1; WO3); Antimetaplastic (1; FNF); Antimyelotoxic (1; FNF); +Antineuropathic (1; FNF); Antiperiodontotic (1; FNF); Antiplaque (1; FNF); Antipolyp (preven- +tive) (1; FNF); Antipsychotic (1; FNF); Anti-spina-bidfi a (1; FNF); Antistress (1; WO3); Antivi - +ral (1; X11848297); Aphrodisiac (f; BOU; DEP; MPI; WO2); Astringent (f; WO2); Bidfi ogenic (1; +X15850967); Cardioprotective (1; WO3); Depurative (f; KAB); Diuretic (1; WO2); Estrogenic (f; +WO2); Flatugenic (f; KAB); Fungicide (1; WO2; X12895650); Hematopoietic (1; FNF); Hypocho- +lesterolemic (2; MPI; WO2); Hypolipidemic (1; WO2); Immunostimulant (1; FNF); Lactagogue +(f; LEG); Laxative (f; MPI); Lipolytic (2; MPI); Mitogenic (1; X11848297); Orexigenic (f; KAB); +Proteolytic (1; X11791480); Refrigerant (f; WO2); Reverse-Transciptase Inhibitor (1; X11848297); +Soporic fi (f; LEG); Stimulant (f; WO2); Stomachic (f; MPI); Tonic (f; DEP; WO2); Trypsin Inhibitor +(1; X11791480); Xanthine-Oxidase Inhibitor (1; FNF); Uricosuric (1; FNF). +iNdi Catio Ns (CHiCkpea ): +Alactea (f; JAD); Anemia (1; FNF); Anorexia (f; KAB); Atheroclerosis (1; MPI; WO3); Biliousness +(f; DEP; MPI; WO2); Bite (f; DEP; SKJ); Blood (f; KAB); Bronchosis (f; DEP; WO2); Calculus (f; +KAB); Cancer, colon (f1; JLH; X15517915; X15298756); Cancer, penis (f; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f; +JLH); Cardiopathy (1; MPI; WO3); Catarrh (f; DEP); Cervicosis (1; FNF); Cheilosis (1; FNF); Cho-l +era (f; JAD); Cirrhosis (1; FNF); Constipation (f; SKJ); Cough (f; WO2); Cutamenia (f; DEP; LEG); +Dandruff (f; WO2); Dementia (1; FNF); Depression (1; FNF); Dermatosis (f; BOU; WO2); Diarrhea +(f; NAD; WO2); Dislocation (f; NAD; WO2); Dysentery (f; WO2); Dysmenorrhea (f; KAB; NAD); +Dyspepsia (f; DEP; WO2); Edema (f; WO2); Fever (f; NAD); Fracture (f; WO2); Fungus (1; WO2); +Gas (1; JAD; NAD); Gingivosis (1; FNF); Glossosis (1; FNF); Gout (1; FNF); Headache (f; WO2); +Hepatosis (1; FNF); High Cholesterol (2; MPI; WO2); HIV (1; X11848297); Impotence (f; DEP; +KAB; WO2); Infection (1; WO2; X12895650); Infertility (1; FNF); Inafl mmation (f; KAB); Itch (f; +BOU); Leprosy (f; BOU; DEP; WO2); Mycosis (1; WO2; X12895650); Nausea (f; DEP); Neuropathy +(1; FNF); Obesity (1; WO2; WO3); Orchosis (f; JLH); Ozoena (f; KAB); Pain (f; KAB); Periodonto- +sis (1; FNF); Pharyngosis (f; KAB; WO2); Plaque (1; FNF); Polyp (1; FNF); Pulmonosis (f; KAB); +Smallpox (f; BOU); Snakebite (f; DEP; KAB; SKJ); Sore Throat (f; WO2); Spina Bidfi a (1; FNF); +Splenosis (f; DEP); Sprain (f; NAD; WO2); Stress (1; WO3); Stroke (f; DEP; SKJ); Thirst (f; KAB); +Toothache (f; WO2); Vomiting (f; DEP); Wart (f; JAD); Worms (f; KAB). +d osages (CHiCkpea ): +FNFF = !!! +Food farmacy at its best (JAD). Seeds, sprouts, young pods, young leaves, and the vinegar off the +leaves are all eaten by humans. Great for the heart (say I) is hummus with plenty of garlic and olive +oil; sesame and parsley optional but good. Let us hope the Tibetans are right, “Skinny people will +gain weight, while fat people will lose weight when consuming sesame oil” (TIB). Juice of fresh +leaves is used as hair tonic (NPM). +• Ayurevedics, deeming the seeds aphrodisiac, atfl ugenic, orexigenic, stimulant, and tonic, +use them for bronchitis, dermatosis, fever, leprosy, ozoena, pharyngosis, thirst, and +worms (KAB). +• Ayurvedics deem the tart leaves astringent, atfl ugenic, orexigenic, using for bronchitis +and enterosis (KAB). +• Ayurvedics use the acid leaf exudate for constipation and dyspepsia (KAB). +• Belgians and Italians applied in cataplasm to testicular cancers (JLH). +• Deccanese with dysmenorrhea sit over a steaming decoction of the plant (KAB). +• French applied the plant to warts (JLH). +8202_C001.indd 96 11/12/07 2:26:11 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• North Africans use decoction (seed?) for itch, leposy, and smallpox (BOU). +• Unani, deeming the seeds anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, and tonic, use for fever, halitosis, +hepatosis, inafl mmation, otitis, pharyngosis, pulmonosis, and splenosis (KAB). +d ow Nsides (CHiCkpea ): +The oxalic acid may be contraindicated in people with calculus (DEP). Boulos notes that in-ad +equately cooked chickpeas can cause paralysis, like lathyrus peas can cause lathyrism (BOU). +extra Cts (CHiCkpea ): +Queiroz-Monici et al. (2005) found chickpea and pea better as bidfi ogenics than beans and lentils. +Chickpea-fed groups consumed more food and showed better food conversion efcfi iency. Animals fed +leguminous diets showed higher counts of Bidfi obacterium, and lower Enterobacter and Bacteroides +(X15850967). It also seems to be as “health-giving” and “heart-friendly” as soy without the high fat. +The germinated seeds (“sprouts”) contain the afl vonoids, daidzein, formononetin, pratensin, liquirit- +genin, isoliquiritigenin, and its 4'-glucoside, 4',7-dihydroxyafl vonol, garbanzol, biochanin-7-glucoside, +and p-coumaric acid. Kaufman et al. (1997) reported 45 ppm genistein in chickpea seeds; cf. 25 for +soy in comparing circa 75 legume accessions for isoafl vone content (X9395689). In USA Patent No. +6599536, “Premenopausal Uses of Clover-Derived Isoafl vones” claimed uses for the composition are +for treatment or amelioration of premenopausal, benign disorders associated with an abnormally high +activity of steroidal estrogen, for example, cyclical acne, endometriosis and endometrial hyperplasia, +mastalgia, ovarian cysts, polycystic ovarian disease, and uterine bfi roids. The patent cites specic fi +“clovers (Trifolium spp.)” and “chick peas” as sources of isoafl vones. Remember, my reader, that being +cited in a patent does not necessarily make chickpea good for these ailments, but were I suffering any, +I might increase my intake of hummus and/or chickpeas [USA Patent No. 6599536 (2003)]. +eNDIve (c ichorium endivi A L.) +++ Aste RACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Cichorium divaricatum Schousb.; Cichorium endivia subsp. divaricatum (Schousb.) P.D. Sell; +Cichorium intybus subsp. pumilum (Jacq.) Ball; Cichorium pumilum Jacq. +Notes (eNdive ): +The fourteenth day of the second month at even they shall keep it, and eat it with unleavened +bread and bitter herbs. +Numbers 9:11 (KJV) +In the second month on the fourteenth day in the evening they shall keep it; they shall eat it with +unleavened bread and bitter herbs. +Numbers 9:11 (RSV) +In the second month on the fourteenth day between the two evenings, they should prepare it. +Together with unfermented cakes and bitter greens they should eat it. +Numbers 9:11 (NWT) +Some scholars regard endive as the bitter herb of Moses. Apparently Zohary does not (ZOH), more +convinced thatC . pumilum Jacq. was the bitter herb. Not to worry; that is just a variety or subspecies +8202_C001.indd 97 11/12/07 2:26:11 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Endive (Cichorium endivia). +8202_C001.indd 98 11/12/07 2:26:38 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +of endive. The Flora of Palestine, not noted for including alien cultivars, lists neither endive nor +chicory but does list the dwarf chicory (which see). Jane Philips (HJP) implies that the uses of the +three pertinent taxa are interchangeable medicinally, at least in Lebanon. The chemistry and syn-on +ymy reported in Hager’s Handbook (HH2) seem to support Philips’s implications. I accept the HH2 +and USN view, acceptingC . pumilum and C. endivia as subspecies of the same species, C. endivia. +Zohary does comment that the dwarf chicory, like several of the nine Mediterranean species +of Cichorium, is eaten by cattle and humans alike. A weedy progenitor is more likely to have been +eaten by biblical peasants than the cultivated chicory or endive, which Zohary excludes from his +account. However, neither Zohary or I now can guarantee that any or all species were or were not +eaten in the biblical setting. I will wager that all that occurred there in those days served as bitter +herbs. Zohary notes that chicory (and Reichardia) are only possible representatives of a large group +of so-called edible bitter herbs in the Middle East, almost like our spring tonic greens down South. +Not necessarily chicory, nor dandelion, nor endive, nor fenugreek were necessarily the most impo-r +tant of the biblical merorim (Arabic mureir), a general term to embrace many different species of +bitter edible herbs. +Commo N Names (eNdive ): +Achicoria (Peru; Sp.; EGG); Andijvie (Dutch; EFS); Chicorée des Jardins (Fr.; EFS; HH2); Chicorée +Frisée (Fr.; EFS); Chiccoria (Por.; EFS); Endive (Eng.; Fr.; CR2; EFS); Endive Chicory (Eng.; HJP); +Endivia (It.; Sp.; EFS); Endivia Sallat (Swe.; EFS); Endivie (Ger.; Den.; EFS); Escarola (Peru; Sp.; +EFS; EGG); Escarolla (Por.; HH2); Handabah (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Hindiba (Tur.; EFS); Garden +Endive (Eng.; WOI); Induba (Arab.; EFS); Kashini (Hindi; WO2); Kasini (Hindi; WO2); Kasni +Virai (Tam.; WO2); Kassin (Beng.; WO2); Koshae Vittulu (Tel.; WO2); Koshi (Tel.; WO2); Ku Chü +(China; EFS); Memorim (Heb.; ZOH); Mureir (Arab.; ZOH); Radicchio (It.; Sp.; EGG); Scariola +(It.; EFS); Shikuryah (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Winterendivie (Ger.; HH2). +a Ctivities (eNdive ): +Allergenic (f1; FNF); Antibilious (f; BIB; DEP; EFS); Antioxidant (1; FAH; X12137499); Antira- +dicular (1; X12137499); Aphrodisiac (f; HJP); Bitter (f; BIB); Carminative (f; BIB; EFS); Choleretic +(f; BIB); Decongestant (f; HJP); Emetic (f; HJP); Gout (f; HJP); Demulcent (f; BIB); Depurative (f; +HJP); Gout (f; HJP); Digestive (f; HJP); Diuretic (f; BIB); Febrifuge (f; DEP; WO2); Laxative (f; +BIB); Orexigenic (f; HJP); Refrigerant (f; BIB); Resolvent (f; BIB); Sedative (f; HJP); Stimulant (f; +DEP; EFS); Tonic (f; BIB; HJP); Vermifuge (f; HJP); Vulnerary (f; HJP). +iNdi Catio Ns (eNdive ): +Anorexia (f; HJP); Biliousness (f; WOI); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; +JLH); Cancer, throat (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; HJP); Cramp (f; HJP); Diarrhea +(f; HJP); Dropsy (f; BIB; HJP); Dyspepsia (f; BIB); Enterosis (f; HJP); Fever (f; BIB; WO2); Gastro- +sis (f; HJP); Gout (f; HJP); Headache (f; BIB); Hemorrhoid (f; HJP); Hepatosis (f; BIB); Impotence +(f; HJP); Induration (f; BIB); Inafl mmation (f; JLH); Jaundice (f; BIB); Pharyngosis (f; BIB); Pulm - +onosis (f; HJP); Splenosis (f; BIB); Swelling (f; JLH); Toothache (f; HJP); Uterosis (f; BIB); Wart (f; +HJP); Water (f; BIB); Worm (f; HJP); Wound (f; HJP). +d osages (eNdive ): +FNFF = !!! +Food farmacy (JAD); now widely available and about as increasingly boring as head lettuce; i-nter +preted by some as one of the bitter herbs of the Bible. Leaves eaten raw in salads or as a potherb. +Javans pickle the leaves. Seeds are used in sherbets. The Jews of Alexandria, who translated the +8202_C001.indd 99 11/12/07 2:26:39 PM +00 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Pentateuch, would have known better than I which herbs were eaten with the Paschal Lamb. Fresh +endive leaves smell bitter but full-grown, blanched leaves are pleasant. To blanch, tie the outer +leaves in a cone, or place a big ofl wer pot over each plant to curb the light. Blanching takes about 3 +weeks (BIB; FAC; KAB; WO2). +• Lebanese used endive as choleretic and in the same way as their many uses for chicory +(HJP). +extra Cts (eNdive ): +Those activities and indications of chicory based on cichoric acid or inulin also might apply to the +endive, if it has as much of the same compounds. +Ch ICo Ry (c ichorium intybus L.) +++ Aste RACeAe +Notes (CHiCory ): +And they shall eat the flesh in that night, roast with fire, and unleavened breads; and with bitter +herbs they shall eat it. +Exodus 12:8 +The children of Israel may have learned to eat bitter herbs from the Egyptians. Ancient Egyptians +used to place healthy green herbs on the table, mixed with mustard, and then dunk their healthy +whole-grain bread in the mixture, like my dad and I used to dunk cornbread in turnip green broth. +Moldenke and Moldenke believed thatC ichorium endivia, Cichorium intybus, Lactuca sativa, Nas- +turtium officinale, Rumex acetosella , and Taraxacum officinale were among the green herbs of the +Bible. By contrast, local Israeli botanist Michael Zohary lists none of these in hiPsl ants of the Bible +(ZOH), and only the watercress is listed as occurring in theF lora of Palestine. Zohary gfi ures instead +that chicory and the poppy-leavedR eichardia (which looks like dandelion) as more promising cand-i +dates. Regarding bitter herbs, Zohary says, “Many plants, especially those belonging to the Mustard +and Daisy families, are frequently collected and used as potherbs and salad plants” (ZOH). +Commo N Names (CHiCory ): +Achicoria (Peru; Sp.; EGG); Achicoria Amarga (Sp.; EFS); Achicoria Para Ensalada (Sp.; EFS); +Almeirão (Por.; EFS; HH2); Almiron Amarga (Sp.; EFS); Ambuboia (Iran; NAD); Arhilon (Ber.; +BOU); Barbe de Capucin (Fr.; BOU; EFS); Basarula (Arab.; NAD); Bitterste Cichory (Dutch; +KAB); Blaue Wegwarte (Ger.; EFS); Blausamenwirbel (Ger.; KAB); Bois de Corde (Fr.; KAB); +Brussel Witloof (Eng.; TAN); Bunk (Eng.; KAB); Camaroja (Cat.; KAB); Camarroya (Sp.; EFS); +Cheveux de paysan (Fr.; BOU; KAB); Chicorea Brava (Por.; KAB); Chicoree (Fr.; BOU); Chicoree +Amere (Fr.; BOU; KAB); Chicorée Sauvage (Fr.; EFS; KAB; TAN); Chicória (Por.; HH2); Chicória +Brava (Por.; HH2); Chicoria do Café (Por.; EFS); Chicory (Eng.; CR2; HH2); Chicourey (Arab.; +GMH); Cichorei (Dutch; EFS); Cicoare (Rom.; KAB); Cicorea (It.; KAB); Cicoria (It.; Malta; +HH2; KAB); Cicoria Radicchio (It.; EFS); Cicoureio (Provence; KAB); Cicueira (Malta; KAB); +Cikoria (Swe.; EFS); Cikorie (Den.; EFS); Citlik (Tur.; EB54:155); Djouldjoulan (Arab.; BOU); +Ecoubette (Fr.; KAB); Gewöhliche Wegwarte (Ger.; HH2); Gul (Pun.; DEP; KAB); Hand (Pun.; +KAB); Handhiposh (Kas.; MKK); Hendiban (Arab.; Saudi; GHA); Hendibeh (Arab.; GMH); Herbe +a Café (Fr.; KAB); Herbe Amere (Fr.; KAB); Hindeg (Ger.; KAB); Hindiba (Arab.; DEP; GHA); +Hinduba (Beng.; Bom.; Guj.; Hindi; NAD; WO2); Hindubar (Arab.; KAB); Indian Endive (Eng.; +DEP); Indyba (Arab.; KAB); Inthybe (Fr.; KAB); Ju Qu (Pin.; Jule Salat (Den.; EFS); DAA); +Kasani (Guj.; Iran; Urdu; DEP; KAB); Kashin (Loralai; KAB); Kashini (Tam.; KAB); Kashini +8202_C001.indd 100 11/12/07 2:26:40 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +FIGURe . Chicory (Cichorium intybus). +8202_C001.indd 101 11/12/07 2:27:03 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Virai (Tam.; DEP); Kasini (Tel.; KAB); Kasini Virai (Tam.; NAD); Kasini Vittilu (Tel.; DEP); +Kasni (Beng.; Iran; Hindi; Mal.; Pun.; DEP; EFS; KAB; WO2); Kichora (Greek; KAB); Kikori +(Greek; KAB); Kikorion (Greek; KAB); Kiku Nigana (Japan; TAN); Ku Ku (China; NAD); Ku Tsai +(China; NAD); Lishkan (Jammu; WO2); Memorim (Heb.; ZOH); Mersag (Ber.; BOU); Munnchatti +Kizhangu (Mal.; WO2); Mureir (Arab.; ZOH); Peewortel-plant (Dutch; EFS); Podroznik (Pol.; +KAB); Radicchio (It.; Malta; HH2; KAB); Radicheta (Sp.; EFS); Ragged sailor (Eng.; KAB); Rau +Di’ep Dang (Vn.; TAN); Seris (Arab.; BOU); Seris Picris (Greek; KAB); Shikoriah (Arab.; NAD); +Shikouria (Arab.; BOU); Succory (Eng.; ERS; HH2; TAN); Suchal (Pun.; KAB); Suikerij (Dutch; +EFS); Tilfaf (Arab.; BOU); Timerzouga (Ber.; BOU); Timizagt (Ber.; BOU); Tsalina (Ber.; BOU); +Tsikorie (Rus.; KAB); Tukhm-e-kasani (Iran; EFS); Verufl chte Jungfer (Ger.; KAB); Waegwarda +(Swe.; KAB); Wegenwachter (Dutch; EFS); Weglunge (Ger.; KAB); Wegwarte (Ger.; KAB); Weg- +weisse (Ger.; KAB); Wild Bachelor’s Button (Eng.; KAB); Wild Chicory (Eng.; BOU); Wild Endive +(Ger.; KAB); Wild Succory (Eng.; EFS); Wilde Cichory (Dutch; KAB); Wilde Zichorie (Ger.; EFS; +HH2); Witloof (Dutch; EFS); Xicoina (Cat.; KAB); Xicoira (Cat.; KAB); Yabani Hindiba (Tur.; +EB54:155); Zichorie (Ger.; KAB; HH2); Zikorifa (Rus.; EFS); Zral (Bal.; KAB). +a Ctivities (CHiCory ): +Alexiteric (f; KAB); Allergenic (f1; FAH; WO3); Alterative (f; NAD); Analgesic (f; KAB); Antibilious +(f; WO2); Antiexudative (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Antifeedant (1; WO3); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; APA; +FAD; PNC; X15649409); Antilipogenic (f1; ORAFTI9); Antimalarial (f1; X15507374); Antimetastatic +(1; X15877900); Antimutagenic (1; APA); Antioxidant (1; FAH; X12137499; X15800389); Antiradicu- +lar (1; X12137499); Antiseptic (1; FAD); Antispermatogenic (1; WO2); Antisteatotic (1; ORAFTI9); +Bactericide (1; FAD; WO2; X15567253); Bidfi ogenic (1; FNF); Bitter (f1; FAH; HHB); Bradycardic +(1; WO2); Cerebroprotective (1; X16218660); Cardiodepressant (1; FAD; PNC); Cardiotonic (1; FAD); +Carminative (f; DEP; WO2); Cerebrotonic (f; WO2); Chemopreventive (1; X15877900); Cholagogue +(f1; BOU; PHR; PH2; VVG; WO2); Choleretic (f12; ABA; BOU; KOM; PH2; VVG); COX-2 Inhibi- +tor (1; X15649409); Decongestant (f; DEP); Demulcent (f; DEP; GHA; WBB); Depurative (f; BOU; +EGG; HHB; VVG); Digestive (f1; APA; FAH; NAD; WBB; WO2); Diuretic (f1; BOU; FAD; FAH; +PNC; VVG; WO2); Emmenagogue (f; DEP; KAB; WBB; WO2); Febrifuge (f; BOU; GHA); Hepato- +protective (1; APA; VVG; WO2); Hypocholesterolemic (1; FAH; PHR; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; FAD); +Hypotensive (1; VAD); Laxative (f1; APA; BOU; FAD; FAH; GHA; PNC); Lipolytic (f1; FAH); Nega- +tive Chronotropic (1; PH2); Negative Inotropic (1; PH2); Nervine (f; DEM; FAH); Neuroprotective +(1; X16218660); Orexigenic (f1; APA; BOU; FAH; VAG; VVG); Peristaltic (1; WO2); Phytoalexin (1; +WO3); Prebiotic (1; X15649409); Refrigerant (f; DEP); Sedative (f1; APA; FAD; GMH); Stomachic (f; +HHB; WO2); Syndrome X (1; ORAFTI9); Tonic (f; APA; BOU; FAH; PNC; VVG); Xanthine-Oxidase +Inhibitor (1; X12203269). +iNdi Catio Ns (CHiCory ): +Acne (f; WO2); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Ague (f; GMH); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; X15649409); Amen- +orrhea (f; DEP; KAB); Anorexia (f12; APA; BOU; FAD; FAH; KOM; PH2; VVG); Arrhythmia +(1; APA); Arthrosis (f1; COX; KAB; X15649409); Asthma (f; WO2); Atony (f; BOU); Bacteria (1; +FAD; X15567253; X15567253); Biliousness (f; HJP; KAB; WBB); Cancer (f1; APA; JLH); Cancer, +breast (f1; JLH); Cancer, colon (f1; COX; X15649409; X15877900); Cancer, face (f1; JLH); Cancer, +gum (f1; JLH); Cancer, liver (f1; JLH); Cancer, lung (f1; X7569446); Cancer, mouth (f1; JLH); Can- +cer, spleen (f1; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f1; JLH); Cancer, tongue (f1; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f1; JLH); +Cardiopathy (1; APA; FAD); Catarrh (f; HHB; HJP; WBB); Chancre (f1; DEM); Cholecystosis (2; +HHB; PHR); Conjunctivosis (f; GMH); Constipation (f1; FNF); Cramp (f; JHP; PH2); Cystosis (f; +VAD); Deafness (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; APA; FAD; PH2); Diabetes (1; FAD); Diarrhea (f; PH2; +WO2); Dropsy (f; NAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; WBB; WO2); Dyspepsia (f12; APA; BOU; FAD; GHA; +8202_C001.indd 102 11/12/07 2:27:04 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +KOM; PH2; VVG); Edema (f; VAD); Enterosis (f; PH2); Epilepsy (f; WO3); Fever (f; BOU; DEP; +DEM; FAD; GHA; WO2); Gallstone (f; FAD; FAH); Gastrosis (f; HHB; JLH; WBB); Gingivosis +(f; JLH); Glossosis (f; JLH); Gout (f1; PNC; WO2; X12203269); Gravel (f; GMH; NAD); Headache +(f; GHA; PH2; WO2); Heartburn (f; GAZ); Hemorrhoid (f; HJP; PH2; WBB); Hepatosis (f12; DEP; +FAD; FAH; JLH; PHR; PNC; VVG); High Blood Pressure (1; VAD); Hypercholesterolemia (1; +FAH; PHR); Hyperglycemia (1; FAD); Hypertriglyceridemia (1; ORAFTI9); Induration (f; JLH); +Infection (1; FAD); Inafl mmation (f1; APA; FAD; GMH; WO2; X15649409); Insomnia (f; GMH); +Jaundice (f; FAD; GHA; GMH; VVG; WO2); Lachrymosis (f; JLH); Lumbago (f; KAB); Malaria +(f1; X15507374); Melancholy (f; PH2); Nausea (f; DEP; WBB); Nephrosis (f; VAD; VVG); Obesity +(f1; FAH; VAD); Oliguria (f; VAD); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; KAB); Pharyngosis (f; WO2); +Pseudomonas (1; X15567253); Pulmonosis (f; GMH); Pyelonephrosis (f; VAD); Respirosis (f; HHB); +Rash (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; GMH; PNC; WO2); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat +(f; PH2; WO2); Splenomegaly (f; NAD; WO2); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stone (f; VAD); Swelling (f1; +APA; GMH); Tachycardia (1; APA); Toothache (f; HJP); Tuberculosis (f; GMH; PH2); Urethrosis +(f; VAD); Urolithiasis (f; VAD); Uterosis (f; JLH); Vomiting (f; PH2; WO2); Wart (f; JLH); Worm +(f; HJP); Wound (f; HJP). +d osages (CHiCory ): +FNFF = !!! +Long eaten, for example, by the Romans as vegetable or salad, as mentioned by Horace, Ovid, +Pliny, and Virgil (GMH). Leaves grown as vegetable; roots eaten as vegetable or roasted as coffee +substitute; ofl wers eaten fresh, pickled, or in broth; Turks prepare a chewing gum ( dagsakizi) from +the latex (EGG; FAC; TAN). 3 g root (KOM); 3–5g powdered root (PHR); 2–4 g /150–250 ml water +PH2.; 30–0 drops ufl id extract, 1–3 ×/day, before or after meals (VAD); 50–100 drops 1:1 tincture +1–3 ×/day (VAD). +• Arabians eat the leaves or take decoction to lower fever (GHA). +• Arabians eat the seeds for headache, or take decoction for jaundice (GHA). +• Asian Indians use for acne, diarrhea, fever, ophthalmia, pharyngitis, splenomegaly, and +vomiting (WO2). +• Egyptians value the root for tachycardia (BIB). +• Iranians take as a refrigerant, resolvent, medicines, for biliousness (HJP). +• Lebanese, considering the plant aphrodisiac, calmative, choleretic, depurative, laxative, +and tonic, take it for dyspepsia and jaundice (HJP). +• Peruvians suggest eating the leaves or taking the plant juice to purify the blood (EGG). +• Ukranians take the plant for catarrh, diarrhea, enterosis, gastrosis, hemorrhoids, pul-m +onosis, and worms (HJP). +• Unani use the wild bitter type for asthma, biliousness, and inafl mmation (BIB). +d ow Nsides (CHiCory ): +Class 1 (AHP). No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2). +Commission E reports contraindications of hypersensitivity to chicory and other Asteraceae and +adverse effects of rare allergic skin reactions. Patients with bi-lsetones or gallstones should first +consult a physician (AEH; KOM). Cadot et al. (1996) report a first case of occupational allergy to +chicory (Cichorium intybus) in a vegetable wholesaler. Symptoms occurred after oral, cutaneous, +or inhalatory exposure. The patient also reported reactions after ingestion of botanically related +endive (Cichorium endivia) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa). They identiefi d the responsible allergen by +SDS-PAGE and immunoblot to be a 48-kDa protein, confined to the nonilluminated parts of the plants. +No cross-reactivity was found with mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), ryegrass (Lolium perenne), or +8202_C001.indd 103 11/12/07 2:27:04 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen, which suggests that the vegetable is the primary allergenic material. +Carcinogens, viz. 1,2-benzoperylene; 3,4,benzopyrone; and ofl ranthene occur in chicory, increasing +on roasting, especially above 175 F° (WOI). Ingestion of 100 g may cause slight bradycardia. +extra Cts (CHiCory ): +Industrial source of fructose, inulin, oligofructose, and the sugar enhancer, maltol (APA; JAD). +Cichoric acid was recently heralded as very important in immunomodulation and antiviral activity, +even anti-HIV. The compound lactucin and to a lesser extent lactucopicrin are CN-sSedative and can +antagonize the stimulation of caffeine (BIB). Lactucin and lactucopicrin proved to be antimalarial +compounds in chicory, folklorically regarded for malaria in Afghanistan (X15507374). The guaia-no +lide 8-deoxylactucin is a key inhibitor of COX-2 expression (X15649409). Italians are producing circa +250,000 tons of red chicories a year, 100-g servings of which can provide as much as 130 mg anth-o +cyanins and 650 mg total phenolics, scavenging highly reactive oxidants in the stomach, benetfi ting +age-associated oxidative stress, and improving neuronal and cognitive brain function (X16218660). +CAss IA (c inn Amomum A rom Aticum Nees) +++ LAURACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Cinnamomum cassia Auct.; Cinnamomum obtusifolium var. cassia Perr. & Eb.; Laurus cassia +Nees.; Laurus cinnamomum Andr. fide HH2 +Notes (Cassia ): +Take thou also unto thee principal spices, of pure myrrh vfi e hundred shekels, and of sweet cin- +namon half so much, even two hundred and fifty shekels, and of sweet calamus two hundred and +fifty shekels. +Exodus 30:23 (KJV) +And of cassia five hundred shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary, and of oil olive an hin. +Exodus 30:24 (KJV) +and of cassia five hundred, according to the shekel of the sanctuary, and of olive oil a hin. +Exodus 30:24 (RSV) +and cassia five hundred units, by the shekel of the holy place, and olive oil a hin. +Exodus 30:24 (NWT) +It is nice to see that all versions cite the cassia, and most scholars agree that it is the cassia of today’s +spice trade. Although the spice trade tends to lump cassia and cinnamon in the same spice jar, +Israeli botanist Michael Zohary and the Bible itself treat them as separate items. Although both are +mentioned many times in the Bible, nowhere are they both mentioned in the same verse; but it is +very close in the case quoted above, where cinnamon was mentioned in verse 23 and cassia in verse +24. Of the cassia, citing Exodus 30:24, Job 42:14, and Psalms 45:7–8, Zohary says, “In the quoted +passages, the Hebrew ketziah and kiddah are translated as ‘cassia’; the former is also applied as a +personal name. The question as to whether ketziah and kiddah are synonymous or refer to different +plants or drugs will never be resolved” (ZOH). Moses and Solomon probably obtained cassia, via +trade, from Sri Lanka, where it is only cultivated or more possibly from China, where it is native +(BIB; USN). +8202_C001.indd 104 11/12/07 2:27:05 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +FIGURe . Cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum). +Commo N Names (Cassia ): +Bastard Cinnamon (Eng.; EFS); Bunga Lawang (Java; IHB); Canécfi ier (Fr.; EFS); Canela de China +(Cuba; RyM); Canela de la China (Sp.; USN); Canelero Chino (Sp.; USN); Canella de Coromandel +(It.; HH2); Canella di China (It.; KAB); Canelle de Chine (Fr.; EFS); Canelle de Cochinchine (Fr.; +USN); Cannelier Casse (Fr.; USN); Casia (Sp.; EFS); Casse Ligneux (Fr.; EFS); Cassia (Eng.; It.; +8202_C001.indd 105 11/12/07 2:27:16 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Scn.; AH2; CR2; EFS); Cássia (Por.; USN); Cassia Lignea (It.; HH2); Cassis (Fr.; EFS); Chinazimpt +(Ger.; USN); Chinese Cassia (Eng.; BIB); Chinese Cassiaboom (Dutch; EFS); Chinese Cinnamon +(Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; BIB); Chinese Kaneelboom (Dutch; EFS); Chinesischer Kassia (Ger.; EFS); +Chinesischer Zimptbaum (Ger.; EFS; HH2); Chinesischer Zimtstrauch (Ger.; HH2); Ch’ün Kuei +(China; EFS; KAB); Çin Tarçini (Tur.; EFS); Dalchini (India; EFS); Darasini (Arab.; EGS); Fahej +(Hun.; KAB); Gudatvak (Sanskrit; EFS); Gui Zhi (Pin.; AH2); Holzkassia (Ger.; EFS); Holzzimpt +(Ger.; EFS); Hout Cassia (Dutch; EFS); Kanel Kassia (Den.; EFS); Kashia Keihi (Japan; USN); +Kassienzimpt (Ger.; EFS); Kayu Manis China (Malaya; EFS; IHB); Ketziah (Heb.; ZOH); Kiddah +(Heb.; ZOH); Kitaiskaya Koritsa (Rus.; KAB); Koritsa (Rus.; KAB); Koui Chou (China; KAB); +Kuei (China; EFS); Kulit Manis (Malaya; EFS); Kwa P’i (China; EFS); Kwai Phee (China; EFS); +Laurier Casse (Fr.; EFS); Lauro Cassia (It.; EFS); Malabar Leaf (Eng.; JLH); Malabathron (Greek; +JLH); Mou Kuei (China; EFS); Rou Gui (Pin.; AH2; DAA); Saila Myah (Iran; EFS); Salikha (Arab.; +KAB); Taj (Iran; Urdu; KAB); Zimtbaum (Ger.; HH2); Zimtkassie (Ger.; EFS; HH2); Zimtstrauch +(Ger.; HH2). +a Ctivities (Cassia ): +Aldose-Reductase Inhibitor (1; X12553890); Analgesic (f; WO2); Anesthetic (f1; DAA; WO2); +Antiaging (f; DAA); Antiaggregant (1; CAN); Antiallergic (1; WO2); Anticomplement (1; CAN); +Antidiarrheic (f1; CAN); Antidote (f; WO2); Antiemetic (f1; CAN); Antifertility (f1; DAA); Anti- +inafl mmatory (f1; X15710356); Antimutagenic (1; X11506812); Antioxidant (1; X12916067); Anti - +proteinuric (1; WO2); Antipyretic (f; WO2); Antiseptic (f1; CAN; DAA; WO2); Antispasmodic (f1; +CAN); Antitumor (f1; CAN); Antiulcer (1; BGB; CAN; PH2; WO2); Antiviral (1; BGB; DAA; +LAF); Apoptotic (1; X14587878); Astringent (f1; AHP; WO2); Bactericide (1; BGB; LAF; PH2; +X12423924); Cardiotonic (f1; DAA; WO2); Carminative (f1; BGB; CAN; DAA; WO2); COX-2 +Inhibitor (1; X12413723); Diaphoretic (f; AHP); Digestive (f; BGB); Diuretic (f; WO2); Expecto- +rant (f; WO2); Febrifuge (f1; DAA); Fungicide (1; BGB; HH2; LAF; PH2); Hepatotonic (f; WO2); +Hypotensive (1; DAA; WO2); Immunostimulant (1; PH2); Insectifuge (1; X15264623); Larvicide +(1; BGB; LAF; X15796573); Metalloproteinase-9 Inhibitor (1; X15652283); Mosquitofuge (1; +X15264623); NF-kappa B Inhibitor (1; X15710356); NO Inhibitor (1; X15710356); iNOS Inhibitor +(1; X12475291); Parasiticide (1; X12847923); Purgative (f; WO2); Sedative (f1; DAA; WO2); St-o +machic (f; AHP; BGB); Tranquilizer (f; WO2); Vasodilator (1; KC2); Xanthine-Oxidase Inhibitor +(1; X11025157). +iNdi Catio Ns (Cassia ): +Allergy (1; WO2); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; X12413723); Amenorrhea (f1; DAA; PH2; WO2); Anes- +thetic (f1; WO2); Anorexia (12; BGB; KOM; PH2); Arthrosis (f1; COX; DAA; X12413723); Asci- +tes (f; WO2); Asthenia (f; BGB); Asthma (1; BGB; WO2); Bacillus (1; X12423924); Bacteria +(1; X12423924); Bloating (2; BGB; KOM); Bronchosis (1; BGB); Cancer (f1; JLH; X15652283; +X12860272); Cancer, bladder (f1; JLH; X15652283); Cancer, colon (f1; COX; JLH; X12413723); +Cancer, diaphragm (f1; JLH; X15652283); Cancer, kidney (f1; JLH; X15652283); Cancer, liver (f1; +JLH; X15652283); Cancer, rectum (f1; JLH; X15652283); Cancer, spleen (f1; JLH; X15652283); +Cancer, stomach (f1; JLH; X15652283); Cancer, vagina (f1; JLH; X15652283); Cancer, uterus (f1; +JLH; X15652283); Chills (f; DAA); Circulosis (f; X15796573); Cold (f; BGB; CAN); Colic (f1; +BGB; CAN; DAA; PH2); Condyloma (f; JLH); Cough (f; BGB; DAA); Cramps (f1; BGB); Cystosis +(f; JLH); Diabetes (f; DAA); Diaphragmosis (f; JLH); Diarrhea (f1; BGB; CAN; DAA; PH2); Dy-s +menorrhea (f; DAA); Dyspepsia (f12; BGB; CAN; KOM; PH2); Dysuria (f; DAA; WO2); Edema (f; +WO2); Enteralgia (f; BGB); Enterosis (f; BGB; PH2; WO2); Enuresis (f; PH2); Epilepsy (f; WO2); +Escherichia (1; X12423924); Exhaustion (f; PH2); Fever (f1; BGB; DAA; WO2; X15796573); Fun- +gus (1; HH2); Gas (f1; BGB; PH2); Gastrosis (f; BGB; DAA; PH2; WO2); Goiter (f; DAA); Gout +8202_C001.indd 106 11/12/07 2:27:16 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +(1; X11025157); Gray Hair (f; WO2); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hernia (f; PH2); Impotence (f; PH2); +Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f1; HH2; X15796573); Inafl mmation (f1; X15710356; X15796573); +Insomnia (f; DAA); Jaundice (f; DAA); Listeria (1; X12423924); Lumbago (f; DAA); Menopause (f; +PH2); Mycosis (1; HH2); Nephrosis (1; BGB; WO2); Neuralgia (f1; WO2); Neurasthenia (f; PH2); +Ophthalmia (1; WO2); Orchosis (f; PH2); Pain (f1; WO2); Parasite (1; X12847923); Pharyngosis +(f; WO2); Salmonella (1; X12423924); Sore (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomachache (f; DAA); +Staphylococcus (1; X12423924); Streptococcus (1; HH2); Tracheosis (1; WO2); Trypanosoma (1; +X15567249); Urethrosis (f; WO2); Uterosis (f; WO2); Vaginosis (f; JLH); Vertigo (f; DAA); Vomit- +ing (f; PH2); Wart (f; JLH). +d osages (Cassia ): +FNFF = !!! +Dried green fruits are the cassia buds of commerce, which resemble cloves. Cassia bark is also +an important spice. All parts of the plant possess an essence, cinnamic aldehyde, which may be +distilled for export. Buds of the tree are used in place of cloves to season dishes (BIB; FAC; TAN). +2–4 g ground bark/day (BGB; PH2); 0.7–1.3 g bark in 150 ml water 3 ×/day (BGB); 0.5–1 g bark, as +tea, 3 ×/day (CAN); 0.05–0.2 ml cassia oil 3 ×/day (CAN); 0.3–1.2 ml ofl wer tincture (1:5 in 90% +ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN). +• Chinese suggest that prolonged use improves the complexion, making it more youthful +(DAA). +• Chinese use the plant for amenorrhea, arthritis, cancer, chills, cold, colic, cough, dia-be +tes, diarrhea, dizziness, dysmenorrhea, dyspepsia, dysuria, fever, goiter, headache, ja-un +dice, lumbago, rheumatism, and stomachache (DAA). +• Egyptians use the leaves for cancer of the womb, the “grains” for condylomata, vaginosis, +and warts (JLH). +• Indonesians use the plant for tumors (JLH). +• Iranians use bark tea for excessive salivation (BIB). +• Javan brides must drink a potion containing two Bunga Lawang (cassia buds) (IHB). +• Malayans use the imported bark in decoction with other herbs for chest complaints and +cough (IHB). +• Unani, considering the bark carminative, emmenagogue, hematotonic, and tonic, use it +for headache, inafl mmation, piles, and pregnancy (KAB). +d ow Nsides (Cassia ): +Class 2b, reportedly abortifacient (AHP, 1997). Newall, Anderson, and Phillipson (1996) caution +that the cinnamaldehyde in the volatile oil is allergenic and an irritant (CAN). May interfere with +absorption of tetracycline (AHP, 1997). No health hazards or side effects known with proper ther-a +peutic dosages (PH2). Prolonged use of the essential oil should be restricted during pregnancy (AHP, +1997). Commission E reports contraindications for bark; hypersensitivity to cinnamon or Peruvian +balsam; pregnancy, and adverse effects often allergic reactions of skin and mucosae. Flower not +permitted for therapeutic use. Contraindications for hypersensitivity to cinnamon or Peruvian ba-l +sam, pregnancy, and adverse effects allergic skin reactions and mucosal reactions (AEH). +extra Cts (Cassia ): +He et al. (2005) note that cinnamaldehyde (83% or bark essential oil, 65% or twig essential oil) has a-nti +fungal, antioxidant, antipyretic, antiseptic, cytotoxic, and larvicidal activities, inhibiting the production +of lymphocytes and modulating T-cell differentiation. In TCM, cassia is used for circulatory disorders, +dyspepsia, gastritis, and inflammation (X15796573). EO LD50 = 320 mg/kg dermal (CAN) (should +8202_C001.indd 107 11/12/07 2:27:17 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +not be used on skin at levels >0.2%); Aqueous extracts of cassia deemed as effective as cimetidine in +preventing ulcers (BGB; WO2). Trans-cinnamaldehyde (IC50 = 3 µg/ml) and weakly cinnamyl alcohol, +trans-cinnamic acid, and eugenol inhibited aldose reductase (but quercitrin was 6 times more potent +than cinnamaldehyde) (X12553890).C innamomum cassia inhibited epimastigote forms of Trypano- +soma cruzi, (IC50 = 3.9 µg/ml) (X15567249). Butanol extracts inhibit metalloproteinase-9 (IC > 90 += 100 µg/ml) (X15652283); LD50 (cinnamaldehyde) = 2200–3350 mg/kg orl rat HH2; LD50 (cin- +namaldehyde) = 200 mg/kg ipr mus HH2; LD50 (cinnamaldehyde) = 132 mg/kg ivn mus HH2; LD50 +(cinnamaldehyde) = 2225 mg/kg orl mus HH2; LD50 (EO) = 5200 mg/kg orl rat HH2. +CINNAMo N (c inn Amomum verum J. pResL) +++ LAURACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume; Laurus cinnamomum L. +Notes (CiNNamo N): +And the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her; for no man buyeth their … cin- +namon, and odours, and ointments. +Revelation 18 (KJV) +And on a more romantic tone: +I have perfumed my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon. Come, let us take our fill of love until the +morning: let us solace ourselves with loves. For the goodman is not at home, he is gone a long journey. +Proverbs 7:17–19 (KJV) +I have perfumed my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon. Come, let us take our fill of love till morn - +ing; let us delight ourselves with love. For my husband is not at home; he has gone on a long journey. +Proverbs 7:17–19 (RSV) +I have besprinkled my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon. Do come, let us drink our fill of love +until the morning; do let us enjoy each other with love expressions. For my husband is not in his +house; he has gone traveling on a way of some distance. +Proverbs 7:17–19 (NWT) +There is near unanimity in the version regarding the intended use of these aromatic spices. And +they are consistent in translating them as myrrh, aloes (in this case Aquilaria), and cinnamon, the +latter more appealing to my olfactories. Zohary confirms that the long-discussed identicatfi ion of +the biblical kinnamon as Cinnamomum has been confirmed by various scholars. Alien to the Holy +Land, and native to Sri Lanka and coastal India, it must have followed the old trade routes for drugs, +incenses, perfumes, and spices. +Commo N Names (CiNNamo N): +Like spice dealers, I once aggregated cinnamon and cassia, so many of the common names, acti-vi +ties, and indications below could well apply to either species. I would not hesitate to use one or the +other for the indication of one or the other. Many of the reported studies were, in fact, performed on +purchased materials that may have been one or the other or a mixture of the two. Who really knows +which they studied if the material they studied had already been reduced to powdered bark (JAD). +8202_C001.indd 108 11/12/07 2:27:18 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +FIGURe . Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum). +Aakerpatri (Tel.; WO2); Arbol de la Canela (Sp.; KAB); Bahugandha (Sanskrit; KAB); Bois de +Cannelle (Fr.; KAB); Bojevar (Bom.; KAB); Canalleira da India (Por.; AVP); Canela (Cr.; Sp.; AVP; +USN); Canela de Ceilán (Cuba; Dr.; Sp.; AVP); Canela de Ceylán (Sp.; AVP); Canela de Ceylán (Cuba; +RyM); Canela de India (Por.; AVP); Canaleiro (Por.; USN); Canelero de Ceilán (Sp.; USN); Canelo +(Sp.; AVP); Cannalavangapattai (Tam.; KAB; WOI); Cannelier (Guad.; Seychelles; AVP; KAB); +Cannelier de Ceylan (Fr.; USN); Cannella (It.; EFS); Cannella di Ceylon (It.; KAB); Cannelle (Fwi.; +Haiti; AVP); Cannelle de Ceylan (Fr.; EFS); Cannelle Aromatique (Guad.; AVP); Ceylonzimt (Ger.; +USN); Ceylonzimtbaum (Ger.; USN); Ceylon Cinnamon (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; EFS); Ceylon Kaneel +(Dutch; EFS); Ceylon Kanel (Den.; Swe.; EFS; KAB); Ceylon Cimtbaum (Ger.; EFS); Ceylonzimt +(Ger.; KAB); Cheriyilaivannam (Mal.; DEP); Chinese Cassia (Eng.; MPI); Chitari (Peru; Shipibo/ +Conibo; EGG); Cinnamon (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2; VOD); Cirfah (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Cynamon (Pol.; +HH2); Daichini (Guj.; DEP); Dalachini (Kan.; DEP); Dalchini (Beng.; Dec.; Hindi; Mar.; Nepal; DEP; +SUW); Dalochini (Oriya; WO2); Darachini (Mar.; KAB); Darchini (Urdu; KAB); Darasini (Arab.; +NAD); Darchini (Pun.; DEP); Darchinisailaniyah (Iran; KAB); Darsini (Arab.; Syria; DEP; HJP); +8202_C001.indd 109 11/12/07 2:27:39 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Daruchini (Beng.; Guj.; Hindi; Kan.; Kas.; Mah.; NAD); Darushila (Sanskrit; SKJ); Dasamchakkaluk +(Tel.; MPI); Echter Ceylonzimt (Ger.; USN); Gudatvak (Sanskrit; DEP); Gudatwoko (Oriya; KAB); +Hmanthin (Burma; KAB); Ijin (Tulu; KAB); Ilayanngam (Tam.; WO2); Kalphah (Bom.; NAD); +Kanèl (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Kanèl dès Indes (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Karitsa (Rus.; KAB); Karruwa +(Tam.; DEP); Kaya Manis (Malaya; EFS); Kevei (China; NAD); Kinnamomum (Greek; NAD); Ki-n +namon (Bib.; ZOH); Kirfa (Pun.; KAB; NAD); Korica (Rus.; HH2); Kukhi taj (Nepal; SUW); Kulit +Manis (Malaya; NAD); Kurundo (Sin.; NAD); Kuruva (Sri.; KAB); Lavanga (Kadir; KAB); Lavanga +Patta (Mal.; DEP); Lavangachakke (Kan.; KAB); Lowangapatta (Mal.; Tam.; Tel.; NAD); Lulingyaw +(Burma; DEP); Malabar Leaf (Egypt; JLH); Qalamidarchini (Beng.; Dec.; Hindi; KAB); Qirfa-he +sailaniyah (Arab.; KAN); Qualami (Dec.; NAD); Rassu Kurundu (Singh.; DEP; KAB); Saila Myah +(Iran; NAD); Salikhah (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Sanalinga (Tel.; DEP); Sannalavanga (Tel.; KAB); Sc-orti +soare (Rom.; KAB); Seylan Tarçina (Tur.; EFS); Skoricovnik Ceylonsky (Che.; HH2); Taj (Bom.; Guj.; +DEP); Tali Khahe (Iran; DEP); Tamalapatra (Sanskrit; WOI); Tarcin (Tur.; KAB); Timbootikyoobo +(Burma; NAD); Tiqui (Kon.; KAB); True Cinnamon (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; VOD); Tvach (India; JLH); +Tvak (Ayu.; AH2); Twak (Sanskrit; MPI); Varangam (Sanskrit; NAD); Vazhana (Mal.; WO2); Zimmt +(Ger.; NAD); Zimtbaum (Ger.; USN); Zimtlorbeerbaum (Ger.; EFS). +a Ctivities (CiNNamo N): +Adipogenic (1; X15468836); Allergenic (1; APA; X15186386); Analgesic (f1; APA; CAN; ZUL); Anes- +thetic (f1; APA; CAN; TRA; ZUL); Anthelmintic (f; LIB); Antiaggregant (1; X10632089); Anticonvu-l +sant (f1; LIB; TRA); Antidiarrheal (f1; CAN; TRA); Antiemetic (f1; HOS; WO2); Antifungal (f; CRC); +Antihistamine (1; WHO); Antiinflammatory (f1; HOS; LIB); Antileukemic (1; TRA; WO2); Antilym - +phomic (1; WO2); Antimycobacterial (1; PR14:303); Antioxidant (1; CRC; X10641152; X14585184); +Antipeptic (f1; HOS); Antiplatelet (1; X10632089); Antiprostaglandin (1; HH2; TRA); Antipyretic (f1; +CRC; TRA); Antiseptic (f1; APA; CAN; TRA; WO2; ZUL); Antisialogogue (f; HOS); Antispasmodic +(f1; CAN; MPI; TRA; WHO); Antitubercular (1; PR14:303); Antitussive (2; HOS); Antiulcer (f1; APA; +WHO); Antiviral (1; APA; BGB; CAN; TRA); Aphrodisiac (f; LIB; KAB); Aromatic (f; CRC); Astrin- +gent (f1; CAN; TRA; ZUL); Bactericide (12; APA; KOM; PH2; TRA; WHO); Candidicide (1; APA; +CAN; WO2; JAR12:83); Carminative (f1; APA; CAN; TRA; VOD; WHO); Choleretic (1; APA); Cir- +culostimulant (1; HOS); Cordial (f; CRC); COX-2 Inhibitor (1; HOS; X12444669); Cyclooxygenase +Inhibitor (f; ZUL); Cytotoxic (1; CAN; TRA); Demulcent (f1; HOS); Depurative (f; APA); Diapho- +retic (f; AHP; LIB); Digestive (f; VOD); Emmenagogue (f; LIB); Emollient (f; JLH); Estrogenic (1; +PHR; PH2; TRA); Expectorant (f1; WO2); Febrifuge (f; VOD); Fungicide (1; KOM; PH2; TRA; WHO; +JAR12:83); Germicide (f; CRC); Gram(+)-icide (1; WO2); Gram(-)-icide (1; WO2); Hemostat (f; KAB; +MPI); Hepatotonic (f; KAB); HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor (1; X4585184); Hypocholesterolemic +(12; X14633804; X14585184); Hypoglycemic (12; X14633804); Hypotensive (1; ZUL); Hypothermic +(f; CRC); Hypotriglyceridemic (12; X14633804); Hypouricemic (1; X11025157); Immunostimulant (1; +HOS); Insecticide (1; PHR; PH2; WO2); Insectifuge (1; TRA); Insulin Potentiator (1; JAF52:65); La-c +tagogue (f; LIB); Larvicide (1; APA; BGB; CAN; TRA); Lipolytic (1; APA; BGB; LAF; TRA; WO2); +Lipoxygenase Inhibitor (f; HOS; ZUL); Mutagenic (1; TRA; WHO; WO2); Myorelaxant (1; TRA; +WHO); Narcotic (f; NAD); Nematicide (1; TRA); Nervine (f; NAD); Neurotonic (f; MPI); Orexigenic (f; +CAN; LIB); Refrigerant (f; CAN); Secretogogue (1; HOS); Sedative (f1; CRC; LIB; TRA); Sialogogue +(1; APA); Spasmolytic (1; ZUL); Stimulant (f; CRC; WO2); Stomachic (f; AHP; MPI); Teratogenic (1; +WHO); Tonic (f; IED); Tranquilizer (1; HOS); Uterorelaxant (f; APA); Uterotonic (f; APA); Vibriocide +(1; WO2); Vulnerary (f1; X13680838); Xanthine-Oxidase Inhibitor (1; X11025157). +iNdi Catio Ns (CiNNamo N): +Adenopathy (1; HOS); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF; HOS); Amenorrhea (f1; CRC; KAB; WHO; WO2); +Amnesia (f; ZUL); Anorexia (f12; CAN; GAZ; KOM; PH2; WHO); Aphonia (f; HOS); Arthrosis (f1; +COX; CRC; HOS); Asthenia (1; BGB); Asthma (f; CRC; LIB); Bacillus (1; X10548758); Bacteria (1; +8202_C001.indd 110 11/12/07 2:27:39 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +WO2); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bleeding (f; KAB); Bloating (f1; BGB); Bronchosis (f12; CRC; KAB; +PHR); Cancer (f1; COX; CRC; HOS); Cancer, abdomen (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f1; +COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, breast (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, colon (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Ca-n +cer, diaphragm (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, ear (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, gum (f1; COX; +HOS; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, liver (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, +mouth (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, neck (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f1; COX; HOS; +JLH); Cancer, sinus (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, stomach +(f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, vagina (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f1; COX; HOS; JLH); +Candida (f1; CRC; LIB; JAR12:83); Cardiopathy (f1; EGG; KAB; LIB; X14633804); Cerebrosis (f; +KAB); Childbirth (f; LIB); Chill (f; PHR; PH2); Cholera (f1; CRC; SKJ; WO2); Cold (f12; CAN; +GAZ; PHR; ZUL); Colic (f1; APA; CAN; EGG; TRA); Condylomata (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; +WHO); Convulsion (f; LIB); Cough (2; CRC; PHR); Cramp (f1; APA; DEP; VOD; ZUL); Dandruff +(1; JAR12:83); Debility (f; LIB); Depression (f; LIB); Dermatosis (1; JAR12:83); Diabetes (f12; TGP; +X14633804; JAF52:65); Diarrhea (f1; DEP; EGG; PHR; TRA; WHO); Dropsy (f; NAD); Dysentery +(f; CRC; DEP; WO2); Dysmenorrhea (f1; APA; DEP; WHO); Dyspepsia (f12; CAN; IED; KOM; +PH2; WHO); Dyspnea (f; WHO); Earache (f; LIB); Edema (f1; HOS); Enteralgia (f1; WHO); Enter-o +sis (f; JLH; VOD); Enterospasm (2; KOM; WHO); Epidermophyton (1; JAR12:83); Escherichia (1; +CRC; X10548758); Exhaustion (f; LIB); Fatigue (f; GAZ); Fever (f12; AHP; PHR; TRA; VOD); Fis- +tula (f; CRC; SKJ); Flatulence (f12; KOM; VOD; WHO); Flu (f; PHR; PH2); Frigidity (f; LIB; WHO); +Fungus (1; GAZ; LIB; X10548758); Gas (f1; APA; DEP; TRA; VOD); Gastrosis (f; DEP; HOS; +VOD; WO2); Gastrospasm (f12; KOM; VOD); Gingivosis (f; JLH); Glossosis (f; DEP; HOS; WO2); +Gonorrhea (f; LIB; NAD); Gout (1; X11025157); Halitosis (f; PH2); Headache (f1; DEP; WO2; ZUL); +Heart (f; CRC); Hemorrhage (f1; APA); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Hepatosis (f; JLH; NAD); Hiccup +(f; KAB); High Blood Pressure (f; LIB; ZUL); High Cholesterol (12; X14633804); Hydrocele (f; +KAB); Hyperglycemia (f12; X4585184); Hypertriglyceridemia (f12; X4585184); Immunodepression +(1; HOS); Impotence (f; LIB; WHO); Infection (2; PHR; WO2); Inafl mmation (f1; HH2; HOS; LIB); +Itch (f; KAB); Leukemia (1; TRA; WO2); Leukorrhea (f; WHO); Listeria (1; X12380758); Lumbago +(f; CRC); Lungs (f; CRC); Lupus (f; LIB); Lymphoma (1; WO2); Malassezia (1; JAR12:83); Mastosis +(f; JLH); Melancholy (f; NAD); Menorrhagia (f; CRC; LIB); Mycosis (1; ZUL; JAR12:83); Nausea +(f; CRC; EGG; TRA; ZUL); Nephrosis (f; CRC; LIB); Neuralgia (f; DEP; WHO; WO2); Obesity +(12; X4585184); Oketsu Syndrome (f; LIB); Otosis (f; LIB); Pain (f1; KAB; WHO; WO2); Paralysis +(f; DEP; HOS; WO2); Pharyngosis (2; PHR); Phthisis (f; CRC); Phymata (f; JLH); Proctosis (f; +JLH; KAB); Prolapse (f; CRC; SKJ); Pseudomonas (1; HH2); Psoriasis (f; CRC); Rheumatism +(f; APA; WHO; WO2; ZUL); Salmonella (1; WO2); Sinusosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; JLH); Spasm (f; +CRC); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; CRC; HH2); Stomachache (f; EGG); Stomatosis (2; +CRC; JLH; PHR); Stress (f; LIB); Syncope (f; WO2); Tension (f; LIB); Thirst (f; SKJ); Thrush (f1; +LIB); Toothache (f; DEP; PH2; WHO); Tuberculosis (1; LIB; PR14:303); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); +Typhoid (f; LIB; NAD); Ulcer (f1; HOS; WHO); Vaginosis (f; CRC; JLH; WHO); Venereal Disease +(f; LIB); Virus (f; LIB); Vomiting (f; CRC; PH2); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Wen (f; JLH); Worm (f; PHR; +PH2); Wound (f1; PHR; PH2; WHO; X13680838); Xerostomia (f; KAB); Yeast (f1; APA; WO2; +X10548758; JAR12:83). +d osages (CiNNamo N): +FNFF = !!! +The bark is one of the world’s premier spices. Cinnamon leaves used also as spice (e.g., in Jamaica’s +jerked pork) (FAC). 1 tsp bark/cup water/2–3 ×/day with meals (APA); 0.5–1 g bark, as tea, 3× /day +(CAN); 0.5–1.0 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 70% ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN); 2–4 ml cinnamon tincture +(CAN, PNC); 20 grains bark for dysentery (DEP); 2–4 g bark (KOM); .05–0.2 g EO (KOM); 0.05–0.2 +ml cinnamon oil (PNC); 0.3–1.2 ml spirit of cinnamon (PNC); 0.3–1 g powdered bark (PNC); 2–4 g +bark/day (WHO); 0.05–0.2 g essential oil/day (WHO); 1 tsp bark/cup water 2–3× /day (WIC). +8202_C001.indd 111 11/12/07 2:27:40 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Asian Indians use the bark in bolmes, enemas, or ghees for abdominal cancers (JLH). +• Asian Indians use a spicy triad trijataka (cardamom, cinnamon, and “tejapatra,” possibly +cassia) for lengual paralysis, stomach cramps, and toothache (HOS). +• Ayurvedics consider the bark aphrodisiac and tonic, using for biliousness, bronchitis, +diarrhea, itch, parched mouth, worms, and cardiac, rectal, and urinary diseases (HOS). +• Belizeans for snoring suggest 1 cup of cinnamon tea with two teaspoons grated ginger +and honey and milk added. Drink at bedtime each night until cured (or until death do us +part!) (AAB). +• Caribbean Tramileños take the bark infusion for diarrhea and nausea (TRA). +• Dominicans take bark decoction, with or without cilantro, for enterosis and fever (VOD). +• Egyptians use the leaves for uterine cancer, the seeds for venereal warts (JLH). +• Haitians use the bark decoction as carminative, digestive, and febrifuge (VOD). +• Haitians use the essence topically for rheumatism, internally (dilute I presume) for enteric +or gastric gas and spasms (VOD). +• Lebanese use cinnamon as a stimulant, for colds, rheumatism, halitosis, and slobbering +(HJP; HOS). +• Pakistanis chew the bark for dysmenorrhea (DEP). +• Peruvians suggest the bark infusion for the heart, the decoction for colic (EGG). +• Ukrainians give raw grated carrots with cinnamon for anemia (HJP). +• Unani consider the oil carminative, emmenagogue, and as a tonic to the liver, using it for +abdominal pains, bronchitis, head colds, and inafl mmation (HOS). +d ow Nsides (CiNNamo N): +Class 2b,2d; “Not for long-term use; do not exceed recommended dose (2–4 g bark/day; 50–200 mg +essential oil daily). May overstimulate the vasomotor center” (AHP, 1997). Commission E reports +bark contraindications: hypersensitivity to cinnamon or Peruvian balsam and adverse effects: often +allergic reactions of skin and mucosae. Tramil warns against continued use because of mutagenicity +(TRA). Other sources report contraindications: GI ulcer, pregnancy (AEH). Newall, Anderson, and +Phillipson (1996) caution that the cinnamaldehyde in the volatile oil is allergenic and an irritant. The +allergenic oil should not be taken internally (CAN). “There are no known problems with the use of +cinnamon during pregnancy and lactation, provided that doses do not greatly exceed the amounts used +in foods. … May cause some people to break out in a rash” (Castleman, 1996). Regrettably, I was unable +to read the article on allergic contact dermatitis from cinnamon used as an od-noerutralizing agent +in shoe insoles (X15186386). High doses caused vomiting in experiments with dogs, corresponding +with reported side effects in humans. Cinnamaldehyde 5% in petrolatum is a skin irritant. Prolonged +contact with cinnamon oil on skin may cause burns. Cinnamaldehyde in cosmetics or perfumes may +cause allergic reactions. Allergic reactions (i.e., swollen lips or tongue, itching, burning sensation, +blistering of the oral mucosa, and urticaria) reported from contact with ointments, toothpaste, mout-h +wash, or foods containing cinnamon oil or cinnamaldehyde (AEH1). Sensitized and sensitive justiafi ble +chemophobes may develop dermatosis using mouthwash, perfume, soap, or toothpaste afl vored with +camphor, cassia, or cinnamon (FNF; RIN). May reduce the activity of tetracycline (WHO). Extracts +and cinnamaldehyde reported mutagenic in some studies, nonmutagenic in others. +Toxicity: Following ingestion of cinnamon, contact dermatosis may afl re up. Eugenol has been +reported to be an irritant and a weak tumor promoter. Cinnamic aldehyde in perfumes can cause +dermatosis. In toothpaste it can cause sensitivity (DAD). +extra Cts (CiNNamo N): +In a study by Park and Shin (2005), cinnamon and onion oil followed garlic and clove bud oils in +lethality to the Japanese termite, Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe. Diallyl trisuldfi e was most toxic, then +diallyl disuldfi e, eugenol, diallyl suldfi e, and beta -caryophyllene (X15913300). Chericoni et al. (2005) +8202_C001.indd 112 11/12/07 2:27:41 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +found that eugenol was, by far, the most potent antioxidant in cinnamon’s essential oil, recounting its +use as antioxidant, antiperoxidant, antiradicular, antiseptic, hepatoprotective, and sedative. Oral e-uge +nol is rapidly absorbed, reaching blood plasma levels of 5 µM, signicfi antly antioxidant levels, 2 hours +after 150 mg of the eugenol, but almost completely excreted in the urine by 24 hours (X15941312). +Pakistani scientists (X14633804) found that cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of type-2 diabe-t +ics. Cinnamon, consumed (1, 3, or 6 g/day) for 40 days followed by a 2-0day washout period, reduced +mean fasting serum glucose (18–29%), triglyceride (23–30%), LDL cholesterol (7–27%), and total +cholesterol (12–26%) levels; compared to placebo (X4585184). Korean scientists (Lee et al., 2003) +showed that cinnamate, a phenolic in the bark, enhances hepatic lipid metabolism and antioxidant +defense systems in high cholesterol–fed rats. Cinnamate supplementation resulted in higher catalase +and glutathione peroxidase activities. Lee et al. (2003) suggested that dietary cinnamate inhibits +hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity, resulting in lower hepatic cholesterol (X14585184). LD50 (EO) += 690 mg/kg der (CAN); perhaps second only to some varieties of clove (up to 20% eugenol), cin- +namon (to 3.8%) is a major source of eugenol, which has all sorts of biological activities. Analgesic; +anesthetic 200–400 ppm; antiaggregant IC50 = 0.3 µM (PR4:93); antiarachidonate; anticonvulsant; +antiedemic, 100; antiinafl mmatory (11 µM); antimitotic; antimutagenic; antinitrosating; antioxidant, +IC65 = 30 ppm; antiprostaglandin, 11 µM, IC50 = 9.2 mM; antiradicular, EC50 = 2 µl/l; antise-p +tic (3 ml/man/day); antithromboxane; antitumor; antiulcer; apifuge; bactericide, 500 ppm; calcium +antagonist, IC50 = 224 µM; cancer preventive; candidicide; carminative; choleretic; CNS depressant; +cytochrome-p450 inhibitor; enterorelaxant; febrifuge (3 ml/man/day); fungicide; hepatoprotective, 100 +ppm; larvicide; motor depressant; sedative; spasmolytic; trypsin enhancer; and vermifuge (FNF). +LADANUM (c istus creticus L.) + CIst ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Cistus incanus auct.; Cistus incanus var. creticus; Cistus ladinifera; Cistus villosus L., Cistus +villosus var. creticus. fide EFS +Notes (l ada Num ): +A company of Ishmeelites came from Gilead with their camels, bearing spicery and balm and myrrh. +Genesis 37 (KJV) +The generally recognized sources of ladanum have beenC istus creticus, C. cyprius, C. ladanifer, +and C. monspeliensis. Some of the EFS data below may indeed apply to C. ladanifer. All VAD data +below accrue to C. ladinifer. Because ladanum used to be combed from the fur of sheep, or the +beards of goats that had been grazing the Rock Rose, it often represented a mixture of species. While +I suspect goats and sheep are discriminating grazers, I doubt that they were restricted to grazing one +of the many species in so many Mediterranean areas. It is doubtful that all ladanum has been sci-en +ticfi ally or taxonomically veriefi d, so the accumulated literature may apply to various species. The +biblical ladanum was probably notC . ladaniferus, and more probably C. creticus or C. incanus. +Commo N Names (l ada Num ): +Ciste à Gomme (Fr.; EFS); Ciste de Crète (Fr.; EFS); Ciste d’Espagne (Fr.; EFS); Ciste Ladinifère +(Fr.; EFS); Cisto Canescente (It.; EFS); Cisto di Creta (It.; EFS); Cisto di Spagno (It.; EFS); Cisto +Ladinifero (It.; EFS); Cistus Ladon (Eng.; JLH); Cretan Rock Rose (Eng.; EFS); Girit Ladeni (Tur.; +EFS); Gum Cistus (Eng.; JLH); Jara (Sp.; VAD); Kretische Cistrose (Ger.; EFS); Labdanum (Eng.; +BIB); Ladanum (Dutch; Eng.; EFS; JLH; ZOH); Ladum (Eng.; JLH); Ledum (Eng.; JLH); Lot +(Heb.?; ZOH); Manna de Hasta (Sp.; EFS); Rock Rose (Eng.; JLH); Spanische Cistrose (Ger.; EFS); +Nscn. +8202_C001.indd 113 11/12/07 2:27:42 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Ladanum (Cistus creticus). +8202_C001.indd 114 11/12/07 2:28:01 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +a Ctivities (l ada Num ): +Alanyl-aminopeptidase Inhibitor (1; X11801385) Allergenic (1; X3365959); Antiaggregant +(1; X15325737); Antileukemic (1; X9581515); Antioxidant (1; X10917563); Antiperoxidant (1; +X10917563); Antiproliferant (1; X11801385); Antiradicular (1; X10917563); Antiseptic (1; JAD; +X8134413); Antiulcer (1; X7784302); Astringent (f; EFS); Bactericide (1; JAD; X8134413); Can- +didicide (1; JAD; X8134413); Cardioprotective (1; X15325737); Cytotoxic (1; X8134413); Dermo- +protective (1; X10917563); Dipeptidylpeptidase-IV Inhibitor (1; X11801385); Diuretic (f; JAD); +Emmenagogue (f; GMH); Expectorant (f; GMH; ZOH); Fungicide (1; JAD); Gastroprotective (1; +X7784302); Gram(+)-icide (1; X9342956); Gram(-)-icide (1; X9342956); Hemostat (f; EFS); Myor- +elaxant (1; X15138007); Nervine (f; EFS); Purgative (f; EFS); Revulsive (f; EFS); Sedative (f; VAD): +Spasmolytic (1; X15138007); Stimulant (f; GMH; ZOH); Vulnerary (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (l ada Num ): +Anxiety (f; VAD); Arthrosis (f; VAD); Asthma (f; BOU); Bacteria (1; JAD; X8134413); Broncho- +sis (f; JAD); Cancer, anus (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Candida (1; JAD); Cardiopathy (1; +X15325737); Catarrh (f; BIB; BOU; ZOH); Corn (f; JLH); Diarrhea (f; JAD); Duodenosis (f; VAD); +Dysentery (f; BIB; BOU; ZOH); Dyspnea (f; BIB); Escherichia (1; JAD); Fracture (f; JAD); Fungus +(1; JAD); Gastrosis (f; JLH; VAD); Headache (f; VAD); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hernia (f; JAD); Hy-s +teria (f; BIB); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; JAD; X8134413); Inafl mmation (f; VAD); Insomnia +(f; VAD); Leukemia (1; X9581515); Leukorrhea (f; JAD); Myalgia (f; VAD); Mycosis (1; JAD); +Neuralgia (f; VAD); Osteoarthritis (f; VAD); Polyp (f; JLH); Proctosis (f; JLH); Rhinosis (f; JLH); +Sore (f; JLH); Spasm (1; X15138007); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; JAD); Ulcer (f; VAD); +Uterosis (f; JLH). +d osages (l ada Num ): +FNFF = ! +Labdanum gum, the oleoresin, essential oil, and absolute are used as GRAS food afl voring ele- +ments, usually at levels less than 10 to 20 ppm, and have also been used in cosmetics, creams, dete-r +gents, perfumes, and soaps. The absolute is reportedly used in levels up to 4000 ppm, the essential +oil up to 8000 ppm but only in perfumery. +d ow Nsides (l ada Num ): +The oleoresin of C. ladanifer is described as hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and neurotoxic (VAD). +extra Cts (l ada Num ): +The essential oil and the resin are antibiotic againsCt andida, Escherichia, and Staphylococcus. +Co Lo CyNth ( c itrullus colocynthis (L.) sCh RAD.) x CUCURBIt ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Cucumis colocynthis L. +Notes (Colo CyNt H): +Behold, I will feed them, even this people, with wormwood, and give them water of gall to drink. +Jeremiah 9:15 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 115 11/12/07 2:28:02 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Commo N Names (Colo CyNt H): +Abur (Ber.; BOU); Aferziz (Arab.; Mauritania; UPW); Ahlandal der Araber (Ger.; KAB); Alkat +(Ber.; BOU); Atmaraksha (Sanskrit; KAB); Bitter Apple (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; BOU; CR2); Bitter +Cucumber (Eng.; KAB); Bitter Gourd (Eng.; BOU; CR2); Bitter Melon (Eng.; GHA); Calebasse de +Serpent (Fr.; KAB); Castravete Amar (Rom.; KAB); Chicotin (Fr.; BOU); Chittipapara (Tel.; KAB); +Cocomero Amaro (It.; KAB); Colocynth (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; BOU; CR2); Coloquinte (Fr.; BOU; EFS; +UPW); Coloquintida (Por.; KAB); Coloquintide (It.; EFS); Corin M’bodi (Fulah; KAB); Darwawal +(Las Bela; KAB); Dingel (Arab.; BOU); Donkey’s Melon (Eng.; GHA); Ebucehilkarpuzu (Tur.; +EFS); Endrayani (?; Nepal); Ghorumba (Hindi; KAB); Gorkaya Tikva (Rus.; KAB); Habid (Arab.; +BOU); Hadaj (Arab.; BOU); Hadaq (Arab.; BOU); Hadj (Arab.; Mali; UPW); Hadja (Arab.; BOU); +Haguellet (Arab.; BOU); Handal (Arab.; Nig.; Oman; Qatar; BOU; GHA; UPW); Hanzal (Arab.; +EFS); Hanzul (Arab.; EFS); Hedeg (Dho.; Oman; GHA); Hedej Lehmar (Arab.; BOU); Henzil (Dec.; +KAB); Hindavanahetalkh (Iran; KAB); Indrak (Guj.; KAB): Indravaruni (Ayu.; Sanskrit; AH2; +JLH; KAB); Indrayan (Hindi; India; Urdu; FS; KAB); Kaddukankri (Bom.; HAB); Kharbuza-Talkt +(Iran; Khiasi, Burma; KAB); Kolokvint (Den.; Nor.; Swe.; EFS; KAB); Kolokvinter (Den.; KAB); +Kolokwint (Dutch; EFS); Koloquint (Ger.; EFS); Koron Mboddi (Fula; Guinea; UPW); Kurkushta +(Bal.; KAB); Kwartowa (Hausa; UPW); Kwintappel (Dutch; KAB); Makhal (Beng.; KAB); Ma-ra +ghuna (Zhob.; KAB); Marghun (Sharug; KAB); Marghuni (Sibi; KAB); Marhoum (Arab.; BOU); +Merraret el Sekhour (Arab.; BOU); Murrah (Oman; GHA); Pavamekkekayi (Kan.; KAB); Pey-k +kommaddi (Sri.; KAB); Peykkommutti (Mal.; KAB); Phidangourgia (Greek; JLH); Picrokolokun- +thia (Greek; JLH); Pikrangougia (Greek; JLH); Purgierparadiesapfel (Ger.; EFS); Qittat en Na’am +(Arab.; BOU); Sartol (Hun.; KAB); Serere (Soussou; KAB); Shary (Qatar; GHA); Shetiputsa (Sin.; +KAB); Sikya Pikra (Greek; KAB); Sise (Arab.; BOU); Sisigi (Diola; Sen.; UPW); Suri (Arab.; +GHA); Tadjellet (Ber.; BOU); Taferzizt (Ber.; BOU); Thorliyindrayan (Mar.; KAB); Tifersit (Ber.; +BOU); Trujogosht (Sin.; KAB); (Indi Tuera (Sp.; KAB); Ubruzi (Ber.; BOU); Verittumatti (Tam.; +KAB); Vicala (India; JLH); Visala (India; JLH); Wild Gourd (Eng.; CR2). +a Ctivities (Colo CyNt H): +Abortifacient (f; CRC; EFS; WBB; X14430893); Acaricide (1; BIB); Alterative (f; KAP; MPI); Ana-l +gesic (f; GHA); Anthelmintic (f; WO2); Antiaggregant (1; WO2); Antiandrogenic (1; X12660478); +Anticholinergic (1; MPI; WO2); Antifertility (1; X12660478); Antihistaminic (1; KAB; MPI; WO2); +Antihyperglycemic (1; X10904181); Antioxidant (1; X12484560); Antiperoxidant (1; X12484560); +Antiproliferant (f; X14732962); Antitumor (f; X14732962); Bactericide (1; WO2); Bitter (1; KAB); +Carcinogenic (1; X6746706); Cardiodepressant (1 WO2); Carminative (f; CRC; KAB; WO2); +Cathartic (1; CRC; MPI); Depurative (f; WO2); Diuretic (1; KAP; MPI; WO2); Ecbolic (f; BIB; +CRC); Emetic (1; MPI); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; EFS; WBB); Expectorant (1; MPI; WO2); Febri- +fuge (f; BIB; CRC); Hepatoprotective (1; WO2; X12484560); Herbicide (1; WO2); Hydragogue (f; +CRC); Hypoglycemic (1; WO2; X10904181); Immunostimulant (1; X12963136); Insecticide (1; BIB; +KAP; WBB; WO2); Insulinotropic (1; X10909260); Irritant (1; PH2); Laxative (f1; GHA; PHR); +Mucoirritant (1; PHR); Negative Chronotropic (1; MPI); Negative Inotropic (1; MPI); Nematicide (1; +WO2); Poison (1; PHR); Protisticide (1; WO2); Purgative (1; CRC; MPI; PH2; WBB); Refrigerant (f; +KAB); Repellant (f; CRC); Ribosome Inactivator (1; X2248976); Toxic (f; EFS); Uterorelaxant (1; +WO2); Vermifuge (1; BIB; CRC). +iNdi Catio Ns (Colo CyNt H): +Adenopathy (f; CRC; JLH); Alopecia (f; WBB); Amenorrhea (f; BIB; CRC); Anemia (f; CRC; KAB); +Arthrosis (f; CRC; GHA); Ascites (f; CRC; KAP; PH2; WBB); Asthma (f; CRC; KAB); Bacteria (1; +WO2); Baldness (f; WBB); Biliousness (f; BIB; CRC; KAP); Bite (f; KAP; WBB); Blennorrhagia +(f; UPW); Blood (f; WO2); Breast (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; CRC; KAB); Cancer (f1; CRC; GHA; +8202_C001.indd 116 11/12/07 2:28:03 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +KAB); Cancer, abdomen (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; +JLH); Cancer, colon (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; CRC); Cancer, liver (f; CRC); Cancer, sinew (f; +CRC; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; CRC); Carcinoma (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; HHB); Cerebrosis (f; CRC); +Childbirth (f; KAB; PH2); Cholecystosis (f; PHR; PH2); Colic (f; GHA; KAP); Constipation (f1; +CRC; GHA; PHR); Corn (f; CRC; JLH); Cough (f; WO2); Cramp (f; HHB; WO2); Cystosis (f; HHB; +JLH); Debility (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; BOU; UPW); Diabetes (f1; BIB; BOU; WO2; X9324004); +Dropsy (f; BIB; CRC; KAP); Dysmenorrhea (f; HHB); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; KAB); Dysuria (f; CRC; +KAP; WBB); Elephantiasis (f; CRC; KAB; PH2); Endothelioma (f; CRC; JLH); Enterosis (f; KAP; +WO2); Epilepsy (f; BOU; CRC; KAP; WBB); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Fetal Atrophy (f; CRC); Fever +(f; BIB; CRC; WO2); Frostbite (f; BIB; CRC); Gangrene (f; BIB; CRC; WO2); Gargantosis (f; CRC; +KAB); Glaucoma (f; KAP); Gonorrhea (f; BOU; UPW); Gray Hair (f; KAP; WO2); Headache (f; +WO2); Hemicrania (f; CRC; KAB); Hemorrhoid (f; WO2); Hepatosis (f; KAP; PHR; PH2; WO2); +Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; WBB); Inafl mmation (f; CRC; WO2); Itch (f; BOU); Jaundice (f; +BIB; CRC; WBB); Leishmania (1; WO2); Leprosy (f; CRC); Leukemia (f; CRC; JLH); Leukoderma +(f; BOU; CRC); Migraine (f; KAB; WO2); Nephrosis (f; HHB); Neuralgia (f; HHB; KAP; WO2); +Neurosis (f; HHB); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; WO2); Pain (f; GHA; JLH); Paralysis (f; WO2); Parasite +(f; KAP); Pediculosis (f; CRC); Protozoa (1; WO2); Rheumatism (f; BIB; CRC; KAB; KAP; WBB); +Sarcoma (f; JLH); Sciatica (f; KAP); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Snakebite (f; BOU; CRC); Splenomegaly (f; +CRC); Splenosis (f; JLH); Sting (f; WBB); Swelling (f; WO2); Throat (f; CRC); Tumors (f; CRC); +Urogenitosis (f; BIB; WO2); Uterosis (f; CRC; KAB); Varicose Veins (f; BIB; CRC; WO2); Venereal +Disease (f; UPW); Worm (1; WO2); Wounds (f; CRC; WO2). +d osages (Colo CyNt H): +FNFF = ! +Barely food farmacy; fruits pickled after boiling in several changes of water to remove bitter e-le +ments. Seed, removed from the poisonous pulp, is eaten in Central Sahara. Seed kernels eaten with +dried dates (BIB; TAN). 120–300 mg individually/day; up to 600 mg/day (HHB). 0.2–0.4 g root +powder (KAP); 0.1–0.4 g fruit powder (KAP); 3–10 ml root tea (KAP). Homeopathic dilutions only +(JAD); allopathic doses no longer defensible (PH2). +• Algerians use colocynth in gargles and mouthwash, and as a counterirritant in chest cold +plasters. They poultice salted rind onto frostbite (BIB). +• Arabians apply crushed leaves with garlic to bites and stings (GHA). +• Arabians apply seeds crushed in water as hair-darkening shampoo (GHA). +• Arabians mix crushed fruits with oil to massage painful arthritis (GHA). +• Asian Indians use the seed oil for bites and stings and epilepsy, and to promote hair +growth (UPW). +• Ayurvedics use the root for arthritic pain, breast inafl mmation, ophthalmia and uterine +pain; and the fruit for adenopathy, anemia, ascites, asthma, bronchitis, constipation, d-ys +pepsia, elephantiasis, fetal atrophy, jaundice, leucoderma, splenomegaly, throat diseases, +tubercular glands, tumors, ulcers, and urinary discharges (KAB). +• Bedouins tie a slice of fresh gourd onto the heel before retiring for rheumatism (in the +Sinai, I was told that one tastes the bitter gourd in the morning as a result) (BIB). +• Guinea natives poultice the leaves onto migraine and neuralgia (KAB). +• Lebanese apply the pulp to open varicose veins, also using it for cancer, gangrene, and +wounds (BIB; HJP). +• Mauritanians with gonorrhea insert the penis into cooked fruit for circa 1 hour to treat +blenorrhagia (UPW). +• Mauritanians apply baked root powder in butter or camel’s milk to head lice (UPW). +• North Africans swallow one unchewed seed per day for 21 days for diabetes (BOU). +8202_C001.indd 117 11/12/07 2:28:03 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• North Africans take root decoction with garlic for snakebite (BOU). +• Unani, considering the fruit abortifacient, carminative, and purgative, use it for brain +disorders, epilepsy, hemicrania, inafl mmation, leprosy, ophthalmia, and weakness of the +limbs (KAB). +d ow Nsides (Colo CyNt H): +“The purgative action is so drastic as to have caused fatalities. One woman who took 120 g to induce +abortion died in 50 hours. In case of poisoning, stomach evacuation is recommended, followed by +oral or rectal administration of tincture of opium, followed by stimulating and mucilaginous beve-r +ages” (CRC). Toxic doses (600–1000 mg) may cause colic, diarrhea, hematchezia, nephrosis, and +vomiting; lethal doses (as low as 2 g) may cause convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death due to +circulatory collapse (PH2). +Natural History (Colo CyNt H): +Despite the bitterness, the fruits are eaten by grazing animals and the seeds gathered by desert +rodents. Hungry Bedouins may even eat the seed after soaking in water, able to survive nearly +2 weeks on the seed (although probably with diarrhea). Goats and wild game eat the stem and +leaves (BIB); the fruit is eaten only by donkeys, gazelles, and ostriches (UPW). The following fungi +affect colocynth: Colletotrichum bryoniae, Erysiphe cichoracearum, E. polyphaga, E. semitec- +tum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Puccinis citrulli. The Bottle gourd mosaic virus and the nematode, +Meloidogyne sp., also attack this plant (HOE). +extra Cts (Colo CyNt H): +Alpha-elaterin-2-d-glucopyranoside: anticholinergic (WO2); antihistaminic (WO2); cardiodepr-es +sant (WO2); purgative (WO2); uterorelaxant (WO2); toxic dose 0.5–1 g orl man; LDlo = 4000 mg orl +man. Alpha-spinasterol signicafi ntly (circa 1000 X simvastin, a coenzyme-A inhibitor) modulates +development and/or progression of diabetic nephropathy. It reduced signicafi ntly attendant increases +of serum triglycerides, renal weight, and urinary protein excretion in diabetic mice (X15326549). +WAte RMeLo N (c itrullus l An Atus (t h UNB.) +MAts UM. & NAKAI.) +++ CUCURBIt ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Citrullus caffer Schrad.; Citrullus edulis Spach.; Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai +subsp. mucosospermus Fursa; Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.; Colocynthis citrullus (L.) O. Kuntze; +Cucurbita citrullus L., Momordica lanata Thunb. +Notes (w atermelo N): +We remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the +leeks, and the onions, and the garlick: But our soul is dried away: there is nothing at all, beside +this manna, before our eyes. +Numbers 11:5–6 (KJV) +We remember the fish we ate in Egypt for nothing, the cucumbers, the melons, the leeks, the +onions, and the garlic; but now our strength is dried up, and there is nothing at all but this manna +to look at. +Numbers 11:5–6 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 118 11/12/07 2:28:04 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). +How we remember the fish that we used to eat in Egypt for nothing, the cucumbers and the water +melons, and the leeks and the onions, and the garlic; But now our soul is dried away. Our eyes are +on nothing at all except the manna. +Numbers 11:5- 6 (NWT) +Of the three versions, only NWT speciefi s watermelons. And it really is a life-sustaining treasure +in the desert when you have lost your canteen. Many of the common names that follow were taken +from Porcher’s excellent Australian database (http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au). Porcher’s +team adopted the group names “Lanatus” for wild and semi wild African watermelons, “Vulgaris” +to cover “edible” cultivars, and “Citroides” to cover the preserving melons and fodder cultivars, +8202_C001.indd 119 11/12/07 2:28:28 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +deeming it a “sensible option” (POR). I have also taken at least one common name for each country +from a large colloquial name collection presented in UPW. Noting that watermelon has been known +from Egypt since the Bronze Age, Zohary speculates that watermelon was domesticated in Africa +during the Neolithic Period. +Commo N Names (w atermelo N): +Anguria (It.; POR); Arbuz (Pol.; Rus.; POR); Arbuz Stolovyj (Rus.; POR); Arpuusi (Fin.; POR); Ava- +tiach (Heb.; POR); Avatiach Pashut. (Heb.; POR); Avatihim (Heb.; ZOH); Bateekh (Arab.; POR); Batia +(Ma.; JFM); Battikh (Arab.; Syria; HJP; POR); Belancia (Por.; AVP); Belik Zichi (Arab.; EFS); Betteakh +(Arab.; Egypt; POR); Chaya Pula (Sanskrit; EFS); Choei Koa (China; POR); Cimangko (Dwi.; POR); C-it +ron Melon (Eng.; POR); Cocomero (It.; AVP; POR); Coloquinte (Fr.; POR); Da Zi Gua Zi Xi Gua (China; +POR); Dinia (Bul.; POR); Dua Do (Vn.; POR); Dua Hao (Vn.; POR); Dua Hao Ruoi Do (Vn.; POR); Dua +Hao Ruoi Vang (Vn.; POR); Egusi Melon (Eng.; POR); Eguzui Suika (Japan; POR); Facé (Por.; AVP); +Fodder Melon (Eng.; POR); Futtermelone (Ger.; POR); Gewöhnliche Wassermelone (Ger.; POR); Görög- +dinnye (Hun.; POR); Grosse Wasser Melon (Ger.; EFS); Grote Water Meloen (Dutch; EFS); Gua Zi Xi +Gua (China; POR); Han Koa (China; POR); Han Kua (China; EFS); Hia Koa (China; POR); Hinduana +(BAL; KAB); Hsi Kua (China; EFS); Jabas (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Jacé (Por.; AVP); Ka-bed (Tibet; NPM); +Karpusi (Greek; POR); Karpouzia (Cyprus; POR); Karpusi (Greek; POR); Karpuz (Tur.; POR); Kavun +(Ukraine; POR); Kawon (Pol.; POR); Kharbuza (Hindi; POR); Kharmuja (Hindi; POR); Lubenica (Cro-a +tia; Macedonia; POR); Lubenica Meloun (Czech.; POR); Lubenice (Slovenia; POR); Lubenitsa (Serbia; +POR); Malancia (Por.; EFS); Matao (Thai; POR); Mehal (BAL; KAB); Melancia (Por.; JFM; POR); +Melância (Mad.; Por.; POR); Melâo d’Agua (Por.; AVP; JFM); Melone d’Acqua (It.; POR); Melón de +Agua (Cuba; Peru; Sp.; EFS; JFM; RyM; SOU); Melon d’Eau (Fr.; Haiti; AVP; EFS); Melon Dlo (Creole; +Haiti; AVP; VOD); Melon Fourrager (Fr.; POR); Mendikai (Malaya; POR); Môô (Laos; POR); Mtango +(Swahili; POR); Mtikiti (Swahili; POR); Nzara (Sudan; EFS); ‘Öö’w Llök (Khmer; POR); Pakwan +(Tag.; POR); Pastecca (It.; POR); Pastek (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Pastèque (Fr.; Fr. Guiana; AVP; JFM); +Pastèque à Graine Rouge (Fr.; POR); Pastèque Fourragère (Fr.; POR); Patia (Ma.; JFM); Patilla (Dr.; +Pr.; Ven.; AVP); Patille (Ven.; EFS; JFM); Pati Yache (Ma.; JFM); Pepene Verde (Rom.; POR); Popone +(It.; AVP); Preserving Melon (Eng.; POR); Raqqi? (Iran; POR); Red-Seeded Citron (Eng.; POR); Red- +Seeded Preserving Melon (Eng.; POR); Samangka (Sunda; POR); Sandia (Bel.; Bol.; Mex.; Peru; BNA; +EGG; JFM; SOU); Sandilla (Peru; RAR); Semangka (Malaya; POR); Shiryou Suika (Japan; POR); Shi +Yong Xi Gua (China; POR); Shokuyou Suika (Japan; POR); Si koa (Canton; POR); Si Liao Xi Gua +(China; POR); Soo Bahk (Korea; POR); Stock Melon (Eng.; POR); Su Bak (Korea; POR); Suika (Japan; +POR); Taeng Chin (Thai; POR); Taeng Moh (Thai; POR); Tarabuja (Nepal; NPM; POR); Tarabuucha +(Guj.; POR); Tarabuuja; (Mar.; Pun.; POR); Tarabuujaa (Nepal; POR); Tarabuuza (Hindi; POR); Tarbooz +(Hindi; POR); Tarbuj (Hindi; POR); Tarbuz (Hindi; POR); Tarmuj (Hindi; POR); Taramuj (Beng.; POR); +Tarbuz (India; EFS); Tèng mô (Laos; POR); Tembikai (Malaya; POR); Ts’ing Teng Koa (China; POR); +Vandmelon (Den.; POR); Vannmelon (Nor.; POR); Vattenmelon (Swe.; POR); Vesimeloni (Fin.; POR); +Waatlemoen (Afrikan; POR); Wasserkürbis (Ger.; AVP); Wassemelone (Ger.; POR); Wasserzitrulle (Ger.; +POR); Watermeloen (Dutch; POR); Watermelon (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2; NPM); Watesan (Java; POR); +Wild Melon (Eng.; POR; USN); Xi Gua (Pin.; AH2; DAA); Xi Gua Pi (Pin.; AH2). +a Ctivities (w atermelo N): +Antemetic (f; VOD); Anthelmintic (1; HDN; WO2); Antiallergic (1; X8463793); Anticancer (1; +FNF); Antioxidant (1; FNF; X15351703); Antiprostatitic (1; FNF); Antiseptic (f; BIB; EFS); Aphro- +disiac (f; KAB); Cerebrotonic (f; BIB); Chemopreventive (1; FNF); Curare (1; HDN); Demulcent (f; +EFS; WO2); Diuretic (f1; JFM; VOD; WO2); Febrifuge (f; HJP; VOD; WO2); Hypocholesterolemic +(1; FNF); Hypotensive (1; BIB; WO2); Litholytic (f1; AHL; VOD; WO2); Nephrotonic (f; HJP); +Purgative (f; WO2); Snake Repellant (f; HDN); Vermifuge (f1; JFM; SOU). +8202_C001.indd 120 11/12/07 2:28:28 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +iNdi Catio Ns (w atermelo N): +Bite (f; HDN); BPH (1; FNF); Bronchosis (f; JFM); Cancer (1; FNF; WO2); Catarrh (f; BIB); Cy-s +tosis (1; BIB; JFM); Depression (1; BIB; FNF); Dermatosis (f; HDN); Diarrhea (f; BIB; WO2); +Dyspepsia (f; BIB); Dysuria (f; BIB; JLH; MAX; WO2); Fever (f; BIB; HDN; VOD); Gas (f; JFM); +Gonorrhea (f; BIB); Headache (f; JFM); Hepatosis (f; JFM); High Blood Pressure (1; JFM); Infe-c +tion (f; WO2); Inafl mmation (f; BIB); Kidney stone (f1; VOD; WO2); Maculitis (1; FNF); Malaria (f; +HDN; JFM); Nephrosis (f; BIB; WO2); Pulmonosis (f; JFM); Sinusitis (f; BIB); Sore (f; BIB; WO2); +Sore Throat (f; BIB); Stomatosis (f; BIB); Stone (f1; VOD; WO2); Strangury (f; WO2); Roundworm +(1; WO2); Tapeworm (1; WO2); Typhus (f; BIB); Urethrosis (f; MAX); Vaginosis (f; BIB); Venereal +Disease (f; BIB); Worm (f1; HDN; JFM; RAR; WO2). +d osages (w atermelo N): +FNFF = !!! +Fruit pulp edible; seeds edible, raw or toasted; toasted seeds served as coffee substitute; pickled +young fruits and rinds edible; leaves used as potherb (EGG; FAC). +• Bahamans decoct bruised seeds and drink as diuretic 3 ×/day (JFM). +• Cherokee have adopted the seeds for kidney ailments and enuresis, Cheyenne take seed +as diuretic, Chickasaw take seed for bloody urine, Iroquois use them for oliguria, and the +Rappahannock take seed infusions for gravel or kidney stones, in men or horses (DEM). +• Curacao Natives bind the rind around head for headache (JFM). +• Haitians, believing the fruit juice diuretic and febrifuge, drink it for kidney stones (VOD). +• Haitians ingest leaves for respiratory problems and nausea (VOD). +• Latinos express 5 to 8 g juice from fresh seeds in 1 cup water for worms (JFM; SOU). +• Mexicans take leaf decoction for malaria (JFM). +• Puerto Ricans eat the diuretic, tonic fruit for bronchitis, catarrh, gas, and lung problems +(JFM). +• Venezuelans poultice mashed rind onto liver problems (JFM). +d ow Nsides (w atermelo N): +“Eating unripe watermelons causes serious illness, even death” (JFM). +extra Cts (w atermelo N): +Citrin (cucurbocitrin) hypotensive. Mandel et al. (2005), after finding citrullinaemia and high argi- +nine in a 19-month-old girl with developmental delay, learned she had consumed large quantities +of watermelon, a fruit rich in free citrulline and arginine. Then they fed watermelon to six healthy +adults. All developed elevated plasma citrulline (386–1069 µmol/l) and moderately elevated plasma +arginine (128–251 µmol/l). Citrullinaemia, new to me, is indicated by elevated plasma citrulline and +arginine, in the absence of orotic or arginosuccinic aciduria or hyperammonaemia (X15902549). +CIt Ro N (c itrus medic A L.) ++ RUt ACeAe +Notes (Citro N): +And ye shall take you on the first day the boughs of goodly trees, branches of palm trees, and the +boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook; and ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God +seven days. +Leviticus 23:40 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 121 11/12/07 2:28:29 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Citron (Citrus medica). +8202_C001.indd 122 11/12/07 2:28:52 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +And you shall take on the first day the fruit of goodly trees, branches of palm trees, and boughs +of leafy trees, and willows of the brook; and you shall rejoice before the LORD your God seven +days. +Leviticus 23:40 (RSV) +And you must take for yourselves on the first day the fruit of splendid trees, the fronds of palm +trees, and the boughs of branchy trees, and poplars of the torrent valley; and you must rejoice +before Jehovah your God seven days. +Leviticus 23:40 (NWT) +Most translators and exegetes agree that the Hebrew ethrog and the “goodly trees” (etz hadar) of +KJV and RSV (and I assume the splendid trees of NWT) above represent Citrus medica and that +it grew in Israel at the time of the Bible. Even Moldenke agreed that etz hadar was Citrus medica. +However, some scholars argue that it was not a specic fi tree at all. I will agree with Moldenke and +Zohary, and include the citron among my biblical species and try to find a hardy one for the garden. +Until then, I will let my Poncirus substitute for the ethrog when giving my biblical tours of the +garden. Supposedly the first Citrus “liberated” from Asia, probably India, citron relics are found in +Babylonian excavations of the Sumerian epoch, 4000 b.c. It is thought to have reached the Medite-r +ranean 300 years before Christ, perhaps with Alexander’s armies returning from India (ZOH). +Commo N Names (Citro N): +Adam’s Apple (Eng.; KAB); Amlakeshara (Sanskrit; KAB); Bajauri (Pun.; KAB); Bajauri Nimbu +(Pun.; NAD); Balank (Guj.; KAB; NAD); Bara Nimbu (Beng.; Hindi; KAB; WOI); Begpura (Beng.; +WOI); Bija Pura (Bom.; KAB); Bijaura (Hindi; KAB; WOI); Bijoru (Guj.; WOI); Bijoura (Guj.; +NAD); Bil-ba (Tibet; NPM); Bimara (Tamang; NPM); Bimbiri (Nepal; KAB); Bimiro (Danuwar, +Nepal; NPM); Cederno (It.; KAB); Cedraten (Ger.; KAB); Buyag (Tag.; KAB); Céédratier (Fr.; +KAB; USN); Chholongo Nebu (Beng.; NAD); Chu Yuan (China; KAB); Cidra (Por.; Sp.; EGG; +KAB; USN); Cidraero (Sp.; EGG); Cidreira (Mad.; Por.; KAB); Cidro (Sp.; USN); Citrat (Malta; +KAB); Citroenboom (Dutch; KAB); Citron (Eng.; Scn.; Swe.; AH2; KAB; NPM; USN); Citron +Lemon (Eng.; HJP); Cytryna (Pol.; KAB); Ethrog (Heb.; HOC); Etrog (Isr.; AH2; BIB); Etz Hadar +(Heb. [= Goodly trees]; ZOH); Gilam (Mal.; KAB; WOI); Gou Yuan (Pin.; AH2); Gou Yuan (Pin.; +AH2); I-Lemura (Sen.; UPW); Jrako (Ivo.; UPW); Kachchhe (Lepcha; NPM); Kachikung (Lepcha; +KAB); Kadaranarathai (Tam.; WOI); Kagdi limbu (Mah.; NAD); Karuna (Sanskrit; NAD); Kitrea +(Greek; KAB); Kogilachim (Tam.; KAB); Lamain (Rom.; KAB); Lanagi (Tharu; NPM); Lan-g +kok (Magar; NPM); Lebu (Beng.; KAB); Leemáám Máásar (Hausa; Nig.; UPW); Lemun (Sokoto; +KAB); Lemuna (Guinea; UPW); Limon (Pi.; KAB); Limonnow Dyerevo (Rus.; KAB); Lungamu +(Tel.; KAB; WOI); Madala (Kan.; WOI); Madalada hannu (Kan.; NAD); Madalanarakam (Mal.; +NAD); Madeephalamu (Tel.; NAD); Mahalung (Mah.; NAD); Mahalunga (Mar.; Sanskrit; NAD; +WOI); Mahaphala (Kan.; WOI); Mangsai (Chepang; NPM); Mapala (Tulu; KAB); Maphal (Hindi; +NAD); Mary Bushukan (Japan; TAN); Matalanarakam (Mal.; WOI); Matulang (Sanskrit; NAD); +Matulungga (Ayu.; AH2); Mauling (Kon.; KAB); Mavalinga (Kon.; NAD); Mavalung (Mar.; KAB; +WOI); Medischer Apfel (Ger.; USN); Melon Lime (Eng.; KAB); Narotte (Madras; KAB); Punseme +(Cat.; KAB); Ruranj (Iran; KAB); Rusaka (Kan.; WOI); Rusakam (Mal.; WOI); Sedaran (Sin.; +KAB); Shauktakera (Burma; KAB); Soippa (Limbu; NPM); Sunpekawa (Rai; NPM); Tasi (Newari; +NPM); Toronja (Sp.; USN); Trunj (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Turanj (Guj.; Hindi; Kotra; KAB; WOI); +Turin (Mach; Rindli; KAB); Utraj (Arab.; KAB); Voamandina (Betsimisaraka; KAB); Voasaty +(Malagasy; KAB); Xiang Yuan (Pin.; AH2); Zitronazitrone (Ger.; USN). +8202_C001.indd 123 11/12/07 2:28:53 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +a Ctivities (Citro N): +Analgesic (f; WO2); Antidote (f; NAD); Antiinafl mmatory (f; NAD); Antiscorbutic (f; WO2); Anti - +septic (f1; HJP); Antispasmodic (f; EGG); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Astringent (f; WOI); Bronchopro- +tective (1; X15598576); Cardiotonic (f; WO2); Digestive (f; NPM); Hypotensive (1; WO2); Laxative +(f; EGG); Orexigenic (f; NAD); Refrigerant (f; WOI); Sedative (f; EGG; KAB); Stimulant (f; DAD; +EGG); Stomachic (f; WO2); Tonic (f; DAD); Vermifuge (f; EGG; HOC). +iNdi Catio Ns (Citro N): +Anorexia (f; NAD); Asthma (f1; DAD; X15598576); Biliousness (f; NAD); Bronchosis (f; BIB); Ca-l +culus (f; KAB); Cancer (f1; DAD; JLH); Caries (f; KAB); Colic (f; DAD); Constipation (f; EGG); +Cough (f; DAD); Cramp (f; EGG); Diarrhea (f; DAD); Dysentery (f; NPM; WOI); Dyspepsia (f; +EGG; NAD); Dysuria (f; KAB); Earache (f; KAB); Enterosis (f; DAD); Fever (f; NAD); Gastrosis +(f; DAD); Halitosis (f; KAB); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Hiccough (f; KAB); High Blood Pressure (1; +WO2); Impotence (f; KAB); Infection (f; HJP); Inafl mmation (f1; NAD; X15598576); Intoxication +(f; KAB); Jaundice (f; DAD); Leprosy (f; KAB); Lumbago (f; BIB); Nausea (f; NAD); Odontosis (f; +KAB); Ophthalmia (f; HJP); Otosis (f; KAB); Palpitation (f; WO2); Pharyngosis (f; KAB); Rheuma- +tism (f; UPW); Sclerosis (f; DAD); Seasickness (f; BIB); Snakebite (f; NAD); Sore Throat (f; EGG; +KAB); Splenosis (f; DAD); Sting (f; NAD); Stomatosis (f; EGG; UPW); Stomachache (f; DAD; +HOC); Stomatosis (f; EGG; UPW); Syphilis (f; DAD); Thirst (f; NAD); Tumor (f; DAD); Venereal +Disease (f; DAD); Worm (f; EGG). +d osages (Citro N): +FNFF = !! +Diamante citron was the first citrus known to European civilization, and is still cultivated in Ca-l +abria, Corsica, Crete, and Israel. The variety “Etrog” is the ofcfi ial citron in the Jewish Feast of the +Tabernacle ritual, the entire fruit being eaten. Thick rind used in fruit cakes, salads, sweet rolls, etc. +(FAC). The main products are candies and liqueurs, the oil used in afl voring beverages and sweets. +Peel candied (TAN). +• Africans deemed the fruits useful in rheumatism and sore mouth (UPW). +• Ayurvedics view the rind as an aphrodisiac, the stimulant tonic seeds as useful for b-il +iousness, hemorrhoids, and inafl mmation (KAB). +• Ayurvedics view the ripe fruits as stimulant and tonic and good for asthma, cough, e-ar +ache, hiccup, leprosy, and sore throat (KAB). +• Ayurvedics view the root as anthelmintic, laxative, and useful in calculus, cancer, caries, +colic, dysuria, nausea, the ofl wer buds astringent and orexigenic and good for asthma, +cough, enterosis, hiccup, intoxication, and nausea (KAB). +• Lebanese use citron, much as did the Choco Indians of Panama use lemon, as pediatric +ophthalmic eyedrops (HJP). +• Nepalese use the fruits as a digestive for dysentery (NPM). +• Peruvians use bark tea for cramps, dyspepsia, and distraught nerves, the ofl ral/foliar tea +for sore mouth and throat (EGG). +• Peruvians use distilled floral water as antispasmodic (EGG). +• Peruvians regard the seed infusion as laxative and vermifuge (EGG). +• Peruvians suggest the floral tincture as a stimulant (EGG). +8202_C001.indd 124 11/12/07 2:28:54 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d ow Nsides (Citro N): +I view it as a primitive citrus, less water, more phytochemicals (hence quite possibly relatively +more medicinal). +Natural History (Citro N): +This species is being crossed with lemon seeking resistance to the mal secco disease, Phoma tra- +cheiphila fungus that lives in vessels in the wood, causing typical tracheomycosis, most serious +disease of orchard lemons, affecting up to 100% of orchards of susceptible cultivars (X15941331). +extra Cts (Citro N): +For those with no other citrus, this species, like my Poncirus, can provide many of the phyto- +nutrients common to many citrus species; my Poncirus fruits hang on late into autumn. Verzera +et al. (2005) analyzed the oil of cultivar “Diamante,” reporting 55 components, with the important +anticancer compound limonene constituting circa 52% of the oil, gamma-terpinene at 27.7%, circa +2% ocimene, circa 2% alpha-pinene, circa 2% beta-pinene, 1.7% neral, and 2.8% geranial and +perillaldehyde. Most of the other compounds were well below 2%, many below 0.1% (X15941331). +I think limonene is a signicfi ant contribution from citrus. Israeli scientists (Keinan et al., 2005) +suggest that limonene (constitutes more than 50% of citron’s essential oil) might help asthmatics, +especially those aggravated by ozone pollution. Could poor children in our inner cities, where +asthma is increasing dramatically, reduce asthma attacks and/or symptoms (especially around +ozone pollution, as on school buses in inner cities) by squeezing citrus peels (apparently all contain +limonene) and inhaling the pleasant aroma periodically. Because the sedative antiinafl mmatory +limonene is also absorbed through the skin, rather rapidly I might add, I would also consider ad-d +ing crushed citrus peels to bath water, which might help at the end of the day’s commute. Keinan’s +group predicted that electron-rich olefins, known ozone scavengers, could be used to prevent asth- +matic episodes. Volatile, unsaturated monoterpenes, like limonene, could saturate the pulmonary +membranes, equipping airways with local chemical protection against ozone. In Keinan’s exper-i +mental rats, limonene inhalation signicfi antly prevented bronchial obstruction (eucalyptol, alias +cineole, saturated and inert to ozone, did not) (X15598576). I doubt I can convince our government +to compare citrus inhalation in clinical trials as a third arm against placebo and some expensive +pharmaceuticals. (As a gray-haired botanist, I cannot and do not prescribe. But if I had a hundred +asthmatic grandchildren, you could bet some of them would be trying citrus peel and others would +not, followed by a vice versa crossover, recording the frequency and severity of their attacks for +old grandpa.) Faith-based types might best be praying too, and using the peel of the citron, called +ethrog or etrog in some versions of the Bible. Without praying to improve my odds, I will still +bet the citrus peel would score well along side the pharmaceuticals. I know it would be cheaper +and bet it would be safer. That asthmatic possibility is relatively new; it has been known for a +decade that limonene can also prevent cancers. Mondello et al. (1995) found that limonene was +the most frequent monoterpene component in the citrus oils they examined, (from 50% in lime oil +to circa 97% in grapefruit; about 52% in the etrog (X10554196). d-Limonene works in preclinical +models of breast cancer, causing more than 80% of carcinomas to regress with little host toxi-c +ity (Crowell et al., 1994). Tsuda et al. (2004) singled out promising chemopreventive anticancer +phytochemicals: vitamin derivatives, phenolic and afl vonoid agents, fatty acids, organic sulfur +compounds, isothiocyanates, curcumins, and d-limonene (X15499193). Those last four suggest a +biblical chutney: the garlic and onion for organic sulfur compounds, watercress and horseradish +for isothiocyanates, turmeric for curcumin, and citrus peels for limonene. Lu et al. (2003) showed +that d-limonene exerts a cytotoxic effect on gastric cancer by inducing apoptosis (X12921557). +Parija and Das (2003) and Kaji et al. (2001) reiterate the well-known anticarcinogenic activity +of d-limonene, mentioning also its chemopreventive nature in hepatocarcinogenesis (X12688534; +8202_C001.indd 125 11/12/07 2:28:54 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +X11433412). And during the month that we focused on lung cancer, PubMed only had 11 cit-a +tions regarding limonene and lung cancer. If I were diagnosed with lung cancer today, I would be +ingesting more garlic and more citrus too. I might even be inhaling limonene-containing essential +oils as I squeezed citrus peels. Raphael and Kuttan (2003) note that several naturally occurring +monoterpenes, such as carvone, limonene, and perillic acid, inhibit experimental lung metastasis. +(Limonene at 100 µM/kg body weight, 10 doses ipr, remarkably reduced metastatic tumor nod- +ule formation.) Limonene and perillic acid just might even inhibit the metastatic progression of +melanoma cells (X14582701). I doubt that Witschi (2000) would join me in judiciously inhaling +citrus essential oils. Under the catchy title, “Successful and Not So Successful Chemoprevention +of Tobacco Smoke-Induced Lung Tumors,” Witschi notes that none of the following “chemopre- +ventive” agents — green tea, phenethyl isothiocyanate, acetylsalicylic acid, N-acetylcysteine, 1,4- +phenylenebis[methylene]selenocyanate, and the d-limonene — reduced lung tumor multiplicity or +incidence (X11195468). I would still be eating my garlic, eating my Brazil nuts, and inhaling my +citrus, although no clinical trials have indicated their safety or efcfi acy. I suspect they will do as much +good and will do less harm at a much lower cost — economically, mentally, and physically — than +the chemotherapeutic cocktails being offered by the allopaths and their covert sponsors, the pha-r +maceutical firms. Many people believe more in the faith-based botanical herbs than they do in the +ACS and NCI poisons. Me too! Such people have a better chance of being helped by these safer +food farmacy items, also improving their odds against the other diseases of modern man, card-i +opathy and diabetes and iatrogenesis. +AFRICAN MyRRh (c ommiphor A Afric An A +(A. RICh.) eNGL . ++ BURseRACeAe +Notes (a Fri Ca N myrr H): + … there is bdellium and the onyx stone +Genesis 2:12 (KJV) +Bdellium is just another variant on the many myrrhs. The tree that provides the aromatic gum +known as bdellium grew in the territory east of Persia. When the bark was incised, gum would +ooze out “the bigness of a white olive.” Gum removed from the bark of the tree would soon harden, +become transparent and waxlike, and resemble a pearl. In Tabore and Ugugo, Africa, the gum was +melted with butter as a perfume. Egyptian women carried pouches of bdellium, for a delightful +perfume. In West Africa, the resin is used as an insecticide believed to repel termites. The wood is +used for beads, the stems as a chewstick (BIB). Bdellium is a folk cancer remedy for indurations of +the liver and sinews, tumors of the spleen, polyps, carcinomata, and scirrhus. In tropical Africa, the +resinous exudate is sometimes applied as a plaster for fever and spasms. Washed bark, mixed with +salt is used for snakebite. Pounded leaves with millet are taken with milk as a stomachic. Ronga use +the remedy for stomach troubles. The plant is regarded as a stomachic and collyrium. West Africans +hold their face over the steaming pot for eye inafl mmations (BIB). Because of its readiness to strike +root from cuttings, many ethnic groups associate the tree and the myrrh with immortality. For +example, African Tuaregs consider the plant a symbol of immortality (UPW). +Commo N Names (a Fri Ca N myrr H): +I find it confusing that AHP designated myrrh as the Standardized Common Name for Commiph- +ora africana, Commiphora erythracea, Commiphora madagascariensis, Commiphora molmol, +Commiphora myrrha, and Commiphora schimperi, while Zohary says myrrh is identical with +Commiphora abyssinica, which the USDA Nomenclature database equates withC ommiphora +habessinica. +8202_C001.indd 126 11/12/07 2:28:55 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe .0 African Myrrh (Commiphora Africana). +Adras (Arab.; Sen.; UPW); Adres (Arab.; Mali; Mauritania; UPW); African Bdellium (Eng.; +UPW); African Myrrh (Eng.; UPW); Badadi (Fula; Mali; UPW); Barakanti (Bambara; Upper Volta; +UPW); Bdellium (Eng.; JLH); Bdellium d’Afrique (Fr.; UPW); Gafal (Arab.; Niger; UPW); Kuénu +(Togo; UPW); Kussum (Chamba; Nig.; UPW); Myrrh Africaine (Fr.; UPW); Narga (Ghana; UPW). +a Ctivities (a Fri Ca N myrr H): +Antiseptic (f; UPW); Collyrium (f; BIB); Emmenagogue (f; UPW); Hemostat (f; UPW); Insecticide +(f1; UPW); Purgative (f; UPW); Sedative (f; UPW); Soporic fi (f; UPW); Stomachic (f; UPW); Tae- +nicide (f; UPW); Termitifuge (f; UPW); Vermifuge (f; UPW). +8202_C001.indd 127 11/12/07 2:29:05 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +iNdi Catio Ns (a Fri Ca N myrr H): +Arthrosis (f; JLH); Bleeding (f; UPW); Cancer (f; JLH); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; UPW); Chill +(f; UPW); Conjunctivosis (f; UPW); Dermatosis (f; UPW); Diarrhea (f; UPW); Fatigue (f; UPW); Gastr-o +sis (f; UPW); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f; UPW); Insanity (f; UPW); Insomnia +(f; UPW); Leprosy (f; UPW); Obesity (f; UPW); Ophthalmia (f; UPW); Pain (f; UPW); Polyp (f; JLH); +Respirosis (f; UPW); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Snakebite (f; UPW); Sore (f; UPW); Splenosis (f; JLH); Sterility +(f; UPW); Stiffness (f; UPW); Sting (f; UPW); Stomachache (f; UPW); Tumor (f; JLH); Worm (f; UPW). +d osages (a Fri Ca N myrr H): +FNFF = ! +Roots are dug and consumed raw in parts of Africa; fruit pulp also eaten. +• Africans chew the stems to cleanse the teeth (BIB). +• Ivory Coastals and Upper Voltans take the decoction for male sterility (UPW). +• Kenyans use the fruit as an oral hemostat and styptic (UPW). +• Nigerians use root decoction as taenicide (60 g powdered seed in water for tapeworm); +Nigerian Fula use decoction for insanity (UPW). +• Ronga use the remedy for stomach troubles (UPW). +• Tanganyikans poultice stiff neck caused by chills with root decoction, and take the root dec-oc +tion for childbirth, diarrhea, and stomachache; they eat pounded bark for malaria (UPW). +• Tropical Africans apply the resinous exudate as a plaster for fever and spasms (BIB). +• West Africans hold their face over the steaming pot for eye inafl mmations (BIB). +Natural History (a Fri Ca N myrr H): +Foliage readily grazed by cattle, goats, and sheep (UPW). +BALM o F GILeAD (c ommiphor A gile Adensis (L.) C. Ch R.) + BURseRACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Amyris gileadensis L.; Amyris opobalsamum L. Commiphora opobalsamum (L.) Engl.; Commiph- +ora opobalsamum var. gileadensis Engl. +Notes (balm o F g ilead ): +[T]hey traded in thy market wheat of Minnith, and Pannag, and honey, and oil, and balm. +Ezekiel 27:17 (KJV) +Balm is the gum or thickened juice exuding from the balsam tree, once prolic fi in Judea, and some - +times called balm of Gilead, an emblem of Palestine. Cultivated shrubs were protected by guards. +The tree, native to Yemen, was believed to have been introduced to Palestine by the Queen of Sheba +on her famous visit to King Solomon. It was later cultivated in Palestine, mostly around Jericho, +where it still existed during the Roman conquest. The soldiers carried balm branches back to Rome +as symbols of their having defeated the Hebrews. +Commo N Names (balm o F g ilead ): +Balasan (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Balm of Gilead (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; HJP); Balsam (Eng.; HJP); Balsam +Makkah (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Gilead Balsam (Eng.; HOC); Jibbali (HOC); Mecca Balsam (Eng.; +Ocn.; AH2); Mecca Myrrh (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Opobalsamum (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Sukof (Arab.; +Dho.; GHA). +8202_C001.indd 128 11/12/07 2:29:06 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Balm of Gilead (Commiphora gileadensis). +a Ctivities (balm o F g ilead ): +Antioxidant (1; X15702514); Antiseptic (f; BIB); Antiulcer (1; X15814261); Astringent (f; BIB; EFS); +Bradycardic (1; X9292417); Carminative (f; DAW; HJP); Demulcent (f; EFS); Digestive (f; DAW); +Diuretic (f; EFS); Febrifuge (f; HOC); Fumitory (f; HJP); Gastroprotective (1; X15814261); Hepa- +toprotective (1; X15702514); Hypotensive (1; X9292417); Sudoric fi (f; EFS); Urogenital (f; EFS); +Vulnerary (f; EFS; X15814261). +iNdi Catio Ns (balm o F g ilead ): +Bite (f; GHA); Cacoethes (f; BIB); Cancer, bladder (f; BIB); Cancer, breast (f; BIB); Cancer, eye (f; +BIB); Cancer, gum (f; BIB); Cancer, kidney (f; BIB); Cancer, liver (f; BIB); Cancer, mouth (f; BIB); +Cancer, rectum (f; BIB); Cancer, stomach (f; BIB); Cancer, uterus (f; BIB); Cancer, vagina (f; BIB); +Carcinoma (f; BIB; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; X9292417); Cold (f; BIB); Cystosis (f; BIB); Dermato- +sis (f; HOC); Dyspepsia (f; HOC); Eczema (f; HOC); Fever (f; HOC); Flu (f; HJP); Gas (f; HOC); +Gastrosis (f1; HJP; X15814261); Gonorrhea (f; EFS); Hepatosis (f1; JLH; X15702514); High Blood +Pressure (1; X9292417); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f; BIB); Infertility (f; HOC); Mastosis (f; +BIB); Nephrosis (f; BIB); Plague (f; HOC); Proctosis (f; BIB); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Shingle (f; HOC); +Shivering (f; BIB); Sore (f; HOC); Splenosis (f; BIB); Ulcer (1; X15814261); Urogenitosis (f; EFS); +Uterosis (f; BIB); Vaginosis (f; BIB); Wound (f; EFS; HJP; X15814261). +d osages (balm o F g ilead ): +FNFF = ! +Stem juice sweet when chewed; ripe fruits edible; leaves used for fodder; underbark used as tea +substitute (GHA; HOC). +8202_C001.indd 129 11/12/07 2:29:08 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Christians dissolved bits of myrrh in wine as a digestive (BIB). +• Dhofari Arabs rub the resin over the body as a deodorant (GHA). +• Dhofari Arabians use the bark and resin as a cosmetic, and a soothing agent for dogbite +(GHA). +• Dhofari Arabs use water from boiled bark to lighten skin color (GHA). +• Isfahans swallowed a few fruits, whole, for colds and shivering (BIB). +• Lebanese use the myrrhs similarly, as carminative, fumitory, and vulnerary, using dried +fruits for gastric problems and flu. They direct the smoke onto wounds (HJP). +AByss INIAN MyRRh (c ommiphor A h Abessinic A +(o . BeRG) eNGL.) + BURseRACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Balsamodendrum habessinicum O. Berg; Commiphora abyssinica (O. Berg) Engl., orth. var. +Notes (a byssi Nia N myrr H): +Your robes are all fragrant with myrrh, and aloes and cassia. +Psalms 45:8 (RSV) +And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell +down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him +gifts; gold, and frankincense, and myrrh. +Matthew 2:11 (KJV) +And going into the house they saw the child with Mary his mother, and they fell down and worshiped +him. Then, opening their treasures, they offered him gifts, gold and frankincense and myrrh. +Matthew 2:11 (RSV) +And when they went into the house they saw the young child with Mary its mother, and, falling +down, they did obeisance to it. They also opened their treasures and presented it with gifts, gold +and frankincense and myrrh. +Matthew 2:11 (NWT) +Following those two biblical quotes, Zohary says, “Mor is justly translated ‘myrrh’, which is ident-i +cal with the species of Commiphora abyssinica,” (ZOH) now orthographically corrected to Com- +miphora habessinica. But Zohary goes on to say, “Further investigation is required to confirm the +identicatfi ion.” (ZOH) Conveniently, this is alphabetically the first of 20 species (there are about 200 +species in this confusing genus) covered by the USDA Nomenclature Database, until you change +the orthography. Then, C. africana is first alphabetically. Neither Zohary nor I know which spe- +cies is the myrrh of the Bible. But Zohary selected this one; in my first Bible book (BIB), I selected +C. africana as bdellium and C. myrrha as myrrh, after wrestling with the long lists of candidates. +With a little lobbying input from my editorial assistants, I honed in on C. erythraea in my second +Bible book (BI2). I am not embarrassed to side with Zohary’s selection of C. habessinica. After all, +Zohary has lived most of his life and his career as a botanist in the Holy Land, and I have spent no +more than a total of 6 weeks in the Holy Land (Egypt, Israel). Zohary notes that myrrh (of undete-r +mined specic fi identity), most precious of the resins, is connected with both the birth and death of +Jesus (ZOH). Because of its readiness to strike root from cuttings, many ethnic groups associate the +tree and the myrrh with immortality. +8202_C001.indd 130 11/12/07 2:29:09 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Commo N Names (a byssi Nia N myrr H): +Abyssinian Myrrh (Eng.; USN); Arabian Myrrh (Eng.; USN); Boeotian Myrrh (Eng.; JLH); Ma-c +eron (?; JLH); Medigeh (Arab.; GHA); Mirra (Eng.; JLH); Mrr (Arab.; Dho.; GHA); ‘Okor (Arab.; +GHA); Opopanax (Eng.; JLH); Smyrna Boiotike (Eng.; JLH); Yemen Myrrh (Eng.; USN). +a Ctivities (a byssi Nia N myrr H): +Anthelmintic (f; GHA); Antiseptic (f; GHA); Astringent (f; UPH): Stimulant (f; UPH); Stomachic +(f; UPH). +iNdi Catio Ns (a byssi Nia N myrr H): +Adenopathy (f; GHA); Cancer (f; JLH); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Chest Cold (f; GHA); Cold (f; GHA); +Cough (f; GHA); Diarrhea (f; GHA); Dyspepsia (f; GHA); Dyspnea (f; GHA); Infection (f; GHA); +Pulmonosis (f; GHA); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sore (f; JLH); Swelling (f; GHA); Worm (f; GHA). +d osages (a byssi Nia N myrr H): +FNFF = ! +Arabians peel and chew the roots for their sweet taste; branches sucked for sustenance; ripe berries +eaten (GHA). +• Arabians inhale the smoke of burning resin for breathing disorders, chest colds, and +swollen glands (GHA). +• Arabians take the resin orally for coughs, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and worms (GHA). +• Arabians use resin for chest and other infections, applying it externally as a disinfe-c +tant (GHA). +MyRRh ( c ommiphor A myrrh A (Nees) eNGL. +AND othe R spp.) ++ BURseRACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Balsamodendron myrrha Nees; Commiphora molmol (Engl.) Engl.; Commiphora myrrha var. mol- +mol Engl. fide USN +Notes (myrr H): +My beloved put in his hand by the hole of the door, and my bowels were moved for him. I rose up +to open to my beloved; and my hands dropped with myrrh, and my fingers with sweet smelling +myrrh, upon the handles of the lock. +Song of Solomon 5:4–5 (KJV) +My beloved put his hand to the latch, and my heart was thrilled within me. I arose to open to my beloved, +and my hands dripped with myrrh, my nfi gers with liquid myrrh, upon the handles of the bolt. +Song of Solomon 5:4–5 (RSV) +My dear one himself pulled back his hand from the hole [of the door], and my inward parts them- +selves became boistrous within me. I got up, even I, to open to my dear one, and my own hands +dripped with myrrh and my fingers with liquid myrrh; upon the hollows of the lock. +Song of Solomon 5:4–5 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 131 11/12/07 2:29:09 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha). +All three versions seethe with sex and myrrh, a not uncommon linkage in the Bible. But which +myrrh? I doubt that Herbal PDR and Commission-E writers are any wiser than the wise men of the +Nativity; or Felter in 1898; or Madaus in 1938; or even me in 1985, 1999, 2005, or today, at know- +ing which species of Commiphora is myrrh, especially when faced only with the imported gum, +and not ofl wering and fruiting herbarium vouchers. Myrrh shows up in at least a dozen places in +ten books of the Bible. We will never know which of many species it was, of the complicated genus +Commiphora. Many authors equate this one with the biblical myrrh, but none with final authority. +PH2 entries below were derived from Gruenwald’s entry for C. molmol. The USDA (USN) and +8202_C001.indd 132 11/12/07 2:29:20 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Philips (HJP) equate C. molmol with C. myrrha. AH2 treats them as distinct species but with the +same standardized common name, myrrh (AH2). Hence, the data below may be attributed to either +species, whether or not the source of the data believed that they are one and the same. +Commo N Names (myrr H): +African Myrrh (Eng.; USN); Bálim-Tra-Pólam (Tel.; DEP); Baisabole (India; EFS); Balasan (Arab.; +Syria; HJP); Balintrap-Dum (Tel.; NAD); Balsam Makkah (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Bhensa (Bom.; +NAD); Bhensabol (India; EFS); Bisabole (India; EFS); Ból (Beng.; Bom.; Cutch; Dec.; Guj.; Hindi; +Iran; DEP; EFS; NAD); Bóla (Ayu.; Kan.; Sanskrit; AH2; DEP; EFS); Bólam Gandarassa (Singh.; +DEP; NAD); Bysabole (India; EFS); Common Myrrh (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Gandharas (Beng.; NAD); +Gandha-Rasaha (Beng.; Sanskrit; DEP); Habaghadi (Arab.; EFS); Habak (Arab.; EFS); Heerabole +(India; DEP; EFS); Herabol Myrrh (Eng.; USN); Hírábói (Beng.; DEP); Hírábol (Cutch; Guj.; Mah.; +DEP; NAD); Hirabol Myrrh (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Karam (India; EFS); Minaharma (Sanskrit; EFS); +Mirha (Tur.; EFS); Mirra (It.; Sp.; EFS; USN); Molmol (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Mor (Heb.; DEP); Mo +Yao (Pin.; AH2; DAA); Mo Yao Shu (Pin.; AH2); Mukula (Arab.; EFS); Mur (Arab.; DEP); Murr +(Arab.; DEP; GHA; NAD); Myrrh (Arab.; Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2; GHA); Myrrha (Den.; EFS); +Myrrhabaum (Ger.; EFS); Myrrhe (Fr.; Ger.; EFS; USN); Myrrheboom (Dutch; EFS); Rasagandha +(Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Rasagandhaha (Sanskrit; DEP); Saindhava (Sanskrit; NAD); Samudrag- ug +gul (Sanskrit; NAD); Somali Myrrh (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Subr (Arab.; GHA); Vellaipa-Pòlam (Tam.; +DEP; NAD); Vola (Sanskrit; NAD); Mo Yao (Pin.). +a Ctivities (myrr H): +Abortifacient (f; DEP); Analgesic (1; APA; BGB; WI3); Anesthetic (1; WI3; JNP64:1460); Ant-i +clastogenic (1; X7518189); Antiedemic (1; CAN; X9582001); Antiinafl mmatory (1; APA; BGB; +PNC); Antioxidant (1; X9032627); Antipyretic (1; APA; CAN); Antiradicular (1; X9032627); +Antirheumatic (1; BGB); Antiseptic (1; APA; BGB; FEL; PH2; PNC; SKY; WI3); Antispasmodic +(f1; APA; DEP; EFS; PNC); Antithrombotic (1; X10353165); Antitumor (1; X7956458); Antiul - +cer (1; X9032627); Astringent (f12; APA; DEP; KOM; NAD; PH2; SKY; WI3); Bactericide (1; +WI3; JNP64:1460); Carminative (f; BGB; PHR; PNC; WI3); Collyrium (f; DEP); Cytotoxic (1; +JNP64:1460); Decongestant (f1; APA; DEP); Deodorant (1; BGB; HHB; WI3); Digestive (f; GHA; +PH2); Emmenagogue (f; APA; DEP; FEL; NAD); Expectorant (f; DEP; EFS; FEL; NAD; PHR; +PH2; PNC; WI3); Fasciolicide (12; X5125536); Fungicide (1; WI3; JNP64:1460); Gastroprotective +(1; X9032627); Haematogenic (1; X11390128); Hepatoprotective (1; X15125513); Hypocholesterol- +emic (1; CAN); Hypoglycemic (1; APA; CAN); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; CAN); Immunostimulant +(1; APA; PNC); Lactagogue (f; DEP); Laxative (f; NAD); Larvicide (1; X11478451); Lipolytic (1; +CAN); Mitodepressant (1; X7518189); Mosquitocide (1; X11478451); Mucogenic (1; X9032627); +Orexigenic (f; PH2); Prostaglandigenic (1; X9032627); Schistosomicide (1; X15125513); Stimulant +(f; APA; EFS; FEL; NAD); Stomachic (f; EFS; NAD); Thyrostimulant (1; X9032627); Tonic (f; +DEP; EFS); Vermifuge (f; DEP); Vulnerary (f; PNC). +iNdi Catio Ns (myrr H): +Abrasion (1; CAN); Adnexitis (f; MAD); Alopecia (f; MAD; NAD); Amenorrhea (f; BGB; DEP; +FEL; MAD; NAD; PH2); Aphthae (1; CAN); Arthrosis (1; GHA); Arteriosclerosis (f; MAD); +Asthma (f1; APA; DEP; FEL); Athlete’s Foot (1; SKY); Bacteria (1; JNP64:1460); Bedsores (f; +APA); Bladder stone (f; BIB); Boils (f; PNC); Bronchosis (f1; APA; BGB; DEP; FEL); Bruise (f; +BOW); Cancer (f; APA; PH2); Cancer, abdomen (f; PH2); Cancer, colon (f; PH2); Candidiasis (f1; +BGB; NAD); Canker Sore (1; APA; SKY); Carbuncle (f; PH2); Caries (f; FEL; NAD); Catarrh (f; +BGB; CAN; FEL); Chilblain (f; BIB); Chlorosis (f; BIB; DEP; NAD); Circulosis (f; BOW); Cold +(f1; BGB; CAN; GHA; SKY); Congestion (f1; APA; BGB; DEP); Consumption (f; MAD); Cough +8202_C001.indd 133 11/12/07 2:29:21 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(f; PH2); Dandruff (1; JAR12:83); Decubitis (f; BGB; BOW); Dermatosis (1; APA; MAD; PH2; +WI3); Diabetes (f1; JNP64:1460; X12506289); Diarrhea (f; MAD; JNP64:1460); Dicrocoeliasis (12; +X15287191); Diptheria (f; NAD); Dropsy (f; BIB); Dysentery (f; MAD); Dyslactea (f; DEP); Dys- +menorrhea (f1; BGB; NAD; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; APA; DEP; FEL; GHA; NAD); Dysuria (f; MAD); +Earache (f; BIB); Edema (1; X9582001); Enterosis (f; DEP; PH2); Epilepsy (f; DEP); Erysipelas (f; +MAD); Fascioliasis (12; X5125536); Fever (f; BIB; DEP; GHA; MAD); Fracture (f; GHA); Freckle +(f; MAD); Fungus (1; JNP64:1460); Furunculosis (1; CAN; PH2); Gangrene (f; FEL); Gas (f; APA; +DEP; MAD); Gastrosis (f; FEL; PH2; PNC; JNP64:1460); Gingivosis (f1; APA; DEP; FEL; PNC; +SKY); Gleet (f; FEL); Gonorrhea (f; FEL); Halitosis (f; FEL); Hemorrhoids (f; APA; BGB; BIB; +GHA); Hepatosis (f1; MAD; X15125513); Hoarseness (f; APA); Hypothyroidism (1; WAF); Impo - +tence (f; GHA); Infection (f12; DEP; PH2; JNP64:1460); Infertility (f; MAD); Inafl mmation (f1; +BGB; DEP; GHA; PH2; WI3); Itch (f1; WI3); Laryngitis (f; FEL); Leprosy (f; APA); Leukorrhea (f; +FEL; MAD); Menopause (1; BGB); Menorrhagia (f; MAD); Mononucleosis (f; BOW); Mucososis +(f1; APA; DEP; FEL; PH2; WI3); Mycosis (1; JNP64:1460); Odontosis (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; +BIB; DEP); Orchosis (f; DEP); Osteoalgia (f; BGB); Otosis (f; BOW); Pain (1; JNP64:1460); Parasite +(f12; DEP; X15287191); Pharyngosis (f12; APA; FEL; KOM; MAD; PH2; PNC; WI3); Phthisis (f; +NAD); Pruritis (f1; WI3); Pulmonosis (f; DEP; MAD); Respirosis (f; BGB); Rheumatism (f; BGB); +Rhinosis (f; APA; BIB); Salpingitis (f; MAD); Schistosomiasis (12; X15287168; X15125513); Sinus- +itis (1; APA); Snakebite (f; GHA); Sore (f1; APA; DEP; FEL; PNC); Sore Throat (f12; BGB; DEP; +FEL: KOM; MAD; SKY); Stitch (f; MAD); Stomatosis (f12; APA; DEP; KOM; MAD; NAD; PH2; +PIP; WI3); Swelling (f1; APA; X9582001); Thrombosis (1; X10353165); Tonsilosis (1; APA; BGB; +FEL; PNC); Toothache (f; GHA); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Tumor (f1; DEP; X7956458); Ulcer (f; +APA; PH2; X11113992); Uterosis (f; MAD); Uvulosis (f; FEL); Venereal Disease (f; FEL); Water +Retention (f; MAF); Weaning (f; GHA); Worm (f; DEP; FEL; MAD); Wound (f; APA; BGB); Wrin- +kle (f; MAD); Yeast (f1; BGB; NAD). +d osages (myrr H): +FNFF = !! +Myrrh, more food additive than food, is used to afl vor baked goods, beverages, candy, chewing +gums, frozen desserts, gelatins, meat, puddings, soft drinks, Swedish bitters (FAC); myrrh dissolved +in water used in Arabia to afl vor coffee (GHA). 1 tsp powdered myrrh/cup water/1–2 ×/day (APA); +5–10 drops tincture per glass water (for mouthwash or gargle) (APA); 8–10 drops myrrh extract to 4 +×/day (APA); 2.5–5.0 ml myrrh tincture (CAN; PNC); 0.3–1.2 g resin/day (HHB). 0.3–1.5 g (MAD); +6–10 drops tincture, several times a day (MAD); 1–2 ml tincture 3 ×/day (SKY); 1 g resin 3 ×/day +(SKY); 1/8–1/4 tsp myrrh tincture 3 x/daily (WAF). +• Arabians smear resin on a black cloth that, after hardening, is used to bind fractures +(GHA). +• Asian Indians dissolve myrrh in mother’s or asses’ milk as a collyrium (DEP). +• Asian Indians give myrrh with gúr to increase flow of milk (DEP). +• Asian Indians mix borax with myrrh for parasitic stomatitis or thrush (NAD). +• Asian Indians mix myrrh tincture with glycerine for diptheria (NAD). +• Asian Indians suggest myrrh tincture for chlorosis and dysmenorrhea in young girls +(NAD). +• Dhofari soak the resin in water and drink it or rub it on the body for fever (GHA). +• Lebanese use the myrrhs similarly, as carminative, fumitory, vulnerary, using dried fruits +for gastric problems and flu. They direct the smoke on wounds (HJP). +• Omani apply myrrh to caries heating the myrrh with a hot rod for toothache (GHA). +• Saudi apply the resin to the breast to wean babies (GHA). +• Yemeni paste myrrh on snakebites and wounds; on the penis as an aphrodisiac (GHA). +8202_C001.indd 134 11/12/07 2:29:22 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d ow Nsides (myrr H): +None known (KOM; PHR). Class 2b. Emmenagogue; uterotonic. Contraindicated in uterorrhagia. +Doses >2–4 g may cause diarrhea and nephrosis. French only permit external application (AHP, +1997). Undiluted tincture may produce burning and local irritation (AEH). Newall, Anderson, and +Phillipson (1996) caution that because it is reputed to affect the menstrual cycle, its use in pre-g +nancy and lactation should be avoided. May interfere with diabetic therapies. In view of the lack of +toxicological data, excessive use should be avoided (CAN). “No adverse effects from myrrh have +been reported” (SKY). Apprehension, diarrhea, hiccups, and restlessness have been reported as side +effects of related gugulipid administration (CAN). +extra Cts (myrr H): +Hypoglycemic; resin kills germs and stimulates macrophages (SKY); astringent myrrh soothes gin- +givosis, stomatosis, and sore throat. Extracts of C. habessinica stimulate phagocytosis in mice +inoculated with Escherichia coli. Other species of Commiphora have demonstrated antiaggregant, +antioxidant, cardioprotective, hypocholesterolemic, and hypotriglyceridic activities, suggesting the +utility of these gums, like many other gums, in preventing and moderating heart disease. I kind of +like the idea of a gum for a gum disease. +po Iso N he MLo CK (c onium m Acul Atum L.) x ApIACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Cicutaria vulgaris Clus; Conium major Bauh.; Conium vulgaris major Park +Notes (poiso N Hemlo Ck): +… Judgment springeth up as hemlock in the furrows of the field … +Hosea 10:4 (KJV) +[F]or you have turned judgment into gall, and the fruit of righteousness into hemlock. +Amos 6:12(KJV) +These are the only citations for hemlock in the King James Version online. The poison that Socrates +took, hemlock, is too dangerous for herbal administration by the uninitiated. Some authors (e.g., +Walker) relate the biblical hemlock to Conium, a truly dangerous medicinal plant, while Moldenke +and Moldenke relate it to a more innocuous herb, closer to wormwood. Zohary, admitting that the +Hebrew word rosh, generally meaning poison, more likely means a “bitter and poisonous drink +or food.” Without saying definitively that hemlock is intended, Zohary does recount that the plant +is poisonous, and quite possibly the poison drink of Socrates, yet praised by Avicennia for breast +tumors (BIB). +Commo N Names (poiso N Hemlo Ck): +Anisillo (Ven.; AVP); Ansarinha Malhada (Port.; EFS); Baldiran (Tur.; EFS); Barbousha (Arab.; +BOU); Beaver Poison (Eng.; GMH); Bikhe Shoukaran (Arab.; BOU); Bisbis Barri (Arab.; Syria; +HJP); Carrot-fern (Austr.; Eng.; USN); Cashes (Eng.; BUR); Cegude (Por.; EFS); Cerfeuil (Fr.; +AVP); Cicuta (Braz.; Col.; Peru; Por.; Sp.; Ven.; AVP; EFS; EGG; VAD); Cicuta Magguire (It.; +EFS); Cicuta Mayor (Sp.; EFS); Ciguë (Fr.; JLH); Ciguë Ofcfi inale (Fr.; EFS); Ciguë Tachée (Fr.; +BOU); Conoi (Arg.; JLH); Cow Bane (Eng.; BUR); Culantrillo (Peru; Sp.; EGG); Culén (Peru; Sp.; +EGG); Deadly Hemlock (Eng.; BUR); Djerir (Arab.; BOU); Doll Kraut (Ger.; EFS); Dolle Kervel +8202_C001.indd 135 11/12/07 2:29:23 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum). +8202_C001.indd 136 11/12/07 2:29:26 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(Dutch; EFS); Echte Schierling (Ger.; EFS); Fool’s-parsley (Eng.; USN); Geefl chter Giftschierling +(Ger.; EFS); Gevlekte Scheerling (Dutch; EFS); Gift Petersilie (Ger.; EFS); Grande Ciguë (Fr.; +JLH); Guebaba (Ber.; BOU); Harmal el Djezair (Arab.; BOU); Hemlock (Eng.; USN); Herb Bennet +(Eng.; GMH); Herb Bonnet (Eng.; BUR); Isojuuri (Fin.; JLH); Kecksies (Eng.; GMH); Kex (Eng.; +GMH); Kill Cow (Eng.; BUR); Kita Anis (Peru; Sp.; EGG); Kurdumana (India; EFS; SKJ); Monte +Zanahoria (Peru; Sp.; EGG); Mushquash Root (Eng.; GMH); Odört (Swe.; EFS); Poison Hemlock +(Eng.; CR2; USN; ZOH); Poison Parsley (Eng.; BUR); Poison Root (Eng.; BUR); Poison Snake- +weed (Eng.; BUR); Rosh (Heb.; ZOH); Sakaran (Arab.; ZOH); Saûvadge Feno (Belgium; JLH); +Sellata (Ber.; BOU); Shawkaran (Arab.; BOU); Sikran (Arab.; BOU); Skarntyde (Den.; EFS); Sp-ot +ted Corobane (Eng.; GMH); Spotted Cowbane (Eng.; BUR); Spotted Hemlock (Eng.; EFS; USN); +Spotted-parsley (Eng.; USN); Stinkweed (Eng.; BUR); Tahhmâ (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Viznaga (Eng.; +BUR); Wild Hemlock (Eng.; BUR); Wodewhistle (Eng.; BUR); Ziata (Arab.; BOU); Nscn. +a Ctivities (poiso N Hemlo Ck): +Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; BUR; CRC); Anaphrodisiac (f; BIB; CRC); Anodyne (f; BIB; +CRC); Antidote (Strychnine) (f; GMH); Antinicotinic (1; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); +Aphrodisiac (f; BIB; CRC; EFS; SKJ); Cardiodepressant (f; BUR); Hypertensive (1; PH2); Hypo- +tensive (1; PH2); Insecticide (1; EGG); Negatively Inotropic (1; PH2); Nervine (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); +Nicotinic (1; PH2); Paralytic (1; PH2); Poison (12; BIB; DEM; EFS; PH2); Respirodepressant (1; +PH2); Respirostimulant (1; PH2); Sedative (f; BIB; BUR; CRC); Teratogenic (1; PHR; PH2). +iNdi Catio Ns (poiso N Hemlo Ck): +Adenopathy (f; CRC; JLH; PH2); Amenorrhea (f; CRC); Arteriosclerosis (f; BOU); Arthritis (f; +BIB; PHR; PH2); Asthma (f; BUR; CRC; PHR; PH2); Backache (f; PHR; PH2); Bite (f; BOU); +Bronchosis (f; CRC; PHR; PH2); Burn (f; AAH); Cachexia (f; CRC); Cacoethes (f; CRC); Cancer (f; +CRC); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, face (f; JLH); Cancer, ganglia +(f; JLH); Cancer, gland (f; JLH); Cancer, intestine (f; CRC); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, me-s +entery (f; JLH); Cancer, neck (f; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; CRC); Cancer, pancreas (f; CRC); Cancer, +parotids (f; CRC); Cancer, penis (f; JLH); Cancer, scrotum (f; JLH); Cancer, skin (f; CRC; JLH); +Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, sternum (f; CRC); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f; +JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, viscera (f; CRC); Carcinoma (f; CRC); Carditis (f; +CRC); Cerebrosis (f; PH2); Chorea (f; CRC); Colic (f; CRC); Cough (f; CRC; PHR); Cramp (f; PHR; +PH2); Delirium (f; CRC); Depression (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Dyslactea (f; CRC); Dysmen- +orrhea (f; CRC); Eczema (f; CRC); Edema (f; JLH); Enterosis (f; JLH); Epilepsy (f; CRC; PHR; +PH2); Erysipelas (f; CRC); Heart (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hiccup (f; HJP); Hyperlactation (f; +CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC; JLH); Icterus (f; CRC); Impotence (f; CRC); Induration (f; JLH); Jaun- +dice (f; CRC); Laryngismus Stridulus (f; CRC); Leprosy (f; CRC); Mania (f; CRC; GMH); Myosis +(f; PHR; PH2); Neck (f; PHR); Nervousness (f; HJP); Neuralgia (f; BUR; CRC; PHR; PH2; VAD); +Neurosis (f; BIB); Orchosis (f; JLH); Pain (f; BOU; CRC; JLH); Palpitation (f; CRC); Pancreatosis +(f; CRC; JLH); Paralysis (f; CRC); Pareses (f; PH2); Parotosis (f; JLH); Pertussis (f; CRC; GMH); +Prostatosis (f; BOU); Pylorosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; BOU; BUR; CRC; PHR); Sciatica (f; PHR; +PH2); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sclerosis (f; CRC); Scrofula (f; CRC; GMH); Sore (f; AAH; CRC); Spasm +(f; CRC); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stye (f; CRC); Swelling (f; CRC); Syphilis (f; CRC); Tetanus (f; CRC; +PHR); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (f; CRC); Vertigo (f; CRC); Wen (f; JLH); Wound (f; AAH). +d osages (poiso N Hemlo Ck): +FNFF = X +Do not use (JAD). Many of the indications are homeopathic. Maximum dose 300 mg; standard dose +100 mg; not to exceed 1500 mg/day (HHB; PHR; PH2). +8202_C001.indd 137 11/12/07 2:29:26 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Arab and Greek physicians consider hemlock for arthrosis, cancer, dermatosis, hyd-ro +phobia, pain, scrofula, sores, and swelling (HJP). +• Asian Indians report using the herb to paralyze the nerves in painful dermatoses (SKJ). +• British claim to have cured cancer by taking leaf decoctions (AAH). +• British (not me) suggest hemlock juice for cramps, epilepsy in dentition, laryngeal spasms, +mania, teething in children, and in inhalations for asthma, bronchitis, and pertussis (GMH). +• English Gypsies use hemlock to cure ulcers (HJP). +• Iranians apply fruits externally as an anodyne (BIB). +• Irish poultice the plant onto burns, rheumatism, sores, swelling, and wounds (AAH). +• Irish use the poisonous plant to treat giddiness. (AAH) +• Lebanese suggest the plant for asthma, cancer, hiccups, nervousness, pain, and whooping +cough (HJP). +• North Africans suggest the dangerous tincture for arteriosclerosis, cancer, prostatitis, +spasms, the dilute infusion for pain, and rheumatism (BOU). +• Rabat natives fumigate insect bites with the roots (BIB). +d ow Nsides (poiso N Hemlo Ck): +“Classed appropriately by the FDA as an unsafe herb containing the poisonous alkaloid coniine and +other closely related alkaloids.” Plant can also cause contact dermatosis. Ingestion may cause debility, +drowsiness, nausea, labored respiration, paralysis, asphyxia, and death. Following lethal doses, animals +rapidly begin to show symptoms; among them are paralysis of the tongue, mydriasis, head pressure, +giddiness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and collapse into central paralysis (first the feet and legs, then the +buttocks, arms, then paralysis of the swallowing and speech). With increasing dyspnea and cyanosis, +death ensues through central respiratory paralysis. Lethal dose is about 500 to 1000 mg coniine for man +(CRC; HHB). (Note that in CRC (1985), I misquoted HHB and said 500 to 100 mg.) +Natural History (poiso N Hemlo Ck): +Larks and quail eat the fruit with impunity, but their meat becomes poisonous in the process. Thrush +can eat the fruits but ducks are poisoned thereby (GMH). +Co RIANDeR (c ori Andrum s Ativum L.) ++ApIACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Coriandrum diversifolium Gilib.; Coriandrum globosum Salisb.; Coriandrum majus Gouan +Notes (Coria Nder ): +And the house of Israel called the name thereof Manna: and it was like coriander seed, white; and +the taste of it was like wafers made with honey. +Exodus 16:31 (KJV) +Now the house of Israel called its name manna; it was like coriander seed, white, and the taste of +it was like wafers made with honey. +Exodus 16:31 (RSV) +And the house of Israel began to call its name “manna.” And it was like coriander seed, and its +taste was like that of flatcakes with honey. +Exodus 16:31 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 138 11/12/07 2:29:27 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Coriander (Coriandrum sativum). +All three versions call it coriander, which generally tranquilizes me into believing that this is a +reasonably certain biblical citation. But Zohary questions it for linguistic, culinary, and ecological +reasons. Coriander does not occur in the desert (ZOH) (although I have seen it in irrigated deserts in +Egypt (JAD)). And Zohary rightly comments that its green to brown seeds are not whitish. However, +I have seen some that looked ivory colored, not too far from cream. He questions the KJV, RSV, and +NWT translations of gad as coriander. And, the Arabic gidda, cognate with gad, is a white Arte- +misia, not a greenish coriander. Thus, while leaving coriander in his biblical book as will I, Zohary +doubts that it is intended in the quoted passages. AH2 gives two standardized common names for +this species: cilantro for the leaves and coriander for the seed. This will be confusing in places like +Peru where this is the temperate species used in the Andes, whereas tropicalE ryngium foetidum, of +8202_C001.indd 139 11/12/07 2:29:52 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +the same family, bears the name cilantro in the lowlands. AH2 gives culantro as the standardized +common name for Eryngium foetidum (AH2). I suspect that both will serve well and similarly for +the many indications listed below. Coriander was used in love potions, its use as an aphrodisiac +being mentioned in The Thousand and One Nights (BIB). +Commo N Names (Coria Nder ): +Ababika (Sanskrit; KAB); Allaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Behan (Pun.; DEP); Bööbberli (Swiss; POR); +Bopchukuksun (Rai; NPM); Brasyal (Tamang; NPM); Chamem (Arm.; POR); Chhatra (Sanskrit; +KAB); Chinese Parsley (Ocn.; Por.; AH2; POR; USN); Chinesische Petersilie (Ger.; POR); Chrap- +fechöörnli (Swiss; POR); Cilantro (Eng.; Scn.; Sp.; AH2; EFS; EGG; USN); Coentro (Por.; POR); +Coentro (Mad.; Por.; EFS; USN); Conzra (Arab.; GHA); Col (Essex; KAB); Cominos (Pi.; KAB); +Coriander (Eng.; Hun.; Scn.; AH2; NPM; POR; USN); Coriandolo (It.; EFS; POR; USN); Coria-n +dre (Fr.; BOU; EFS; USN); Coriandro (It.; Por.; Sp.; EFS; KAB; POR); Coriándru (Rom.; POR); +Cosbor (Malta; KAB); Culantro (Cuba; Ocn.; Pan.; Peru; Pi.; Sp.; AH2; EFS; IED; POR; RyM; +USN); Culantro Chino (Ma.; JFM); Culantro de Cartagena (Ma.; JFM); Culantro de Castilla (Ma.; +JFM); Culantro Domestico (Ma.; JFM); Daaniwal (Kas.; POR); Danga (Nepal; DEP); Danyalu +(Tel.; DEP); Daun Ketumbar (Malaya; POR); Debja (Arab.; BOU); Dembilal (Eth.; POR); Dhaanya +(Hindi; POR); Dhaanyakam (Hindi; POR); Dhana (Bom.; Mar.; Sanskrit; DEP; KAB; POR); +Dhanak Chi (Tur.; DEP; KAB); Dhanayaka (Sanskrit; POR); Dhane (Beng.; DEP; KAB; POR); +Dhaneyaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Dhania (Beng.; Hindi; India; Oriya; Pun.; Urdu; EFS; POR); Dhania +Saabut (Hindi; POR); Dhanika (Sanskrit; KAB); Dhaniya (Bhojpuri, Danuwar, Gurung, Magar, +Mooshar, Nepal, Sunwar, Tam.; Tharu; Urdu; KAB; NPM; POR; SUW); Dhaniyaa (Hindi; Urdu; +POR); Dhaniya Dhap (Tamang; NPM); Dhaniyaka (Sanskrit; KAB; POR); Dhaniyaalu (Tel.; POR); +Dhano (Sin.; DEP; KAB); Dhanya (Hindi; Mar.; Sanskrit; DEP; KAB; POR); Dhanyabija (Sa- n +skrit; KAB); Dhanyaka (Ayu.; Sanskrit; AH2; DEP; KAB); Dhanyika (Sanskrit; DEP); Dhennika +(Sanskrit; KAB); Dhoney (Beng.; POR); Dimbilal (Eth.; POR); Dyovunco (Ocaina; EGG); Falscher +Anis (Ger.; KAB); Gad (Heb., KAB; ZOH); Gakaka (Piro; EGG); Gemeiner Coriander (Ger.; Swe.; +KAB; NAD); Geshnes (Iran; POR); Goid (Punic; ZOH); Gosangn (Newari; NPM); Gouzbir (Ber.; +BOU); Grain(e) du Coriandre (Fr.; Havija; Kan.; DEP; NAD); Haraa Dhania (Hindi; POR); Havija +(Kan.; POR); Hiang T’‘sai (China; KAB); Hom Phak (Ic.; KAB); Hom Pom (Ic.; KAB); Ho Tuy +(Ic.; KAB); Hridyagandha (Sanskrit; KAB); Hsiang Hsui (China; EFS); Huang Thai Tu (Ic.; KAB); +Hu Sui (Pin.; China; AH2; DAA; POR); Indische Petersilie (Ger; POR); Iuen Siu (China; KAB); +Iuen Soui (China; KAB); Janapriya (Sanskrit; KAB); Kabzara (Arab.; GHA); Kajbira (Arab.; KAB); +Kambari (Kan.; POR); Karbijar (Arab.; KAB); Kashmirkhuska (Iran; KAB); Kasriza (Iran; KAB); +Katumba (Sumatra; IHB); Katumber (Java; IHB); Katunchar (Sunda; IHB); Kerti Koriander (Tur.; +EFS); Kesbour (Arab.; BOU); Ketumbar (Malaya; IHB; POR); Khabzara (Arab.; GHA); Khotbir +(Mar.; DEP; KAB); Khotmir (Mar.; DEP; KAB); Kishnetz (Rus.; KAB); Kisnis (Tur.; EB49:406); +Kisnish (Tur.; POR); Kishniz (Iran; DEP; EFS); Kizniz (Tur.; EFS); Koendoro (Japan; POR; +X11776997); Kolendra (Pol.; POR); Kolendra Siewna (Pol.; POR); Koljandra (Rus.; POR); Ko-n +phir (Guj.; KAB; POR); Korander (Dutch; KAB); Koriander (Den.; Dutch; Ger.; Hung.; Nor.; Rus.; +Swe.; EFS; KAB; POR); Korianderfrucht (Ger.; POR), Koriandr (Czech.; Rus.; POR); Koriandr Po-s +evnoi (Rus.; POR); Koriandrze (Pol.; KAB); Koriannon (Greek; POR); Korijander (Croatia; POR); +Korion (Greek; POR); Koriyun (Greek; DEP); Koryander (Pol.; KAB); Ko Soo (Korea; POR); Ko +Su (Korea; POR); Kotamalli (Tam.; KAB); Kotambari (Kan.; DEP; KAB); Kotamrbi-beeja (Kan.; +DEP; EFS); Kot Bor (Kon.; KAB); Kot Bori (Kon.; KAB); Kothamali (Tam.; POR); Kothamalli +(Tam.; POR); Kothambala (Kas.; POR); Kothambalari Kothambri (Kan.; POR); Kothamira (Bom.; +DEP; KAB); Kothambri (Kan.; WOI); Kothimber (Mar.; POR; WOI); Kothimbir (Mar.; POR); +Kothmir (Mar.; DEP); Kothmiri (Guj.; POR); Kothmiri Bija (Kan.; POR); Kothumpalari (Mal.; +POR); Kothumpalati (Mal.; KAB); Kothumpkalari Bija (Mal.; POR); Kotimiri (Tel.; DEP; KAB; +NAD; POR); Kottamali (Mal.; Tam.; DEP; EFS; POR); Kottamalli Virae (Tam.; POR); Kottambari, +8202_C001.indd 140 11/12/07 2:29:52 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Kothambari (Kan.; POR); Kottampalari (Tel.; NAD); Kotthamalie (Sinh; KAB; POR); Kottmir +(India; EFS); Kottumburi (Kon.; NAD); Koyendoro (Japan; POR); Kunati (Sanskrit; KAB); Ku-r +busar (Arab.; DEP; KAB); Kusbara (Arab.; Heb.; BOU; DEP; EFS; POR); Kusbarah (Arab.; DEP); +Kushniz (Iran; EFS; KAB); Kusthumbari (Kustumburi) (Sanskrit; EFS; KAB; POR); Kuzbarah +(Arab.; KAB; POR); Kuzbura (Arab.; POR); Libdhane (Guj.; POR); Nan Nan Bin (Burma; POR); +Nan Nan Zee (Burma; POR); Nau-nau (Burma; DEP; NAD); Ngo (Vn.; EB42:413); Ngo Tham (Ic.; +KAB); Nisara (Sanskrit; KAB); Ongsay (Pi.; KAB); Pak Chi (Thai; IHB); Penjilang (Java; Malaya; +IHB; POR); Persil Arabe (Fr.; POR); Petite Coriandre (Fr.; KAB); Phààk Kaawm (Laos; POR); +Phak Hom (Laos; POR); Pucioagna (Rom.; KAB); Rau mùùi (Vn.; KAB; POR); Rüügeliküümmi +(Swiss; POR); Saquil (Ma.; JFM); Schwindelkornerr (Ger.; EFS); Shakayogya (Sanskrit; KAB); +Silantro (Peru; EGG); Stinkdill (Ger.; KAB); Sukshmapatra (Sanskrit; KAB); Sugandhi (Sanskrit; +KAB); Tabel (Arab.; BOU); Tansanaqua (Ma.; JFM); Tumbaru (Sanskrit; KAB); Tunchar (Sunda; +IHB); Uchung (Lepcha; NPM); Ushu (Lad.; MKK); Ussu (Bhoti; KAB); U-su (Tibet; NPM); Ved- +haka (Sanskrit; KAB); Veshana (Sanskrit; KAB); Vitunakka (Sanskrit; KAB); Wanzendill (Ger.; +POR); Wanzenküümmel (Ger.; POR); Wan Swee (China; POR); Xiang Sui (China; POR); Yan sui +(China; POR; USN); Yuan Sui (China; Pin.; AH2; EFS); Yuan Sui Zi (Pin.; AH2); Zaub Thwb Qaib +(Hmong; EB57:365); Zaub Txib Gab (Hmong; EB57:365). +a Ctivities (Coria Nder ): +Alexiteric (f; BIB); Analgesic (f; KAB); Anaphrodisiac (f; HHB; JFM); Antidote (Mercury) (1; +FNF; X15721537; X8914687); Antiedemic (f1; APA); Antiimplantation (1; APA); Antiinafl mmatory +(f1; PNC); Antimutagenic (1; APA; X15451560); Antinitrosaminic (1; X15451560); Antioxidant +(1; JAF51:6961; X15364640); Antiperoxidant (1; X15364640); Antiradicular (1; JAF51:6961); Ant-i +septic (f1; PH2); Antispasmodic (f1; BGB; HHB; PHR; PH2); Anxiolytic (1; X15619553); Aphro- +disiac (f; APA; BOU; DEP; SUW); Bactericide (1; APA; PHR; PH2; X15612768); Cardiotonic (f; +GHA); Carminative (f1; APA; DEP; GHA; HHB; PHR; PH2); Cerebrotonic (f; KAB); Contracep- +tive (f; APA); Digestive (f1; BGB; BIB; GHA; IHB); Diuretic (1; APA; BIB; DEP); Emmenagogue +(f; BIB; EFS); Febrifuge (f; DEP); Fungicide (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Gastrogogue (1; PH2); Hepato- +tonic (f; KAB); Hypnotic (f; KAB); Hypocholesterolemic (1; X15462185); Hypoglycemic (1; APA; +PNC); Hypolipidemic (1; X15462185) Hypotensive (f; APA); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; X15462185); +Lactogogue (f; NMH); Larvicide (f1; APA; PNC; X15623234); Lipolytic (f1; BGB; LAF); Mercury +Chelator (1; X15721537; X8914687); Myorelaxant (1; APA; X15619553); Orexigenic (f2; EFS; PH2); +Pectoral (f; BIB; DEP); Sedative (f1; BIB; DEP; X15619553); Stimulant (f1; BGB; BIB; DEP); Sto- +machic (f1; BGB; BIB; HHB); Tonic (f; BIB; DEP; GHA); Vermifuge (f; JFM). +iNdi Catio Ns (Coria Nder ): +Adenopathy (f; KAB); Ameba (f; PH2); Amenorrhea (f; JFM); Anorexia (f2; APA; EFS; KOM; +PH2); Arthrosis (f; BIB; HHB); Asthenia (f; BOU); Bacillus (1; HH2; X15612768); Bacteria (1; PH2; +X15612768); Biliousness (f; BIB; DEP; SUW); Bleeding (f; DEP; EGG; PH2); BO (f; APA); Bron- +chosis (f; KAB); Burn (f; BOU); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); +Cancer, sinew (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Carbuncle (f; BOU; DEP); +Cardiopathy (f; BIB; GHA); Catarrh (f; BIB); Chickenpox (f; PH2; SKJ); Childbirth (f; IHB: PH2); +Cholecocystosis (f; PHR); Cholera (f; BOU); Colic (f; DEP; GHA; HHB); Condyloma (f; JLH); +Conjunctivosis (f; DEP; GHA); Coryza (f; KAB); Cough (f; IHB; PHR; PH2); Cramp (f1; BGB; BIB; +PH2); Cystosis (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Diabetes (f; JFM); Diarrhea (f; APA; EGG; +HHB); Dysentery (f1; APA; PHR; PH2); Dyspepsia (f12; APA; DEP; GHA; HHB; KOM; PH2); +Dysuria (f; PH2); Edema (f; PH2); Enterosis (f2; BGB; JLH; PHR; PH2); Epistaxis (f; EGG; PH2); +Erotomania (f; BIB); Erysipelas (f; BIB); Erythema (f; DEP); Escherichia (1; HH2; X15612768); +Fever (f; PHR; PH2); Fungus (1;PHR); Gingirrhagia (f; KAB); Gleet (f; KAB); Halitosis (f; APA; +8202_C001.indd 141 11/12/07 2:29:53 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +DEP; PHR; PH2); Headache (f1; PH2; X15612768); Gas (f1; APA; BGB; DEP; EGG); Gastrosis +(f1; BGB; HHB; BIB; DEP; EGG; PHR; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; APA; DEP; PH2); Hernia (f; BIB); +Hiccup (f; KAB); Hysteria (f; BIB; BOU; JFM); Impotence (f; BIB; BOU); Induration (f; JLH); +Infection (f1; HH2; PH2); Inafl mmation (f; KAB); Intoxication (f; BIB; DEP); Jaundice (f; KAB); +Kernel (f; JLH); Leprosy (f; PHR; PH2); Listeria (1; X11929164); Measles (f; APA; HAD; PH2); +Mycosis (f1; DEP; HH2; X15612768); Nausea (f; BIB; GHA; IHB); Nervousness (f; BIB); Neuralgia +(f; APA; BIB; EGG; NAD); Neurosis (f; BOU); Obesity (1; X15462185); Ophthalmia (f; BOU; DEP; +GHA); Orchosis (f; BOU); Otosis (f; BOU); Pain (f; KAB; PH2); Parasite (f; BOU); Pharyngosis (f; +PHR; PH2); Ptomaine (f; BIB); Puerperium (f; PHR); Rash (f; PHR; PH2); Rheumatism (f; BOU; +HHB; NAD); Salmonella (1; HH2; X15161192); Scabies (f; KAB); Sclerosis (f; BIB); Scrofula (f; +PH2); Smallpox (f; DEP); Snakebite (f; BIB); Sore (f; DEP); Soroche (f; EGG); Splenosis (f; BIB); +Stomachache (f; BIB; EGG; EB49:406); Stomatosis (f; KAB; PHR; PH2); Swelling (f; DEP; GHA); +Syphilis (f; BIB; KAB); Thirst (f; NAD); Thrush (f; DEP); Toothache (f; APA); Tumor (f; JLH); +Ulcer (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; JLH); Venereal Disease (f; BIB; KAB); Vertigo (f; HHB; NAD; PH2); +Wart (f; JLH); Wen (f; JLH); Worm (f; APA; BOU; JFM); Wound (f; HH2); Yeast (f1; DEP). +d osages (Coria Nder ): +FNFF = !!! +Seeds, the size of a peppercorn, have a sharp but pleasant aroma, pleasing to many ethnics (e.g., +Arabs, Egyptians, some Europeans, Asian Indians), sometimes afl voring breadstuffs, cakes, and +confections therewith. Used as early as 1550 b.c., the dried fruits, called coriander seed, combi-n +ing the taste of lemon peel and sage, is used in pastries, cookies, buns, processed meats (such as +sausage, bologna, and frankfurters), pickling spice, and curry powder. Also used to afl vor liqueurs, +such as gin and vermouth; in the cocoa, chocolate, and cordial industries. Young plants used in +salads as a vegetable and in chutneys, sauces, soups, and curries. (Bib.; FAC; TAN). 1–2 tsp crushed +fruit/cup water up to 3 ×/day (APA); 0.1 g essential oil, 2–3 ×/day (HH2); 3 g fruit (KOM; PHR); +0.3–1 g powdered fruit (PNC); 0.5–2 ml liquid fruit extract (PNC); 0.05–2 ml (they said 2 ml, I +would have said 0.2 ml; cf. celery seed, close kin) essential oil (PNC). +• Asian Indians paste powdered seed on carbuncles, headache, sores, and gargle for thrush +(DEP). +• Asian Indians report pulverized roots and leaves in alcohol for measles eruptions (KAB). +• Asian Indians suggest the seed infusion or tincture for biliousness, catarrh, dyspepsia, +enterosis, gas, and sore throat (NAD). +• Asian Indians suggest equal parts coriander, cardamom, and caraway (1:1:1) as digestive +(NAD). +• Asian Indians suggest powdered seed for colic, dyspepsia, and halitosis (DEP). +• Asian Indians suggest equal parts coriander, cottonseed, poppy seed, 2 parts sugar, and +some rose water for vertigo (NAD). +• Ayurvedics recommend for biliousness, bronchitis, dysentery, fever, nausea, and thirst, +viewing it as aphrodisiac, aperitif, anthelmintic, antipyretic, diuretic, laxative, refrig-er +ant, stimulant, and stomachic (KAB). +• Cubans suggest the seed decoction for diabetes and neuralgia (JFM). +• Ethiopians chew the leaves for colic and stomachache (BIB). +• Iranians use the leaf for headache (BIB). +• Latinos report the tea 2 ×/day is a female anaphrodisiac (JFM). +• Latinos boil 1 tsp fruit in 0.25 liter wine as emmenagogue and vermifuge (JFM). +• Middle Easterners steep seed in vinegar for one day and drink with sugar as cardiotonic, +general tonic (GHA). +• Lebanese use seed decoction as a stimulant or as a narcotic anodyne (HJP). +8202_C001.indd 142 11/12/07 2:29:53 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• Mohammedens use carminative, pectoral, sedative seeds in a collyrium to prevent smal-l +pox from destroying the eyes, as well as for chronic conjunctivosis (DEP). +• Peruvians paste the crushed leaves on the forehead for altitude sickness (EGG). +• Peruvians suggest the leaf tea for gas, headache, neuralgia, pain, and stomachache (EGG). +• Saudis suggest seed decoction for failing vision (GHA). +• Unani used the leaves, considered analgesic and hypnotic, for bleeding gums, eye pains, +gleet, hiccup, inafl mmation, jaundice, piles, scabies, stomatitis, toothache, and tubercular +glands. They used the seed to prevent bronchitis and coryza, for biliousness, dyspepsia, +headache, syphilis, and ulcers on the penis, viewing the seed as aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, +cerebrotonic, hepatotonic (KAB). +• Seed ground with raisins for tumors (JLH); with honey or raisins for burns, carbuncles, +orchosis, sores, and sore ears (BOU). +d ow Nsides (Coria Nder ): +Class 1 (AHP, 1997). None known (KOM). “Health hazards or side effects following the proper +administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded” (PH2). Leaves may harbLoir s- +teria, especially in hot, moist situations. +extra Cts (Coria Nder ): +Iranian scientists (Emamghoreishi et al., 2005) demonstrated anxiolytic activity of seed extracts of +coriander, used for anxiety and insomnia in Iranian folk medicine (10, 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, ipr mus). +It may have myorelaxant and sedative effects (X15619553). Karunasagar et al. (2005) showed that +2+ +a sorbent prepared from coriander could remove inorganic mercury (Hg ) and methyl mercury ++ +(CH Hg ) from aqueous solutions. Such a sorbent could be used to decontaminate inorganic- and +3 +methyl mercury–contaminated waters (X15721537). Earlier Japanese scientists had suggested that +coriander could help remove mercury from the human body (X8914687). [My dentist takes coriander +following a day drilling in mercurous fillings.] Indian scientists (Harve and Kamath, 2004) report +on an interesting case of interspecicfi synergy. Acetone and petroleum ether extracts of Murraya +koenigii, Coriandrum sativum, Ferula asafoetida, and Trigonella foenum-graceum potentiated syn- +thetic larvicides Fenthion and Temephos as larvicides againsAt . aegypti larvae. They used 0.05 ppm +Temephos and Fenthion with 25 ppm of M. koenigii, F. asafetida, T. foenum graceum, and 100 ppm +of C. sativum. All plants showed synergic potential but were weakly larvicidal when tested individ-u +ally (X15623234). Lo Cantore et al. (2004) demonstarted the antibacterial activity of coriander was +better than that of related fennel against 27 phytopathogenic bacterial species (includinBga cillus +and Escherichia) and two mycopathogenic ones (X15612768). Essential oil is particularly effective +againstL isteria monocytogenes (X11929164). Kubo et al. (2004) found that coriander’s (2E)-l dode- +canal was about twice as potent and (2E)-undecenal about equipotent with gentamicin at killing +Salmonella. They were additive rather than synergic (X15161192). Proesto set al. (2005) checked the +species for afl vonoids and phenolics and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity (X15713039). +LD50 (EO) = 4130 mg/kg orl rat (HH2). +sAFFRo N (c rocus s Ativus L.) ++ IRIDACeAe +Notes (sa FFro N): +Thy plants are an orchard of pomegranates, with pleasant fruits; camphire, with spikenard, +Spikenard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, +with all the chief spices. +Song of Solomon 4:13–14 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 143 11/12/07 2:29:54 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Your shoots are an orchard of pomegranates with all choicest fruits, henna with nard, nard and saf- +fron, calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense, myrrh and aloes, with all chief spices. +Song of Solomon 4:13–14 (RSV) +Your skin is a paradise of pomegranates, with the choicest fruits, henna plants along with spike- +nard plants; spikenard and saffron, cane and cinnamon, along with all sorts of trees of frankin- +cense, myrrh and aloes, along with all the finest perfumes. +Song of Solomon 4:13–14 (NWT) +In biblical times, saffron was important to oriental people as a condiment and sweet perfume. Still, +it was not mentioned by early Sanskrit writers (although KAB present nearly fifty Sanskrit names +for the plant; DEP listed only three). Arabian authors speak of its cultivation in the 10th century at +Darband and Ispahan. Chinese state that Mohammedens introduced it to China during the Yuen +dynasty. Mullahs are said to write charms with a saffron ink (DEP). The stigmas were especially +valued as a food colorant (e.g., adding yellows to Indian curries). It was mentioned by Dioscorides. +In Pliny’s time, benches at public theaters were strewn with saffron, the precious petals placed in +small fountains, to diffuse the scent into public halls. One cannot believe the gfi ures one sees for +this most expensive of spices until we realize that it was not speciefi d whether they were talking +fresh weight (for the ofl wers stigmata) or perhaps dry weight for the saffron (dried stigmata). From +my reading, “It takes 100,000 ofl wers to yield 1 kg saffron” (one ofl wer yields 10 mg, or 3.33 mg +per stigmata; BIB), or “4000 to make an ounce” (circa 3000 mg), or one ofl wer yielding only 0.75 +mg, or 0.25 mg per stigmata (DEP). So I asked our garden director, Holly Vogel, to weigh some so +we would know how many ofl wers it would take to give that 30-mg saffron dose. Her sister sent +data from an online spice company suggesting that a single stigma would weigh 2 mg. I like that +answer; it will take 15 stigmata (there are three in a ofl wer) to attain that 30-mg posology. My calcu- +lations suggested 40 ofl wers or 120 stigmata at the low dry weight, or only three ofl wers at the high +dry weight. Maybe if I munch 15 stigmata next spring, in the sunshine, it will cure my midwinter +Seasonal Affective Disorder. If you are foolish enough to wish to check our calculations, buy some +saffron; if each orange thread is simple, you may have the real spice; but if, on analysis, each thread +turns out to be a small withered tubular ofl wer, you may have the poor man’s saffron, Carthamus, +mentioned previously. If you find strands longer than an inch long, it might be dyed corn silk. This +most expensive spice, saffron, is often adulterated. Other than food usage, it is also used in cosme-t +ics for eyebrows and nail polishes, and as incense. Dioscorides comments on its use as a perfume, +Harrison, on its use as a deodorant. Dissolved in water, it is applied to foreheads on religious and +ceremonial occasions; it is also used as an ink. A Bronze Age (circa 3000–1100 BCE) Aegean wall +painting in the building of Xeste 3 at Akrotiri, Thera, feature sCrocus. The frescoes concern saffron +and healing, even depicting the harvest of stigmata; and 90 medical indications (and you thought my +lists were long?) for saffron, starting in the Bronze Age. The frescoes depict a Theran goddess with +her phytotherapy, saffron (X15259204). +Commo N Names (sa FFro N): +Açafrão (Por.; EFS; USN); Agnishekhara (Sanskrit; KAB); Asfar (Arab.; BOU); Azafrán (Sp.; EFS; +USN); Bhavarakta (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Castagnolo (Potenza; KAB); Croco Florito (It.; EFS); +Echter Safran (Ger.; HH3); Fan Hung Hua (China; Pin.; AH2; EFS); Giallone (It.; KAB); Grogo +(Tuscany; KAB); Jafran (Beng.; KAB; NAD; WOI); Jafrana (Arab.; KAB); Jafranekar (Urdu; +KAB); Kamakuma (Malaya; EFS); Kambama (Malaya; EFS); Karkom (Heb., KAB); Kasmira-ja +nma (Sanskrit; DEP); Kecara (Bom.; Mar.; DEP); Kesar (Hindi; DEP; KAB); Kesara (Mar.; KAB; +WOI); Keshar (Guj.; DEP; KAB); Keshara (Sanskrit; WOI): Kessar (Bom.; KAB); Koma Koma +(India; EFS); Kong (Kas.; DEP; KAB; WOI); Konger (India; EFS); Kormar Romar (India; EFS); +8202_C001.indd 144 11/12/07 2:29:55 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Saffron (Crocus sativus). +8202_C001.indd 145 11/12/07 2:30:17 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Kouzrkour (Ber.; BOU); Krokos (Greek; KAB); Kruku (Arab.; BOU); Kumkuma (Sanskrit; DEP); +Kungkumapave (Tel.; KAB; WOI); Kungumapu (Tam.; DEP; KAB; WOI); Kunkuma (Ayu.; AH2); +Kunkumakesari (Kan.; Kon.; NAD; WOI); Kunkumapave (Tel.; DEP); Kunkumappu (Mal.; Tam.; +NAD); Kunkumapurru (Tel.; NAD); Kunkumapuvva (Tel.; NAD); Kunkumkesarei (Kan.; KAB); +Kunkumma Purru (India; EFS); Kurkam (Arab.; ZOH); Kurkum (Arab.; Bhote; DEP; KAB; ZOH); +Larkimasa (Iran; KAB); Pewva (India; EFS); Piwva (India; EFS); Sa’faram (Arab.; Syria; HJP); +Saferam (Arab.; ZOH); Safferian (Treviso; KAB); Saffron (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2; USN); Sa-f +fron Crocus (Eng.; USN); Saffraan (Dutch; EFS); Safra (Cat.; KAB); Safran (Fr.; Den.; Ger.; Tur.; +BOU; EFS; KAB; USN); Safran Cultivé (Fr.; BOU); Safran Vrai (Fr.; BOU); Saurab (Sanskrit; +DEP; EFS); Schafran (Rus.; KAB); Spanish Saffron (Eng.; Ocn. AH2; KAB); Szafrana (Pol.; HH3; +KAB); Thanwai (Burma; DEP; KAB); True Saffron (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Xi Hong Hua (Pin.; AH2); +Zaafaran (Arab.; Iran; DEP; WOI); Zafar (Tur.; DEP; KAB); Za’faran (Arab.; BOU); Zafferano (It.; +EFS); Zaffran (Hindi; India; EFS; NAD); Zafrah (Arab.; Iran; EFS; NAD); Zafran (Hindi; WOI); +Zafrane Hor (Alg.; HH3); Zahafaran (Arab.; WOI); Zang Hong Hua (Pin.; DAA); Zipharana (Iran; +NAD). +a Ctivities (sa FFro N): +Abortifacient (f12; PHR; PH2); Anodyne (f; APA; CRC; MAD); Antiaggregant (1; X16180089); Ant-i +depressant (f12; CRC; DAA; PNC; X15852492); Antidote (f; MAD); Antiedemic (f1; APA); Anti- +genotoxic (1; X11665650; X15331343); Antihysteric (f; CRC); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; X11914135); +Antilymphomic (1; JAC7:405); Antinociceptive (1; X11914135); Antioxidant (1; PR14:149; +X15653110); Antiplatelet (1; X16180089); Antiradicular (1; PR14:149; X15653110); Antiseptic (f; +CRC; HJP); Antispasmodic (f1; APA; CRC; HHB; HJP); Antitumor (f1; PR14:149); Aphrodisiac (f; +APA; BOU; CRC; MAD); Balsamic (f; CRC); Cardiotonic (f; CRC; EFS; MAD); Carminative (f1; +CRC; PNC; VAD); Circulostimulant (f; BOW; X12776492); Diaphoretic (f; APA; CRC); Digestive +(f; APA; BOW); Ecbolic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; BOU; CRC; HHB; PNC); Emollient (f; APA); +Expectorant (f; APA; CRC); Gastrogogue (f; PHR; PH2); Hemostat (f; MAD); Hypocholesterolemic +(1; APA); Hypolipemic (1: PR14:149); Hypotensive (1; APA; BOW; X12648816); Immunostimulant +(1; X12776492); Lactagogue (f; KAB); Memorigenic (1; X16028982); Myorelaxant (f; APA); Na-r +cotic (f; BOU; CRC; SKJ); Nervine (f; CRC); Neuroprotective (1: PR14:149); Orexigenic (f; VAD); +Sedative (f; APA; CRC; HHB); Stimulant (f; BOU; CRC; HHB); Stomachic (f; CRC; HHB); TNF- +alpha Inhibitor (1; X11720092); Tonic (f; BOU); Toxic (f; CRC); Uterotonic (1; PHR; PH2). +iNdi Catio Ns (sa FFro N): +Adenopathy (f; JLH; X12776492); Aegilops (f; JLH); Amenorrhea (f1; CRC; MAD; NAD; PH2); +Anorexia (f; VAD); Anuria (f; ?); Arthrosis (f; KAB); Asthenia (f; VAD); Asthma (f; BOU; MAD); +Bladder Ailments (f; CRC); Bleeding (f; DAA; MAD); Blood Disorders (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; +PH2): Burn (f; JLH); Cacoethes (f; JLH); Cancer (f1; APA; PR14:149; X11582266); Cancer, abd-o +men (f1; APA; CRC); Cancer, bladder (f1; APA; CRC); Cancer, breast (f1; APA; CRC; JLH); Cancer, +colon (f1; APA; JLH); Cancer, diaphragm (f1; APA; JLH); Cancer, ear (f1; APA; CRC); Cancer, eye +(f1; APA; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f1; APA; CRC); Cancer, larynx (f1; APA; JLH); Cancer, liver (f1; +APA; CRC); Cancer, mouth (f1; APA; CRC); Cancer, neck (f1; APA; CRC); Cancer, spleen (f1; APA; +CRC); Cancer, stomach (f1; APA; CRC; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f1 APA; JLH); Cancer, throat (f1; +APA; JLH); Cancer, tonsil (f1; APA; CRC); Cancer, uterus (f1; APA; CRC; JLH); Cardiopathy (f1; +APA; X12776492); Catarrh (f; CRC; DEP; SKJ); Cerebrosis (f1; APA; KAB); Chemopreventive (f1; +X11582266); Chickenpox (f; HOS); Childbirth (f; DAA; PH2); Chlorosis (f; HOS); Cholera (f; CRC; +HOS); Chorea (f; HHB; MAD); Circulosis (1; X12776492); Cold (f; CRC); Colic (f; NAD); Condyloma +(f; DAA); Conjunctivosis (f; MAD); Cough (f; DAA; MAD); Cramp (f1; DAA; HHB; VAD); Cystosis +(f; JLH); Cytotoxic (1; HH3); Debility (f; NAD); Depression (f12; CRC; DAA; PNC; X15852492); +8202_C001.indd 146 11/12/07 2:30:17 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Dermatosis (f; CRC; KAB); Diabetes (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; NAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAA; HHB; +MAD; PNC); Dyspepsia (f1; VAD); Edema (f1; APA); Enterosis (f; JLH); Epistaxis (f; MAD); Fear (f; +CRC; DAA); Fever (f; CRC; NAD; PH2); Fibroid (f; JLH); Fibrosarcoma (1; HH3); Fractures (f; KAB); +Gas (f1; MAD; VAD); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Gingivosis (f1; VAD); Gout (f; MAD); Hangover (f; LIL); +Headache (f; KAB; PH2); Hemicrania (f; KAB); Hemoptysis (f; DAA; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; NAD); +Hepatosis (f1; CRC; DEP; JLH; SKJ; X12776492); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; X12648816); High +Cholesterol (1; APA); Hysteria (f; BOU; CRC; DAA; MAD); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f1; HJP); +Inafl mmation (f1; JLH; X11914135); Lachrymosis (f; JLH); Laryngosis (f; JLH); Leukemia (f1; JLH; +X12776492); Lochiostasis (f; PH2); Lymphoma (1; APA; JLH; HH3); Measles (f; CRC; DAA; MAD); +Melancholy (f12; CRC; DEP; HHB; KAB; X15852492); Menorrhagia (f; HHB; HOS; PH2); Menox- +enia (f; CRC); Nausea (f; KAB); Nephrosis (f; JLH; KAB); Neuralgia (f; NAD); Neurosis (1; CRC; +FNF); Obesity (f1; VAD; PR14:149); Ophthalmia (f; JLH; HOS); Orchosis (f; JLH); Osteosarcoma (1; +HH3); Pain (f1; DAA; X11914135); Papilloma (1; X12776492); Parotosis (f; HOS; JLH); Pertussis (f; +BIB; BOU; DAA; MAD); Pharyngosis (f; KAB); Phymata (f; JLH); Plague (f; MAD); Puerperium (f; +CRC); Rhabdomyosarcoma (1; X12776492); Sarcoma (1; X12776492); Scabies (f; KAB); Sclerosis (f; +CRC); Shock (f; CRC; DAA); Snakebite (f; NAD; SKJ); Sore Throat (f; PH2); Spasms (f; CRC); Sple- +nosis (f; CRC; JLH; KAB); Spermatorrhea (f; NAD); Swelling (f1; APA); Thrombosis (1; X16180089); +Tonsilosis (f; JL); Toothache (f; VAD); Twitching (f; MAD); Uterosis (f; CRC; DAA; JLH); Venereal +Disease (f; CRC; DAA); Vertigo (f; MAD); Vomiting (f; PH2); Wart (f; CRC). +d osages (sa FFro N): +FNFF = !!! +Prominent coloring agent and spice in cookery (especially Spanish), soups, stews, especially chicken +dishes, and in confectionery to give color, afl vor, and aroma (BIB). 10–15 stigmata/cup water (APA); +0.5–1.5 g day (APA; HHB). 10 g as abortive (HH3); 0.1–1 g powdered saffron (MAD); 15–16 drops +tincture (MAD). 0.5–2.5 g saffron (PNC); tea (2g/l) 3 ×/day (VAD). +• Algerians and Gypsies use the saffron infusion as a collyrium (HJP). +• Asian Indians use saffron for bladder, kidney, and liver ailments; also for cholera. Mixed +with ghee, it is used for diabetes (BIB). +• Ayurvedics, deeming saffron alexiteric, anthelmintic, laxative, tonic, use it for anuria, +biliousness, bronchosis, cerebrosis, dermatoses, headache, pharyngitis, scabies, and +vomiting (KAB). +• Iranians view saffron as antispasmodic and stimulant (HJP), and now as antidepressant +(X15852492). Iranians report saffron (30 mg/day) as effective as imipramine (100 mg/day) +in mild to moderate depression (X15341662). +• Lebanese add a dozen pistils to a large cup of hot water for children coming down with +chickenpox, measles, or mumps (HJP). +• Germans take saffron in milk for measles (MAD). +• North Africans suggest eight to ten filaments (stigmata) per cup of tea as a “narcotic for +cases of asthma, whooping cough, hysteria” (BOU). +• Spanish suggest massaging the gums with tincture (1:10) for gingivosis or toothache +(VAD). +• Unani, deeming the herb antiinafl mmatory, aphrodisiac, bechic, diuretic, hematinic, lac- +tagogue, laxative, use it for disorders of brain, kidney, liver, and spleen (KAB). +d ow Nsides (sa FFro N): +Class 2b. Abortifacient; emmenagogue; uterotonic. Severe side effects may result from ingesting +5 g saffron (lethal dose = 20 g) (AHP, 1997). “Health risk or side effects following the proper +8202_C001.indd 147 11/12/07 2:30:18 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not known” (PH2). Controversial. The 200- +mg/kg dose of saffron alleged to extend the life of cancerous mice translates to 22,000 mg or 22 +g saffron with a 100-kg rat named Jim Duke. Commission E reports no risks for doses up to 1.5 +g; however, 5 g is toxic, 10 g is abortive, and 20 g is lethal (AEH; PHR). Conversely, Tucker and +DeBaggio report that “ingesting 0.05 ounce (1.5 g) saffron has resulted in death” (TAD). Parado-xi +cally, the life-saving dose is lethal! It is good that saffron is so expensive, so thatwe will not have +too many fools overdosing on it. Preferring to err on the safe side, we can think of saffron only as +an expensive spice to be used judiciously. I think these numbers may be alarmist. Of mice and men, +the oral LD50 in mice is 20,000 mg/kg according to the German Hager’s Handbuch (HH3), while +for man, 5 to 10 g can prove lethal. +extra Cts (sa FFro N): +Iranians found that saffron at 30 mg/day was as effective as imipramine at 100 mg/day in mild to +moderate depression (F = 2.91, d.f. = 1, P = 0.09) (X15341662). Jessie and Krishnakantha (2005) +found that saffron extract inhibited platelet aggregatioin n vitro (IC50 = 0.35–0.86 mg) (X16180089). +LD50 (saffron) = 20,000 mg/kg orl mus HH3; LD50 (saffron extracts >600 mg/kg ipr mus HH3; +LDlo 5,000–10,000 mg total orl hmn HH3). If Hager’s Handbuch numbers are correct, we had be-t +ter leave the saffron for the mouse, to whom the saffron seems orders of magnitude safer than to the +man, where a few milligrams could be good, a few grams could be bad. +MeLo N (c ucumis melo L.) +++ CUCURBIt ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Bryonia collosa Rottler; Cucumis collosus (Rottler) Cogn.; Cucumis trigonus Roxb. fide USN; +Cucumis utilissimus Roxburgh fide NPM +Notes (melo N): +We remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the +leeks, and the onions, and the garlick: But our soul is dried away: there is nothing at all, beside +this manna, before our eyes. +Numbers 11:5- 6 (KJV) +We remember the fish we ate in Egypt for nothing, the cucumbers, the melons, the leeks, the +onions, and the garlic; but now our strength is dried up, and there is nothing at all but this manna +to look at. +Numbers 11:5- 6 (RSV) +How we remember the fish that we used to eat in Egypt for nothing, the cucumbers and the water +melons, and the leeks and the onions, and the garlic; But now our soul is dried away. Our eyes are +on nothing at all except the manna. +Numbers 11:5- 6 (NWT) +Some think the biblical melon was this; others think, as did the NWT translators, that it was wat-er +melon. Both are cultivated as pleasantly juicy fruits today in the Holy Land and other arid lands, +always welcome in dry climates. We will never be sure what the non-taxonomic scholars implied. +Even some hard-core taxonomists are loathe to make herbarium specimens of melons. Hence, I +include both in my faith-based food farmacy, although the word “melon” shows up only once in my +8202_C001.indd 148 11/12/07 2:30:19 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Melon (Cucumis melo). +computerized version of the Bible. Zohary insists that the Hebrew words kishuim and mikshaw must +equate to muskmelons, arguing that cucumbers did not exist in Egypt in biblical times. That makes +the NWT even more interesting if one reads “muskmelon” instead of “cucumber.” +Commo N Names (melo N): +Afqous (Ber.; BOU); Aggour (Arab.; BI2; BOU); Al Bata (Mali; UPW); Ao Uri (Japan; TAN); +Bachang (Kon.; NAD); Bambous (Ber.; BOU); Batanyah (Hausa; Nig.; UPW); Battikh Asfar (Arab.; +Syria; HJP); Bettikha (Arab.; BOU); Bittikh (Arab.; BOU); Blewah (Java; TAN); Cantaloupe (Eng.; +CR2); Cataloup (Fr.; EFS); Chibuda (Bom.; DEP); Chibunda (Mar.; DEP); Cikiire (Fula; Nig.; +UPW); Dungra (India; DEP); Esaka (Cameroon; UPW); Feggous (Arab.; BOU); Ghurmi (Mooshar; +Satar; NPM); Gidhro (Sin.; DEP); Gidro (Sin.; NAD); Goihmha (Tharu; NPM); Hsiang Inabe (Togo; +UPW); Kakari (Nepal; NPM); Kalinga (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Kalingada (Kan.; NAD); Kan Kua +8202_C001.indd 149 11/12/07 2:30:28 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(China; EFS); Kanteloep (Dutch; EFS); Kavun (Tur.; EFS; EB54:155); Khad (Sen.; UPW); Kharb-a +zeh (Iran; DEP); Kharbuja (Bal.; Hindi; Nepal; DEP; KAB; NPM); Kharmuj (Beng.; DEP); Kha-r +vuja (Sanskrit; DEP); Khurbuj (India; EFS); Khurbuza (Kangra; DEP); Kishuim (Heb.; ZOH); Kua +(China; EFS); Kurubombonmesengo (Gambia; UPW); Makuwauri (Japan; EFS); Ma-ru-tse (Tibet; +NPM); Mazarisharif (Afg.; TAN); Melâo (Mad.; Por.; EFS); Melâo Casca de Carvalho (Por.; AVP); +Melâo de Mesa (Por.; AVP); Meloen (Sur.; AVP); Melon (Den.; Eng.; Fr.; Swe.; AH2; BOU; CR2; +EFS; NPM); Melón (Peru; Sp.; EGG); Melón Almazaleno (Sp.; AVP); Melón de Castilla (Haiti; +AVP); Melon d’Espagne (Haiti; AVP); Melone (Ger.; It.; AVP; EFS); Melonegurke (Ger.; NAD); +Melon France (Haiti; AVP); Melon Musqué (Fr.; Guad.; Mart.; St. Lucia; AVP); Melon Sucré (Fr.; +EFS); Mikshaw (Heb.; ZOH); Mulampandu (Tel.; DEP); Mulkun Noshi (Korea; TAN); Muskmelon +(Eng.; AVP; BOU; ZOH); Nashiuri (Japan; TAN); Phut (Nepal; NPM); Popone (It.; AVP); Qawoun +(Arab.; Syria; BOU; HJP); Quisu Im (Heb.; BI2); Remó (Naga; DEO); Sakkar Teti (India; EFS); +Sardapaliz (Afg.; DEP; KAB); Senat (Sudan; UPW); Shammam (Arab.; Leb.; Syria; BOU; JNP); +Shamman (Arab.; Nig.; UPW); Shao Kua (China; EFS); Shima Uri (Japan; TAN); Shiro Uri (Japan; +TAN); Sirdapaliz (Afg.; DEP; KAB); Small Gourd (Eng.; NPM); Snap Melon (Eng.; NPM); Sweet +Melon (Eng.; EFS); Tarbucha (Guj.; DEP); Tarbuj (San.; DEP); Tarrsimte (Ber.; BOU); Teng Tai +(Thai; TAN); T’ien Kua (China; EFS); Turbuch (Guj.; NAD); Urmi (Nepal; NPM); Vaelapalam +(Tam.; NAD); Velipandu (Tel.; NAD); Vellari Verai (Tam.; DEP); Yaqtin (Arab.; BOU); Yengani +(Ghana; UPW); Yomba (Sen.; UPW); Yüeh Kua (China; EFS); Zaghun (Lad.; DEP); Zuckermelone +(Ger.; EFS). +a Ctivities (melo N): +Allergenic (1; X14533664); Antiacne (1; PAM); Antiaging (1; FNF); Antiasthmatic (1; PAM); +Anticancer (f1: FNF; JNU; PAM); PAM; Antiemetic (f; BIB; LMP); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; JLH; +X15261965); Antimastitic (1; PAM); Antimutagenic (1; FNF); Antioxidant (1; PAM; X15261965); +Antiozenic (1; FNF); Antiphotophobic (30–300 mg man/day) (1; M29); AntiPMS (1; JAF34:409); +Antiporphyric (30–300 mg/man/day) (1; MAR); Antipityriasic (1;PAM); Antiproliferant (1; JNU); +Antipsoriac (1; PAM); Antistress (1; DAS); Antitussive (f; BOU); Antiulcer (1; PAM); Antivinous +(f; BIB); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB; KAB); Cardioprotective (1; FNF); Cardiotonic (f; KAB); Cerebr-o +tonic (f; KAB); Demulcent (f; BIB; EFS; UPW); Digestive (f; BIB; BOU; LMP); Diuretic (f; BIB; +UPW; WOI); Emetic (f; BIB; BOU; UPW; WBB); Emmenagogue (f; BIB); Emollient (f; WBB); +Expectorant (f; BIB; BOU); Fungicide (1; UPW; WBB); Immunostimulant (1; FNF; PAM); Insec- +tifuge (f; HJP); Interferon synergist (1; FNF); Lachrymatory (f; BIB; KAB); Lactagogue (f; KAB); +Laxative (f; KAB); Mucogenic (1; PAM); Phagocytotic (1; PAM); Refrigerant (f; BIB; BOU: DEP); +Stomachic (f; BIB; EFS; LMP); Taenifuge (f; BIB); Thymoprotective (1; PAM); Tonic (f; BIB); Ver- +mifuge (f; BIB); Vulnerary (f; KAB). +iNdi Catio Ns (melo N): +Acne (1; FNF; MAR); Anasarca (f; BIB); Anuria (f; DEP); Apoplexy (f; BIB); Ascites (f; BIB; KAB); +Biliousness (f; BIB); Bronchosis (f; BIB); Bruise (f; BIB); Burn (f; BIB); Cancer (f; BIB); Cancer, +bladder (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f1; BIB; JLH; JNU); Ca-n +cer, uterus (f1; BIB; JNU); Cardiopathy (1; FNF; JNU); Childbirth (f; HJP); Cold (f; BIB); Coryza +(f; BIB); Cough (f; BIB; BOU); Cystosis (f; FNF; JLH); Dermatosis (f; BIB); Diabetes (f; BIB); Dys- +pepsia (f; BIB); Dysuria (f; BIB; DEP; NPM); Eczema (f; BIB; UPW; WOI); Extravasation (f; BIB); +Fatigue (f; BIB); Fever (f; BOU); Freckle (f; BIB); Fungus (1; UPW); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Gonorrhea +(f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; BIB; JLH); Hyperkeratosis (1; FNF; PAM; DAS); Ichthyosis (1; FNF); Infec- +tion (1; UPW); Inafl mmation (f1; JLH; X15261965); Insanity (f; KAB); Jaundice (f; BIB; LMP); +Leukoplakia (1; FNF; PAM); Lupus (1; FNF; MAR); Mastosis (1; FNF); Menorrhagia (f; BIB); +Mycosis (1; UPW); Nephrosis (f; BIB); Oliguria (f; BIB); Ophthalmia (f; BIB); Pityriasis (1; FNF); +8202_C001.indd 150 11/12/07 2:30:29 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Photophobia (1; FNF); PMS (1; FNF); Polyp (f; BIB); Porphyria (1; FNF); Prostatosis (f; FAC); Pso- +riasis (1; FNF); Rhinosis (f; BIB); Sore (f; BIB); Sore Throat (f; KAB); Stomatosis (f; BIB); Stress (1; +FNF); Sunburn (f; BIB); Sunstroke (f; BIB); Thirst (f; KAB); Tumor (f; BIB); Tympanites (f; DEP); +Ulcer (1; FNF); Uterosis (f; JLH); Venereal Disease (f; BIB); Xerophthalmia (1; FNF). +d osages (melo N): +FNFF = !!! +Fruit widely eaten raw, pickled, or baked; seeds eaten raw or toasted, or slurried in fruit juices; or +the oil is expressed. Roasted charmagaz is a mixture of peeled melon, cucumber, pumpkin, and +watermelon seed (FAC; TAN; EB54:155); leaves eaten as a relish, vegetable, and in soups (UPW). +• Algerians give floral tea after surgically removing fetus (HJP). +• Asian Indians apply bruised seeds to children with tympanites (DEP). +• Asian Indians suggest fruit, raw or cooked, as lotion in eczema, freckles, and sunburn +(NAD); one fruit a day for eczema (DEP). +• Asian Indians consider their beverage called burfi good for the prostate (FAC). +• Asian Indians consider the seed oil diuretic (NAD). +• Ayurvedics consider the fruit aphrodisiac, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative, and tonic, using it +for ascites, biliousness, fatigue, and insanity (KAB). +• Chinese suggest the seed for stomach cancer (JLH). +• Lebanese rub fruit pulp on breast and give it to weaning children to suck (HJP). +• Lebanese believe the melon repels bedbugs (HJP). +• Unani, considering the seed diuretic, lachrymatory, and tonic, use for bronchosis, fever, +hepatosis, nephrosis, ophthalmia, sore throat, thirst; the fruit they consider cardiotonic, +cerebrotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, lactagogue, used for dysuria and ophthalmia, the v-ul +nerary rind applied to the hypogastrium as diuretic (KAB). +extra Cts (melo N): +Vouldoukis et al. (2004) proved antioxidant and antiinafl mmatory activities in a melon extract +selected for its high superoxide dismutase activity. The extract dose dependently inhibited the pr-o +duction of superoxide anion (maximal at 100 µg/ml). The antiinafl mmatory properties of the extract +were, in part, due to the induction of production of IL-10 by peritoneal macrophages (X15261965). +Alpha-spinasterol signicafi ntly (circa 1000 x simvastin, a coenzyme-A inhibitor) modulates devel- +opment and/or progression of diabetic nephropathy. It reduced signicafi ntly attendant increases in +serum triglycerides, renal weight, and urinary protein excretion in diabetic mice (X15326549). +CUCUMBeR (c ucumis s Ativus L.) ++ CUCURBIt ACeAe +Notes (Cu Cumber ): +And the daughter of Zion is left as a cottage in a vineyard, as a lodge in a garden of cucumbers, +as a besieged city. +Isaiah 1:8 (KJV) +And the daughter of Zion is left like a booth in a vineyard, like a lodge in a cucumber field, like +a besieged city. +Isaiah 1:8 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 151 11/12/07 2:30:29 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +8202_C001.indd 152 11/12/07 2:30:54 PM +FIGURe . Cucumber (Cucumis sativus). +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +And the daughter of Zion has been left remaining like a booth in a vineyard, like a lookout hut in +a field of cucumbers, like a blockaded city. +Isaiah 1:8 (NWT) +Cucumber is mentioned only three times in the Bible, twice as a garden of cucumbers. And all three +versions in my trilogy concur with cucumber. Zohary reminds us, rightly or wrongly, that garden +cucumbers did not exist in Egypt in biblical times. And the lodges or lookout huts in the cucumber +efi lds were booths of twigs or mats used then, and now, to guard against theft. But Zohary main- +tains that the huts were in melon efi lds rather than in cucumber efi lds. I would certainly guard my +cantaloupes and watermelons more than cucumbers, although they are all pleasingly cool and juicy +in hot arid climates. In case Zohary is wrong, perhaps highly unlikely, I will retain the prolic fi +cucumber in my garden, hoping to prevent the wrinkles generated by these preplexing historical +puzzles. Like many cultivated, multiple-variety members of the pumpkin family, it has a whole host +of common names around the world. The USDA database listed only cucumber, gherkin concombre +(Fr.; USN); cornichon (Fr.; USN); Gurke (Ger.; USN); khira (India; USN); pepino (Por.; Sp.; USN); +and cohombro (Sp.). But the USDA website links one to the much more extensive index of common +names, which I have copied below (those followed by POR are abbreviations for citations from +Porcher (porcher@landfood.unimelb.edu.au). Cucumber soap is said to be especially benecfi ial for +windburn. Cucumber juice is said to kill cockroaches, repelling sfi h moths and wood lice. Even the +strewing of the green peel on the floor at night is effective (BIB). +Commo N Names (Cu Cumber ): +Aggouria (Greek; DEP); Agurk (Den.; AVP; EFS; POR); Agurka (Bohemia; DEP); Airelu Kankro +(Nepal; POR); Alpicoz (Sp.; EFS); Asare Kankro (Nepal; POR); Augurk (Dutch; EFS); Bahuphala +(Sanskrit; KAB); Bakritaear (Mun.; KAB); Bazarula (Arab.; EFS; NAD); Betbinho (Guinea-Bissau; +UPW); Bi Bai (Ic.; KAB); Bonteng (Sunda; IHB; POR); Cabul (Vis.; KAB); Calavaya (Vis.; KAB); +Castravete (Rom.; KAB); Cedriuolo (It.; KAB); Cetrinolo (It.; AVP); Cetriola (It.; EFS); Cetriolo +(It.; KAB; POR); Cetriuolo (It.; KAB); Chaja (Kalmuck; DEP); Chiar (Arab.; DEP); Citriuolo (It.; +KAB); Cocombre (Haiti; AVP); Cocombro (Por.; AVP); Cocomero (It.; EFS); Cogombre (Cat.; +KAB); Cohombro (Sp.; AVP; RAR; USN); Concombre (Fr.; Haiti; AVP; EFS; TAN); Concombre +Commun (Fr.; KAB); Concombre Cultive (Fr.; KAB); Concombre Ordinaire (Fr.; AVP); Concom - +bre Vrai (Fr.; AVP); Cornichon (Fr.; EFS; USN); Cucumber (Eng.; NPM); Dib (Hmong; EB57:365); +Dlib (Hmong; EB57:365); Dobba (Malaya; IHB); Dosakaya (Tel.; WOI); Dosekaya (Tel.; NAD); +Dozakaya (Tel.; KAB); Dua Chuot (Ic.; KAB); Dua Gang (Ic.; KAB); Dureagurk (Den.; EFS); +Entimum (Malaya; IHB); Faggus (Arab.; Mali; UPW); Gemeine Gurke (Ger.; AVP; TAN); Gherkin +(Eng.; EFS); Gnyo (Magar; NPM); Gros Concombre (Fr.; AVP); Gurka (Swe.; AVP; EFS; KAB); +Gurke (Ger.; DEP; USN); Haswey (Dho.; Omar; Saudi; GHA); Hiyar (Tur.; EFS); Ho qua (Ic.; KAB); +Hoang Qua (Ic.; KAB); Huang Gua (China; POR); Huang Kua (China; DAA; EFS); Huang Kwa +(Canton; POR), Hu Kua (China; EFS); Kakari (Guj.; KAB); Kakdi (Hindi; Mah.; NAD; POR); Ka- k +kari (Mal.; NAD); Kaknai (Orissa; KAB); Kakri (Bom.; Hindi; Nepal; Simla; POR; SKJ); Kak-ri +kai (Tam.; WOI); Kakro (Nepal; POR); Kalabaga (Vis.; POR); Kandalu (Sanskrit; KAB); Kankdi +(Guj.; KAB); Kankri (Bom.; Dec.; Guj.; Hindi; NAD); Kankro (Nepal; NPM; SUW); Kankur karkti +(India; EFS); Kantakilaki (Sanskrit; KAB); Kantakiphala (Sanskrit; KAB); Karan (Arm.; DEP); +Katiman (Java; IHB); Katimun (Sunda; IHB); Ketimun (Indonesia; POR); Kheyar (Arab.; GHA); +Khiar (Tur.; AVP); Khira (Beng.; Hindi; India; Mar.; NAD; USN; WOI); Khiyar (Iran; EFS); Kiar +(Tartar; DEP); Kira (India; EFS); Kokomba (Ghana; UPW); Komkommer (Dutch; POR); Konkom- +mer (Dutch; EFS); Koshaphala (Sanskrit; KAB); Krastavat (Slav.; DEP); Krastave (Slav.; AVP); +Kratsavets (Albania; DEP); Kumba (Sierra Leone; UPW); Kunkummer (Ger.; KAB); Kurkku (Fin.; +POR) Kusud (Arab.; EFS); Kyu Uri (Japan; POR); Kyuri (Japan; TAN); Langlai (Tamang; NPM); +Lathai (Gurung; NPM); Machicho (Par.; AVP); Melon Alon (Sp.; AVP); Mentimun (Java; POR); +8202_C001.indd 153 11/12/07 2:30:54 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Moro Kyu (Japan; POR); Mullanvellari (Tam.; NAD); Mullusavte (Kan.; NAD); Mulluvellari (Tam.; +NAD); Mutrulla Sookasa (Sanskrit; EFS); Ngurli (Nig.; UPW); Ogorek (Pol.; KAB); Oguretz (Rus.; +KAB); Oh Ee (Korea; POR); Oi (Korea; POR); Penpininho (Por.; EFS); Pepineiro (Por.; KAB); +Pepinillo (Sp.; Peru; EFS; EGG); Pepino (Cuba; Mad.; Peru; Por.; Sp.; EGG; RAR; RyM); Pepino +de Castilla (Sp.; RAR); Pipingha (Sin. POR); Pipingkai. (Sin.; KAB; POR); Pipingkay (Sin.; Tam.; +KAB); Pipino (Tag.; POR); Pipinya (Sing.; POR); Pitapushpa (Sanskrit; KAB); Qing Gua (Canton; +POR); Quishooaim (Heb.; KAB); Qitha Bostany (Arab.; AVP); Qitsa (Arab.; AVP); Sakusa (Sa-n +skrit; EFS; NAD); Salatagurk (Den.; EFS); Salatalik (Tur.; EB54:155); Santekayi (Kan.; KAB); Sasa +(Beng.; KAB; NAD); Sautekayi (Kan.; NAD); Setimun (Sakai; IHB); Shiyarekhurd (Iran; KAB); +Sikua (Greek; DEP); Sikuos (Greek; DEP); Sikya (Greek; KAB); Sma Gurka (Swe.; EFS); Sud- +havasa (Sanskrit; KAB); Sukasa (Sanskrit; NAD; SKJ); Sushitala (Sanskrit; KAB); Taear (Munari; +KAB); Taeng Kwaa (Thai; POR); Taeng Om (Thai; POR), Taeng Raan (Thai; POR); Tansali (Guj.; +KAB); Tavas (Mar.; NAD); Tavase (Mar.; KAB); Tèèng (Laos; POR); Teng Kwa (Thai; IHB); Teng +Ran (Thai; IHB); Thagwa (Burma; KAB); Thakhwa (Burma; POR); Thakhwathee (Burma; KAB); +Tihu (Hindi; POR); Timun (Java; Malaya; Sunda; IHB; POR); Timun China (Malaya; IHB); Tolo-m +bro (Por.; AVP); Touxem (Kon.; KAB); Tovxini (Kon.; KAB); Towshay (Kon.; NAD); Trapukarkati +(Sanskrit; KAB); Trapusha (Sanskrit; NAD); Tra sac (Ic.; KAB); Trâsâk (Khmer; POR); Tseng +Kwa (China; POR); Tukhmi Khiyarain (India; DEP); Tundilaphala (Sanskrit; KAB); Uborka (Hun.; +KAB); Uggurits (Estonia; DEP); Ukkurits (Estonia; DEP); Urits (Estonia; DEP); Vellari (Madras; +KAB); Vellarikkai (Tam.; SKJ; WOI); Voantangombazaha (Guj.; KAB). +a Ctivities (Cu Cumber ): +Anthelmintic (f; KAB; UPW); Antiinafl mmatory (f; EGG; KAB); Antiseptic (1; X15151242); Bac - +tericide (1; X15151242); Demulcent (f; GHA; NAD; SUW); Diuretic (f; DEP; GHA; NAD; SUW); +Emetic (f; DAA; GHA); Febrifuge (f; NAD); Insectifuge (f; DAA; UPW); Insecticide (f; UPW); +Proteolytic (1; KAB); Purgative (f; DAA; GHA); Tonic (f; SUW); Vermifuge (f; EFS; GHA). +iNdi Catio Ns (Cu Cumber ): +Bacillus (1; X15151242); Bacteria (1; X15151242); Beri-beri (f; DAA); Biliousness (f; KAB); Burn (f; +DAA); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); +Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Condyloma (f; JLH); Cystosis (f; JLH; NAD); Dermatosis (f; DAA; KAB); +Dysentery (f; IHB); Dysuria (f; GHA; NAD); Enterosis (f; GHA; JLH); Escherichia (1; X15151242); +Fever (f; NAD); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; X15151242); +Inafl mmation (f; EGG; NAD); Listeria (1; X15151242); Malaria (f; NAD); Ophthalmia (f; EGG); +Salmonella (1; X15151242); Spermatorrhea (f; NAD); Scald (f; DAA); Sore Throat (f; UPW); Sprue +(f; IHB); Strangury (f; NAD); Sunstroke (f; DEP; NAD); Swelling (f; DAA); Tapeworm (f; GHA); +Throat (f; DEP; NAD); Tumor (f; JLH); Wart (f; JLH); Urethrosis (f; NAD); Worm (f; DAA; UPW). +d osages (Cu Cumber ): +FNFF = !!! +Fruits widely eaten raw or pickled, oil-roasted, stewed, stuffed, or wrapped in banana leaves and +baked; pickles in rice bran essential in Japanese diet; seed edible; young leaves and stems eaten as +potherb (FAC; NPM; TAN; EB54:155). +• Africans report that the juice repels sfi h moths and woodlice; and that peelings left on the +ofl or overnight will kill cockroaches that eat them in three or four nights (UPW). +• Arabians use fruit pulp to soothe and whiten the skin (GHA). +• Ayurvedics consider the fruit aphrodisiac, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative, and tonic, using it +for ascites, biliousness, fatigue, and insanity (KAB). +8202_C001.indd 154 11/12/07 2:30:55 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• Indochinese suggest candied cucumber in children’s dysentery (BIB). +• Indonesians suggest fruit or its juice for gallstones and sprue (BIB). +• Koreans make cucumber salves for burns, scalds, and skin disorders (BIB). +• Lebanese mix the sap that oozes from scraped cucumber skin with yogurt to treat cold +sores (HJP). +• Lebanese believe that cucumbers prevent colds (HJP). +• Lebanese use a favorite saladl, aban (cucumbers and yogurt), to soften skin, dispel acne, +smooth rash, and heal sunburn (HJP). +• Madagascans use the fruit as an anthelmintic, a use showing up in many cultures (KAB). +• Peruvians apply sliced cucumber to eye problems and inafl mmation (EGG). +• Unani, considering the seed diuretic, lachrymatory, and tonic, use it for bronchosis, +fever, hepatosis, nephrosis, ophthalmia, sore throat, and thirst; the fruit they consider +cardiotonic, cerebrotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, and lactagogue; used for dysuria and -oph +thalmia; the vulnerary rind is applied to the hypogastrium as diuretic (KAB). +d ow Nsides (Cu Cumber ): +Like other members of the cucurbit family, this also contains cucurbitacins. +extra Cts (Cu Cumber ): +Buescher et al. (2004) showed that two cucumber volatiles (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal and (E)-2-no-n +enal could inactivate or weaken bacterial pathogens Ba( cillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria +monocytogenes (but weakly), Salmonella typhimurium) (at 250 and 500 ppm) (X15151242). Alpha- +spinasterol signicafi ntly (circa 1000 x simvastin, a coenzyme-A inhibitor) modulates development +and/or progression of diabetic nephropathy. It reduced signicafi ntly attendant increases in serum +triglycerides, renal weight, and urinary protein excretion in diabetic mice (X15326549). +CUMIN (c uminum cyminum L.) +++ ApIACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Cuminia cyminum J. F. Gmel.; Cuminum hispanicum Bunge; Cuminum odorum Salisb.; Ligusticum +cuminum (L.) Crantz +Notes (Cumi N): +Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, +and have omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to +have done, and not to leave the other undone. +Matthew 23:23 (KJV) +Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and +have omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, +and not to leave the other undone. Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel. +Matthew 23:23- 4 (KJV) +Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for you tithe mint and dill and cummin, and have +neglected the weightier matters of the law, justice and mercy and faith; these you ought to have done, +without neglecting the others. You blind guides, straining out a gnat and swallowing a camel. +Matthew 23:23- 4 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 155 11/12/07 2:30:56 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Cumin (Cuminum cyminum). +Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! because you give the tenth of the mint and the dill +and the cumin, but you have disregarded the weightier matters of the Law, namely justice and +mercy and faithfulness, These things it was binding to do, yet not to disregard the other things. +Blind guides, who strain out the gnat but gulp down the camel. +Matthew 23:23- 4 (NWT) +Search the KJV electronically for cumin and you will not nfi d it. In that version of the Bible, it is spelled +“cummin.” Zohary comments that the plant is undoubtedly native to the Middle East, but so long cult-i +vated that it has not been positively identiefi d in the wild state (ZOH). However, all three versions above +seem to agree on the cumin and the mint, such that I condfi ently include them in my biblical garden. In +biblical times, cumin was used as a medicine and an appetite stimulant. Philips notes that cuminC (umi- +num) was the materia medica of the ancient world, almost paralleling black cumin’sN (igella) role in the +Muslim world as the medicine for every disease except death. Among Mediterranean people, they used to +speak of “cummin-splitters,” or avaricious individuals perhaps more greedy than today’s hair splitters. +8202_C001.indd 156 11/12/07 2:31:04 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Commo N Names (Cumi N): +Acham (Ber.; BOU); Ajaji (Sanskrit; DEP; EFS; KAB); Ajajika (Sanskrit; KAB); Anis Aigre (Fr.; +KAB); Anis Faux (Fr.; KAB); Anisacre (Fr.; KAB; NAD); Azkar (Ber.; BOU); Borsos Kömény +(Hun.; POR); Camon (Heb.; POR); Camon Tarbuti (Heb.; POR); Carvi (It.; EFS); Cheerakum (Mal.; +NAD); Chemmun (Malta; KAB); Chimen (Roumanian; KAB); Cimino (It.; KAB); Cimonagero +(It.; KAB); Cominho (Por.; TAD; USN); Cominhos (Por.; EFS; KAB); Comino (It.; Peru; Sp.; CR2; +EGG; KAB; TAD; VAD); Comino Blanco (Sp.; POR); Comino Comun (Malta; Sp.; EFS; KAB); +Comino Fino (Sp.; EFS); Cominos (Ma.; JFM); Cumi (Cat.; KAB); Cumin (Eng.; Fr.; Malta; Scn.; +AH2; BOU; CR2; EFS; KAB; TAD); Cumin de Malte (Fr.; USN); Cumin du Maroc (Fr.; POR); +Cumin Ofcfi inal (Fr.; KAB); Cuminho (Ma.; JFM); Cumino (It.; EFS; KAB); Cummin (Eng.; +Malta; EFS; KAB); Dipaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Dipya (Sanskrit; KAB); Dipyaka (Sanskrit; KAB); +Dirghaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Dirghakana (Sanskrit; KAB); Duru (Sin.; KAB); Egyiptomi Kömény +(Hun.; POR); Faux Anis (Fr.; KAB); Gee (Nepal), Go-snyod (Tibet; NPM); Guarajaji (Sanskrit; +KAB); Guarajiraka (Sanskrit; KAB); Hime Unikyoo (Japan; POR); Hrasvanga (Sanskit; NAD); +Ichammen (Ber.; BOU); Ichoumane (Ber.; BOU); Jarana (Sanskrit; KAB); Jeelakara (Tel.; NAD); +Jeera (Kon.; Mah.; Nepal; NAD; SUW); Jeeraka (Sanskrit NAD); Jeerakam (Mal.; POR); Jeerigay +(Kan.; NAD; POR); Jeerige (Tel.; WOI); Ji (Newari; NPM); Jilakara (Tel.; WOI); Jilakarra (Tel.; +POR); Jintan (Dei.; POR); Jintan Puteh (Malaya; EFS; POR); Jintan Putih (Dei.; POR); Jinten (Dei.; +Java; POR); Jinten Bodas (Sunda.; IHB); Jinten Puteh (Java; IHB); Jinten Putih (Indonesia; POR); +Jira (Beng.; Bhojpuri; Chepang; Danuwar; Magar; Nepal; Sunwar; DEP; KAB; NPM); Jirah (Urdu; +KAB); Jiraj (Beng.; Kan.; Hindi; Sanskrit; KAB; WOI); Jiraka (Ayu.; Sanskrit; Tel.; AH2; DEP; +KAB; WOI); Jirakam (Mal.; KAB); Jirana (Sanskrit; KAB); Jirautmi (Guj.; DEP; KAB); Jirna +(Sanskrit; KAB); Jiregire (Mar.; KAB; WOI); Jiringe (Kan.; KAB); Jiro (Rai; NPM); Jiru (Guj.; +DEP; KAB); Jorekam (Mal.; WOI); Jyajyurakat (Lepcha; NPM); Kamon (Heb.; KAB; ZOH); Kam- +mon (Arab.; Heb.; BI2; EFS; POR; TAD); Kammûn (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kammun Abiad (Arab.; +Syria; HJP); Kamon (Heb.; POR); Kamun (Arab.; Egypt; Morocco; EFS; KAB; TAD); Kamuna +(Arab.; Sanskrit; KAB; WOI); Kana (Sanskrit; KAB); Kanajira (Sanskrit; KAB); Kanavha (S-an +skrit; KAB); Kemmoun (Arab.; BI2; BOU); Kemum (Accadian; ZOH); Kemun (Arab.; Syria; +KAB; ZOH); Kimion (Arm.; POR); Kimoon (Arab.; GHA); Kimyon (Tur.; EFS); Kloeftsvoeb +(Den.; POR); Kmin (Rus.; Pol.; POR; TAD); Kmin Tminovyj (Rus.; POR); Kmin Tminovyi (Rus.; +POR); Kminek (Pol.; POR); Komijn (Dutch; EFS; POR; TAD); Kommoon (Malta; KAB); Komyn +(Dutch; KAB); Kreuzkuemmel (Ger.; KAB); Kreuzkümmel (Ger.; EFS; TAD; USN); Kumel (Ger.; +HIL); Kumin (Japan; TAD); Kumin Rimskii (Rus.; POR); Kumin Tminovyi (Rus.; POR); Kumina +(Fin.; POR); Kuminmag (Hun.; POR); Kumyn (Dutch; KAB); Kunchika (Sanskrit; EFS); Kyminon +(Greek; KAB; POR); Kyminos (Greek; KAB); Ma-Ch’in (China; Khmer; POR; TAD); Magadha +(Sanskrit; KAB); Maruk (Limbu; NPM); Maustekumina (Fin.; POR); Mitadipya (Sanskrit; KAB); +Mitajaji (Sanskrit; KAB); Mohrenkummel (Ger.; EFS); Mutterkuemmel (Ger.; KAB); Mutterkum - +mel (Ger.; EFS); Ou Shi Luo (China; POR); Pepparkummin (Swe.; POR); Ravamuna (Arab.; KAB); +Rimskiy Tmin (Russian; KAB); Roemischerkuemmel (Ger.; KAB); Római Kömény (Hun.; POR); +Roman Caraway (Eng.; POR); Romersk Kommen (Den.; EFS); Romerks Kummin (Swe.; POR); +Romischer Kummel (Ger.; EFS; TAD); Safed Jeera (Beng.; Hindi; India; EFS; NAD); Safed Jiraun +(Guj.; NAD); Sanoot (Arab.; GHA); Sannût (Arab.; Syria; HJP; POR); Seerugam (Tam.; KAM); +Shiagira (Beng.; Hindi; NAD); Shimai Shombu (Tam.; NAD); Shiragam (Tam.; DEP; KAM); Sira- +gam (Tam.; WOI); Spidskommen (Den.; POR); Spiskummin (Swe.; POR; TAD); Spisskarve (Nor.; +POR); Spisskummen (Nor.; POR); Sududuru (Sin.; DEP; KAB; POR); Thian-Khao (Thai; POR); +Thien Khaw (Laos; POR); Vahmisakha (Sanskrit; KAB); Venidischer Kummel (Ger.; NAD); Vit +Kummin (Swe.; POR); Weißer Kreuzkümmel (Ger.; POR); Yee Raa (Thai; POR); Zeera (Hindi; +Iran; Urdu; EFS; POR; WOI); Zero (Sind; DEP; KAB; NAD); Zira (Hindi; Iran; Urdu; DEP; EFS; +KAB; NAD; POR; WOI); Ziraa (Urdu; POR); Zi Ran Qin (China; POR); Zireh (Iran; POR); Ziya +(Burma; DEP; KAB; POR). +8202_C001.indd 157 11/12/07 2:31:04 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +a Ctivities (Cumi N): +Abortifacient (f; BIB; PH2); Aldose-Reductase Inhibitor (1/2 quercitrin) (1; X15796577); Alpha- +Glucosidase Inhibitor (circa 1/2 acarbose) (1; X15796577); Analgesic (f; HJP); Anesthetic (f1; BIB); +Anodyne (f1; BIB; DEP; PHR; PH2); Anthelmintic (f; BIB; KAB; VAD); Antiaggregant (1; PHR; +PH2); Antibilious (f; BIB); Antidiabetic (1; X15796577); Antidote (f; BIB); Antifertility (1; PHR; +PH2; JAC7:405); Antihyperglycemic (1; JAC7:405; X8569244); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; BIB); Anti - +oxidant (1; BIB; LAF; X15364640); Antiseptic (1; BIB; PH2); Antispasmodic (f; BIB; EFS; PHR; +PH2); Antitumor (f1; BIB); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB; HHB; KAB; PH2); Apoptotic (1; X10675556); +Astringent (f; DEP; JFM; SUW; WOI); Bactericide (1; BIB; LAF; X10548758); Candidicide (1; +HH2); Carminative (f1; DEP; EFS; NPM; PH2; SUW; VAD); Chemopreventive (1; JAC7:405); +Decongestant (f; JFM); Diaphoretic (1; BIB); Digestive (f; EFS; VAD); Diuretic (f; BIB; HHB; JFM; +PH2); Emmenagogue (f; BIB; BOU; EFS; PH2); Estrogenic (1; HH2; PHR; PH2; VAD); Fungicide +(1; PHR; PH2); Glutathiogenic (1; JAC7:405); Hypoglycemic (1; JAC7:405; X8569244); Lactogogue +(f; BOU; EFS; HHB; JFM; KAP; NMH; PH2); Larvicide (1; BIB; HH2); Mutagenic (f1; BIB; PH2; +X14531636); Orexigenic (f; BIB; VAD); Photodermatitic (1; LAF); Secretagogue (1; X10812814); +Sedative (f; VAD); Stimulant (f; DEP; EFS; NPM; PH2; SUW); Stomachic (f; BIB; BOU; DEP; +EFS; SUW); Sudoric fi (f; BIB; BOU; EFS); Tonic (f; BIB); Uterocontractant (f; GHA); Uterotonic +(f; KAB); Vulnerary (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (Cumi N): +Adenoma (1; X16608205); Adenopathy (f1; JLH; X16608205); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Amen- +orrhea (f1; BOU; HH2; VAD); Anorexia (f; BIB; VAD); Asthma (f; BIB); Atherosclerosis (1; COX; +FNF; X16608205); Bacillus (1; X10548758); Bacteria (1; X10548758; X15934015; X15631509); +Bite (f; DEP); Boil (f; BIB; KAB); Cancer (f1; JLH; JAC7:405; X16608205); Cancer, abdomen +(f1; JLH; JAC7:405); Cancer, colon (f1; JLH; JAC7:405; X16608205); Cancer, ear (f; JLH); Ca-n +cer, esophagus (f1; JAC7:405); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, pancreas (f1; JNU); Cancer, spleen +(f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f1; JLH; JAC7:405); Cancer, testes (f; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; JLH); +Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cancer, uvula (f; JLH); Candida (1; HH2); Cardiopathy (f1; BIB; HJP; +X16608205); Childbirth (f; HJP); Chills (f; BIB); Cholera (1; HH2); Cold (f; BIB; BOU); Colic (f; +BOU; BIB; EGG; GHA; PHR; PH2); Condylomata (f; BIB; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; BIB); Constipa- +tion (f; BIB); Consumption (f; BIB); Corn (f; BIB; JLH); Corneal Opacities (f; BIB; KAB); Cough +(f; BIB); Cramps (f; BIB; BOU); Debility (f; NAD); Dermatosis (1; BIB; JAR12:83); Diabetes (1; +JAC7:405; X8569244); Diarrhea (f; BIB; GHA; PHR; PH2; SUW; WOI); Diuretic (f; JFM); Dys- +entery (f1; BIB; HH2); Dyslactea (f; BOU; NAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; VAD); Dyspepsia (f; BIB; +DEP; EGG; SUW; WOI); Dysuria (f; JFM); Enterosis (f; JLH; VAD); Epilepsy (1; X16226415); +Epistaxis (f; BIB; GHA); Escherichia (1; X10548758); Esophagosis (1; JAC7:405); Fever (f; BIB); +Flu (f; BIB); Fungus (1; PH2); Gas (f; BIB; JFM; PH2); Gastrosis (f1; PH2; JAC7:405); Gonorrhea (f; +BIB; DEP; KAB; NAD); Headache (f; BIB; PHR; PH2); Helicobacter (1; X15934015); Hematoche- +zia (f; PH2); Hemoptysis (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f1; BIB; JLH; JAC7:405; X16106395); Hiccup (f; BIB; +KAB; NAD); Hoarseness (f; NAD); Hypothermia (f; BOU); Hysteria (f; BOU); Impotence (f; BIB; +GHA; NAD); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; PH2); Inafl mmation (f1; BIB; X16608205); Klebsi - +ella (1; HH2); Leprosy (f; BIB; KAB; PH2); Leukemia (1; X10675556); Leukoderma (f; BIB; KAB); +Leukorrhea (f; NAD); Mastosis (f; SKJ); Microsporum (1; JAR12:83); Mycosis (1; PH2); Obesity (1; +X16106395); Ophthalmia (f; PH2); Orchosis (f; JLH; JFM); Pain (f; BIB; DEP; HJP; PH2); Palpita- +tion (f; BIB); Parasite (f; VAD); Parotitis (f; BIB; BOU; JLH); Puerperium (f; BIB); Rheumatism (f; +PHR); Salmonella (1; HH2); Scabies (f; BIB; KAB); Sclerosis (f; BIB; JLH); Scorpion Sting (f; BIB); +Shigella (1; HH2); Snakebite (f; SUW); Sore (f; BIB; KAB); Spasm (f; BIB; VAD); Splenomegaly +(f; BIB; KAB); Splenosis (f; JLH; KAB); Staphylococcus (1; HH2); Stomachache (f; BIB); Stone +(f; PH2); Streptococcus (1; HH2); Sty (f; BIB); Syncope (f; BIB); Swelling (f; SKJ); Tachycardia +8202_C001.indd 158 11/12/07 2:31:05 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(f; BIB); Tumor (f; BIB); Ulcer (f1; BIB; X15934015); Uterosis (f; BIB; JLH); Venereal Disease (f; +JLH); Vibrio (1; HH2); Wart (f; BIB; JLH); Whitlow (f; BIB; JLH); Worm (f; BIB; KAB); Yeast (1; +X10548758). +d osages (Cumi N): +FNFF = !!! +The spice seed cumin is crushed and mixed with foods, for example, in biblical times, with sfi h and +meat, especially stews. Egyptians sprinkled the seeds on bread and cakes. Today the seeds afl vor +breads, cheeses, chutney, meat, pickles, rice, sauerkraut, sausage, and soups. Essential oil used in +liqueurs and perfumes (BIB; FAC; TAN); 300–600 mg (HHB); 0.06–0.2 ml EO (HHB; HH2). 5–10 +fruits (PHR); “300 to 600 gm” (PHR) (I am sure they did not mean that; that is, 1 to 2 pounds, close +to a lethal dose, I would think). Corrected in PH2 to 300–600 mg (=5–10 fruit). +• Algerians use cumin for colic and dyspepsia, with butter for coughs and colds (HJP). +• Ancient Assyrians suggested cumin with garlic for constipation and gas (BIB). +• Arabs take oil of cumin as an aphrodisiac, mixed with honey and pimento, taken +3 ×/day (BIB). +• Arabians drink decoction of ground lime and cumin seed for colic (GHA). +• Arabians steep leaves in vinegar; boil in water; drink warm for diarrhea (GHA). +• Arabians stuff ground seed with vinegar in nose to stop bleeding (GHA). +• Asian Indians smoke seeds coated with ghee in a pipe to relieve hiccup (NAD). +• Asian Indians suggest seeds with lime juice for pregnant ladies with bilious nausea (NAD). +• Asian Indians suggest 10 to 30 grains seed, even in food, for diarrhea, dyspepsia, gon-or +rhea, and hoarseness (NAD). +• Ayurvedics consider the fruit aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, and aIexipharmic, using it for +belching, biliousness, consumption, dysentery, eye diseases, fever, leprosy, leucoderma, +scorpion stings, and tumors (BIB). +• Ethiopians apply pounded leaves to skin disorders (BIB). +• Iranians suggest the seeds as analgesic for pain following childbirth (HJP). +• Iraqis and Iranians use as carminative (HJP). +• Lebanese use seed oil, with or without orange ofl wer water, for cramps, syncope, and +tachycardia (HJP). +• North Africans poultice the seeds on the nape of the neck for mumps (BIB). +• Peruvians suggest the carminative seed tea for dyspepsia and infants with colic (EGG). +• Shi’ites cook it with kibi to prevent gas (HJP). +• Unani use the fruit for asthma, boils, corneal opacities, epistaxis, gonorrhea, hemoptysis, +hiccup, inafl mmation, scabies, splenomegaly, styes, and ulcers, considering it abortifa- +cient, astringent, carminative, emmenagogue, and vulnerary (KAB). +• Yemeni use seeds in aphrodisiac and uterocontractant preparations (GHA). +d ow Nsides (Cumi N): +AHP Class 1. None noted (PHR). “Health hazards or side effects following the proper administr-a +tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not known” (PH2). “A very weak oxidative mutagenic +action has been revealed by cumin” (X14531636). Spaniards (VAD) are more cautious but it may +be generic for essential oils. Except for speciefi d VAD indications, not for pregnant nor lactating +women; not for not children less than 6 years old. Not for patients with Crohn’s, epilepsy, gastritis, +hepatosis, IBS, neuroses, Parkinson’s, and ulcers. There is a canned contraindication that could +apply to every herb: “Do not prescribe alcoholic tinctures to recovering alcoholics” (VAD). +8202_C001.indd 159 11/12/07 2:31:06 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +extra Cts (Cumi N): +Could the biblical cumin have prevented the diabetes in those 300 million people worldwide who +have it; a leading cause of amputation, blindness, heart attack, and kidney failure among adults? +Lee (2005) establishes that cuminaldehyde inhibits aldose reductase (IC50 = 0.85 µg/ml) and alpha- +glucosidase (IC50 = 500 µg/ml). Lee (2005) optimistically champions cuminaldehyde for its antid-i +abetic potential (X15796577). Cuminaldehyde was half as powerful at inhibiting alpha-glucosidase +as acarbose and quercetin and could serve as an antidiabetic (X15796577). +It ALIAN CypRess ( c upressus sempervirens L.) ++ CUpRess ACeAe +Notes (italia N Cypress ): +He heweth him down cedars, and taketh the cypress and the oak, which he strengtheneth for +himself among the trees of the forest: he planteth an ash, and the rain doth nourish it. +Isaiah 44:14 (KJV) +Zohary (1982) notes that biblical berosh occurs more than 30 times in the Scriptures, but thinks of it +as a collective term, meaning merely conifers with scale-like rather than needle-like leaves. He lists +Abies cilicica, Cupressus sempervirens, and Juniperus excelsa as candidates for the word berosh. +He interpreted it to mean coniferous trees with small scale-like or short linear leaves. He concludes +that berosh is a collective name for all three. Amazingly, on page 120 of his excellent book, he ide-n +tiefi d ash in the HJV quote above as laurel (Laurus nobilis). The colloquial taxonomic names are so +different in the RSV that I quote here Zohary’s quote of the RSV: +He cuts down cedars; or he chooses a holm tree or an oak and lets it grow strong among the trees +of the forest; he plants a cedar and the rain nourishes it. +Note that the RSV says cedar, the KJV says ash. Perhaps this is not so amazing; there are many sup-ra +specicfi and suprageneric terms in the United States, such as scrub oaks and conifer, respectively. The +latter embraces more kinds of gymnosperms than Zohary’s berosh. The cypress was an important +biblical timber tree, used by the Egyptians for coffins in olden times, and in Greece more recently. +The doors of St. Peter’s in Rome and the gates of Constantinople, made of cypress, both survived more +than 1000 years. Its timbers were used for house building, ship building (even the ark), and musical +instruments. David and all the house of Israel played on musical instruments made of cypress (BIB). +Oil of cypress is a valuable perfume ingredient, providing ambergris- and ladanum-like odors. The +trees are often planted as ornamentals in cemeteries, gardens, and parks. The Island of Cyprus, where +the tree was once worshipped, derives its name from the cypress. Regarded as antiseptic, astringent, +diuretic, expectorant, pectoral, styptic, sudoricfi , vasoconstrictor, vermifuge, and vulnerary, cypress is +used in folk remedies for cancer or tumors of the eyes, nose, breast, tests, uterus, and indurations of the +liver, spleen, stomach, and testicles. In Palestine, the oil derived from the leaves was used for whoo-p +ing cough. Lebanese use for cough, dyspepsia, hiccup, inafl mmation, and ulcers. The berries serve in a +cough syrup. Mashed berries are applied to lesions. Algerians ate stewed fruits for dyspepsia. In India, +the fruits are described as “an aromatic stimulant” in piles. The cone has been used for bronchitis, +cough, diarrhea, enuresis, fever, hemorrhage, and hemorrhoids (BIB). +Commo N Names (italia N Cypress ): +Arella (Ber.; BOU); Bestana (Arab.; BOU); Chiparos (Rom.; KAB); Churam (Mal.; KAB); Ciprés +(Cuba; Peru; Sp.; EGG; KAB; RyM); Ciprés Común (Sp.; USN); Ciprés italiano (Sp.; USN); Cipresso +(It.; KAB); Cyprès (Fr.; BOU; KAB); Cyprès Commun (Fr.; BOU; USN); Cyprès d’Italie (Fr.; USN); +Cyprès Pyramidal (Fr.; KAB); Cypress (Eng.; Swe.; BOU; CR2; KAB); Cypresseboom (Dutch; KAB); +Cypreste (Por.; KAB); Echte Zypresse (Ger.; USN); Evergreen Cypress (Eng.; BOU; HJP); Farash +8202_C001.indd 160 11/12/07 2:31:06 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Italian Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens). +(Sin.; KAB); Hayat (Arab.; BOU); Italian Cypress (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; USN); Italienische Zypresse (Ger.; +USN); Kyparis (Rus.; KAB); Kyparissi (Greek; KAB); Kyparissios (Greek; KAB); Mediterranean +Cypress (Eng.; CR2; USN; VOD); Sara (Hindi; Nwp.; KAB); Sa’ed (Arab.; BOU); Saras (Hindi; Nwp.; +KAB); Saru (Arab.; Hindi; Syria; HJP; KAB); Saruboke (Mar.; KAB); Sarw (Arab.; BOU); Serwal +(Arab.; BOU); Shagaret el Hayat (Arab.; BOU); Sharbin (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Sipré (Creole; Haiti; VOD); +Surahva (Sanskrit; KAB); Suram (Tam.; KAB); Tiddi (Ber.; BOU); Zipressenbaum (Ger.; KAB). +a Ctivities (italia N Cypress ): +Anthelmintic (f; KAB; WOI); Antielastase (1; X7884634); Antiseptic (f; EFS); Astringent (f1; BOU; +HHB; KAB); Diuretic (f; BOU; EFS); Expectorant (f1; BOU; EFS; PH2); Febrifuge (f; BOU); Hemo- +stat (f; EFS); Insectifuge (f; WOI); Pectoral (f; EFS); Sedative (f; BOU); Stimulant (f; KAB); Sudoric fi +(f; BOU; EFS); Tonic (f; BOU); Vasoconstrictor (f; EFS); Vermifuge (f; VOD); Vulnerary (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (italia N Cypress ): +Abortion (f; BIB); Bleeding (f; BOU; EFS; VOD); Bronchosis (f; BOU; HHB; PH2); Cancer, breast +(f; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; +JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, testes (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cold (f; PH2); +8202_C001.indd 161 11/12/07 2:31:10 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Convulsion (f; VOD); Cough (f; BOU; PH2; VOD); Diabetes (f; BIB); Diarrhea (f1; BOU; HHB; +VOD); Dyspepsia (f; BIB); Enterosis (f; HJP; VOD); Enuresis (f; BOU); Fever (f; BIB); Flu (f; BIB); +Gastrosis (f; JLH); Hemorrhoid (f1; BOU; HHB; KAB; VOD); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hiccup (f; HJP); +Infection (f; EFS); Inafl mmation (f; HJP); Mastosis (f; JLH); Menopause (f; VOD); Menorrhagia (f; +VOD); Myobfi roma (f; BIB); Neurosis (f; VOD); Orchosis (f; JLH); Pertussis (f; EFS; WOI); Polyp +(f; BIB); Prolapse (f; BIB); Pulmonosis (f; VOD); Rheumatism (f; VOD); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Sclero - +sis (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; JLH); Swelling (f; BIB; HJP); Ulcer (f; HJP); Uterosis (f; VOD); Varicosity +(1; HHB); Wart (f; BIB); Worm (f; HHB; VOD); Wound (f; HJP). +d osages (italia N Cypress ): +FNFF = X +0.5–2 g fluid extract; 0.15–0.2 g aqueous extract (HHB). +• Algerians eat stewed fruits for dyspepsia (HJP). +• Asian Indians use the fruits as “an aromatic stimulant” in piles (BIB). +• Haitians use bark, fruit, or wood decoction for diarrhea and chest complaints (VOD). +• Haitians use essential oil for convulsive coughs and intestinal worms (VOD). +• Haitians use the fruit decoction for hemorrhoids, menstrual and nervous disorders, and +uterorrhagia (VOD). +• Haitians use the leaf decoction topically for rheumatism (VOD). +• Lebanese use for cough, dyspepsia, hiccup, inafl mmation, and ulcers. The berries serve +in a cough syrup. Mashed berries are applied to lesions (HJP). +• Palestinians used the leaf oil for whooping cough (BIB). +d ow Nsides (italia N Cypress ): +“Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages +are not known” (PH2). Large doses may irritate kidney (PH2). More recent PubMed abstracts refer +more to allergenicity than to medicinal uses. +t URMeRIC (c urcum A long A L.) +++ ZINGIBeRACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Curcuma domestica Valeton +Notes (t urmeri C): +Thy plants are an orchard of pomegranates, with pleasant fruits; camphire, with spikenard, +Spikenard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, +with all the chief spices. +Song of Solomon 4:13–14 (KJV) +Your shoots are an orchard of pomegranates with all choicest fruits, henna with nard, nard and saf- +fron, calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense, myrrh and aloes, with all chief spices. +Song of Solomon 4:13–14 (RSV) +Your skin is a paradise of pomegranates, with the choicest fruits, henna plants along with spike- +nard plants; spikenard and saffron, cane and cinnamon, along with all sorts of trees of frankin- +cense, myrrh and aloes, along with all the finest perfumes. +Song of Solomon 4:13–14 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 162 11/12/07 2:31:11 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe .0 Turmeric (Curcuma longa). +Israeli authors such as Zohary, more familiar with the Israeli ofl ra and the Bible than am I, should +be better equipped to speculate as to which herbs were really meant in some elusive passages. I am +both pleased and displeased to note that Zohary like me, leaves a few, perhaps insoluble problems +unresolved, including one involving two major medicinal plants — saffron and turmeric — and one +minor medicinal — safofl wer— all sources of yellow dyes, and all used culinarily. All three can be +grown in warmer regions of Israel, but the turmeric would be most difcfi ult. Saffron and safofl wer +would both be easy. Here are points that Zohary makes. “Saffron (in Hebrewk, arkom) is mentioned +only once in the Bible.” (ZOH) Some commentators identify it with turmeric, which “was never +grown” in this country, others with saffron, which was probably grown only in postbiblical times. +There is linguistic support for both possibilities. “There is no doubt that the sown karkom efi lds +mentioned in the Mishnah (of the Talmud) refer to Crocus sativus.” (ZOH)Other data he presents +point “to the identicatfi ion of biblical karkom as turmeric and not as crocus…. But doubt arises +when one considers another widely cultivated annual yielding numerous heads of orange ofl wers” +(safofl wer, Carthamus tinctorius; (ZOH). Where does this leave me? Should I include just one or +all three of the candidates for the one mention of saffron in the Bible? From the medicinal point +of view, turmeric seems even more important than saffron, which appears even more important +than safofl wer. Ditto from the likelihood point of view, based on the views of Zohary. Expansively, +I have included all three in this account. Regardless of if and when it is cultivated in Israel, Xia +et al. (2005) tell us that turmeric has been in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) since Su Song +8202_C001.indd 163 11/12/07 2:31:34 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +in 627–649. In China it is commonly used for dysmenorrhea, epilepsy, hepatitis, pain, rheumatism, +and traumatic diseases. The essential oil has antitumor and antiviral properties (X16028990). +Commo N Names (t urmeri C): +Açafrao da India (Por.; AVP); Aneshta (Sanskrit; KAB); Angai (Pam.; KAB); Arazó (Chiriguano; +DLZ); Arishina (Kan.; DEP); Aurukesafar (Arab.; DEP; B12); Azafrán (Peru; EGG; DAV; MDD); +Azafrán Bastardo (Bol.; DLZ); Azafrán Cimarrón (Peru; EGG); Azafrán de la India (Sp.; USN); +Azafrán Indio (Peru; RAR); Bahula (Sanskrit; KAB); Banley (Cam.; KAB); Batatilla (Sal.; AVP); +Besar (Chepang; Danuwar; Magar; Nepal; Tharu; NPM); Bhadra (Sanskrit; KAB); Calanag (Vis.; +KAB); Calavaga (Vis.; KAB); Camagüey Amarillo (Cuba; AVP); Camotillo (Cr.; Sal.; AVP); C-hi +ang Huang (China; KAB); Chichima (St. Lucia; AVP); Chobah (Iran; EFS); Chukurayo (Aym.; +Bol.; DLZ); Common Turmeric (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Coron (Peru; Shipibo/Conibo; EGG); Culalao +(Pam.; KAB); Culiao (Ilo.; KAB); Cucurma (Sp.; SAR); Cunig (Ilo.; KAB); Curcuma (Cr.; Fr.; +Mart.; Pr.; AHL; AVP; USN); Cúrcuma (Peru; RAR); Cucurma di Levante (It.; EFS); Cucurma +Indiano (It.; EFS); Curcuma Long (Fr.; EFS); Curry (Eng.; EGG); Dar Sard (Iran; DEP); Darzardi +(Iran; KAB); Dilao (Tag.; KAB); Dirgharaga (Sanskrit; KAB); Djavé (Tur.; AVP); Dragón (Cuba; +AVP); Dulao (Vis.; KAB); Erouqsoir (Arab.; AVP); Gandhapashika (Sanskrit; KAB); Gangamau +(Hausa; KAB); Gauri (Sanskrit; KAB); Gauriz Kamal (Sanskrit; EFS); Gelbwurzel (Ger.; AVP; +EFS; USN); Gengibre Cimarrón (Dr.; AHL); Gengibrillo (Dr.; AHL); Gharshani (Sanskrit; KAB); +– – +Gonowe’ka (Siona; SAR); Guisador (Peru; DAV; DAV; MDD); Gurgemeie (Swe.; EFS); Gurkmeje +(Den.; AVP); Guskmeja (Swe.; AVP); Halada (Guj.; DEP; KAB); Haladi (Sanskrit; Urdu; KAB); +Haldar (Beng.; Pun.; DEP); Halde (India; EFS); Haldi (Hindi; Tamang; DEP; NPM); Halede (Mar.; +DEP); Haledo (Nepal; NPM; SUW); Halja (Pun.; DEP); Halu (Nepal; NPM); Halud (Beng.; DEP); +Harandi (Limbu; NPM); Hardi (Bhojpuri; Mooshar; Sunwar; NPM); Haridra (Sanskrit; AH2; +KAB); Haridra Etta (Sanskrit; EFS); Hardithuli (Rai; NPM); Haridra (Sanskrit; DEP); Harita (S-an +skrit; KAB); Hatusasang (Mun.; KAB); Hawa Hawa (Ese’Eja; EGG); Hemaragi (Sanskrit; KAB); +Hemaragini (Sanskrit; KAB); Hohomich (Sunwar; NPM); Holodi (India; EFS); Hridivilasina (Sa-n +skrit; KAB); Hsa-nwen (Burma; DEP; KAB); Huang Chiang (China; EFS); Idi (Culina; RAR); +Indian Saffron (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; USN); Jayanti (Sanskrit; KAB); Jengibrillo (Dr.; Pr.; AVP); Jiang +huang (Pin.; AH2; DAA); Juquillo (Pr.; AVP); Jvarantika (Sanskrit; KAB); Kaha (Sing.; Ari.; AVP; +DEP); Kahu Halu (Nepal; SUW); Kalo Haledo (Nepal; SUW); Kanchani (Sanskrit; KAB); Karkom? +(Heb.; ZOH); Keveri (Sanskrit; KAB); Kiaong Hoang (China; DEP); Koenir (Sur.; AVP); Korkoom +(Arab.; AVP); Krimighni (Sanskrit; KAB); Kshanada (Sanskrit; KAB); Kshapa (Sanskrit; KAB); +Kunjit (Malaya; EFS); Kunyit (Malaya; EFS); Kurkum (Arab.; Heb.; BI2; DEP; ZOH); Kurkuma +(Ger.; EFS; USN); Kürküma Uzun (Tur.; EFS); Kurkumel (Pol.; AVP); Lakshmi (Sanskrit; KAB); +Lange Curcuma (Dutch; EFS); Lange Kurkuma (Ger.; EFS); Lisangay (Zambalese; KAB); Long +Root Turmeric (Jam.; AHL; AVP); Mandiwinshi (Amahuaca; Peru; EGG); Mangalaprada (Sanskrit; +KAB); Mangalya (Sanskrit; KAB); Manjal (Tam.; DEP); Mannal (Mal.; DEP; KAB); Marinalu +(Mal.; DEP; KAB); Mbaemboyubá (Chiriguano; Iguembo; DLZ); Mehaghni (Sanskrit; JFM); Nghê +(Vn.; AVP); Nisa (Sanskrit; DEP); Nisha (Sanskrit; EFS); Nishakhya (Sanskrit; KAB); Nishavha +(Sanskrit; KAB); Ollod (Kon.; KAB); Ollodi (Kon.; KAB); Palillo (Peru; DAV); Palillo Cholón +(Peru; EGG; RAR); Palillo Chuncho (Peru; RAR); Pampi (Tel.; DEP); Pangas (Pam.; KAB); Pasupu +(Tel.; DEP); Pavitra (Sanskrit; KAB); Pinga (Sanskrit; KAB); Pinja (Sanskrit; KAB); Pita (Sa- n +skrit; KAB); Pitavaluka (Sanskrit; KAB); Pitika (Sanskrit; KAB); Pitras (Beng.; DEP; KAB); Ponly +(Cam.; KAB); Porenki (Machiguenga; EGG); Pwalojir Pagi (Piro; Yine; EGG); Quinamboy (Vis.; +KAB); Rabhangavasa (Sanskrit; KAB); Racine Safrán (Fr.; AHL); Rajani (Sanskrit; EFS); Ranjani +(Sanskrit; KAB); Ratrinamika (Sanskrit; KAB); Romiet (Cam.; KAB); Safrán (Haiti; AVP; TRA); +Safrán Cooli (Mart.; AHL); Safrán des Antilles (Guad.; AHL); Safrán des Indes (Fr.; AHL; USN); +Safrán de St. Domingue (Fr.; AHL); Safrán du Pays (Fr.; AHL); Safrán Pays (Mart.; AHL); Sanae +(Burma; KAB); Sanoe (Burma; DEP); Sarsud (Arab.; DEP); Ser-po (Tibet; NPM); Shifa (Sanskrit; +8202_C001.indd 164 11/12/07 2:31:34 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +KAB); Shiva (Sanskrit; KAB); Shobhana (Sanskrit; KAB); Shyma (Sanskrit; KAB); Souchet (Fr.; +AHL); Souchet Long (Fr.; KAB); Souchet Odorant (Fr.; KAB); Subgavavhaya (Sanskrit; KAB); +Suvarna (Sanskrit; KAB); Suvarnavarna (Sanskrit; KAB); Tamasini (Sanskrit; KAB); Tambrick +(Jam.; AHL; AVP); Tamotamo (Malagasy; KAB); Tanun (Burma; DEP; KAB); Terre Mérite (Fr.; +KAB); Timmer (Egypt; AVP); Tjitjima (St. Lucia; TRA); Tumeric (Jam.; AHL); Tumerico (Pr.; +AVP); Turmeric (Eng.; Scn.; Trin.; AH2; AVP; NPM; USN); Turmero (Ven.; AVP); Ukon (Japan; +TAN); Uma (Sanskrit; KAB); Unkwisi Manya (Siona; SAR); Urakya (Gurung; NPM); Uruk es Saba +Ghin (Arab.; DEP); Uruk es Subr (Arab.; DEP); Urukus Safé (Arab.; EFS); Vara (Sanskrit; KAB); +Varangi (Sanskrit; KAB); Varavarnini (Sanskrit; KAB); Varnadatri (Sanskrit; KAB); Varnavât +(Sanskrit; EFS); Varnavati (Sanskrit; KAB); Varnini (Sanskrit; KAB); Vishaghni (Sanskrit; KAB); +Wat Kam (Malaya; KAB); Wong Keong (Malaya; KAB); Wong Keung (Canton; KAB); Yamini +(Sanskrit; KAB); Yellow Ginger (Bel.; Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; BNA); Yoshitapriya (Sanskrit; KAB); Yü +chin (China; EFS); Yu Chiu (China; USN); Yu Jin (Pin.; AH2; DAA); Yü Kin (China; EFS); Yü +Lin (China; EFS); Yuet Kam (Canton; KAB); Yungs-ba (Tibet; NPM); Yuquilla (Cr.; Cuba; AVP); +Yuvati (Sanskrit; KAB); Zafran al Hend (Arab.; AVP); Zard (Iran; EFS); Zard Choba (Iran; DEP); +Zard Chubah (Iran; DEP); Zerdé (Tur.; AVP); Zirand (Arab.; EFS); Zirsood (Arab.; AVP). +a Ctivities (t urmeri C): +Abeta-Blocker (1; X15974909); Alterative (f; DAD; SUW); Amebicide (1; MPI); Analgesic (f1; +BIB; COX; X16028990); Antacid (f; BIB; DAD); Anthelmintic (f; KAB; SUW); Antiaafl toxin (1; +X1394115); Antiadenomic (1; X7954412); Antiaggregant (f1; AKT; MAB; SKY; VAD); Antialzhe-i +meran (1; X15974909); Antiamyloid (1; X15974909); Antiangiogenic (1; MAB); Antiarthritic (f1; +APA; PED; WHO); Anticholeretic (f1; DAD); Antidiabetic (f1; BOW; JMF8:251); Antidote (arsenic) +(f; DAD); AntiEBV (1; X10389986); Antiedemic (f1; WHO); Antifertility (1; PH2; PNC); Antibfi ri - +nolytic (1; PR14:443); Antiafl tulent (f1; WHO); Antihistaminic (1; MAB; MPI; SKY); AntiHIV (1; +MAB); Antihyperlipidemic (12; PHR; JMF8:256); Antiinafl mmatory (f12; APA; KOM; PH2; TRA; +WAM); Antiintegrase (1; MAB; WHO); Antileishmanic (1; X10865470); Antileukemic (1; AKT); +Antileukotriene (1; BGB; PR14:443); Antilipoperoxidant (1; X7714712); Antilymphomic (1; APA; +JAD; MAB); Antimutagenic (1; BGB; LIB; MAB); Antinitrosation (1; X3054526); Antioxidant (1; +PHR; PH2; WAM; WHO); Antipapillomic (1; X8879271); Antiparasitic (f; DAD); Antiplatelet (1; +MAB); Antiprostaglandin (1; PH2); Antipsoriatic (1; FNF); Antiscorbutic (f; DLZ); Antiseptic (f1; +MAB; PH2; PNC); Antispasmodic (f1; BIB; SHT; VAD); Antithromboxane (1; MAB); Antitumor +(f1; APA; MAB; PH2; TRA); Antitumor promoter (1; X7586157); Antiulcer (f1; TRA; WHO); Anti - +venom (1; JAF51:6802); Antiviral (1; X10389986); Aperitive (f; DLZ); Apoptotic (1; X15356994); +Astringent (f; BIB); Bactericide (1; APA; MAB; MPI; VAD); Bitter (f1; AKT); Cardioprotective (1; +MAB; X15622377); Carminative (f1; APA; MAB; SUW; WHO); Chemopreventive (1; MAB); Cho- +lagogue (f1; AHL; BGB; SHT; TRA); Choleretic (f12; KOM; SHT; TRA; WHO); Cholecystokinetic +(2; KOM; SHT; WHO); Cicatrizant (f; EGG); Circulotonic (1; BOW); COX-2 Inhibitor (1; COX); +Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor (1; MAB; PNC); Cytotoxic (1; MAB); Decongestant (f; BIB); Depurative +(f; MAB; SUW); Digestive (f1; MAB); Diuretic (f; APA; BIB); Dysgeusia (f; KAB); EGF Inhibitor(1; +X15356994); Emmenagogue (f1; AHP; DAD; LIB); Expectorant (f; BIB); Febrifuge (f1; BIB; COX); +Fibrinolytic (1; MAB); Fungicide (f1; KAB; MAB; X8824742); Gastroprotective (1; WHO); Glu- +tathiogenic (1; JAC7:405); Gram(+)-icide (1; X16277395); Heme-Oxidase Inducer (1; X15356994); +Hemostat (f; DAD); Hepatoprotective (12; AKT; APA; DAD; PH2; PNC; TRA); Hepatotoxic (1; +MAB); Hypocholesterolemic (1; APA; MAB; TRA; WAM); Hypoglycemic (1; X16277395); Hypo - +lipidemic (f1; MAB; VAD); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; TRA); Immunostimulant (1; BGB; TRA); +Insectifuge (f1; PHR); I-Kappa-B-Kinase Inhibitor (1; X15356994); Laxative (f; BIB); Lice (f; HAD); +Lipase Promoter (1; JEB50:167); Lipolytic (f; PH2); Litholytic (f1; HHB; MAB); Maltase Promoter +(1; JEB50:167); Mucogenic (1; WHO); Mucolytic (f; AKT); Myorelaxant (f1; WHO); Nematocide (f1; +MAB; X8221978); NF-Kappa-B Inhibitor (1; X15356994); NO-genic (1; PR14:443); NO Scavenger +8202_C001.indd 165 11/12/07 2:31:35 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(1; MAB); iNOS Inhibitor (1; X15356994); Oncogene Inhibitor (1; X15356994); Orexigenic (f12; +BIB; PHR); Ornithine-Decarboxylase Inhibitor (1; MAB); Parasiticide (f; SUW); Phagocytotic (1; +BGB: WHO); PKC Inhibitor (1; X15356994); Plasmodicide (1; X10865470); Protisticide (1; APA; +MPI; PNC); Radioprotective (1; X10775394); Respiratonic (f; BOW); Secretogogue (1; TRA); Secre- +tolytic (1; TRA); Sortase-A Inhibitor (1; X16277395); Stimulant (f; BIB; DEP; SUW); Stomachic (f; +BIB); Sucrase Promoter (1; JEB50:167); TNF Inhibitor (1; MAB); Tonic (f1; SUW); Tyrosine Kinase +Inhibitor (1; X15356994); Ubiquitin-Proteasome Inhibitor (1; X15356994); Ulcerogenic (1; APA; +MAB; WHO); Uterotonic (1; AHP; LIB); Vulnerary (f1; AKT; KAB). +iNdi Catio Ns (t urmeri C): +Abscess (f1; FNF; TRA); Adenoma (1; X7954412); Adenopathy (1; DAD; JLH; X7954412); Allergy +(f1; WAM); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Amenorrhea (f1; BGB; PH2; WHO); Anorexia (f12; BGB; +BRU; PHR; PH2); Arthrosis (f1; COX; KAP; MAB; WAM; WHO); Asthma (f1; MAB; WHO); +Atherosclerosis (1; MAB; SKY; VAD; JMF8:246); Athlete’s Foot (1; FNF); Atony (f; DEP); Bacillus +(1; X10552805); Bacteria (1; X10552805); Biliousness (f1; KAB; VAD); Bite (f; BIB; DEP; PH2); +Bleeding (f; PH2); Boils (f1; DAD; WHO); Bowen’s Disease (1; X11712783); Bronchosis (f; BIB; +DEP; PH2); Bruise (f; DAV; DEP; PED; PH2; WHO); Bursitis (1; SKY); Cancer (f1; JLH; MAB); +Cancer, abdomen (1; COX; FNF; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f1; X11712783); Cancer, breast (f1; COX; +FNF; MAB); Cancer, cervix (f1; X11712783); Cancer, colon (f1; COX; FNF; JLH; JNU); Ca-n +cer, duodenum (f1; X7954412); Cancer, esophagus (f1; JAC7:405); Cancer, joint (f1; JLH; MAB); +Cancer, liver (f1; JAC7:405); Cancer, mouth (f1; COX; FNF; JLH); Cancer, nose (f1; COX; FNF; +JLH); Cancer, sinew (f1; COX; FNF; JLH); Cancer, skin (f1; X7954412); Cancer, stomach (f1; +JAC7:405); Cancer, uterus (f1; X11712783); Cardiopathy (f1; AKT; MAB; X15622377); Cataracts +(f1; MAB); Catarrh (f; DEP; UPW); Chest ache (f; PH2); Childbirth (f; DAD); Cholecocystosis +(12; APA; PHR; VAD; JAF51:6802); Circulosis (f; BOW); Cold (f; DEP; KAP; NPM; PH2); Colic +(f; APA; PED; PH2); Coma (f; DAD); Congestion (f; APA; BIB; DEP); Conjunctivosis (f; KAB; +MAB; PH2; SUW), Constipation (f; PH2); Coryza (f; DEP; KAB); Cough (f; NPM); Cramp (f1; +AKT; BIB; DAD); Cystosis (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f1; AKT; DEP; MAB; PH2; SUW; WHO; WOI); +Diabetes (f1; BOW; JMF8:251); Diarrhea (f1; APA; DEP; WHO); Dropsy (f; DAD); Duodenosis (1; +X7954412); Dysgeusia (f; KAB); Dyskinesia (f; VAD); Dysmenorrhea (f1; AKT; APA; DLZ; PED; +WHO); Dyspepsia (f12; KOM; MAB; PH2; WHO); Dysuria (f; DAD); Eczema (f1; BGB; KAP; +MAB); Edema (f1; KAP; PH2); Elephantiasis (f; DAD); Enterosis (f1; AKT; DAD; PH2; WHO); +Epilepsy (f; WHO; X16028990); Epistaxis (f; DAD; PH2); Esophagosis (1; JAC7:405); Fever (f1; +APA; BIB; DEP; COX); Fibrosis (1; BGB; MAB); Fit (f; DEP); Fungus (f; BIB; PH2); Gallstones (f1; +APA; MAB); Gas (f1; APA; PH2); Gastrosis (f1; PH2; VAD); Gonorrhea (f; BIB; KAB); Gray Hair +(f; HAD); Fungus (1; LIB); Headache (f; PH2); Hematemesis (f; DAD; PH2); Hematuria (f; DAD); +Hemorrhage (f; PED); Hemorrhoids (f; MAB); Hepatosis (f12; DEP; MAB; PED; PHR; PH2; TRA); +Herpes (f; EGG); High Blood Pressure (1; KAP); High Cholesterol (1; AKT; APA; MAB; TRA; +VAD; JMF8:246); High Triglycerides (1; MAB; TRA); Hyperhomocysteinemia (1; X15622377); +Hyperlipidemia (1; MAB; JMF8:256); Hysteria (f; DAD; DEP); IBS (1; PED); Infection (f12; MAB; +MPI; PH2); Inafl mmation (f1; DEP; PHR; PH2; WAM; WHO); Itch (f; APA; KAP; PH2); Jaundice +(f1; DEP; MAB; TRA); Laryngitis (f1; BIB; COX); Leprosy (f; PH2); Leishmania (1; X10865470); +Leukemia (1; AKT); Leukoderma (f; DAD); Leukoplakia (1; X11712783); Lymphoma (1; BIB; COX; +FNF); Malaria (f; KAB; KAP; PH2); Morning Sickness (f1; MAB); Mucososis (f; PH2); Mycosis +(f1; DEP; PH2; X8824742); Nematode (1; X8221978); Nephrosis (f1; AKT; PH2); Ophthalmia (f1; +AKT; DAD; DEP; PH2); Orbital Pseudotumor (1; PR14:443); Osteoarthrosis (1; MAB); Otorrhea +(f; DEP); Ozoena (f; KAB); Pain (f1; BIB; DEP; COX; WHO; X16028990); Parasite (f; BIB; DAD; +KAP LIB); Plasmodicide (1; X10865470); Polyp (f1; COX; JLH; JNU); Psoriasis (1; FNF; MAB); +Puerperium (f; MAB); Radiation (1; AKT); Restenosis (1; MAB); Rheumatism (f1: BIB; COX; +SKY); Rhinosis (f1; COX; JLH); Ringworm (f; APA; BIB; DEP; KAP; PH2); Scabies (f2; BGB; +8202_C001.indd 166 11/12/07 2:31:36 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +DEP); Smallpox (f; DAD); Snakebite (1; JAF51:6802); Sore (f; PH2); Sore Throat (f; PH2); Sprain +(f1; DEP; MAB; SUW); Staphylococcus (1; MPI; UPW); Sting (f; DEP); Stone (f1; HHB; MAB); +Stroke (f; BOW; PH2); Swelling (f1; AKT; COX; NPM; PH2); Syphilis (f; DAD); Thrombosis (f1; +VAD); Tonsilosis (f; NPM); Trauma (f; AKT; X16028990); Ulcer (f1; BIB; COX; PED; WHO); Uve- +osis (2; AKT); Venereal Disease (f; BIB; DAD); Vertigo (f; BIB; DEP; DAD); Virus (1; X10389986); +Vomiting (f; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Whitlow (f; JLH); Worm (f1; DEP; X8221978); Wound (f1; APA; +BGB; PH2; SUW; WAM); Yeast (f1; PED). +d osages (t urmeri C): +FNFF = !!! +Rhizomes widely consumed as foods. 4.5–9 g/day, as tea (AHP); 0.5–1 g severa×l /day, between meals; +or 1.5–3 g/day, often with warm milk (APA); 300-mg capsules, to 3 ×/day (APA); 1 tsp/cup warm milk +(APA); 300-mg capsule, 3 ×/day (APA); 1200 mg curcumin (APA); one 445-mg StX capsule 2–3 ×/day +(JAD); 0.1 g up to 20 g day (HHB); 1.5–3 g rhizome (KOM); 4 g turmeric powder in water, 1–2 ×/day +(MAB); 5–14 ml ufl id extract (1:1), divided in 4 or 5 doses (MAB). 0.5 tsp turmeric powder boiled with +2 cups water for 5 minutes, cooled to lukewarm and gargled for colds, cough, and tonsillitis (NPM). +3–5 g fresh herb (PED); 0.3–0.5 g dry herb (PED); 0.4 g dry herb:2 ml alcohol/2 ml water (PED); +1.5–3 g/day crude drug (SHT); 400 mg curcumin, 3 ×/day (SKY); 3–9 g crude turmeric/day (WHO); +1.5–3 g powdered plant; 0.5–1 ml tincture (1:10) 3 ×/day; 0.5–1 g oral infusion 3× /day (WHO). +• Ayurvedics consider the rhizome alexiteric, anthelmintic, depurative, emollient, lax-a +tive, tonic, vulnerary, and useful for biliousness, boils, bruises, complexion, dysgeusia, +dyspepsia, dysuria, elephantiasis, inafl mmation, leukoderma, ozoena, smallpox, sprains, +and swelling (KAB). +• Bolivians, considering the rhizome antiscorbutic, aperitive, diuretic, stimulant, and tonic, +use it in childbirth and dysmenorrhea (DLZ). +• Chinese use for amenorrhea, colic, congestion, and externally for dermatosis (KAB). +• Haitians use the cholagogue root for fever with jaundice (AHL). +• Madagascans use rhizome as aperient, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, +stimulant, and tonic (KAB). +• Mohammedens, following doctrine of signature, use for hepatosis and jaundice (KAB). +• Nepali boil 1/2 tsp 5 minutes in 2 cups water and gargle with the lukewarm tea for colds, +coughs, and tonsillitis (NPM). +• Peruvians apply grated root to herpes, rheumatism, and wounds, as a cicatrizant (EGG). +• Peruvians take a tablespoon of grated root for malaria and take the root decoction for +infectious hepatitis, 1 or 2 (child or adult) spoonfuls a day for 10 to 15 days (DAV; EGG). +• Unani consider the rhizome useful for bruises, dysuria, hepatosis, jaundice, scabies, and +strangury (KAB). +d ow Nsides (t urmeri C): +Class 2b. Emmenagogue; uterotonic. Counterindicated in patients with bile duct obstruction, ga-ll +stones, hyperacidity, stomach ulcers (AHP, 1997; AEH). While in moderate doses, turmeric is said +to inhibit cancers, lymphomas, and ulcers, overdoses of curcuminoids may possibly be cytotoxic +and ulcerogenic and may lead to dimunition of red and white corpuscles. Still, Commission E +approves 1.5 to 3 g/day, not nearly enough to provide 1200 mg curcumin. Commission E also +reports contraindications: biliary obstruction, adverse effects: GI-irritation from continued use; +consult physicians before using with gallstones (BIS; KOM). At 10% of diet, turmeric caused some +loss of hair in rats (MAB). Care should be taken in women who wish to conceive or patients com- +plaining of alopecia (MAB). Women who are pregnant or children with gallbladder or liver disease +8202_C001.indd 167 11/12/07 2:31:36 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +or ulcers should avoid turmeric (WAM); limit internal use to 10 days (WAM). Rather frightening +what one reads in UPW (2000): “Laboratory animals treated with it are reported to have been r-en +dered entirely infertile.” +extra Cts (t urmeri C): +Fond as I am of synergy and food farmacy, I like the following comments from Verma et al. (1997). +Curcumin and genistein can inhibit estrogen-positive human breast cells induced by estradiol or +pesticides individually or mixed. Curcumin and genistein were synergic, totally inhibiting induction +in vitro (X9168916). Curcuminoids inhibit cancer at initiation, promotion, and progressioni n vitro +and in vivo (MAB). Viva the curried bean soup I am having for lunch! Reportedly as effective as +hydrocortisone acetate or indomethacin in experimental inafl mmation (WHO); both natural anti- +inafl mmatory curcumin (1200 mg/day) and unnatural phenylbutazone (30 mg/day) improved joint +swelling, morning stiffness, and walking time in rheumatoid arthritics, both better than placebo +(WHO). Bruneton notes that the antiinafl mmatory ED50 or curcumin orally in rats is 48 mg/kg +(= 4.8 g for me) and apparently devoid of side effects (BRU) while the ipr ED50 is only 2.1 mg/kg, +suggesting that the ipr route is 20 times more effective. But I am not into injecting herbs. Enjoy your +curried beans, counting on those synergies. Duke suggests that curcumin needs to be compared with +Celebrex and Vioxx as a COX-2 inhibitor. Essential oil showed signicfi ant antihistaminic and an-ti +inafl mmatory activity, the latter at 0.1 ml/kg, which translates to 10 ml for me, a rather dangerous +dose. At doses of 1.5 g/day for 30 days, turmeric reduced urinary excretion of mutagens in an unco-n +trolled trial of 16 chronic smokers. In six non-smoking controls, there was no change in urinary +secretion. Turmeric had no effect on serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate amino transferase, +blood glucose, creatinine, and lipid profile (MAB). Turmeric extract (circa 20 mg curcumin/day) for +45 days dramatically decreased blood lipid peroxide levels in 18 male subjects (MAB). Curcumin is +poorly absorbed (some 15 to 35% max in rats) orally; but if administered with piperine (from black +and long pepper), absorption improves more than 150% in rats. However, in human volunteers, +20 mg piperine increases the bioavailability of curcumin 20-fold (MAB). One study indicated that +curcumin and sodium curcuminate were more potent than phenylabutazone in acute and chronic +arthritic models, while another found it only 1/10th as effective as ibuprofen. While ulcerogenic +in large doses, curcumin is only about 1/3 as ulcerogenic as the phenylbutazone. In low doses, cu- r +cumin had antiulcer activity, protecting against the ulcerogenic activity of phenylbutazone (MAB). +1-Phenylhydroxy-N-pentane stimulates the secretion of secretin, gastrin, and bicarbonate, thus hel-p +ing maintain the gastric pH, in dogs and humans (TRA). LD50 ether extracts 12,200 mg/kg orl rat +(MAB); LDlo curcumin >2000 mg/kg orl mus (MAB); LDlo curcumin >5000 mg/kg orl rat (MAB); +curcumin more potent against Leishmania than pentamidine (JAF51:6604). +pALMARos A (c ymbopogon m Artini (Rox B.) J.F. WAtso N) ++ po ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Andropogon martini Roxb.; Andropogon schoenanthus var. martini Hook. f. +Notes (palmarosa ): +Take thou also unto thee principal spices, of pure myrrh vfi e hundred shekels, and of sweet cinnamon +half so much, even two hundred and ffi ty shekels, and of sweet calamus two hundred and ffi ty shekels. +Exodus 30:23 (KJV) +Take the finest spices: of liquid myrrh vfi e hundred shekels, and of sweet - smelling cinnamon half +as much, that is, two hundred and fifty, and of aromatic cane two hundred and fifty. +Exodus 30:23 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 168 11/12/07 2:31:37 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +As for you, take to yourself the choicest perfumes: myrrh in congealed drops vfi e hundred units, +and sweet cinnamon in half that amount, two hundred and fifty units, and sweet calamus two +hundred and fifty units. +Exodus 30:23 (NWT) +To what purpose cometh there to me incense from Sheba, and the sweet cane from a far country? +Your burnt offerings are not acceptable, nor your sacrifices sweet unto me. +Jeremiah 6:20 (KJV) +To what purpose does frankincense come to me from Sheba, or sweet cane from a distant land? +Your burnt offerings are not acceptable, nor your sacrifices pleasing to me. +Jeremiah 6:20 (RSV) +What does this matter to me that you bring in even frankincense from Sheba, and the good cane +from the land far away? The whole burnt offerings of you people serve for no pleasure, and your +very sacrifices have not been gratifying to me. +Jeremiah 6:20 (NWT) +Zohary informs us that aromatic grasses were used daily in the biblical world, imported from the +Near East or India, for cosmetics, afl vorings, medicines, and perfumery. To wit, when they opened +the tombs of the Pharaohs (20th and 21st dynasty) in 1881, circa 3000 years after burial, the aroma +of Cymbopogon was still obvious. The Hebrew words kanev hatov, knei bosem, and sometimes +kaneh alone were often used to convey the broad semi-taxonomic concept of aromatic grass, sweet +cane, sweet grass. Admitting that it is hopeless to speculate about which of the possible species +(Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon martinii, or Cymbopogon schoenanthus) was intended by +the biblical writers, Zohary led his discussion with ginger grass. One of them does grow wild in +the Holy Land. Zohary quotes from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible (RSV© 1946, 1952, +1971, and 1973), which renders the Cymbopogon in the first quote above as aromatic grass (ZOH), +whereas my KJV renders it as sweet calamus. In my first Bible book, I followed the Moldenke’s +suggestion that it could be Andropogon schoenanthus or Andropogon muricatus (which is appar- +ently Vetiveria) and they leaned toward the vetiver. After reading Zohary, I am more inclined to side +with him. No one seems to push Acorus calamus, which did not apparently occur in the Holy Land. +It seems less likely to have been imported than the Cymbopogon or Vetiveria, to either of which +the alternative translation “sweet cane” seems more appropriate. The aromatic grasses share many +chemicals and activities. According to WOI, “Two varieties are knownm, otia and sofia , which are +morphologically indistinguishable.” Some of the activities and indications, even common names, +might as well refer to C. schoenanthus, which EFS treated as synonymous with A. martinii. BOU +and UPW entries below apply to North African C. schoenanthus (including C. proximum). Remains +of C. schoenanthus have been found in Egyptian tombs. Hippocrates, the “Father of Medicine,” is +said to have used it circa 440 b.c. Further, it is said to have been used in the toilet and burial prepar-a +tion of the Prophet Mohammed. +Commo N Names (palmarosa ): +Afar (Arab.; Mauritania; UPW); Agyaghas (Beng.; Hindi; NAD); Bhustrina (Sanskrit; EFS); +Bhutrina (Sanskrit; NAD); Buluuje (Upper Volta; UPW); Camel Grass (Eng.; UPW); Camel’s +Hay (Arab.; BOU); Chiendent Pied de Poule (Fr.; UPW); Citronelle (Fr.; BOU); Gandhabena +(Beng.; Hindi; India; EFS; NAD); Gandh Bel (Hindi; WOI); Geranium Grass (Eng.; BOU; FAC); +8202_C001.indd 169 11/12/07 2:31:38 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Geraniumgras (Ger.; HHB); Gingergras (Ger.; USN); Gingergrass (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; ZOH); Halfet +Hashma (Arab.; BOU); Idhkir (Arab.; BOU); Indian Geranium (Eng.; EFS); Jonc Aromatique (Fr.; +BOU); Jonc Odorant (Fr.; BOU); Kaneh (Heb.; ZOH); Kanev Hatov (Heb.; ZOH); Kavatham Pillu +(Tam.; WOI); Knei Bosem (Heb.; ZOH); Lemmad (Arab.; Mali; BOU; UPW); Mahareb (Arab.; +Nig.; BOU; UPW); Makkah (Arab.; BOU); Mao Hsiang (China; EFS); Motiya (India; USN); Namar +Grass (Eng.; EFS); Ñangulé (Bambara; Sen.; UPW); Nard (Fr.; EFS); Nemour Grass (Eng.; EFS); +Nimar Grass (Eng.; EFS); Nobi (Hausa; (Niger; UPW); Oost Indische Geranium (Dutch; EFS); +Ostindisches Geraniumgras (Ger.; EFS); Paille de la Mecue (Fr.; BOU); Palmarosa (Eng.; Ger.; +Scn.; Sp.; AH2; HHB; USN); Palmarosa Indien (Fr.; EFS); Palmarosagras (Ger.; HHB); Palmaroza +(Tur.; EFS); Rauuns (Guj.; WOI); Robisa (Ayu.; AH2); Rohisa (Sanskrit; WOI); Roosa Grass (Eng.; +EFS); Rosha (India; USN); Rosha Grass (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Roshegavat (Mar.; WOI); Ruaghas +(Hindi; India; EFS; NAD); Rusa (Eng.; EFS); Rusagras (Ger.; EFS); Rusha (India; USN); Russagras +(Ger.; HHB); Scenanth (Eng.; BOU); Schoenanthe (Fr.; BOU); Schoenanthe Ofcfi inal (Fr.; BOU); +Shakanarupillu (Tam.; NAD); Sha’ret et Trab (Arab.; BOU); Soyfi a (India; USN); Sumpiga (Ghana; +UPW); Sweet Calamus (Eng.; KJV; ZOH); Sweet Cane (Eng.; KJV); Tiberrimt (Ber.; BOU); Tibn +Makkah (Arab.; BOU); Turkse Geranium (Dutch; EFS). +a Ctivities (palmarosa ): +Abortifacient (f; UPW); Analgesic (f; UPW); Anthelmintic (1; X13680833); Antiseptic (1; +X12809717); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Aphrodisiac (f; UPW); Astringent (f; BOU); Carmina- +tive (f; BOU; EFS); Emmenagogue (f; BOU); Insectifuge (f1; WOI; X15119079); Nematicide (1; +X13680833); Stimulant (f; EFS); Sudoric (fi f; BOU; EFS); Vulnerary (f; BOU). +iNdi Catio Ns (palmarosa ): +Ache (f; UPW); Alopecia (f; WOI); Amenorrhea (f; BOU); Arthritis (f; WOI); Biliousness (f; WO2); +Bleeding (f; BOU); Cancer, liver (f; UPW); Cancer, spleen (f; UPW); Cancer, stomach (f; UPW); +Dermatosis (f; WOI); Enterosis (f; NAD); Fever (f; BOU; UPW); Gas (f; BOU; NAD); Guineaworm +(f; UPW); Impotence (f; UPW); Infection (1; X12809717); Lumbago (f; WOI); Mania (f; UPW); +Pain (f; UPW); Parasite (f; UPW); Rheumatism (f; BOU); Snakebite (f; UPW); Sore (f; UPW); +Spasm (f; EFS); Worm (1; X13680833); Wound (f; BOU); Yeast (1; X12809717). +d osages (palmarosa ): +FNFF = ! +Essential oil used in baked goods, chewing gum, deserts, gelatin, and ice creams (FAC). Some +Northeast Africans eat the inner core of the rhizome as an aphrodisiac (UPW). +• Ghanans apply leaves, pounded in a little water, to body aches and pains (UPW). +• Ghanans mash ofl wers to apply, or poultice ashes to guineaworm sores (UPW). Maybe +I should try that on the next bot yfl I get. The last one cost me more than a thousand +dollars. +• Ghanans take a tea of the inofl rescence for fever (UPW). +• Nigerians inhale the burning smoke to treat temporary mania (UPW). +• Togo and north Ghanan natives use the grass for snakebite (UPW). +extra Cts (palmarosa ): +Containing up to 2250 ppm perillyl-alcohol, this species could well be important. +8202_C001.indd 170 11/12/07 2:31:38 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +MALtese MU sh Roo M (c ynomorium coccineum L.) +++ BALANopho RACeAe +Notes (maltese mus Hroom ): +Who cut up mallows by the bushes, and juniper roots for their meat. +Job 30:4 (KJV) +They pick mallow and the leaves of bushes, and to warm themselves the roots of the broom. +Job 30:4 (RSV) +They were plucking the salt herb by the bushes, And the root of broom trees was their food. +Job 30:4 (NWT) +Because this mushroom-like parasite is edible, and has edible roots, while juniper (broom) roots +are not very edible, I was inufl enced in my earlier version to conclude that Cynomorium constituted +the juniper roots of Job. Or maybe it even grew as a root parasite among the stems and roots of +the halophytes. Such “roots” are frequently eaten in times of scarcity, for example, on the Canary +Islands. In Qatar, where it is given the Arabic name tarthuth, natives eat it. In Northern Africa, the +roots are pulverized and used as a spice (BIB). But Zohary concludes that the juniper (broom) root +of Job 3 is Retama. On Malta, where it was once considered endemicC, ynomorium was so highly +prized for its supposed medicinal help in dysentery that military sentinel were posted around places +where it occurred. In some cultures it is considered an aphrodisiac for males (suspected to increase +the sperm count); in others, for females. Bedouins either peel the root and eat it, or grind it and make +a sweetened tea for colic (BIB). +Commo N Names (maltese mus Hroom ): +Abushal (Arab.; BOU); Afdad (Ber.; BOU); Champignon de Malte (Fr.; BOU); Cynomoir Acarlate +(Fr.; BOU); Hawkal (Arab.; BOU); Maltese Mushroom (Eng.; BOU); Marshoush (Arab.; BOU); +Masrut (Arab.; BOU); Mazrour (Arab.; BOU); Mousowrar (Arab.; BOU); Raetem (?; TAN); Scarlet +Cynomorium (Eng.; BOU); Tarthoorth (Arab.; GHA); Tarthuth (Arab.; Oman; Qatar; Saudi; BIB; +GHA); Tartous (Ber.; BOU); Tartout (Arab.; BOU); Tartout el Beni Edem (Arab.; BOU); Terzous +(Ber.; BOU); Zobb el Ard (Arab.; BOU); Zobb el Ghaba (Arab.; BOU); Zobb el Qa’a (Arab.; BOU); +Zobb el Tourki (Arab.; BOU). +a Ctivities (maltese mus Hroom ): +Aphrodisiac (f; BOU; PR14:288); Astringent (f; BOU); Deobstruent (f; BOU); Gonadotrophic (1; +PR14:288); Hypotensive (f; X683693); Laxative (f; GHA); Narcotic (f; PR14:288); Spermatogenic +(f1; BOU; PR14:288; X11282435); Tonic (f; BOU; PR14:288). +iNdi Catio Ns (maltese mus Hroom ): +Arthrosis (f; BIB); Back (f; BIB); Biliousness (f; BIB); Colic (f; BIB); Constipation (f; BIB; GHA); +Dysentery (f; BIB); High Blood Pressure (f; X683693); Impotence (f1; BIB; PR14:288); Infertility +(1; BIB; PR14:288); Nephrosis (f; BIB); Sterility (f; BIB; PR14:288). +8202_C001.indd 171 11/12/07 2:31:39 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d osages (maltese mus Hroom ): +FNFF = ! +Tuareg used pulverized root as a spice; root apparently eaten by biblical Job. In Qatar, where it is +given the Arabic name tarthuth, natives eat it (Batanouny, 1981). In Northern Africa, the roots are +pulverized and used as a spice. +• Bedouins eat, or grind the peeled root to make a sweetened tea for colic (BIB). +• Chinese regard the herb for the back, kidney, and knee, using it for constipation, impo- +tency, and sterility (BIB). +• Maltese prize the plant for dysentery (BIB). +• North Africans mix powdered plants with butter for biliary obstructions (BIB; TAN) +extra Cts (maltese mus Hroom ): +A Chinese species of this genus proved more estrogenic than kudzu, following after Polygonum +cuspidatum, Rheum palmatum, Cassia obtusifolia, Polygonum multiflorum, Epimedium brevicor - +num, and Psoralea corylifolia (X15814262). On Malta, where it was once considered endemic, In +some cultures it is considered an aphrodisiac for males (suspected to increase the sperm count); in +others, for females. Bedouins either peel the root and eat it or grind it and make a sweetened tea for +colic. North Africans mix powdered plants with butter for biliary obstructions (BIB). +pApyRUs (c yperus p Apyrus L.) ++ CypeRACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Cyperus olivaris Targioni-Tozzetti, Cyperus tuberosus Roxn., Pycreus rotundus (L.) Hayek +Notes (papyrus ): +That sendeth ambassadors by the sea, even in vessels of bulrushes upon the waters, saying, Go, +ye swift messengers, to a nation scattered and peeled, to a people terrible from their beginning +hitherto; a nation meted out and trodden down, whose land the rivers have spoiled! +Isaiah 18:2 (KJV) +First described by Theophrastus (circa 372–287 b.c.) from cultivated material on the Nile delta, the +inofl rescences were described as useful only for “garlands for the shrines of the Gods.” But boats +were made from the stalks, which were also important sources of parchment paper. Moses was laid +in a cradle woven from the bulrushes of papyrus growing in the rivers of lower Egypt. Among these +same bulrushes the ark was placed, to be discovered by Pharaoh’s daughter who brought Moses up +as her son. Galen, Dioscorides, and later Islamic pharmacologists (e.g., Ibn Gulgul and El Ghaqfi i) +included papyrus among medicinal plants. Common in the upper Jordan valley, the papyrus reaches +its northern natural limits in Israel (BIB; UPW; ZOH). +Commo N Names (papyrus ): +Bardi (Arab.; BOU); Birdi (Arab.; Nig.; UPW); Bulrush (Eng.; UPW); Burdi (Arab.; Nig.; UPW); +Castañuela (Sp.; POR); Coco-Grass (Eng.; POR); Coquito (Sp.; POR); Fole (Kanuri; Nig.; UPW); +Gemi (Heb.; ZOH); Gomeh (Heb.; ZOH); Hamasuge (Japan; POR); Herbe-à-Oignon (Fr.; POR); +Jonc du Nil (Fr.; BOU); Junça (Por.; POR); Kotolo (Kanuri; Nig.; UPW); Mothe (Nepal; POR); Nile +Papyrus (Eng.; BOU); Paper Reed (Eng.; BOU); Papier du Nil (Fr.; BOU; USN); Papiro (Por.; USN); +Papyrus (Eng.; Fr.; JLH; UPW; USN); Papyrusstaude (Ger.; USN); Souchet à Papier (Fr.; USN); +8202_C001.indd 172 11/12/07 2:31:40 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus). +Herbe-à-Oignon (Fr.; POR); Juncia (Sp.; POR); Qasab el Bardi (Arab.; BOU); Rundes Zypergras +(Ger.; POR); Souchet à Papier (Fr.; BOU); Souchet à Tubercules (Fr.; POR); Souchet Rond (Fr.; +POR); Suo Cao (China; POR); Umm Ganagan (Nig.; UPW); Xiang Fu Zi (China; POR); Ya Haeo +Mu (Thai; POR); Ya Khon Mu (Thai; POR); Zigolo Infestante (It.; POR). Nscn. +a Ctivities (papyrus ): +Vulnerary (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (papyrus ): +Burn (f; JLH); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f; JLH); Dermatosis (f; JLH); Fistula (f; BIB); Induration (f; +JLH); Ophthalmia (f; BIB); Sore (f; BIB); Stomatosis (f; BIB; BOU); Wound (f; BIB; BOU). +d osages (papyrus ): +FNFF = ! +Pith commonly eaten, raw or cooked. Starchy rhizomes and lowermost parts of the stem cut off and co-n +sumed raw, boiled, or roasted, or just chewed like sugarcane. Roasted rhizomes were once a fairly co-m +mon food. The Roman poet Martial joked about the bfi er left in the mouth after chewing it (BIB; IHB). +• Gabonese chew the dried rhizomes for use in warding off evil spirits (UPW). +• Old World inhabitants use ashes of burned papyrus like charcoal in ophthalmia (BIB). +• Old World inhabitants sometimes used the pith to widen fistulae (BIB). +8202_C001.indd 173 11/12/07 2:31:41 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• North Africans steeped the plant in vinegar, then dried and burned it, and used the ashes +for preventing the spread of oral ulcers or to heal wounds (BIB; BOU). +• Tanganyikan women take root decoction with leaf sap from Maytenus senegalensis for +sterility (UPW). +extra Cts (papyrus ): +Octopamine and tyramine reported from the leaves. +CeyLo N eBo Ny (d iospyros ebenum Koe NIG.) + eBeNACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Diospyros assimilis Bedd.; Diospyros glaberrima Rottb.; Diospyros hebecarpa A. Cunn.; Diospy- +ros sapota Roxb. +Notes (Ceylo N ebo Ny): +The men of Dedan were thy merchants; many isles were the merchandise of thine hand: they +brought thee for a present horns of ivory and ebony. +Ezekiel 27:15 (KJV) +The men of Rhodes traded with you; many coastlands were your own special markets, they +brought you in payment ivory tusks and ebony. +Ezekiel 27:15 (RSV) +The sons of De’dan were your traders; many islands were merchants in your employ; horns of +ivory and ebony they have paid back as gift to you. +Ezekiel 27:15 (NWT) +All three versions in my trilogy call it ebony, a very important timber in the same genus with our +eastern persimmon ( Diospyros virginianum). Its puckery fruits are quite astringent, even eaten after +frost. Many of the tropical persimmons are also astringent. More importantly, the heartwood of +several tropical species is the source of ebony, a hard black wood used for piano keys. Ebony was +used, of old as it is today, frequently inlaid with ivory. We read that 200 logs of ebony presented +to the kings of Persia every year by the Ethiopians were originally from India or Sri Lanka. The +royal throne of Pluto, king of the mythical underworld, was made of ebony, as were carvings of +many Egyptian gods and goddesses, especially those of Darkness, Night, and SorrowD. . ebenum +is viewed as the best ebony timber, the only one that yields jet black heartwood without streaks or +marking (BIB). Zohary identiefi s the biblical ebony, hovenium in Hebrew, hbu in Egyptian, as D. +ebenum, admitting that many species of Diospyros yield this expensive wood (ZOH). The Bible is +sketchy about commercial routes in biblical times. Although not sure that ebony and ivory reached +Israel from India, Zohary seems sure that both Asian and African merchandise were shipped to the +Phoenician commercial Dedan, on the Arabian coast (ZOH). Common names below can be viewed +as more generic than specicfi , the EFS names applying to Diospyros ebenum, D. embryopteris, and +other species. I have left out any I am sure apply to our eastern persimmon. +Commo N Names (Ceylo N ebo Ny): +Abnes e Hindi (Arab.; EFS); Abnus (Arab.; Hindi; DEP; WOI); Abnush (Nepal; POR); Acha (Tam.; +DEP); Avolio (It.; EFS); Bale (Kan.; KAB); Bois Noir (Fr.; KAB); Ceylon Ebony (Eng.; USN); Ceylon +8202_C001.indd 174 11/12/07 2:31:42 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Ceylon Ebony (Diospyros ebenum). +8202_C001.indd 175 11/12/07 2:31:54 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Persimmon (Eng.; POR); Chara (Sri.; KAB); Chërnoe Ebenovoe Derevo (Rus.; POR); Ebenuz (Sp.; +POR); Ch’i Shih (China; EFS); Diosupirosu Ebenumu (Japan; POR); East Indian Ebony (Eng.; SKJ); +Ebano (It.; Sp.; EFS); Ebans (Hindi; WOI); Ebbenhoutboom (Dutch; EFS); Ébène (Fr.; POR); Ébènier +(Fr.; KAB; POR); Ébènier de Ceylan (Fr.; POR); Ébènier de Maurice (Fr.; POR); Ebenus (Latin; DEP); +Ebenuz (Sp.; USN); Ebony (Eng.; POR; USN); Ebony Persimmon (Eng.; POR; USN); Echter Eben - +holzbaum (Ger.; POR; USN); Gab (India; EFS); Hbu (Arab.; Egypt; ZOH); Hovenum (Heb.; ZOH); +Indian Ebony (Eng.; IHB); Kaju Arang (Malaya; EFS); Kakkayttali (Tam.; KAB); Kalétja (Malaya; +EFS); Kaluwara (Sing.; DEP); Kanka (Sanskrit; EFS); Karai (Tam.; WOI); Kare (Kan.; DEP); Ka- re +mara (Kan.; Mysore; SKJ; WOI); Karu (Mal.; KAB; WOI); Karunkali (Tam.; DEP; WOI); Kendhu +(Oriya; WOI); Khenda (Oriya; DEP; KAB); Kinkini (Sanskrit; EFS); Legno Santo (It.; EFS); Malabar +Ebony (Eng.; KAB); Mallali (Mancharabad; DEP); Mauritius Ebony (Eng.; POR); Mishatumpi (Mal.; +KAB); Mushtumpi (Mal.; WOI); Nallavalludu (Tel.; WOI); Nalluti (Tel.; WOI); Pei Shih (China; EFS); +Tai (Mar.; DEP); Temru (India; EFS); Tendu (Hindi; India; DEP; EFS); Tinduka (Sanskrit; EFS); +Tseilonskoe Ebenovoe Derevo (Rus.; POR); Tumbi (Tam.; WOI); Tumbiri (Sanskrit; EFS); Tumiki +(Tel.; KAB; WOI); Vayari (Kerala; Mal.; SKJ; WOI); Wu Mu (China; POR); Nscn. +a Ctivities (Ceylo N ebo Ny): +Astringent (f; EFS; SKJ; WOI); Attenuant (f; SKJ; WOI); Litholytic (f; SKJ; WOI); Piscicide (f; +BIB; PCS). +iNdi Catio Ns (Ceylo N ebo Ny): +Cancer (f; JLH); Dermatosis (f; BIB); Excrescence (f; JLH); Itch (f; PCS); Leprosy (f; PCS); Infec- +tion (f; PCS); Mycosis (f; PCS); Ringworm (f; PCS); Stone (f; WOI). +d osages (Ceylo N ebo Ny): +FNFF = ! +Fruits edible (BIB). +• Unani consider the plant astringent, attenuant, and litholytic (KAB). +Co Ro MANDeL (d iospyros mel Anoxylon Rox B.) + eBeNACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Diospyros dubia Wall.; Diospyros tupru Buch.-Ham.; Diospyros wightiana Wall. fide DEP. +Notes (Coroma Ndel ): +They brought thee for a present horns of ivory and ebony. +Ezekiel 27:15 (KJV) +The heartwood of several tropical species is the source of ebony, a hard black wood used for piano +keys. Ebony was used, of old as it is today, frequently inlaid with ivory. We read that 200 logs of +ebony presented to the kings of Persia every year by the Ethiopians were originally from India or +Sri Lanka. The royal throne of Pluto, king of the mythical underworld, was made of ebony, as were +carvings of many Egyptian gods and goddesses, especially those of Darkness, Night, and Sorrow. +D. ebenum is viewed as the best ebony timber, the only one that yields jet black heartwood without +streaks or marking (BIB). Zohary identiefi s the biblical ebony, hovenium in Hebrew, hbu in Egyp- +tian, as D. ebenum, admitting that many species of Diospyros yield this expensive wood (ZOH). +The Bible is sketchy about commercial routes in biblical times. Although not sure that ebony and +8202_C001.indd 176 11/12/07 2:31:55 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Coromandel (Diospyros melanoxylon)). +ivory reached Israel from India, Zohary seems sure that both Asian and African merchandise were +shipped to the Phoenician commercial Dedan, on the Arabian coast. (ZOH). Common names below +can be viewed as more generic than specicfi , the EFS names applying to Diospyros ebenum, D. +embryopteris, and other species. I have left out any I am sure apply to our eastern persimmon. +Commo N Names (Coroma Ndel ): +Abanasi (Kan.; WOI); Abnus (Arab.; Hindi; Iran; Urdu; DEP; KAB); Abuus (Arab.; DEP); Balai +(Kan.; Kanari; DEP; KAB); Bale (Kan.; WOI); Bois de Coromandel (Fr.; KAB); Coromandel (Eng.; +WOI); Dirghapatraka (Sanskrit; WOI); Ebony (Eng.; WOI); Ebony Persimmon (Eng.; WOI); Gatto +lazo (It. KAB); Gora Tiril (Kol.; DEP); Jalaja (Karai; Tam.; WOI); Kakatembhurnia (Mar.; KAB); +Kari (Mal.; WOI); Karundumbi (Tam.; KAB; WOI); Karunthumb (Tam.; DEP); Kend (Beng; NAD); +Kendu (Hindi; Oriya; DEP; KAB); Kenduka (Sanskrit; DEP); Kiril (San.; KAB); Kiu (Beng.; DEP); +Mancigata (Tel.; WOI); Manjigata (Tel.; KAB); Nallatumki (Tel.; WOI); Ouk Chin Ya (Burma; DEP; +KAB); Schwartzholzbaum (Ger.; NAD); Tamrug (Baroda; Guj.; KAB; WOI); Tembhurni (Thana; +8202_C001.indd 177 11/12/07 2:32:19 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +DEP; KAB); Temburni (Kolaba; KAB); Tendu (Baigas; Hindi; Mar.; DEP; KAB; WOI); Timberni +(Bom.; KAB); Timburni (Hindi; Mar.; DEP; WOI); Timru (Raj.; SKJ); Timrug (Guj.; DEP); Tumari +(Kan.; WOI); Tumbi (Tam.; WOI); Tumburnni (Bom.; DEP); Tumi (Tel.; DEP); Tumki (Tel.; WOI); +Tummer (Gond.; DEP; KAB); Tumru (Mar.; WOI); Tumvuru (Sanskrit; NAD); Nscn. +a Ctivities (Coroma Ndel ): +Antiseptic (f; SKJ); Astringent (f; DEP; EFS; WOI); Carminative (f; WOI); Depurative (f; WOI); +Diuretic (f; WOI); Hemostat (f; WOI); Intoxicant (f; BIB); Laxative (f; WOI); Tonic (f; DEP; NAD). +iNdi Catio Ns (Coroma Ndel ): +Adenopathy (f; BIB); Anemia (f; BIB); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bleeding (f; DEP); Blood (f; WOI); Burn +(f; BIB); Cardiopathy (f; BIB); Cerebrosis (f; BIB); Constipation (f; WOI); Corneosis (f; BIB); Derma- +tosis (f; WOI); Diarrhea (f; NAD; WOI); Dysentery (f; BIB; DEP; NAD); Dyspepsia (f; NAD; WOI); +Dysuria (f; WOI); Epistaxis (f; BIB); Infection (f; SKJ); Leukorrhea (f; BIB); Nyctalopia (f; BIB); +Ophthalmia (f; BIB) Palpitations (f; BIB); Scabies (f; BIB) Smallpox (f; BIB); Sore (f; BIB); Splenosis +(f; BIB) Trichiasis (f; BIB) Uterosis (f; BIB); Vaginosis (f; BIB); Wen (f; BIB); Intoxicant (f; BIB). +d osages (Coroma Ndel ): +FNFF = ! +Fruits edible (WOI). +• Asian Indians burn the bark to treat smallpox (BIB). +• Ayurvedics consider the fruits astringent, carminative, and good for biliousness (KAB). +• Hindus consider the seeds intoxicating, using them for heart palpitations, mental diso-r +ders, and nervous breakdowns (KAB). +• Indian Hakims apply powdered bark to corneal ulcers, using it internally with black pe-p +per for diarrhea, dysentery, and dyspepsia (KAB). +• Unani use the leaves for burns, epistaxis, ophthalmia, scabies, trichiasis, tubercular +glands, and wens; the ofl wers for anemia, leucorrhea, nightblindness, scabies, splenitis, +and urinary discharges (KAB). +RUss IAN o LIve ( el AeAgnus A ngustifoli A L.) ++ eLAeAGNACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Elaeagnus angustifolia var. orientalis (L.) Kuntze; Elaeagnus hortensis M. Bieb.; +Elaeagnus moorcroftii Wall. ex Schltdl.; Elaeagnus orientalis L. fide (DEP; USN) +Notes (r ussia N o live ): +And that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth +unto the mount, and fetch olive branches, and pine branches, and myrtle branches, and palm +branches, and branches of thick trees, to make booths, as it is written. +Nehemiah 8:15 (KJV) +And that they should publish and proclaim in all their towns and in Jerusalem, “Go out to the +hills and bring branches of olive, wild olive, myrtle, palm, and other leafy trees to make booths, +as it is written.” +Nehemiah 8:15 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 178 11/12/07 2:32:19 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia). +And that they should make proclamation and cause a call to pass throughout all their cities and +throughout Jerusalem, saying “Go out to the mountainous region and bring in olive leaves, and +the leaves of oil trees and myrtle leaves and palm leaves and the leaves of branchy trees to make +booths, according to what is written.” +Nehemiah 8:15 (NWT) +Some of the biblical references to oil or olive trees are believed to refer to the Russian olive, a com- +mon shrub in Palestine. I did not arrive at those conclusions; I just report them. The RSV makes a +distinction between olive and wild olive, and the NWT distinguishes between the olive leaves and +the oil trees. I like to think they are singling out leaves of Olea, fruits of which are one of the bet- +ter sources of oleic acid, a heart-friendly monounsaturated fatty acid, and tEhe laeagnus, the fruits +of which are one of the better sources of prostate-friendly lycopene. The KHV does not suggest +Elaeagnus to me at all. Speaking of Lebanon, my late friend, anthropologist Jane Philips, said, +8202_C001.indd 179 11/12/07 2:32:40 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +“There is a sacralization of the olive and the oleaster in the area.” The plant is said to bring some +people back from the shadows of death. Oleaster was called “umm-zayt” by an illiterate villager, +who responded no when asked if that was the name of the plant, “that was what it is” (BIB; HJP). I +also confess to having trouble distinguishing the species. Kirtikar and Basu illustrate and key three +species, as follows: +• Endocarp hard and bony: +• — E. angustifolia +• Endocarp ribbed, coriaceous, closed inside with a dense felt of white hairs: +• — Fruits 6 mm long: E. umbellata +• — Fruit 2.5–3.8 cm long: E. latifolia +The oleaster yields an inferior oil, used as a medicine but not as a food. Spaniards use the ofl wer +juice for malignant fevers. The seed oil is used for bronchitis and catarrh. The leaves are astringent. +Seeds have been used in homeopathy. Lebanese use all parts of the plant medicinally, including hot +ofl wers compressed onto neuralgia and aching wounds. Persons near death are sometimes turned +around by the flower infusion (BIB). +Commo N Names (r ussia N o live ): +Árbol del Paraíso (Sp.; USN); Árvore-do-Paraíso (Por.; USN); Bohemian Olive (Eng.; DEP); Bull +(Arab.; Syria; HJP); Chalef (Fr.; USN); Chalef à Feuilles Étroites (Fr.; USN); Dar el Kalbah (Arab.; +Syria; HJP); Eleagno (It.; HHB); Gewöhnliche Ölweide (Ger.; HHB); Jerusalem Willow (Eng.; +DEP; KAB); Nuqd (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Oil Tree (Eng.; NWT); Oleaster (Eng.; Ger.; DEP; USN); +Olivagno (It.; HHB); Olivier de Bohême (Fr.; DEP; USN); Olivier des Sables (Fr.; KAB); Olivier +Sauvage (Fr.; KAB); Olivo de Bohemia (Sp.; USN); Panjino (Sp.; USN); Paradusbaum (Ger.; HHB); +Russian-olive (Eng.; USN); Sanjata (Afg.; DEP; KAB); Sanjit (Afg.; Pushtu; DEP; KAB); Sa-n +– +til (Afg.; DEP; KAB); Sanzalai (Zhob; KAB); ShaZa?o (Pin.; DAA); Shiulik (Hindi; Nwp.; DEP; +KAB; NAD); Silverberry (Eng.; FNF); Sinjid (Pishin; Toba; KAB); Sinjit (Kharan; Pushtu; KAB); +Sinjli (Barkhan; Bori; Sanjawi; KAB); Sinzalae (Kohlu; Bori; Sharig; KAB); Sinzalai (Barkhan; +Bori; Sanjawi; KAB); Sirshing (Tibet; DEP; WOI); Sirsing (Tibet; DEP); Sugarberry (Eng.; FNF); +Trebizond-Date (Eng.; USN); Wild Olive (Eng.; BIB; JLH; RSV); Wilde Oelbaume (Ger.; DEP); +Zaqqum? (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Zayzafûn (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Zineid (Iran; DEP). Nscn. +a Ctivities (r ussia N o live ): +Allergenic (1; X15461599); Analgesic (f; BIB); Antiaggregant (1; FNF); Antibacterial (1; FNF); An-ti +cancer (1; FNF); Anticarcinogenic (1; FNF); Antiglaucomic (1; JNU); Antihepatotoxic (1; FNF); +Antihistaminic (1; FNF); AntiHIV (1; FNF); Antiinafl mmatory (1; FNF; X10967484); Antileuke - +mic (1; FNF); Antileukotriene (1; FNF); Antilipoperoxidant (1; FNF); Antimutagenic (1; FNF); +Antinitrosaminic (1; FNF); Antinociceptive (1; X10967484); Antioxidant (1; CRH (Feb.):13.1997; +FNF); Antiperoxidant (1; FNF); Antipresbyopic (1; JNU); Antiprostatitic (1; CRH (Feb.):13.1997); +Antiradicular (1; FNF; HAD); Antiseptic (f; BIB); Antispasmodic (1; FNF); Antitumor (1; FNF); +Antitumor, bladder (1; NR56:35); Antitumor, brain (1; NR56:35); Antitumor, breast (1; NR56:35); +Antitumor, cervical (1; NR56:35); Antitumor, colon (1; JNU); Antitumor, esophagus (1; JNU); Anti- +tumor, lung (1; JNU); Antitumor, mouth (1; JNU); Antitumor, pancreas (1; JNU); Antitumor, pros - +tate (1; NR56:35; JNU); Antitumor, rectum (1; JNU); Antitumor, stomach (1; JNU); Antiviral (1; +FNF); Astringent (f; HHB); Cancer Preventive (1; 525); Cholagogue (1; FNF); Choleretic (1; FNF); +COX-2 Inhibitor (1; FNF); Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor (1; FNF); Cytotoxic (1; FNF); Diuretic (1; +FNF); Gastroprotective (f1; X12902057); Hepatoprotective (1; FNF); Hypocholesterolemic (1; FNF); +Hypotensive (1; JBH); Immunostimulant (1; FNF); Lipoxygenase Inhibitor (1; FNF); Myorelaxant +(1; X12648826); ODC Inhibitor (1; FNF); Prostaglandigenic (1; FNF); Sunscreen (1; FNF). +8202_C001.indd 180 11/12/07 2:32:41 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +iNdi Catio Ns (r ussia N o live ): +Bacteria (1; FNF); Bronchosis (f1; FNF; KAB; WOI); Burn (f; BIB; HJP); Cancer (f1; FNF; JLH; +JNU); Cancer (1; FNF); Cancer, bladder (1; NR56:35); Cancer, brain (1; NR56:35); Cancer, breast +(1; NR56:35); Cancer, cervical (1; NR56:35); Cancer, colon (1; JNU); Cancer, esophagus (1; JNU); +Cancer, lung (1; JNU); Cancer, pancreas (1; JNU); Cancer, prostate (1; NR56:35; JNU); Cancer, re- c +tum (1; JNU); Cancer, stomach (1; JNU); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH; JNU); Carcinoma (1; FNF); Catarrh +(f; KAB; WOI); Cerebrosis (1; NR56:35); Cervicosis (1; FNF); Constipation (f; BIB; HJP); Cramp +(1; FNF; X12648826); Cystosis (1; FNF); Dysuria (f; HAD); Enterosis (f1; BIB; JNU); Esophagosis +(1; FNF); Fever (f; HHB; HJP); Gastrosis (f1; FNF; X12902057); Glaucoma (1; JNU); High Blood +Pressure (1; FNF; JBH); High Cholesterol (1; FNF); HIV (1; FNF); Immunodepression (1; FNF); +Infection (f; BIB; HJP); Inafl mmation (1; FNF; X10967484); Maculitis (1; FNF); Mastosis (1; FNF); +Neuralgia (f; BIB; HJP); Pain (f1; BIB; HJP; X10967484); Pancreatosis (1; FNF); Presbyopia (1; +JNU); Proctosis (1; FNF); Prostatosis (1; CRH (Feb.):13.1997; FNF); Pulmonosis (1; FNF); Stomato- +sis (f1; FNF; JLH); Ulcer (f1; X12902057); Water Retention (1; FNF); Wound (f; BIB). +d osages (r ussia N o live ): +FNFF = !! +The fruit is small and insipid, or large and quite edible. I ate many of the astringent fruits as a boy +in Carolina, not realizing I might be sharing a culinary experience with the children of Israel. The +fruits, believed by some to be implied by some olive references in the Bible, are known as Trebizond +dates, sometimes dried and powdered to make an Arabian breadstuff. An intoxicant is distilled +from the fruits. Middle Easterners may boil the fruits (even spoiled fruits known as afouna) to +express an oleaster oil, used rather like olive oil (BIB). +• Lebanese boil astringent leaves to treat enteric fevers (HJP). +• Lebanese consider the oil antiseptic, laxative, and apply it to burns (HJP). +• Lebanese apply heated flowers as a compress for neuralgia, pain, and wounds (HJP). +Natural History (r ussia N o live ): +Fruit is a favorite food of birds and mammals; leaves are eaten by sheep and goats (WOI). +extra Cts (r ussia N o live ): +Eleagnine is a racemic form of tetrahydroharman (HHB). Many of the activities and indications +above followed by FNF are scored 1 because of suspected high lycopene content. +Ro CKet ( eruc A sAtiv A MILL.) ++ BRAss ICACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Brassica eruca L.; Brassica erucoides Roxb. +Notes (r o Cket ): +And one went out into the field to gather herbs, and found a wild vine, and gathered thereof wild +gourds his lap full, and came and shred them into the pot of pottage: for they knew them not. So +they poured out for the men to eat. And it came to pass, as they were eating of the pottage, that +they cried out, and said, O thou man of God, there is death in the pot. And they could not eat +thereof. But he said, Then bring meal. And he cast it into the pot; and he said, Pour out for the +people, that they may eat. And there was no harm in the pot. +2 Kings 4: 39–41 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 181 11/12/07 2:32:42 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Rocket (Eruca sativa). +One of them went out into the field to gather herbs, and found a wild vine and gathered from it +his lap full of wild gourds, and came and cut them up into the pot of pottage, not knowing what +they were. And they poured out for the men to eat. But while they were eating of the pottage, they +cried out, “O man of God, there is death in the pot!” And they could not eat it. He said, “Then +bring meal.” And he threw it into the pot, and said, “Pour out for the men, that they may eat.” +And there was no harm in the pot. +2 Kings 4:39–41 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 182 11/12/07 2:32:45 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Accordingly a certain one went out to the field to pick mallows, and he got to find a wild vine and +went picking wild gourds from it, his garment full, and then came and sliced them into the stew- +pot, for they were not acquainted with them. Later, they poured it out for the men to eat. And it +came about, as soon as they ate from the stew, they themselves cried out and began saying, “There +is death in the pot!, O man of the [true] God.” So he said “FETCH then, flour. After he threw it +into the pot, he went on to say, “Pour out for the people, that they may eat.” And nothing injurious +proved to be in the pot. +2 Kings 4:39–41 (RSV) +It seems that all my versions agree that edible herbs or mallows were gathered in the efi ld. But some - +thing poisoned the pottage, perhaps corrected by the addition of ofl ur. I have not seen any speculation +on the wild gourd, but cucurbitacins in wild gourds could foul an edible green soup. Whether or not +ofl ur or meal would correct that problem, I do not know. Yes, some scientists agree that this is the gar- +den vegetable mentioned in the Bible (Kings II 4:39–40) as “Oroth.” Zohary notes that the wordo roth +is mentioned as a plant only once, in the quote above. Referring to the Gilgal area in the Jordan Valley, +where the garden rocket (arabicj arjir) still occurs today, Bedouins collect it as potherb or salad. Since +oroth also appears asg argir in the Talmud, it is plausible to identify it with the rocket. Oroth may not +necessarily be a specicfi potherb, but the Aramaic translation as “vegetables” in the RSV may well be +correct. This is supported by the biblical verb aroh meaning “to collect, pick, gather” (ZOH). Rabbi +Yohanan tells us that Oroth clears the eyes (Talmud, 3rd century). “Both Dioscorides and Galen reco-m +mended eating seeds for increasing semen production.” ZOH “…In the Talmud and in the Rabbinical +literature of the tenth century of Irak al-Qazwine of the thirteenth century indicated that eating seeds +with honey will stimulate sexual desire.” ZOH “…The Jewish Mishnah mention(s) that Rocket was used +as a pepper substitute. The seeds were crushed and the paste was used to afl vor meat.” ZOH +Commo N Names (r o Cket ): +Achnef (Ber.; BOU); Ackerrauke (Ger.; KAB); Ai’afein (Arab.; BOU); ‘Aisha (Arab.; BOU); Arugula +(Eng.; USN); Assu (Pun.; SKJ); Baglet (Arab.; BOU); Bhutaghna (Sanskrit; SKJ); Bimbata (Sanskrit; +KAB); Bou Kahli (Arab.; BOU); Chara (Kum.; KAB); Cress (Eng.; HJP); Daradharsha (Sanskrit; +WOI); Djedjir (Arab.; BOU); Dua (Kum.; DEP); Duan (Nwp.; KAB); Eihukan (Iran; NAD); Eruca +(Malta; KAB); Fedorênte (Mad.; Por; PST); Garden Rocket (Eng.; USN); Gargir (Arab.; BOU; ZOH); +Gery (Arab.; BOU); Horf (Arab.; BOU); Jamba (Pun.; WOI); Jambeh (Iran; DEP; KAB); Jambeho +(Sin.; KAB); Jambho (Mah.; Sind; DEP; NAD); Jamnia (Pun.; DEP); Jarjir (Arab.; NAD); Jirjir (Arab.; +Syria; HJP); Lalu (Nwp.; DEP); Mulai (Loralai; KAB); Oroth (Heb.; ZOH); Oruga Común (Sp.; USN); +Rábano Silvestre (Por.; USN); Rocket-Salad (Eng.; USN); Gargir (Arab.; BOU); Jamba (India; USN); +Kerkas (Arab.; BOU); Lalu (Nwp.; KAB); Mandao (Afg.; DEP; KAB); Ölrauke (Ger; USN); Oruga +(Sp.; KAB); Rashad (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Rawq (Arab.; BOU); Roka (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Roqueta (Sp.; +USN); Roquette (Eng.; Fr.; BOU; USN); Roquette des Jardins (Fr.; KAB); Roquette Vraie (Fr.; BOU); +Rouka (Arab.; BOU); Ruca (Cat.; KAB); Rucheta (It.; KAB); Rucola (It.; KAB; USN); Rugula (Eng.; +USN); Ruke (Ger.; USN); Safed Sarson (Hindi; KAB); Safed Sarsu (Bom.; NAD); Sahwan (Nwp.; +KAB); Salad Rocket (Eng.; USN); Senfkohl (Ger.; Hindi; India; Nwp.; KAB; USN); Tanakfail (Ber.; +BOU); Tara (Nwp.; Pun.; KAB; SKJ; KAB); Senfrauke (Ger.; USN); Seoha (Hindi; WOI); Shiltam +(Arab.; BOU); Shwetsursha (Beng.; KAB; NAD; SKJ); Siddarthra (Sanskrit; SKJ); Suffed Shorshi +(Beng.; DEP); Tamamira (Pun.; NAD); Tamarira (Hindi; India; Nwp.; KAB; USN); Taramira (Pun.; +NAD); Taramiri (Pun.; NAD); Thorfel (Ber.; BOU); Tira (Nwp.; KAB); Usan (Pun.; KAB). +a Ctivities (r o Cket ): +Antidiabetic (1; X11053894); Antioxidant (1; X11053894; X15796582); Antiscorbutic (f; BOU); +Aphrodisiac (f; BOU; KAB); Bactericide (1; MPI); Deodorant (f; EB52:394); Depurative (f; HJP); +Diuretic (f; HHB; KAB; SKJ; UPW); Epoxide Hydrolase Inducer (1; X15796582); Glutathionagenic +8202_C001.indd 183 11/12/07 2:32:45 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(1; X11053894); Glutathione-Transferase Inducer (1; X15796582); Phase-II-Detoxicant Inducer (1; +X15796582); Quinone-Reductase Inducer (1; X15796582); Rubefacient (f; BOU; UPW); Stimulant +(f; BOU; KAB; MPI); Spermagenic (f; EB52:394); Stomachic (f; KAB; MPI; UPW); Vesicant (f; +KAB). +iNdi Catio Ns (r o Cket ): +Acne (f; EB52:394); Adrenoleukodystrophy (1; FNF); Adrenomyeloneuropathy (1; FNF); Anemia +(f; HJP); Bacteria (1; MPI); Bite (f; EB52:394); Cancer (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; EB52:394); De-r +matosis (f; KAB); Diabetes (1; X11053894); Epilepsy (f; KAB); Gastrosis (f; EB52:394); Hemor- +rhoid (f; KAB); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hyperglycemic (1; X11053894); Impotence (f; BOU; EB52:394); +Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; MPI); Inafl mmation (f; KAB); Itch (f; KAB); Nausea (f; KAB); +Nephrosis (f; EB52:394); Ophthalmia (f; EB52:394); Salmonella (1; MPI); Shigella (1; MPI); Tooth- +ache (f; KAB). +d osages (r o Cket ): +FNFF = !! +Greens widely eaten, raw in salads or cooked. The Jewish Mishnah mentions that rocket was used +as a pepper substitute. Crushed seeds were used to afl vor meat. Rocket was used “in the Holy Land +during the Hellenistic period,” as a spice, a food, and a medicine. Mohammedens add the rocket +juice to sour pomegranates to make them sweet (NAD; EB52:394). +• Ayurvedics view as cholagogue, stomachic, vermifuge, and use for dermatosis, epilepsy, +hemorrhoid, inafl mmation, itch, leukoderma, nausea, and toothache (KAB). +• Egyptians eat the green salad as an aphrodisiac (BOU). +• Europeans consider the young leaves antiscorbutic, diuretic, stimulant, and stomachic +(KAB). +• Israelis think that eating rocket on an empty stomach prevents sweat smells (EB52:394). +• Israelis apply ground seeds to the face for acne (EB52:394). +• Lebanese give a few drops of expressed juice to weak babies (HJP). +• Lebanese Gypsies use the herb for blood puricatfi ion (BOU). +• Near Easterners around the Holy Land think that eating seeds or using ground powder +under the arms functions as a deodorant (EB52:394). +d ow Nsides (r o Cket ): +Eating too much may cause headache (EB52:394). +extra Cts (r o Cket ): +Barillari et al. (2005) note that rocket is mentioned in traditional pharmacopoeia and ancient -lit +erature for several therapeutic properties, and contains several health-promoting agents (e.g., car-ot +enoids, vitamin C, bfi ers, afl vonoids, and glucosinolates). The latter gained attention as precursors +of isothiocyanates, potent inducers of phase-II detoxication process, important in the detoxicafi - +tion of electrophiles, and protection against oxidative stress. The major glucosinolate in rocket +seeds is glucoerucin, (circa 100–110 µM/ g ZMB) representing 95% of total glucosinolates. Gl-u +coerucin is sometimes converted into sulforaphane, the most effective inducer of phase-II enzymes +(X15796582). Eruca is the namesake of erucic acid, with some good and some bad activities. Erucic +and oleic acids are constituents of the cinematic Lorenzo’s oil, which led to complete normalization +of plasma levels of saturated very-long-chain fatty acids. If given early enough to those genetically +targeted, it may help; however, the oil has no substantial effect on childhood adrenoleukodystrophy +8202_C001.indd 184 11/12/07 2:32:46 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +once neurologic symptoms develop. The oil’s erucic acid content varies from 33% to 47%, eicose- +noic acid (C 20:1) from 7.3% to 9.8%. (EB52:394), and oleic acid circa 28% (HHB). +GALBANUM (f erul A gummos A Bo Iss.) + A pIACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Ferula galbaniflua Boiss. & Buhse; Peucedanum galbaniflua (Boiss. & Buhse) Baill. +Notes (g alba Num ): +And the LORD said unto Moses, Take unto thee sweet spices, stacte, and onycha, and galbanum; +these sweet spices with pure frankincense: of each shall there be a like weight. +Exodus 30:34 (KJV) +And the LORD said to Moses, “Take sweet spices, stacte, and onycha, and galbanum, sweet spices +with pure frankincense (of each shall there be an equal part). +Exodus 30:34 (RSV) +And Jehovah went on to say to Moses, “Take to yourself perfumes; stacte drops and onycha, and +perfumed galbanum, and pure frankincense. There should be the same portion of each.” +Exodus 30:34 (NWT) +Galbanum was an ingredient in the incense burned at the golden altar in the Holy Place, consistently +with stacte and onycha and frankincense. Recent authorities maintain that “incense” used in the T-ab +ernacle services was a mixture, in definite proportions, of frankincense, galbanum (Ferula gumosa), +onycha (Styrax benzoin), and stacte S( tyrax officinalis ). Use of any incense not composed of these +four ingredients (in the proper proportions) was strictly forbidden. The galbanum is a fetid yellowish +gum resin, containing a chemical substance calledu mbelliferone. The gum is collected by cutting +the young stem a few inches above the ground. A milky juice ofl ws out and soon hardens. Today it is +used in the manufacture of varnish. Galbanum oils and resinoids are used as fragrance components +in lotions, perfumes, and soaps. Galbanum’s popularity has expanded because of the “herbaceous- +green” odored personal care products on the market. Extracts of galbanum have preservative and +antimicrobial properties. Aqueous, hydroalcoholic, and chloroform extracts are all antiseptic. +Commo N Names (g alba Num ): +Bariji (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Barzhad (Arab.; EFS); Galbanum (Eng.; Fr.; Scn.; Tur.; CR2; EFS); G-al +banumbaum (Ger.; EFS); Galbensaft (Ger.; HH3); Gandhabiroza (India; EFS); Gaoshira (Sanskrit; +EFS); Jawashir (India; EFS); Kinneha (Iran; EFS); Moederharsboom (Dutch; EFS); Muttergummi +(Ger.; HH3); Mutterharzbaum (Ger.; EFS); Mutterharz (Ger.; HH3); Quanawashaq (Arab.; JLH); +Qinnah (Arab.; Syria; HJP). +a Ctivities (g alba Num ): +Anticonvulsant (1; X12241984); Antiedemic (f; BIB; HJP); Antiepileptic (1; X12241984); Antisep- +tic (f1; BIB; PH2; X15567258); Antispasmodic (1; X11695880); Bactericide (1; HH3 X15567258); +Emmenagogue (f; EFS); Emollient (f; BIB); Escherichia (1; X15567258); Expectorant (f; EFS; PH2); +Gram(+)-icide (1; X15567258); Stimulant (f; EFS; PH2); Stomachic (f; BIB); Uterotonic (f; BIB); +Vulnerary (f; HJP; PH2). +8202_C001.indd 185 11/12/07 2:32:47 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Galbanum (Ferula gummosa). +iNdi Catio Ns (g alba Num ): +Addiction (1; X11483380); Allergy (f; BIB; HJP); Amenorrhea (f; EFS); Asthma (f; SKJ); Bacteria +(1; HH3; X15567258); Bronchosis (f; SKJ); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, +breast (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, gum (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, parotid +(f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, testicles (f; JLH); Cancer, +uterus (f; JLH); Caries (f; BIB); Chilblain (f; BIB); Cold (f; BIB; HJP); Colic (f; BIB; HJP); Cramp +(f; BIB); Diarrhea (f1; X11695880); Dyspepsia (f; BIB; PH2); Edema (f; BIB); Enterosis (f1; BIB; +X11695880); Epilepsy (1; X12241984); Escherichia (1; X15567258); Gas (f; PH2); Gastrosis (f1; +BIB; X11695880); Gingivosis (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hysteria (f; BIB); Induration (f; JLH); +Infection (f1; HH3; PH2; X15567258); Inafl mmation (f; JLH); Mastosis (f; BIB); Morphinism (1; +X11483380); Neurosis (f; BIB); Orchosis (f; JLH); Otosis (f; BIB); Parotosis (f; JLH); Phymata +(f; JLH); Polyp (f; BIB; JLH); Rheumatism (f; EFS); Scleroma (f; JLH); Spasm (1; X11695880); +Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; HH3); Swelling (f; BIB; HJP; JLH); Uterosis (f; JLH); With- +drawal (1; X11483380); Wound (f; HJP; PH2). +d osages (g alba Num ): +FNFF = ! +Galbanum oils and resinoids are used as afl vor components in many foods, including non-alcoholic +beverages, baked goods, candies, condiments, gelatins, puddings, relishes; the oil is used in meats +and gravies (BIB). 0.3–1 g resin (HHB). +8202_C001.indd 186 11/12/07 2:33:06 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• Lebanese use imported galbanum as stomachic tonic for colds and colic (HJP). +• Lebanese work resin into hot olive oil to dress wounds (HJP). +extra Cts (g alba Num ): +LD50 Sodium galbanate = 227 mg/kg ipr mus (HH3). +FIG (f icus c Aric A L.) ++ Mo RACeAe +Notes (Fig ): +For Isaiah had said, Let them take a lump of figs , and lay it for a plaister upon the boil, and he +shall recover. +Isaiah 38:21 (KJV) +Now Isaiah had said, “Let them take a cake of figs , and apply it to the boil, that he may recover.” +Isaiah 38:21 (RSV) +And Isaiah proceeded to say, “Let them take a cake of pressed dried figs , and rub [it] upon the +boil, that he may revive.” +Isaiah 38:21 (NWT) +Do I poultice my boil with a lump of fresh gfi s, a cake of dried gfi s, or rub the boil with a cake of +pressed dried gfi s? For myself, I would drip some of the milk from the stem on my boil if I had the +plant handy, but I would try dried gfi s in a pinch. The leaves of the gfi , first fruit recorded in the +Bible, were used to cover Adam and Eve’s nakedness. I do not know about Adam and Eve but, with +me, the leaves cause violent itching in contact with my bare skin. Other members of the g fi fam - +ily, if not the g fi itself, have been used to make bark cloth, which is much more comfortable. To sit +under one’s own vine and g fi tree was the Jewish concept of peace and prosperity as indicated in I +Kings 4:25. Fig leaves are still sewn together and used as wrappings for fresh fruit. To Egyptians, +the g fi represented the Tree of Life. Some suggest that the g fi was the forbidden fruit of the Garden +of Eden. They believe that eating the dried fruits facilitates conception. +Let me once again quote from one of hundreds of letters I received back when I was with the USDA, +leading their Medicinal Plants Laboratory. “I have just read your article about searching for plants that +contain anticancer chemicals. For a long time I have believed that gfi s would be used in the treatment +of cancer. My reason — in II Kings Chap. 20 in the King James Version of the Bible beginning with +the 1st verse through 7. Please read it and see what you think. I do pray to God that something will +come through soon.” I read the scripture he suggested. “And Isaiah said, Take a lump of gfi s. And they +took and laid it on the boil, and he recovered.” (II Kings 20:7). After reading that letter and scripture, I +went to Jonathan Hartwell’sP lants Used against Cancer; and there among more than three full pages +of anticancer folklore, found that folklore suggested gfi s for many cancerous conditions (e.g., cancer of +the gums and uterus; calluses; condylomata; corns; exacerbations; excrescences of the eyelids, vulva, +or uterus; bfi roids; impostumes; moles; myrmecia; neoplasms; polyps; scleroses of the cervix, kidney, +limbs, liver, sinews, spleen, stomach, testicles, and uterus; thymi; tumors of the abdomen, bladder, fau- +ces, feet, glands, liver, neck, parotid, uterus, and windpipe; warts; and wens (BIB). +Commo N Names (Fig ): +A Tsang (China; EFS); Anjir (Afg.; Beng.; Guj.; Hindi; Iran; Kharan; Kon.; Mar.; Nepal; Urdu; +KAB; NPM); Anjira (Bom.; Sanskrit; AH2; KAB); Anjra (Guj.; NAD); Anjur (Kon.; KAB); Anjura +8202_C001.indd 187 11/12/07 2:33:07 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +8202_C001.indd 188 11/12/07 2:33:28 PM +FIGURe . Fig (Ficus carica.) +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(Kan.; KAB); Anjuru (Tel.; KAB); Aviavimbazaha (Hova; KAB); Azart (Ber.; BOU); Bakhis (Ber.; +BOU); Berbereira (Mad.; Por.; PST); Bilaitloa (Mun.; KAB); Bou (Provence; KAB); Breva (Sp.; +AVP); Brevo (Sp.; JFM); Cabrahigo (Sp.; KAB); Caprigfi uier (Fr.; AVP); Carique (Fr.; BOU); Cha - +gar el tin (Arab.; AVP); Common Fig (Eng.; VOD); Doomoor (Beng.; NAD); Doomoot (India; EFS); +Echte Feige (Ger.; USN); Emohi (Ber.; BOU); Fagari (Pun.; KAB); Fagu (Pun.; DEP; KAB); Faguri +(Pun.; KAB); Feige (Ger.; AVP); Feigenbaum (Ger; EFS; KAB; USN); Fico (It.; KAB; USN); Fig +(Creole; Eng.; Haiti; Scn.; AH2; CR2; NPM; VOD); Fig Frans (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Figener (Den.; +EFS); Figo (It.; Por.; AVP; KAB); Figovoi Drava (Rus.; KAB); Figu (Ma.; JFM); Figue France +(Haiti; AVP); Figueira (Mad.; Por.; KAB; PST); Figueira Brava (Por.; KAB); Figueira comun (Ma.; +JFM); Figueira de Baco (Ma.; JFM); Figuera (Cat.; KAB); Figuera Borda (Cat.; KAB); Figuier +(Fr.; AHL; BOU; KAB); Figuiera (Por.; AHL; USN); Figuier Blanc (Fr.; AHL); Figuier Commun +(Fr.; USN); Fijge (Ma.; JFM); Fikontrae (Swe.; KAB); Fugefa (Hun.; KAB); Fugu (Pun.; KAB); +Higo (Peru; Sp.; AHL; AVP; DAV; USN); Higo Extranjero (Dr.; Sp.; AHL); Higuera (Peru; Sp.; +KAB; DAV); Higuera Comun (Sp.; USN); Hinjir (Sibi; KAB); Incir Agasi (Tur.; EFS); Inzar (Sibi; +KAB); Kakodumbar (Sanskrit; KAB); Karm (Arab.; BOU); Karmus (Arab.; BOU); Kerma (Arab.; +Tunisia; AVP; BOU); Kimri (Pun.; KAB); Kohianjir (Sarawan; KAB); Krade (Greek; JLH); Kuru +Incir (Tur.; EB51:195); Lovea si Phle (Cam.; JLH); Manjimeda (Tel.; KAB); Manjula (Sanskrit; +KAB); Medi (Tel.; KAB); Modipatu (Tel.; KAB); Moo Fah (China; EFS); Olynthoi (Greek; JLH); +Pushposhunyo (Oriya; KAB); Ravi (Iran; EFS); Saphansi (Burma; NAD); Shimeatti (Tam.; NAD); +Simaiyatta (Tam.; KAB); Simayatta (Mal.; KAB); Simayatti (Tel.; KAB); Simeyatti (Kan.; KAB); +Smochin (Rom.; KAB); Smokovnitsa (Rus.; KAB); Sykas (Greek; JLH); Syki (Greek; KAB); Sykia +(Greek; KAB); Taguerout (Ber.; BOU); Tamazate (Ber.; BOU); Tamehit (Ber.; BOU); Tanaglet +(Ber.; BOU); Tazert (Ber.; BOU); Ten (Arab.; KAB); Tenach (Heb.; KAB); Tenatti (Tam.; KAB); +Teneyatti (Tel.; KAB; NAD); Tiethie (Burma; KAB); Tin (Arab.; KAB); Tin Teen (Arab.; EFS); +Tine (Arab.; BOU); Udeunbara (Sanskrit; EFS); Vijgeboom (Dutch; EFS); Vijgenboom (Dutch; +KAB); Wu Hua Guo (Pin.; DAA; USN); Wu hua Kuo (China; EFS; KAB); Yemis (Tur., EB49:406); +Ying Jeh Kuo (China; EFS); Yu T’an Po (China; EFS). +a Ctivities (Fig ): +Alexiteric (f; BIB); Allergenic (1; HH3); Analgesic (f; EB49:406); Anthelmintic (1; GHA; HHB; +X15727070; X11473446); Anticancer (1; X11473446); Antidiabetic (1; X12682822); Antidote (f; +BOU); AntiHSV-1 (1; X15613791); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; VAD); Antileukemic (1; X11473446); +Antilymphomic (1; X114734460); Antimutagenic (1; X15131968); Antioxidant (1; X12682822); +Antisarcomic (1; X11473446); Antiseptic (f; AHL; BIB); Antitumor (breast) (1; X11473446); Anti- +tumor (prostate) (1; X11473446); Antitussive (f; DAV); Antiviral (1; X15613791); Aperient (f; BIB); +Aphrodisiac (f; BIB; HH3); Ascaricide (1; WOI); Balsamic (f; VAD); Catabolic (1; X11473446); +Demulcent (f; BIB; DEP; EFS; VOD); Deodorant (f; KAB); Digestive (f1; BIB; VAD); Diuretic (f1; +BIB; GHA; HH3); Emollient (f; BIB; BOU; DEP; EFS; VOD); Expectorant (f; BIB; EFS); Hypocho- +lesterolemic (1; X11032050); Hypoglycemic (1; X11473446); Lactagogue (f; DAA; NMH); Laxative +(f; BIB; DEP; EFS; GHA); Litholytic (f; BIB; GHA; KAB); Mnemonic (f; RAR); Nematicide (1; +X15727070); Pectoral (f; AHL; BIB); Phototoxic (1; HH3); Proteolytic (1; GHA; WOI); Purgative +(f; BIB); Restorative (f; BIB); Stimulant (f; DAV; RAR); Stomachic (f; BIB); Suppurative (f; DEP); +Tonic (f; BIB; BOU; GHA); Toxic (f; DAV); Vermifuge (f1; BIB; GHA). +iNdi Catio Ns (Fig ): +Abscess (f; BIB); Adenopathy (f1; HHB; JLH; SOU); Alopecia (f; BIB); Anemia (f; WOI); Ascaris +(1; WOI); Asthma (f; AHL; BIB; JFM); Boil (f; BIB; VOD); Bronchosis (f; DEP); Burn (f; VAD); +Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f; BIB); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, bladder (1; FNF; JLH); +Cancer, breast (1; FNF; HHB; X11473446); Cancer, cervix (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; +8202_C001.indd 189 11/12/07 2:33:28 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +JLH); Cancer, eye (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, feet (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, gum (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, +kidney (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, mouth (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, neck +(1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, parotid (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, prostate (1; X11473446); Cancer, spleen +(1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, testicle (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat +(1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, vulva (1; FNF; JLH); Carbuncle (f; BIB); +Catarrh (f; BIB; KAB); Cervicosis (f; JLH); Cheilosis (f; KAB); Childbirth (f; DAV); Cold (f; HH3; +JFM; VOD); Colic (f; VAD); Condyloma (f; BIB; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; BIB; BOU); Constipa- +tion (f; DEP; KAB; VAD); Corn (f; BIB; DAA); Cough (f; BIB; HH3); Cystosis (f; JLH); Dandruff +(f; DAV; SOU); Depression (f; GHA); Diabetes (f1; JFM; X12682822); Diarrhea (f; EB51:195); +Diphtheria (f; BIB); Dropsy (f; SOU); Dysentery (f; PH2); Emphysemic (f; VAD); Enterosis (f; PH2; +VAD); Epistaxis (f; KAB); Fibroid (f; JLH); Flu (f; AHL; BIB); Fracture (f; DAV); Freckle (f; BOU; +GHA); Furuncle (f; VAD); Gastrosis (f; DAA; JLH; VAD); Gingivosis (f; BIB; JLH); Glossosis (f; +KAB); Gout (f; KAB); Hemorrhoid (f; BIB; HH3; NPM); Hepatosis (f; HH3; JLH); Hernia (f; DAV); +Herpes (1; X15613791); High Triglycerides (1; X11473446); HSV-1 (1; X15613791); Impostume (f; +JLH); Impotence (f; DEP); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f1; FNF; KAB; X15613791); Inafl mmation +(f; BIB); Leprosy (f; BOU; KAB); Leukemia (1; FNF; HHB; X11473446); Leukoderma (f1; DEP; +FNF); Lymphoma (1; FNF; HHB; X11473446); Mastosis (f; EB51:195); Measles (f; BIB); Mole (f; +JLH); Mucososis (f1; KAB; VOD); Mycosis (f1; FNF; KAB); Myrmecia (f; JLH); Nematode (1; +X15727070); Nephrosis (f; GHA; JLH); Neurosis (f; GHA); Obesity (1; X11473446); Ophthalmia (f; +BOU; JLH); Orchosis (f; JLH); Pain (f; BIB; EB49:50); Papillomatosis (1; X14720183); Paralysis (f; +BIB); Parotosis (f; JLH); Pertussis (f; BIB; JFM); Pharyngosis (f; VAD); Phymata (f; JLH); Pimple +(f; BIB); Polyp (f; BIB); Pulmonosis (f; JLH); Respirosis (f; VAD); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Ringworm (f1; +FNF; KAB); Sarcoma (1; FNF; HHB; X11473446); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; BIB; EFS); Sore +(f; JLH); Sore Throat (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; HH3; JLH; NAD); Stomachache (f; DAA); Stomatosis +(f; JLH; NAD; VAD); Stone (f; GHA; NAD); Stress (f; GHA); Swelling (f; JLH); Thirst (f; BIB); +Thrush (f; BIB); Toothache (f; JFM); Tuberculosis (f; DEP); Tumor (f; BIB; VOD); Uterosis (f; JLH); +Venereal Disease (f; BIB); Virus (1; X15613791); Wart (f1; BIB; NPM; VOD; X14720183); Wen (f; +JLH); Worm (f1; BIB; X15727070); Wound (f; JFM); Yeast (f; BIB). +d osages (Fig ): +FNFF = !!! +Figs are eaten fresh or dried and threaded on long strings. “Cakes of Figs” are mentioned in I +Samuel 25:18, and these were consumed for travel. North Africans make a tonic anis-eafl vored g fi +brandy (BIB; BOU); 30 g fig syrup (HH3). +• Africans drop fig latex in ant holes to drive them away (BIB). +• Africans use the fresh root in a lotion for thrush (BIB). +• Arabs deem the Smyrna fig a better aphrodisiac (DEP). +• Asian Indians apply leaf juice early in leukoderma (DEP) (furanocoumarins; JAD). +• Asian Indians suggest the fruit pulp with vinegar and sugar for pediatric bronchitis (DEP). +• Ayurvedics use the fruit for epistaxis, leprosy, and diseases of the blood and head (KAB). +• Chinese apply the leaves to hemorrhoids (BIB). +• Cubans drink strained leaf decoction for chest ailments (JFM). +• Haitians apply latex to warts, and roasted half figs to boils and tumors (VOD). +• Haitians eat raw, dry, or roasted fig, often with senna, as a laxative (VOD). +• Haitians take demulcent fig decoction for colds (VOD). +• Hispaniolans suggest aromatic leaf tea taken for asthma and flu (AHL). +• Latinos smoke the leaves for asthma (JFM). +• Lithuanians eat figs with dates, raisins, and wheat bread for cancer (JLH). +8202_C001.indd 190 11/12/07 2:33:29 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• North Africans suggest the leaf decoction to erase freckles (BOU). +• Latinos steep ripe fruits in booze overnite, then eat on empty stomach for pertussis (JFM). +• Latinos boil three sundried leaves 15 minutes in 300 g water for diabetes (JFM). +• Unani use the root for leucoderma and ringworm, the alexiteric, aphrodisiac, litholytic, +purgative, tonic, fruit for alopecia, chest pains, hepatosis, fever, inafl mmations, paralysis, +piles, splenosis, and thirst. They regard the milky juice as diuretic, expectorant, yet da-n +gerous to the eyes (KAB). +• Yemeni eat mixed dates, gfi s, honey, and raisins for depression and nervous tension (GHA). +d ow Nsides (Fig ): +No health hazards or contraindications reported with proper administration of suggested therap-eu +tic dosages (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specic qfi uantiefi d dosage! JAD). +extra Cts (Fig ): +Wang et al. (2004) found an antiviral (herpes simplex) effect in g fi leaf extracts with relatively +low toxicity (X15613791). Stepek et al. (2005) demonstrated an expected anthelmintic effect of +natural plant cysteine proteinases against a GI nematodeH, eligmosomoides polygyrus, in vitro. +Cysteine proteinases from papaya, pineapple, gfi , and Egyptian milkweed all damaged the cuticle +of H. polygyrus. LD50 values indicated that the puriefi d proteinases were more efcafi cious than +the proteinases in the crude latex, with puriefi d cfi in, papain, chymopapain, Egyptian milkweed +latex extract, and pineapple fruit extract containing fruit bromelain, having the most potent effect +(X15727070). Agabeili et al. (2004) found antimutagenic and genoprotective activities with g fi +extracts (X15131968). Hemmatzadeh et al. (2003) successfully treated bovine papillomatosis with +g fi latex (comparable to salicylic acid) (X14720183). Perez et al. (2003) found that g fi extracts are +useful in diabetes; the extracts tend to normalize antioxidant status (X12682822). Poultice of dried +gfi s in milk is said to deodorize malignant cancers (KAB). +sy CAMo Re FIG (f icus sycomorus L.) + Mo RACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Ficus cocculifolia Baker; Ficus gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) A. Rich.; Ficus sycomorus subsp. gnapha- +locarpa (Miq.) C.C. Berg; Ficus trachyphylla (Miq.) Miq.; Sycomorus gnaphalocarpa Miq.; Syco- +morus trachyphylla Miq. +Notes (syCamore Fig ): +Then answered Amos, and said to Amaziah, I was no prophet, neither was I a prophet’s son; but +I was an herdman, and a gatherer of sycamore fruit. +Amos 7:14 (KJV) +Then Amos answered Amazi’ah, “I am no prophet, nor a prophet’s son; but I am a herdsman, +and a dresser of sycamore trees. +Amos 7:14 (RSV) +Then Amos answered and said to Amazi’ah, “I was not a prophet, neither was I the son of a +prophet; but I was a herdsman, and a nipper of figs of sycamore trees. +Amos 7:14 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 191 11/12/07 2:33:29 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Sycamore Fig (Ficus sycomorus). +The sycamore gfi that Zacchaeus allegedly climbed to see Jesus pass is a curious tree combining the +characteristics of gfi and mulberry. Its porous but durable wood was used for temples and auditoria, +as well as for fashioning mummy chests or coffins (sarcophagi) found in perfect condition after more +than 3000 years (BIB; FP1). Others say it is only tfi for fuel. African Masai use twigs in fire making. +The milky latex, like many other gfi species, contains rubber-like compounds. In the Holy Land, it +is frequently planted as a shade tree, the shade reported to have embraced the Virgin Mary. “At M-ar +have is a large sycamore or Pharaoh’s Fig, very old, but which bears fruit every year. They say that +upon the Virgin passing that way with her son Jesus and being pursued by the people, this Fig tree +opened to receive her and closed her in again, until the people had passed by and then opened again. +The tree is still shown to travelers” (BIB). Zohary (FP1) notes that the plant is widely cultivated in +the Holy Land (e.g., on the coastal plain and the Jordan Valley), but native to Ethiopia and elsewhere +in tropical eastern Africa. Not setting viable seed, it is easily propagated by cuttings. +8202_C001.indd 192 11/12/07 2:33:52 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Commo N Names (syCamore Fig ): +A Nak (Guinea; UPW); Djimez (Arab.; Niger; UPW); Figuier Sycomore (Fr.; USN); Ga (Mali; +UPW); Gamiesa (Arab.; Nig.; UPW); Ganlu (Dahomey; UPW); Grande Sycomore (Fr.; UPW); +Gummays (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Jiben Yadek (Gambia; UPW); Jummays (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kan-k +anga (Ivo.; UPW); Kilumpui (Ghana; UPW); Kobahi (Upper Volta; UPW); Madaka (Sen.; UPW); +Mulberry Fig (Eng.; JLH; USN); Ndahi (Sierra Leone; UPW); Nouhe (Eng.; JLH); Pharaoh’s Fig +(Eng.; FAC); Shikmim (Heb.; ZOH); Shikmoth (Heb.; ZOH); Sicomoro (Sp.; USN); Sycamore Fig +(Eng.; USN); Sycamore of Cyprus (Eng.; JLH); Sycomore (Eng.; USN); Sykomore (Ger.; USN); +Tcheque (Guinea-Bissau; UPW); Tin el Jummays (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Nscn. +a Ctivities (syCamore Fig ): +Antidote (f; HJP); Antiseptic (f1; HJP; X8170162); Cholagogue (f; UPW); Depurative (f; BIB; HJP); +Lactagogue (f; BIB); Purgative (f; UPW). +iNdi Catio Ns (syCamore Fig ): +Abrasion (f; BIB; HJP); Adenopathy (f; UPW); Bacteria (1; X8170162); Burn (f; JLH); Cancer (f; +JLH); Cancer, fauces (f; JLH); Cancer, limbs (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Caries (f; UPW); +Cerebrosis (f; UPW); Chest ache (f; UPW); Cirrhosis (f; BIB); Cough (f; BIB; UPW); Depression (f; +BIB); Dermatosis (f1; X8170162); Diarrhea (f; BIB); Dropsy (f; UPW); Dysentery (f; UPW); Fever +(f; BIB); Gastrosis (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; UPW); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f1; BIB; X8170162); +Inafl mmation (f; BIB; JLH; UPW); Jaundice (f; UPW); Melancholy (f; BIB); Pertussis (f; UPW); +Pulmonosis (f; BIB); Respirosis (f1; X8170162); Sarcoma (1; UPW); Scrofula (f; BIB); Snakebite (f; +UPW); Sore (f; HJP); Sore Throat (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomachache (f; UPW); Swelling (f; +UPW); Tetanus (f; HJP); Tumor (f; JLH); Typhoid (f; BIB); Wart (f; JLH); Wound (f; BIB; HJP). +d osages (syCamore Fig ): +FNFF = !! +Produced in several crops per year, the yellowish fruit smells like an ordinary g fi but is inferior in +taste and sugar content. In olden times, fruits were much consumed by the poor, raw or cooked, and +even sold in the markets. Some Africans consume with millet or ferment a beverage. Leaves also +eaten in soups or in peanut dishes. Latex serves as a vegetable rennet (BIB; FAC; ZOH). +• Egyptians apply the milk to burns, cancers, indurations, and warts (JLH). +• East Africans use the bark for sore throat, the Masai for diarrhea (BIB; UPW). +• Ethiopians use the root to prevent typhoid (BIB). +• Ghanans give bark decoction for cough and whooping cough (UPW). +• Ghanans, Senegalese, and Upper Voltans use for snakebite (UPW). +• Hausa Nigerians collect root sap in a cup to treat pediatric cough (UPW). +• Lebanese apply the latex to shallow abrasions and skin infections to ward off tetanus, +using bark decoction for blood poisoning (HJP). +• Mali natives apply the latex to carious teeth (UPW). +• Senegalese use latex for dysentery, and the bark for chest ache, glandular inafl mmations, +and stomach problems (UPW). +• Tenda women make leaf soup with millet to ensure adequate lactation (UPW). +Natural History (syCamore Fig ): +For complex reasons, the sycamore gfi is completely dependent on man, who has saved it from extinc - +tion. Fertilization by wasps is necessary for ripening of the fruits, but no seeds are produced in the +8202_C001.indd 193 11/12/07 2:33:52 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +process, as the ovaries are turned into galls, which are inedible. Ancient Hebrews incised young fruits +with a special knife, in a process called gashingb (alos), mentioned in the RSV version of Amos 7:14, +“I am a herdman, and a dresser of sycomore trees,” but missed in the KJV. Cypriots and Egyptians +use the same method. For some reason, the wasp-dependent variety in Israel was replaced by a pa-r +thenocarpic variety, which has no need for the wasp in ripening its seedless fruits. This species bears +fruits several times a year in the Holy Land (ZOH). Zohary refutes some scholars’ speculation that the +sycamore gfi was introduced from Africa, perhaps by Natuafi n Man circa 10,000 years ago. Zohary +thinks it is more likely a tertiary relic of an earlier coastal tropical ofl ra (withA cacia albida, Ziziphus +spina-christi) (ZOH). Fruits and leaves are fed to cows to increase the ofl w of milk, especially in arid +areas (BIB). Most animals and birds eat the fruits; cattle and sheep browse the leaves (UPW). +extra Cts (syCamore Fig ): +Fruit extracts exhibited antitumor activity in potato disc bioassay, and had signicafi nt antibacterial +activity but no antifungal activity (X8170162). +MANNA (FRo M f r Axinus ornus L.) ++ o LeACeAe +Notes (ma NNa): +Behold, we have sent you money to buy you burnt offerings, and sin offerings, and incense, and +prepare ye manna. +Baruch 1:10 +Manna, at least in this account oFf raxinus, refers to the exudate from the ash tree, not the ash tree +itself, with many names and indications of its own. According to the Moldenkes, there are three +distinct types of manna in the Bible, the more familiar first type secured by purchase and trade, con- +sisting of the gummy exudates of Fraxinus ornus, Alhagi maurorum, or Tamarix mannifera. Danin +(Econ. Bot. 26:373, 1972) adds to this list Acacia raddiana, Anabasis setifera, Astragalus echinus, +Capparis cartitaginea, Capparis spinosa, Gomphocarpus sinaicus, Hammada salicornica, and +Pyrethrum santolinoides as sources of manna (BIB). Some of these are treated elsewhere. Zohary +explains that, etymologically, manna stems from man or man ha = “What is that?” And he too +fails to answer the question authoritatively. He seems to favor the interpretation that manna was an +exudate from scaly insects Trabulina mannifera or Najacoccus serpentina feeding on the tamarisk +or, even more likely, the white hammada, Hammada salicornia, which is widespread in southern +Sinai. They exude a sweet liquid that hardens and drops to the ground to be gathered by the B-ed +ouins like honey or sugar. Yet another type grew up during the night when the ground was moist, +but “withered away” and “stank” with the heat of the sun (Exodus 16). The Moldenkes suggest that +this was Nostoc, a tiny blue-green algae that grows rapidly during the night. Soft and gelatinous, +these algal growths “disappear as the sun evaporates the dew, only to reappear the next night if +there is abundant dew.” (Moldenke and Moldenke, 1952) A third type “fell from heaven” (Numbers +11). Botanists tend to suspect lichens of the genus Lecanora, which after periods of drought dry up, +curl up, break loose from the ground, and are transported by the wind. Sheep relish these lichens +and Bedouins make a bread therefrom. Circa 1889, a shower of such lichens fell into Iran during a +great famine (BIB). Clearly, Fraxinus ornus does produce manna and there has been trade in that +manna. Only Fraxinus syriaca is reported in the Flora of Palestine (FP3). So if the biblical manna +was Fraxinus, it would have to have been from that Syrian species, or imported from outside. The +Fraxinus manna can be secured either as afl kes (“afl ke manna”), fragments (“common manna”), or +a viscid mass (“fat manna”). A good ash tree can yield a pound or more per season. Annual prod-uc +tion in Sicily, where manna was once produced commercially, was circa 750 tons. The first medicine +mentioned in the Moldenke’s book, manna is described as a gentle laxative, demulcent, and expe-c +8202_C001.indd 194 11/12/07 2:33:53 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +8202_C001.indd 195 11/12/07 2:34:23 PM +FIGURe . Fraxinus ornus. Source of manna. + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +torant. In Grieve’s A Modern Herbal, we read that manna was chiey fl used as a children’s laxative or +to disguise other medicines. In 1906, Dr. Steinberg is said to have recommended dulcinol, a mixture +of manna and common salt as a sweetening agent in diabetes. Duke and Wain list the following as +uses: aperient, debility, laxative, purgative, restorative, and tonic (DAW). The leaves of the manna +ash contain, in addition to aesculetin, cichoriin, ornol, and sedoheptulose, two marginal antitumor +compounds: ursolic acid and rutin. Aesuletin and aesculin are anti-inafl mmatory. According to +Uphof, manna from Fraxinus contains glucose, levulose, manneotetrose, mannite, manninotriose, +and resin. Ash was recommended by Lebanese for diarrhea and malaria and the bark afl kes for +fever. Algerians powdered the seeds in olive oil and honey for gonorrhea (BIB). +Commo N Names (ma NNa): +Manna (Eng.; CR2). +a Ctivities (ma NNa): +Aperient (f; DAW); Astringent (f; MAD); Demulcent (f; BIB); Expectorant (f; BIB); Laxative (1; +KOM; PH2); Purgative (f; MAD); Restorative (f; BIB); Tonic (f; DAW); Vermifuge (f; MAD). +iNdi Catio Ns (ma NNa): +Constipation (f1; KOM; PH2); Debility (f; DAW); Diabetes (f; BIB); Hemorrhoid (1; KOM); Procti- +tis (1; KOM); Scrofula (f; MAD); Worm (f; MAD). +d osages (ma NNa): +FNFF = ! +10–50 g manna in milk (HHB); 20–30 g manna (adult) (KOM; PH2); 2–16 g manna (child) +(KOM; PH2). +d ow Nsides (ma NNa): +No health hazards or contraindications reported with proper administration of suggested therap-eu +tic dosages (PH2). Can cause atfl ulence in sensitive patients (KOM). Contraindicated in cases of +bowel obstruction (KOM). Do not take laxatives long term without consulting a physician (KOM). +Natural History (ma NNa): +Manna is extruded from scaly insects feeding on various treesT. rabulina mannifera or Najacoccus +serpentina feed on the tamarisk. They exude a sweet liquid that hardens and drops to the ground +and can be gathered as a sweet stuff. Named for manna, mannitol, a sugar, is found in leaves of +Fraxinus ornus L., F. angustifolia Vahl., Olea europaea L., and Phillyrea media L., all members +of the olive family. In the two ash species, mannitol content gradually increases in spring, pea-k +ing in summer, followed by a gradual decrease (260–720 µM/g ZMB). Rainfall seems negatively +correlated with seasonal increase in mannitol content, reaching a maximum at the end of the dry +season (X12197521). +extra Cts (a sH): +As to the ash itself, Stefanova et al. found antidemic and antiinafl mmatory activity with bark extract +injections, the inafl mmatory activity partially due to its coumarins (X7650947). Kostova reported +hydroxycoumarins, secoiridoid glucosides, phenylethanoids, afl vonoids, and signicafi nt antimicro- +bial, antioxidative, photodynamic damage prevention, wound healing, antiinafl mmatory, immuno- +modulatory, and antiviral activities support folkloric use of the bark (X11429238). +8202_C001.indd 196 11/12/07 2:34:23 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +LevANt C otto N (g ossypium herb Aceum L.) + MALvACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Gossypium abyssinicum Watt.; Gossypium africanum Watt.; Gossypium arboreum var. wrightia- +num Tod.; Gossypium cambayense var. wrightianum Tod.; Gossypium eglandulosum Cav.; Gos- +sypium obtusifolium Roxb. & G. Don; Gossypium punctatum var. acerifolium Tod.; Gossypium +wrightianum Tod. fide HH2 +Notes (l eva Nt Cotto N): +And when these days were expired, the king made a feast unto all the people that were present in +Shushan the palace, both unto great and small, seven days, in the court of the garden of the king’s +palace; Where were white, green, and blue, hangings, fastened with cords of fine linen and purple +to silver rings and pillars of marble: the beds were of gold and silver, upon a pavement of red, and +blue, and white, and black, marble. +Esther 1:5–6 (KJV) +And when these days were completed, the king gave for all the people present in Susa the capital, +both great and small, a banquet lasting for seven days, in the court of the garden of the king’s +palace. There were white cotton curtains and blue hangings caught up with cords of fine linen +and purple to silver rings and marble pillars, and also couches of gold and silver on a mosaic +pavement of porphyry, marble, mother- of- pearl and precious stones. +Esther 1:5–6 (RSV) +And when these days had come to the full, the king held a banquet for seven days for all the people +that were found in Shu’shan the castle, both the great as well as the small, in the courtyard of the +garden of the king’s palace. There were linen, fine cotton and blue held fast in ropes of fine fabric +and wool dyed reddish purple in silver rings and pillars of marble, couches of gold and silver upon +a pavement of porphyry and marble and pearl and black marble. +Esther 1:5–6 (NWT) +Somehow the KJV left out the cotton and that is precisely why it was not covered in my first book of +the Bible. Mentioned only once in the Holy Scriptures, cotton was used to wrap Egyptian mummies. +Zohary notes that it was not grown early in the land of Israel, but was cultivated in the last cen-tu +ries b.c., perhaps under the name tzemer-gefen (vine wool) because its leaves resembled the grape. +Plants cultivated as an annual for the fiber among the seeds that furnish Asiatic or Levant cotton. +Commo N Names (l eva Nt Cotto N): +Species not necessarily distinguishable; activities and indications often lumped (see, e.g., JFM). +CRC entries relate to Gossypium hirsutum. MAD entries relafe to Gossypium herbaceum. Many +JLH entries assigned to Gossypium sp. Algodao (Ocn.; Por.; AH2; KAB); Algodoeiro (Mad.; JAD); +Algodoeiro Asiático (Por.; USN); Algodon (Sp.; JLH); Algodoneiro (Brazil; Mad.; JLH); Algodo- +nero Herbaceo (Sp.; EFS; USN); Ambara (Kan.; KAB); Anagnika (Sanskrit; EFS; KAB); Arabian +Cotton (Eng.; USN); Aziatische Katoenplant (Dutch; HH2); Badara (Mal.; KAB); Badarika (Tel.; +KAB); Balaccastilla (Pam.; KAB); Baumwollenstrauch (Ger.; EFS; HH2); Bombax (?; JLH); Bong +Se (Annam; KAB); Bulac (Tag.; KAB); Bumbac (Rom.; KAB); Cadaba (Vis.; KAB); Common +Cotton (Eng.; BUR); Cotone (It.; EFS); Cotone Asiatico (It.; HH2); Cotonnier (Fr.; EFS); Cotonnier +d’Asie (Fr.; USN); Cotonnier de Malta (Fr.; KAB); Cotonnier Herbace (Fr.; NAD; USN); Cotonnier +Serere (Fr.; Sen.; UPW); Cotton (Eng.; BUR); Edudi (Tel.; DEP); Fitan (Arab.; KAB); Hlopchatnik +8202_C001.indd 197 11/12/07 2:34:24 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe .0 Levant Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum). +8202_C001.indd 198 11/12/07 2:34:29 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(Rus.; KAB); Iladambarutti (Tam.; KAB); Indian Cotton (Eng.; KAB); Ingilma (Nig.; UPW); Kabsi +(Uraon; KAB); Kadsom (Mun.; KAB); Kapas (Beng.; Bom.; Dec.; Guj.; Hindi; Malaya; EFS; KAB; +NAD); Kapsini (Kon.; KAB); Karpas (Heb.; Sanskrit; EFS; ZOH); Karpasa (Ayu.; AH2); Ka-r +pasi (Sanskrit; DEP); Katoenstruik (Dutch; EFS; HH2); Korono-ni (Mali; UPW); Korpaso (Oriya; +KAB); Koton Malti (Malta; KAB); Krabas (Cam.; KAB); Krautiger Baumwollstrauch (Ger.; USN); +Ku Chung (China; EFS); Kupas (Hindi; DEP; KAB); Kurtam Ussul (Arab.; DEP); Kutn (Arab.; +Syria; HJP); Kuttun (Arab.; EFS); Levant Cotton (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2); Maltese Cotton (Eng.; +USN); Mian Hua (Pin.; DAA); Mien Hua (China; EFS); Pambah (Iran; DEP; EFS); Pamuk (Tur.; +EFS; HH2); Papas (India; EFS); Parti (Tulu; KAB); Paruthi (Tam.; NAD); Parutti (Tam.; DEP; +NAD); Paththi (Tel.; NAD); Rimo (Sen.; UPW); Ru (Guj.; DEP); Rui (Hindi; Pun.; Urdu; DEP; +KAB); Sea Island Cotton (Eng.; BUR); Short Staple American Cotton (Eng.; FAC); Short Staple +Cotton (Eng.; USN); Syrian Cotton (Eng.; USN); Thao Mien (Ic.; KAB); Ts’ao Mien (China; EFS); +Tsiahilika (Sakalaave; KAB); Tula (Beng.; DEP); Tzemer Gefen (Heb.; ZOH); Vaum (Sind,; DEP; +KAB); Wa (Burma; DEP; KAB); Wah (Burma; DEP; KAB); Ya La Po Mien (China; HH2). +a Ctivities (l eva Nt Cotto N): +Abortifacient (f1; BUR; CRC; FNF; PH2); Amebicide (1; X16076104); Antifeedant (f; X15074657); +Antifertility (f1; HH2; JAC7:405); Antimutagenic (1; X3278214); Antioxidant (1; X15878283); +Antiproliferant (1; X15878283); Antiseptic (f; BIB); Antispermatogenic (1; JAC7:405); Aphrodisiac +(f; HJP; PH2); Apoptotic (1; X15949956; X15554914); Astringent (f; CRC); Calcineurin Inhibitor (1; +X15621416); Contraceptive (f1; CRC; PH2); Cytostatic (1; PH2); Demulcent (f; NAD); Diuretic (f; +CRC); Emmenagogue (f1; AHP; BUR; CRC; HJP; PH2); Emollient (f; BIB; CRC); Expectorant (f; +NAD); Hemostat (f; CRC; MAD); Hypercholesterolemic (1; PH2); Hypertriglyceridemic (f; PH2); +Hypocholesterolemic (f; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; HH2); Lactagogue (f; CRC; HJP; KAB; NMH); +Laxative (f; BIB); Nervine (f; BIB); Oxytocic (f; CRC; EFS; PH2); Protisticide (1; (X16076104); +Uterotonic (f1; AHP; BUR); Vasoconstrictor (f; CRC); Vulnerary (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (l eva Nt Cotto N): +Adenopathy (f; JLH); Ague (f; BUR); Ameba (1; (X16076104); Amenorrhea (f1; KAB; MAD; +PH2); Anemia (f; MAD); Asthma (f; CRC; MAD); Bite (f; PH2); Bleeding (f; CRC; MAD; PH2); +Bronchosis (f; CRC); Burn (f; JLH); Cancer (f1; CRC; FNF; X15878283); Cancer, abdomen (f1; +JLH; X15812364); Cancer, breast (f1; JLH; X15812364); Cancer, colon (f1; JLH; X15812364); +Cancer, larynx (1; X15812364); Cancer, lung (1; X15554914); Cancer, nose (f1; JLH; X15812364); +Cancer, prostate (1; X15713891); Cancer, uterus (f1; JLH; X15812364); Carcinoma (1; X15570010); +Cerebrosis (f; DAW); Childbirth (f; HHB; PH2); Climacteric (f; PH2); Cold (f; JFM); Constipa- +tion (f; PH2); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; MAD; PH2); Cramp (f; JFM); Cystosis (f; HH2; PH2); +Debility (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f; KAB); Diarrhea (f; CRC; PH2); Dysentery (f; CRC; JFM; PH2); +Dyslactea (f; JFM; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f1; MAD; PH2); Dysuria (f; BUR; JFM); Earache (f; +JFM); Enterosis (f; JFM); Epilepsy (f; PH2); Fever (f; BUR; HHB; JFM; MAD); Fibroid (1; CRC; +JLH); Fibroma (f; JLH); Gonorrhea (f; HH2; PH2); Headache (f; CRC; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; +JFM); Herpes (f; KAB); High Blood Pressure (f; JFM); High Cholesterol (f; PH2); Hypochondria +(f; CRC); Infertility (f; MAD); Inafl mmation (f; JFM; PH2); Laryngitis (f; JFM); Leprosy (f; BIB); +Malaria (f1; BIB; KAB; X15978953); Menorrhagia (f; PH2); Metrorrhagia (f; PH2); Micromastia +(f; BIB); Morning Sickness (f; MAD; PH2); Nausea (f; PH2); Neuralgia (f; DAW); Neuroblastoma +(1; X15927359); Neurosis (f; PH2); Pain (f; JFM; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; BIB); Polyp (f; CRC; FNF; +JLH); Psoriasis (1; X15878283); Pulmonosis (f; JFM; MAD); Rheumatism (f; JFM); Rhinosis (f; +JLH); Scabies (f; BIB; KAB); Snakebite (f; PH2); Sore (f; BIB; HH2); Sting (f; NAD); Tumor (f1; +CRC; FNF; HH2); Urethrosis (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; CRC; FNF); UTI (f; JFM); Virus (f; DEP); Wart +(f; JLH). +8202_C001.indd 199 11/12/07 2:34:29 PM +00 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d osages (l eva Nt Cotto N): +FNFF = ! +Seeds eaten in Egyptian cuisine; used for extraction of oil, used for cooking, and other purposes, +roasted as coffee substitute. Oil a source of vitamin E, and used to substitute for sesame oil. O-ical ke +used as fertilizer and fodder, and to make edible tempeh. Leaves eaten (BIB; FAC). 100 g root in 1 +liter (l) water, reduced by boiling to 0.5 l; take 50 g liquid every half hour. Dangerous formula for +abortion (CRC). 1–2 Tbsp ufl id extract during childbirth (HHB). Three leaves in 1 liter water for +hypertension (JFM). 6–8 g seed/150 g water or milk, 3 ×/day as lactagogue (f; JFM); 1.8–3.75 g root +bark; 20–40 drops liquid extract (PH2); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PH2). +• Africans take the leaf decoction for dysentery and headache (BIB). +• Annamese use ofl wers for amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea, the seed oil for herpes, sca- +bies, and wounds (KAB). +• Asian Indians use the roots for urinary disorders (BUR). +• Ayurvedics view ofl wers as antibilious, antihallucinogenic, lactogogue, refrigerant, and +tonic, using leaves for anemia, oliguria, and otosis; and view seed as aphrodisiac and +lactogogue. They use the plant for snakebite, scorpion stings, skin ailments, and uterine +discharges (KAB). +• Bambas of northern Rhodesia apply the leaves to warts (JLH). +• Brazilians use the root bark for uterine fibromas (JLH). +• French Guianans use seeds in fumigations for indolent tumors (JLH). +• Lebanese use roots for malaria and Malta fever; impotent men use decoction cautiously; +women use as emmenagogue and lactagogue (HJP). +• Lebanese consider cottonseed oil the more stimulating of the oils (HJP). +• Lebanese applied crushed seed (of Gossypium barbadense) to dermatosis such as poison +ivy (HJP). +• Senegalese Soce give root macerate to newborn, sick, or rachitic children to make them +grow big and strong (UPW). +• South American females take root decoction as a contraceptive, the seed as a lactagogue +or breast enlarger (BIB). +• Unani regard the seeds as aphrodisiac, expectorant, and laxative, using them for orchitis; +they poultice the ofl wers on burns, scabies, and scalds, and use them in syrup for hypo- +chondria, and insanity; the leaves they take internally for dysentery, externally for gout; +ofl wers are also used as analgesic for burning eyes and inafl mmation (KAB). +d ow Nsides (l eva Nt Cotto N): +Class 2b; contraindicated in urogenital irritation or tendency to inafl mmation; may sterilize men (AHP). +No health hazards or contraindications reported with proper administration of suggested therapeutic +dosages (PH2). Drug toxic due to gossypol. Animals fed seed press cakes for 3 to 4 weeks showed +enterosis, gastrosis, hematuria, jaundice, and nephritic and ophthalmic disorders (BUR; PH2). +Natural History (l eva Nt Cotto N): +Bezemer et al. (2004) found that in undamaged plants, terpenoid aldehydes were concentrated in the +young immature main leaves. Aboveground feeding by Spodopterta exigua larvae on a mature leaf +enhanced terpenoid (hemigossypolone, heliocides 1 and 4) concentrations in immature leaves but +not in the damaged leaf. Root herbivory by wireworms (Agriotes lineatus) also resulted in increased +terpenoid levels in foliage (X15074657). +8202_C001.indd 200 11/12/07 2:34:30 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +extra Cts (l eva Nt Cotto N): +The oilseed cake contains circa 4% glutamic acid. In its free state, -gLlutamic acid is used to +treat mental decfi iencies in infants and adolescents. Gossypol shows antitumor activity in several +NCI tumor systems. LD50 Gossypol = 20 mg/kg ipr mus (BIB). This species reportedly contains +3,500–18,100 ppm gossypol in the embryo, as in most cottons a mix of the (+) and (-) enantiomers. +Some of this gets into cottonseed oils (X16076104). Talking about cotton in general, Stipanovi cet al. +(2005) state that in many ways the (+)-enantiomer is positive, from a health point of view and the +(-)-enantiomer is negative from a food point of view, but positive for biological activities, including +medicinal activities. For example, (-)-gossypol inhibits various cancer cells more effectively than +the (+)-enantiomer. (-)-Gossypol is a more effective inhibitor of various enzymes than (+)-gossy- +pol. (-)-Gossypol, but not (+)-gossypol, shows anti-HIV-1 activity in humans (9). (-)-Gossypol is +effective against ameba. (--)Gossypol, but not (+)-gossypol, has male antifertility activity and is +more toxic to animals. Broiler chickens fed a diet containing 5% cottonseed [(+-) to (-)-gossypol +ratio of 83:17] gained weight at the same rate as the 100% soybean control diet. Cumulative weight +gains of the chickens decreased circa 126 g for each 100-mg increase in (--g)ossypol consumed, +whereas the cumulative weight gains were not signicfi antly altered with increased (+)-gossypol +(X16076104). +GUNDeLIA (g undeli A tournefortii L.) + Aste RACeAe +Notes (t our NeFort ’s g u Ndelia ): +O my God, make them like a wheel; as the stubble before the wind. +Psalms 83:13 (KJV) +In the RSV, wheel is replaced by whirling dust. In Isaiah 17:13, Zohary’s and the RSV’s whirling +dust reads more like “a rolling thing before the whirlwind” in the KJV. All seem appropriate for +Gundelia, known to travelers as the “steppe monster.” The thistle-like heads, often joined into a +group, may roll before the wind in the empty desert steppes, rather like a tumbleweed, scattering its +edible seed. This is the only species in the genus Gundelia, largest of 30 Holy Land species called +tumbleweed (ZOH). +Commo N Names (g u Ndelia ): +Akov? (Heb..; ZOH); Akub (Arab.; FAC; HJP; ZOH); Akuvith (Heb.; ZOH); Cardi (?; FAC); Galgal +(Heb.; ZOH); Gundelia (Eng.; HJP); Hakub (Arab.; FAC); K’aub (Arab.; HJP; ZOH); Kenger (?; +FAC); Ku’ayb (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Steppe Monster (Eng.; ZOH); Tournefort’s Gundelia (Eng.; +ZOH); Tumbleweed (Eng.; ZOH); Nscn. +a Ctivities (g u Ndelia ): +Antiseptic (f; X11378279); Bactericide (f; X11378279); Emetic (f1; HJP; ZOH); MDR Inhibitor (f; +X11378279); Vulnerary (f; HJP). +iNdi Catio Ns (g u Ndelia ): +Bacteria (f; X11378279); Infection (f; X11378279); Pseudomonas (f; X11378279); Snakebite (f; HJP); +Sore (f; HJP); Wart (f; HJP). +8202_C001.indd 201 11/12/07 2:34:30 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d osages (g u Ndelia ): +FNFF = ! +Middle Eastern peasants make a “delicious dish” from the young efl shy heads, rather like the related +globe artichokes. The oil-rich ripe nuts are edible and tasty. Leaves, thick stems, undeveloped ofl wer +buds, and roots all eaten. Toasted seeds used as “kenger coffee.” Sold in Lebanese and Syrian m- ar +kets. Anatolians collect and dry the plants for winter fodder (FAC; ZOH). +• Lebanese suggest the latex for burning off warts, drying up sores, as an emetic, and +snakebite cure (HJP). +d ow Nsides (g u Ndelia ): +Latex emetic. +extra Cts (g u Ndelia ): +Aburjai et al. (2001) screened methanolic extracts combined with seven different antibiotics to check +the synergic activities againstP seudomonas aeruginosa, including a resistant strain.G undelia +tournefortii andL epidium sativum inhibited the growth of the resistant strain. Chloramphenicol, gen- +tamicin, and cephalosporin can be given with the plant material, to good advantage (X11378279). +eNGLIsh I vy ( h eder A helix L.) + ARALIACeAe +Notes (eNglis H ivy ): +And in the day of the king’s birth every month they were brought by bitter constraint to eat of the +sacrifices; and when the fast of Bacchus was kept, the Jews were compelled to go in procession to +Bacchus, carrying ivy. +II Maccabees 6:7 +Zohary comments that ivy, now rare in upper Galilee and Samaria, may once have been more widely +distributed. In earlier times, the leaves formed the poet’s crown, as well as the wreath of Bacchus, to +whom the plant was dedicated. Ivy was once bound around the brow to prevent intoxication. Hence, a +garland of ivy was hung outside olden roadhouses to indicate that wine was sold therein. Greek priests +presented a wreath of ivy to newly married persons, symbolizing dfi elity. The leaf contains circa 10% +saponin and has been used for washing wool. Leaves boiled with soda are said to be suitable for was- h +ing clothes. Young twigs are a source of yellow and brown dye. Hardwood can be used as a boxwood +substitute in engraving. Extracts are found in French massage creams and soaps. Ivy leaves were once +bruised, gently boiled in wine, and drunk to alleviate intoxication by wine. Flowers, decocted in wine, +were used for dysentery. Plant said to have been used as an emetic and narcotic on at least three co-nti +nents. Tender ivy twigs, boiled in butter, were a primitive approach to remove sunburn. +Commo N Names (eNglis H ivy ): +Afal (Ber.; BOU); Aise (Fr.; KAB); ‘Amshak (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Arbambal (Hazara; KAB); +Azemnoun (Ber.; BOU); Bach Euoc Ngo Cong (Ic.; KAB); Banda (Kum.; Barga; Arab.; BOU); +Barren Black (Eng.; BUR); Barren Ivy (Eng.; KAB); Beglet el-berba (Arab.; BOU); Benewithtree +(Eng.; KAB); Bentwood (Eng.; EFS); Bindwood (Eng.; KAB); Birdwood (Eng.; BUR); Black Ivy +(Eng.; KAB); Bluszcz (Pol.; KAB); Borostyan (Hung.; KAB); Bourreau des Arbres (Fr.; KAB); +Brumbrumdakari (Beas; KAB); Ch’ang Ch’ung T’eng (China; KAB); ‘Cisus (Arab.; Syria; HJP); +Common Ivy (Eng.; BOU); Creeping Ivy (Eng.; BUR); Dudela (Nepal; KAB); Duvar Sarma¸sig? +(Tur.; EFS); Edera (It.; KAB); Eevy (Eng.; KAB); Efeu (Ger.; EFS); Eibhean (Ire.; KAB); Ellera (It.; +EFS); English Ivy (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; BOU); Epheu (Ger.; EFS); Euné (Fr.; KAB); Eura (Cat.; KAB); +Eurré (Fr.; KAB); Fai-Borostyan (Hung.; KAB); Ground Ivy (Eng.; KAB); Habl el-masakin (Arab.; +8202_C001.indd 202 11/12/07 2:34:31 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +FIGURe . English Ivy (Hedera helix). +BOU; HJP); Halbambar (Jhelum; KAB); Hera (Por.; KAB); Hiedra Comun (Sp.; EFS); Hyven (Eng.; +KAB); Iedere (Rom.; KAB); Immergroen (Ger.; KAB); Ivin (Eng.; KAB); Ivory (Eng.; KAB); Ivy +(Eng.; CR2); Kadloli (Sutlej; KAB); Kaneri (Sutlej; KAB); Kaniuri (Sutlej; KAB); Karbaru (Sutlej; +KAB); Karmora (Kas.; KAB); Karur (Ravi; KAB); Klimop (Dutch; EFS); Klyf (Dutch; KAB); Ko-s +sos (Ger.; KAB); Koubbar (Ber.; BOU); Kuri (Ravi; KAB); Kurol (Chenab; KAB); Lablab (Behar; +KAB); Lablab Kibir (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Labiab Kebir (Arab.; BOU); Lablab (India; EFS); Leblab +(Arab.; BOU); Leouno (Lan.; KAB); Liedna (Malta; KAB); Lierré (Fr.; BOU; KAB); Lierre Com- +mun (Fr.; BOU; EFS); Lierre d’es Poe?tes (Fr.; KAB); Lierre d’Europ (Fr.; KAB); Lierre Grimpant +(Fr.; BOU; EFS); ‘Maddada (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Mandia (Kas.; KAB); Maravala (Mal.; KAB); M-ara +valai (Mal.; KAB); Mithiari (Jaunsar; KAB); Murgroen (Swe.; KAB); Parwata (Pushtu; KAB); P- li +usch (Rus.; KAB); Qessous (Arab.; BOU); Small Ivy (Eng.; BUR); Tassouafl l (Ber.; BOU); Vedbende +(Den.; KAB); Wintergroen (Ger.; KAB); Woodbind (Eng.; BUR); Yedra (Sp.; KAB); Yedra Comun +(Sp.; EFS). +8202_C001.indd 203 11/12/07 2:34:55 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +a Ctivities (eNglis H ivy ): +Abortifacient (f; AAH); Allergenic (1; APA; CRC; PH2; X14513244); Amebicide (1; BGB; PNC); +Anodyne (1; APA; BGB); Anthelmintic (f; BGB; PH2; PNC); Anticancer (1; BGB); Antiexudative +(f; PH2); Antiinafl mmatory (f12; KOM; X12834000) Antileishmannic (1; BGB); Antimelanomic (1; +BGB); Antioxidant (1; X15241892); Antiparasitic (1; BGB); Antitussive (f12; AAH; APA; X12006725); +Antiseptic (f1; APA; BIB; CRC); Antispasmodic (f12; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP; PM10:213); Aphrodi- +siac (f; CRC; HJP); Astringent (f1; BUR; CRC); Bactericide (1; APA; PH2; PM10:213); Bronchodil-a +tor (1; PM10:213); Cathartic (f; CRC; BGB; PNC); Contraceptive (f; CRC); Cytotoxic (f; BGB; PH2; +PNC); Diaphoretic (f; CRC); Emetic (f1; BOU; CRC); Diuretic (1; X12730261) Emmenagogue (f; +BOU; CRC); Expectorant (f12; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP; X12006725); Febrifuge (f; BGB; DAA; PNC); +Fungicide (1; APA; BGB; PH2; PNC); Hemolytic (1; CRC); Hemostat (f; AAH); Intoxicant (f; EFS); +Irritant (2; KOM; PH2); Laxative (f; CRC); Litholytic (f; MAD); Molluscicide (1; BGB; PH2; PNC); +Mucoirritant (2; KOM); Mucolytic (f; PM10:213); Narcotic (f; CRC); Natriuretic (1; X12730261); +Pediculicide (f; CRC; KAB); Poison (f; BUR); Protisticide (1; APA); Purgative (f; CRC); Secretolytic +(f; BIS; PM10:213); Sedative (1; APA; BGB); Stimulant (f; CRC); Sudoricfi (f; CRC; DAA); Tricho - +monicide (1; BGB); Vasoconstrictor (f; CRC); Vasodilator (f; CRC); Vermifuge (f; CRC). +iNdi Catio Ns (eNglis H ivy ): +Abscess (f; KAB); Adenopathy (f; KAB); Amenorrhea (f; APA; BOU); Arthrosis (f; APA); Asthma +(12; PM10:213; X12725580); Backache (f; AAH); Boil (f; BOU); Bronchosis (f12; APA; PHR; PIP; +X12725580); Bunion (f; AAH); Burn (f; APA; MAD; PHR); Cacoethes (f; JLH); Callus (f; JLH; MAD; +PHR; PH2); Cancer (f; BOU; CRC; JLH; KAB); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; X15740080; +X15796588); Cancer, lymph (f; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Catarrh (2; KOM; +MAD; PH2; PIP); Cellulitis (f; PHR; PH2); Chilblain (f; AAH); Cholecystosis (f; PH2); Conjunctivosis +(f; AAH); Corn (f; JLH; MAD); Cough (f12; APA; CRC; PHR; X12006725); Cramp (f12; BOU; KOM; +MAD); Dermatosis (f1; APA; BOU); Dysentery (f; CRC; GMH); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; BOU); Dys- +pnea (12; X12006725); Eczema (f; AAH); Favus (1; MAD); Fever (f; BOU); Gout (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); +Headache (f; JLH; MAD); Hemoptysis (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; PHR; PH2; PNC); High Blood Pressure +(1; CRC); Hydrocephaly (f; MAD); Impotence (f; HJP); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; APA); Inafl m - +mation (f12; BGB; KOM; MAD; PH2; X12834000); Intoxication (f; BGB; CRC; GMH); Jaundice (f; +CRC; MAD); Leishmania (1; BGB; PR15:298); Leukorrhea (f; MAD); Lice (1; CRC); Liver Flukes (1; +PNC); Malaria (f1; BIB; CRC; MAD); Measles (f; AAH); Menorrhagia (f; MAD); Mucososis (f; MAD); +Mycosis (f; AAH); Nephrosis (f; AAH); Neuralgia (f; PHR; PH2); Pain (12; APA; X12006725); Parasites +(1; APA; PHR; PH2); Parotitis (f; AAH); Pertussis (f1; AAH; APA; BIS); Phlebitis (f; PHR; PH2); Polyp +(f; JLH; MAD); Rachitis (f; PH2); Respirosis (f12; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP; X12006725); Rheumatism (f; +APA; BGB; PHR; PH2); Rhinosis (f; MAD); Ringworm (f; AAH); Scabies (1; APA; MAD); Sclerosis (f; +CRC); Scrofula (f; BGB; CRC; PHR; PH2); Sore (f; BOU; PHR); Spasm (f; BOU); Splenosis (f; MAD; +PHR; PH2); Sprain (f; AAH); Stomachache (f; MAD); Stone (f; MAD); Sunburn (f; CRC; GMH); Tetters +(f; AAH); Toothache (f; APA; CRC; MAD); Tuberculosis (f; HJP; MAD); Wart (f; JLH; MAD); Wen (f; +JLH); Worm (f; CRC); Wound (f; BOU; PHR). +d osages (eNglis H ivy ): +FNFF = ? +According to Tanaka (TAN), “leaves are said to be added to beer to make it strong”; or bruised and +boiled in wine to render it less intoxicating (GMH). 0.5 g/cup tea/1–3× /day (APA); 0.3 g/day leaf (KOM; +PIP); 1/2 tsp (1 g) powdered leaf (MAD). 1 tsp herb/1/4 cup; steep 10 minutes 1–3 ×/day (PHR). +• British apply vinegar leaf macerate (or wear leaf in sock) for corns, bunions, and warts (AAH). +• British ingest berries for aches and pains, cold and cough (AAH). +• Devons take leaf/berry infusion for mumps (AAH). +8202_C001.indd 204 11/12/07 2:34:55 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +• Lebanese (educated northerners) consider the plant an aphrodisiac (HJP). +• Lebanese believe crushed leaves and berries help tuberculosis (HJP). +• Lebanese suggest tendrils in yogurt as a skin lotion and bleach (HJP). +• Mediterraneans hint that ingesting 1 g powdered fruit induces sterility (BIB). +• Scots and Irish make a hat of ivy for children with eczema (AAH). +• South African whites apply the vinega-rsteeped leaves to cancerous growths and corns (BIB). +d ow Nsides (eNglis H ivy ): +No health hazards or contraindications reported with proper administration of suggested therap-eu +tic dosages (PH2). None known or indicated (KOM; PIP). Can cause contact allergy (BIS). Pales-tin +ians regard the fruit as toxic to children (BIB). +Natural History (eNglis H ivy ): +Sheep and deer will eat the leaves in winter, although cows often will not (BIB). +extra Cts (eNglis H ivy ): +Suleyman et al. (2003) demonstrated antiinafl mmatory effects of a crude saponin extract and saponin +(IC77 = 100–200 mg/kg) (X12834000). Hofmann et al. (2003), in a review of randomized controlled +trials, found that ivy drops were signicfi antly superior to placebo in reducing airway resistance. Cough +syrup and suppositories were modestly useful, and can improve respiratory functions of children with +chronic bronchial asthma (X12725580). Hecker, Runkel, and Voelp (2002), studying a proprietary cough +tablet (585–780 mg tablet corresponding to circa 100–130 mg of dried ivy leaf extract), reported relief in +cough 92.2%; expectoration 94.2%; dyspnea 83.1%; and respiratory pain 86.9% (X12006725). Ridoux et +al. (2001) reported antileishmanial activity of three ivy saponins (alpha-hederin, beta-hederin, and h-ed +eracolchiside A) in association with pentamidine and amphotericin B. The saponins exhibited a strong +antiproliferative activity on all stages of development of the parasite but demonstrated a strong toxicity to +human cells. Association of subtoxic concentrations of saponins with antileishmanial drugs such as pe-nt +amidine and amphotericin B demonstrated that saponins could enhance the efcfi iency of conventional +drugs (X11406851). Polyacetylenes, especially falcarinol (also allergenic), may prevent colon cancer; +and are also reportedly allergenic, analgesic, antileukemic, antimelanomic, antimycobacterial, anti-sep +tic, antitubercular, antitumor, bactericide, chemopreventive, cytotoxic, and sedative (FNF; X15740080; +X15796588). Gepdiremen et al. (2005) demonstrated antiinafl mmatory activity of four of the saponins: +alpha-hederin, hederasaponin-C, hederacolchiside-E, and hederacolchisid-eF in edema (0.02–20mg/kg). +Indomethacin was the most potent drug in the rfi st phase. For the second phase of acute inafl mmation, +indomethacin and hederacolchisid-eF were both very potent. Alpha-hederin was relatively ineffective. +Hederasaponin-C, -E, and -F may block bradykinin or other inafl mmation mediators (X16008120). +BARLey (h ordeum vulg Are L.) ++ po ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Hordeum aegiceras Watt.; Hordeum coeleste Watt.; Hordeum deficiens Steud.; Hordeum distichon +L.; Hordeum gymnodistichum Watt.; Hordeum hexastichon L.; Hordeum intermedium Kornicke; +Hordeum sativum Jessen; Hordeum zeocriton L. +Notes (barley ): +Let thistles grow instead of wheat, and cockle instead of barley. The words of Job are ended. +Job 31:40 (KJV) +Let thorns grow instead of wheat, and foul weeds instead of barley. The words of Job are ended. +Job 31:40 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 205 11/12/07 2:34:56 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Barley (Hordeum vulgare). +Instead of wheat, let the thorny weed go forth, and instead of barley stinking weeds. The words +of Job have come to an end. +Job 31:40 (RSV) +Here among the weeds and thorns, we have two, barley and wheat, of the “seven species.” Jewish +folklore calls them the “seven species,” the barley, wheat, vines, gfi s, pomegranate, oil (olive), and +honey (date) of Deuteronomy. Mentioned more than 30 times in the Bible, at least 13 times with +8202_C001.indd 206 11/12/07 2:34:59 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +wheat, barley was considered inferior to wheat. Ripening a month or so earlier than wheat, it was +taken for omer offerings at Passover, but the first grains of wheat were offered at the Feast of the +Pentecost. Cultivation reportedly began circa 8000 b.c. in southwestern Asia (ZOH). Barley may +be less important since the internal combustion engine replaced the horse, but stalks of the wild +varieties still wave on the hills of Galilee and Judea, ancestors of the world’s barley (BIB). Barley +is the fourth most important cereal in the United States, but probably half of the production is used +for livestock fodder, a quarter for the brewing industry (80% for beer, 14% distilled alcohol, and +6% malt syrup). Winter barley furnishes nutritive pasturage without seriously reducing yields (BIB; +ZOH). Barley grain is demulcent and easily assimilable, and used in invalid and convalescent diets. +Pearl barley is commonly used. Powdered parched grains used in the form of a gruel for painful and +atonic dyspepsia. Barley water with honey is prescribed for bronchial coughs, and with gum arabic +used for soothing irritations of the bladder and urinary passage. The seed meal is a folk remedy for +cancer of the uterus, inafl mmatory tumors and gatherings, parotid gland tumors, and hard tumors. +The seed ofl ur is said to be a cure for anal condylomata, tumors behind the ears, scirrhus of the +testicles, and spleen, whitlows, and tumors. Seed cataplasms are said to help breast cancers. Le-ba +nese mix barley with olive oil for indolent ulcers (BIB). +Commo N Names (barley ): +Akshata (Sanskrit; KAB); Alcacer (Sp.; EFS); Arbus (Ashkobi; KAB); Arpa (Hun.; Tur.; DEP; KAB; +EB49:406); Arpah (Tartary; KAB); Baarli (Kon.; NAD); Barley (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2); Barliarisi +(Tam.; WOI); Barlibiyam (Tel.; KAB; WOI); Barliyarisi (Tam.; KAB; WOI); Béchette (Fr.; KAB); +Biugg (Swe., KAB); Brehnajau (Bagwana; KAB); Buza (Pun.; KAB); Byg (Den.; KAB); Cebada (Sp.; +Peru; EGG; KAB); Cebada Común (Sp.; EFS); Cevad (Kon.; KAB); Cevada (Por.; KAB); Cevada das +Cuatro Carreras (Por.; EFS); Cevada Sancta (Brazil; KAB); Cheno (Guj.; NAD); Da Mai (Pin.; DAA); +Dhanya Bhedam (Tel.; DEP); Divya (Sanskrit; SKJ); Farro (It.; KAB); Garsten (Ger.; KAB); Gerst +(Dutch; EFS; KAB); Gerste (Ger.; EFS); Gort (Dutch; EFS); Hadaka Mugi (Japan; TAN); Indarjawu +(Nwp., KAB); Jab (Beng.; Iran; KAB; WOI); Jan (Hindi; NAD); Jao (Afg.; Iran; DEP; EFS; KAB); +Jaon (Pun.; WOI); Jaoshirin (Afg.; DEP; KAB); Jaotursh (Afg.; KAB); Jau (Beng.; Guj.; Hindi; Nepal; +Nwp.; Pun.; KAB; NPM; SKJ; WOI); Jav (Beng.; Bom.; Guj.; Hindi; Urdu; KAB; WOI); Java (Mar.; +WOI); Jave (Hindi; NAD); Jave Godhi (Kan.; KAB; WOI); Jawa (Sin.; NAD); Jenczmien (Pol.; KAB); +Jetschmen (Rus.; KAB); Jowakhar (Bihar; KAB; WOI); Kari (Arm.; KAB); Kordne (Lapland; KAB); +Krithari (Greek; KAB); Kung Mai (China; EFS; KAB); Mai Ngai (Malaya; KAB); Mai Ya (Pin.; +AH2); Mu Yao (Burma; DEP); Muyau (Burma; KAB); Nas (Bhutan; Tibet; DEP; TIB); Nigo omugi +(Japan; TAN); No Mai (China; EFS); Ohva (Fin.; KAB); Omugi (Japan; TAN); Ordi (Cat.; KAB); +Ordigal (Lan.; KAB); Orge (Fr.; EFS; TAN); Orge Anguleuse (Fr.; NAD); Orz (Rom.; KAB); Orzo +di Spagna (It.; EFS); Orzo Nudo (It.; EFS); Pachcha Yava (Tel.; DEP); Pachcha Yavulu (Tel.; NAD); +Paighambari (Tibet; DEP); Pearl Barley (Eng.; DEP; EFS); Perlgraupen (Ger.; EFS); Rasuli (Tibet; +DEP); Rokuju omugi (Japan; TAN); Rollgerste (Ger.; EFS); Satu (Bom.; Dec.; Mar.; DEP; KAB); +Sechszeilige Gerste (Ger.; NAD); Seorah (Heb.; ZOH); Seorim (Heb.; ZOH); Shaair (Arab.; DEP; +KAB); Shijo Omugi (Japan; TAN); Situshaka (Sanskrit; WOI); Soah (Lassa; DEP; KAB); Suj (Hindi; +KAB); Ta Mai (China; EFS; TAN); Tosa (Nepal; DEP; KAB); Urbusha (Harboi; Jhalawan; Sharig; +KAB); Xghei (Malta; KAB); Yava (Ayu.; Sanskrit; EFS; KAB; NAD; WOI); Yavaka (Sanskrit; Tel.; +DEP; WOI); Ymvah (Guj.; WOI); Ymwah (Guj.; DEP; KAB); Yurk (Nwp.; KAB). +a Ctivities (barley ): +Abortifacient (f; BIB); Antiinafl mmatory (f; EGG); Antilactagogue (f; BIB; NMH); Antioxidant +(1; X10888490); Aphrodisiac (f; EGG; KAB); Astringent (f; TIB); Demulcent (f; BIB; EFS); Diges- +tive (f; BIB; TIB); Diuretic (f; BIB); Emollient (f; BIB; EFS); Expectorant (f; BIB); Febrifuge (f; +BIB); Hypocholesterolemic (1; X12566485); Lactagogue (f; NMH); Refrigerant (f; TIB); Sedative +(f; EGG); Stomachic (f; BIB); Tonic (f; SKJ; TIB). +8202_C001.indd 207 11/12/07 2:35:00 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +iNdi Catio Ns (barley ): +Abscess (f; EB51:195); Acrochordon (f; BIB); Adenopathy (f; BIB); Anemia (f; KAB); Anorexia +(f; KAB); Asthma (f; KAB); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bladder (f; BIB); Bronchosis (f; BIB); Burn (f; +BIB); Cancer (f; BIB); Cancer, bladder (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; BIB); Cancer, colon (f1; BIB; +JLH; X834216); Cancer, feet (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, parotid (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; BIB; +JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; BIB; JLH); Carcinoma (f; BIB; JLH); Catarrh (f; BIB; DEP; EFS); Chest (f; +BIB); Chilblain (f; BIB); Cholera (f; BIB); Cold (f; EB49:406); Colitis (f; PH2); Condyloma (f; BIB); +Cough (f; BIB); Cystosis (f; BIB); Debility (f; BIB; DEP); Dermatosis (f; EB51:195); Diabetes (1; +X8632219); Diarrhea (f; BIB); Dyspepsia (f; BIB; SKJ; WOI); Dysuria (f; KAB; EB51:195); Entero- +sis (f; JLH; PH2); Fever (f; BIB); Fig (f; BIB); Fistula (f; NAD); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gingivosis (f; +KAB); IBD (f; PH2); High Cholesterol (1; X12566485); Hyperlipidemia (1; X8632219); Impotence +(f; EGG; KAB); Induration (f; BIB; JLH); Infection (f; BIB); Inafl mmation (f; BIB; EGG); Insomnia +(f; EGG); Itch (f; EB51:195); Measles (f; BIB; EGG); Obesity (1; X8632219); Orchosis (f; BIB); Pain (f; +KAB); Parotitis (f; BIB); Phthisis (f; BIB); Proctosis (f; BIB; NAD); Puerperium (f; BIB); Rheumatism +(f; EB51:195); Scirrhus (f; BIB; JLH); Smallpox (f; EGG); Sore (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; JLH; BIB); +Swelling (f; BIB); Syndrome X (1; X8632219); Thirst (f; KAB); Tuberculosis (f; BIB); Tumor (f; +BIB); Urogenitosis (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; BIB); UTI (f; NAD); Wart (f; BIB); Whitlow (f; BIB). +d osages (barley ): +FNFF = !!! +Cereal widely eaten, ground for breadstuffs, pearled for soups, brewed for beer; afl ked for stout, +fermented for Bavarian vinegars, or scorched for coffee; diastatic malt (malted barley ofl ur) is added +to feed the yeast in rising breads. Barley sprouts are often added to salads. Faddists use barley juice +expressed from young seedlings as a health food (e.g., BarleyGreen or greenmagmax). It is essential +in making miso. (Steamed barley is inoculated with koji fungus, added to steamed soybeans, and +fermented into miso. Miso is supposed to be extra rich in estrogenic isoafl vones.) In India, a cooling +drink called sattu is made. Ashes of leaves used in Patna (India) to make sherbets (BIB; FAC; JAD; +TAN; EB54:155). The biblical barley cake looks substantial, although not so good from the Atkins +or Weston Price points of view: “Take thou unto thee wheat, and barley, and beans, and lentiles, and +millet, and tfi ches, and put them in one vessel, and make thee bread thereof … And thou shalt eat it +as barley cakes …” (Ezekiel 4:9 and 12). 450 mg (PH2). +• Algerians used barley after trepanning, and in poultices for fractures and swollen t-es +ticles and abscesses; and applied to the head for sunstroke (BIB). +• Asians use powdered seed for abdominal tumors (JLH). +• Ayurvedics use barley for anorexia, anemia, asthma, biliousness, bronchosis, burns, dy-s +uria, impotence, and ulcers (KAB). +• Cereal boiled in yogurt is taken internally for rheumatism (EB51:195). +• Chinese use malt or germinated barley with the radicle attached as demulcent, expect-o +rant, and stomachic (KAB). +• Iranians say, “What has disease to do with men who live upon barle-ybread and butte-r +milk?” (BIB). +• Lebanese use cultivated barley for infections and tuberculosis (HJP). +• Peruvians apply barley flour to measles and smallpox (EGG). +• Peruvians suggest “mazamorra de cebada” for sexual debility (EGG). +• Peruvians view toasted barley decoction as antiinflammatory, depurative, and diuretic +(EGG). +• Turks recommend the grain decoction for colds (EB49:406). +• Unani use barley for biliousness, chest pain, fever, headache, inafl med gums, and thirst +(KAB). +8202_C001.indd 208 11/12/07 2:35:01 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +d ow Nsides (barley ): +Class 2b (AHP). No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2). +Natural History (barley ): +Many fungi attack barley and some cause serious damage in some areas. Agricultural agents should +be consulted as to methods for control. Those reported on barley include the following species: +Alternaria tenuis, Ascochyta hordei, Aspergillus minutus, Botrytis cinerea, Calonectria gramini- +cola, Camarosporium umbonatum, Candida variabilis, Cephalosporium curtipes, C. gramineum, +Cephalothecium roseum, Cercosporella herpotrichoides, Cerebelia andropogonis, Cladosporium +herbarum, Claviceps purpurea, Cochliobolus sativus, Corticium gramineum, C. solani, Crypto- +ascus graminis, Curvularia geniculata, Dendryphion laxum, Drechslera graminea, D. teres (Hel- +minthosporium teres, Pyrenospora teres), Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei, Fusarium acuminatum, +F. aquaeductum, F. avenaceum, F. concolor, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. het- +erosporum, F. oxysporum, F poae, F. redolens, F. roseum f. cerealis, F. sambucinum and var .coe- +ruleum, F. scirpi, F. solani, F. sporotrichioides, Gibberella saubinetti, G. zeae, Griphosphaeria +nivalis, Helminthosporium oryzae, H. sativum, H. sorokinianum, H. teres, H. tetramera, H. zonatum, +Heterosporium hordei, Lagena radicicola, Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides, Linocarpon cariceti, +Macrophoma hennebergii, Marssonia graminicola (Rhynchosporium secalis), Monilia sitophila, +Mucor spp., Mycosphaerella hordeicola, M. tassiana, M. tulasnei, Nigrospora sphaerica, Oidium +monilioides, Olpidiaster radicis, Ophiobolus cariceti, O. graminis, O. herpotricus, Paecilomyces +varioti, Papularia sphaerosperma, Penicillium spp., Phoma glomerata, Pleospora trichostoma, +Puccinia coronata and f. sp., secalis, P. glumarum and f. sp. hordei, P. graminis and several f. spp., +P. anomala, P. hirsutum, P. hordei, P. kapuscinski, P. purpurogenum, P. rubigovera (P. recon- +dita), P. sanguineum, Pullularia pullulans, Pyrenophora grainea, P. japonica, P teres, Pythium +aphanidermatum, P. arrhenomanes, P. debaryanum, P. iwayamai, P. volutum, Ramularia hordei, +Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizophus arrizus, R. elegans, R. nigricans, Rhynchosporium graminicola, R. +secalis and f. sp. hordei, Sclerophthora macrospora, Sclerotinia borealis, S. delphinii, S. sclero- +tium, S. rolfsii, Selenophoma donacis var. stomaticola, Selenophoma everhartii, Septoria avenae, +S. hordei, S. nodorum, S. passerini, Sordaria finicola, Spongospora subterranea, Stemphyllium +botryosum, Tilletia hordei, T. panicii, Torula antennata, T. graminicola, Trichoderma glaucum, +T. kongingi, Ustilago avenae, U. hordei, U. nigra, U. segetum, U. tritici, U. zeae, and Wojnowicia +graminis. Virus diseases include the following: Barley stripe mosaic (False stripe), Oat pseudo- +rosette, Rice streak, Rice black-streaked dwarf, Wheat green mosaic, Wheat rosette, Barley yellow +dwarf, Barley yellow mosaic, Yellows, and False stripe. Bacterial diseases include those caused by +the following species: Bacillus hordei, Pseudomonas atrofaciens, P. hordei, P. striaefaciens var. +japonica, P. translucens and var. undulosa, and Xanthomonas translucens and f. sp. hordei and +hordei-avenae. Plants may also be parasitized by Cuscuta pentagona and Strigna lutea. Nematodes +isolated from barley include the following species: Acrobeloides buetschlii, A. enoplus, Anguina +tritici, Aphelenchoides parietinus, Aphelenchus avenae, Belonolaimus gracilis, Chiloplacus sym- +metricus, Criconemoides mutabile, Ditylenchus dipsaci, D. radicicola, Dorylaimus laetificans, +D. nothus, D. obtusicaudatus, Eucephalobus striatus, Helicotylenchus dihystera, H. erythri- +nae, H. pseudorobustus, Heterodera avenae, H. hordecalis, H. latipons, H. zeae, Hoplolaimus +galeatus, H. tylenchiformis, Meloidogyne artiellia, M. chitwoodi, M. incognita, M. incognita var. +acrita, M. naasi, M. arenaria, Merlinius brevidens, Mesorhabditis monhystera, Mirolaimus mirus, +Neocriconella mutabilis, Panagrolaimus rigidus, Pelodera lambdiensis, Plectus granulosus, Prat- +ylenchus crenatus, P. neglectus, P. neocapitatus, P. penetrans, P. pinguicaudatus, P. pratensis, P. +minyus, P. thornei, Punctodera punctata, Rhabditis gongyloides, Rotylenchtis erythrinae, Stiban- +guina radicicola, Trichodoras christiei, Tylenchus scandens, T. pratensis, T. spiralis, T. hordei, +Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, and T. dubius (HOE). +8202_C001.indd 209 11/12/07 2:35:01 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +extra Cts (barley ): +Behall et al. (2004) demonstrated that as with oats, increased soluble bfi er via barley consump- +tion in a healthy diet can reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol +after the high-soluble bfi er diet were signicfi antly lower (X14963054). Behall’s research suggests +that a biblical barley bread (beans, tfi ches, lentils, millet, and wheat) with exercise might be a nice +herbal alternative to Zocor for high cholesterol. The following hierarchy of antioxidant activity +was provided for 80% methanolic extracts originated from whole grain: buckwheat > barley > oat +> wheat congruent with rye. (X10888490). Spent barley grain was very protective against colon +cancer relative to wheat bran and commercial barley bran (X8234216). +hy ACINth ( h yAcinthus orient Alis n Ame L.) + LILIACeAe +Notes (Hya CiNt H): +I am the rose of Sharon, and the lily of the valleys. +Song of Solomon 2:1 +Zohary does not index this species, so I may have to reconsider this as the biblical lily of the valley. +It is a handsome ornamental, regarded as the biblical lily of the valley by some. It has long been a +source of perfume, once extracted from the ofl wers in France and Holland. In classical mythology, +Hyacinthus was a handsome young man, adored by Apollo as by Zephyrus. When the boy seemed +to prefer Apollo, Zephyrus became jealous and deefl cted a quoit, which killed Hyacinthus. Apollo +then transformed the body into the blue ofl wers whose beauty and fragrance were to be his eternal +memorial. Grieving, Apollo sighed the universal eastern grieving wail “Ai, Ai,” letters said to be +inscribed to this day on the tepals. Because Ai was similar to the Greek word for eternal, the hy-a +cinth is often carved into Greek tombs (BIB). Roots of the relatedH yacinthus nonscriptus are used +for leucorrhea; dried and powdered, they are used as a styptic (BIB; GMH). +Commo N Names (Hya CiNt H): +Bassal Sambal (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Eastern Hyacinth (Eng.; HJP); Khuzam (Arab.; Syria; HJP); +Wild Hyacinth (Eng.; HJP); Nscn. +iNdi Catio Ns (Hya CiNt H): +Dysuria (f; BIB; HHB); Jaundice (f; BIB; HHB); Venereal Disease (f;HJP). +d osages (Hya CiNt H): +FNFF = X +• Lebanese treat venereal disease both topically and with dilute infusions (HJP). +extra Cts (Hya CiNt H): +The essential oil contains the antitumor compound benzaldehyde. +8202_C001.indd 210 11/12/07 2:35:02 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis). +8202_C001.indd 211 11/12/07 2:35:21 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Go LDeN he NBANe (h yoscy Amus A ureus L.) x so LANACeAe +Notes (g olde N HeNba Ne): +And the border went out unto the side of Ekron northward: and the border was drawn to Shicron, +and passed along to mount Baalah, and went out unto Jabneel; and the goings out of the border +were at the sea. +Joshua 15:11 (KJV) +Zohary relates that Shicron can be identiefi d as a place name in Judea, where this species of +Hysoscyamus, the most common of vfi e species in Flora of Palestine, is abundant, often growing +in cracks in old ruins and walls, right there in Jerusalem. Zohary also mentionsH . muticus, also +a possibility, as the most poisonous species, widely used as a medicine and narcotic (ZOH). In +a review of Israeli Solanaceae used medicinally, Dafni and Yaniv (1994) interviewed 106 local +Israeli healers. Only four species (Lycium europeaum, Solanum nigrum, Hyoscyamus aureus, and +Hyoscyamus albus) are still extensively used today; while the use of some species has been almost +abandoned D( atura spp., Mandragora autumnalis, and Withania somnifera). Today, all the plants +are applied externally, they are rarely used as narcotics, and most uses are variable and localized. +Extensive distribution of safer modern anesthetics, narcotics, and sedatives reduced reliance on +Solanaceae (X7990499). Apparently, all contain the dangerous but biologically active alkaloid, +hyoscyamine (ZOH). If all contain hyoscyamine, andH yoscyamus muticus is most poisonous, it +may be best endowed with hyoscyamine, and probably exhibits many of the activities of hyoscy-a +mine. Activities of hyoscyamine are listed below under “Extracts.” +Commo N Names (g olde N HeNba Ne): +Banj (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Golden Flowered Henbane (Eng.; HJP); Golden Henbane (Eng.; JAD); +Saccharus (Greek; ZOH); Sakaran es Shar (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Shicron (Heb.; KJV); Shikkeron +(Heb.; RSV; ZOH); Shikrona (Heb.; ZOH); Nscn. +iNdi Catio Ns (g olde N HeNba Ne): +Cancer, breast (f; HOC); Epilepsy (f; HJP). +d osages (g olde N HeNba Ne): +FNFF = X +• Lebanese consider the Egyptian species is better for epilepsy (HJP). +• Lebanese midwives harvest and utilize this common wild weed (HJP). +• Lebanese smoke a pinch of leaf powder to relieve headache (HJP). +extra Cts (g olde N HeNba Ne): +Hyoscyamine: analgesic (WBB); anticholinergic 150–300 µg 4 ×/day/man (M29); antidote (anticho- +linesterase) (M29); antiemetic (JBH); antiherpetic (EMP5:193); antimeasles (EMP5:193); antimu-s +carinic (M29); antineuralgic; antiparkinsonian (JBH); antipolio (EMP5:193); antisialogogue (JBH); +antispasmodic (JEB26:75); antiulcer (M29); antivertigo; antivinous; bronchodilator; bronchorela- x +ant; cardiotonic; CNS Depressant (KCH); CNS Stimulant (JBH); mydriatic (JBH); photophobig- +enic; psychoactive (WBB); sedative; toxic (PJB1(1):177); viricide (EMP5:193). +8202_C001.indd 212 11/12/07 2:35:22 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +eGypt IAN he NBANe (h yoscy Amus muticus L.) x so LANACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Hyoscyamus insanus fide EFS; Hyoscyamus muticus L. subsp. falezlez (Coss.) Maire fide USN; +Scopolia datora Dunal; Scopolia mutica Dunal fide HHB +Notes (egyptia N HeNba Ne): +And the border went out unto the side of Ekron northward: and the border was drawn to Shicron, +and passed along to mount Baalah, and went out unto Jabneel; and the goings out of the border +were at the sea. +Joshua 15:11 (KJV) +Zohary relates that Shicron can be identiefi d as a place name in Judea, where this species oHf yo- +scyamus, the most poisonous and narcotic of vfi e species in the Flora of Palestine, occurs. While +favoring H. aureus, Zohary also mentions H. muticus as a possibility, as the most poisonous species, +widely used as a medicine and narcotic (ZOH). In a review of Israeli Solanaceae used medicinally +in Israel, Dafni and Yaniv (1994) interviewed 106 local Israeli healers in Israel. They suggest that +today all such plants are applied externally, and rarely used as narcotics (X7990499). Apparently, +all contain the dangerous but biologically active alkaloid, hyoscyamine (ZOH). If all contain h-yo +scyamine, and Hyoscyamus muticus is most poisonous (reportedly it contains the most alkaloids; +WOI), it may be best endowed with hyoscyamine, and probably exhibits many of the activities of +hyoscyamine as reported in my CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (2nd edition) for Hyoscyamus +niger. HHB suggests that its uses are similar to those of belladonna (HHB). EFS suggests that +leaves of the toxic H. muticus, smoked by Faquirs, are used as H. niger (EFS). Sometimes used as a +narcotic instead of opium (UPH). The plant is so poisonous as to have been used in Saharan warfare +(BOU), and in cult rituals such as Datura (HJP). +Commo N Names (egyptia N HeNba Ne): +Afalehlé (Ber.; BOU); Ägyptisches Bilsenkraut (Ger.; EFS); Banj (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Betina +(Arab.; BOU); Egyptian Henbane (Eng.; JAD; WOI); Egyptisch Bilzenkruid (Dutch; EFS); Fal-e +zlez (Arab.; BOU); Folhas de Meimendro (Por.; HHB); Genegi (Ber.; BOU); Giusquiamo Egiziano +(It.; HHB); Goungat (Arab.; BOU); Hojas de Beleño (Sp.; HHB); Indian Henbane (Eng.; KAB); Ju-s +quiame d’Egypt (Fr.; EFS); Jusquiame du Désert (Fr.; BOU); Jusquiame Faleslez (Fr.; BOU); Koh +Bana (Kharan; KAB); Koheebhang (Bal.; KAB); Kohibhang (Bal.; KAB); Kohibung (India; EFS); +Saccharus (Greek; ZOH); Sakaran (Arab.; BOU; HJP); Sakaran Masrj (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Samm +ul Far (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Shicron (Heb.; KJV); Shikkeron (Heb.; RSV; ZOH); Shikrona (Heb.; +ZOH); Sikran (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Tataruh Sakaran (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Nscn. +a Ctivities (egyptia N HeNba Ne): +Analgesic (f; BOU); Anesthetic (f; BOU); Antidote (Lead) (f; BOU); Antispasmodic (f1; BOU; +HJP); Aphrodisiac (f; BOU); Deliriant (1; KAB); Hallucinogenic (f; BOU); Hypnotic (1; EFS); +Intoxicant (f; DAW); Mydriatic (1; EFS); Narcotic (1; EFS); Parasympathetic (f; HJP); Sedative (1; +EFS); Toxic (1; EFS). +iNdi Catio Ns (egyptia N HeNba Ne): +Asthma (f; BOU; EB22:167); Bunion (f; HJP); Cancer (f; HJP); Cerebrosis (f; DAW); Colic (f; BOU); +Corn (f; HJP); Cough (Lead) (f; BOU); Cramp (f; BOU); Cystosis (Lead) (f; BOU); Hemorrhoid (f; +HJP); Hysteria (f; BOU); Insomnia (f; DAW); Nervousness (f; UPH); Neurosis (f; BOU); Pain (f; +BOU); Spasm (f1; BOU; HJP); Spine (f; DAW); Toothache (f; DAW). +8202_C001.indd 213 11/12/07 2:35:23 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d osages (egyptia N HeNba Ne): +FNFF = X +200–400 mg leaf (HHB). +• Asians Indians use the plant as an intoxicant (KAB). +• North Africans poultice fresh leaves onto painful areas of the body (BOU). +• North Africans smoke the leaves for asthma (BOU). +• North African women use the seed to gain weight (BOU). +yeLLo W FLAG (iris p seud Acorus L.) + IRIDACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Iris longifolia Lam. & DC; Iris lutea Lam.; Iris palustris Moench.; Xiphium pseudoacorus Schrank. +fide HH3 +Notes (yellow Flag ): +He shall grow as the lily, and cast forth his roots as Lebanon. +Hosea 14:5 (KJV) +One of the most handsome wild ofl wers of Europe, the yellow afl g has been equated with the lily of Hosea +by Moldenke and Moldenke, but not by Zohary. Who knows which scholars were correct? Remember, +my reader, that when I drafted my rfi st Medicinal Plants of the Bible (BIB; 1985), I had the Moldenke +book but not the more recent Zohary book (ZOH). Ms. Duke’s beautiful illustration of the yellow afl g +graced the cover of that book sold. I invested at least $4000 in that book, expecting 10, 12, or 15% of +royalties after the rfi st 1200 were published. However, the publisher never published that many, let alone +sold that many. I did get ten copies of the book, nothing more. Now even I do not have a hard copy of this +collector’s item. But because this species was the cover picture on that collector’s item, I retain the sp-e +cies in this new, faith-based revision (BIB; ZOH). The roots were once used like orris to scent linen clo-s +ets. They are used also as a source of tannin and blue and black dyes. The ofl wers offer a yellow dye. +Commo N Names (yellow Flag ): +Acoro bastardo (Por.; EFS); Ácoro Falso (It.; Sp.; EFS); Akoron (?; JLH); Arab’s Iris (Eng.; HJP); +Burbit (Arab.; Syria; BOU; HJP); Butter and Eggs (Eng.; EFS); Daggers (Eng.; GMH); Dragon +Flower (Eng.; GMH); Espadaña Fina (Sp.; EFS); Falscher Kalmus (Ger.; HH3); False Acorus (Eng.; +JLH); Flaggon (Eng.; GMH); Flambe Bâtarde (Fr.; BOU); Flambe d’Eau (Fr.; BOU; EFS); Flambe +des Marais (Fr.; BOU); Fleur-de-Lis (Fr.; USN); Fliggers (Eng.; GMH); Flower de Luce (Eng.; +EFS); Gelbe Schwertlillie (Ger.; EFS; HH3); Gele Lis (Dutch; EFS); Giglio Gialla (It.; HH3); Giglio +Gialla delle Paludi (It.; EFS); Gladon (JLH); Gladiolus (Eng.; JLH); Gladyne (Eng.; GMH); Glaieul +des Marais (Fr.; BOU); Hashishet Yakub (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Iride Gialla (It.; EFS); Iris des M-au +rais (Fr.; EFS); Iris Faux-Acore (Fr.; BOU; EFS); Iris Jaune (Fr.; BOU; EFS; USN); Jacob’s Sword +(Eng.; BOU; GMH); Levers (Eng.; GMH); Lirio Espadañal (Sp.; EFS); Livers (Eng.; GMH); Meklin +(Eng.; GMH); Myrtle Flower (Eng.; GMH); Pale-yellow Iris (Eng.; USN); Pakhana Bheda Lakri +(Guj.; NAD); Sari Stisen (Tur.; EFS); Sawsan Asfar (Arab.; BOU); Segg (Eng.; GMH); Shalder +(Eng.; GMH); Sheggs (Eng.; GMH); Siyaf (Arab.; Syria; BOU; HJP); Sowsan Asfar (Arab.; Syria; +HJP); Spadella d’Acqua (It.; EFS); Sumpf Schwertlillie (Ger.; HH3); Susan (Arab.; Syria; HJP); +Wasser Schwertlillie (Ger.; EFS; HH3); Water Flag (Eng.; EFS; USN); Yellow Flag (Eng.; EFS; +8202_C001.indd 214 11/12/07 2:35:23 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Yellow Flag (Iris pseudacorus). +8202_C001.indd 215 11/12/07 2:35:44 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +GMH; HH3; TAN; USN); Yellow Flag Iris (Eng.; USN); Yellow Iris (Eng.; EFS; USN); Yellow +Sedge (Eng.; EFS); Yellow Water Iris (Eng.; USN); Yreos (?; JLH); Nscn. +a Ctivities (yellow Flag ): +Analgesic (f; GMH); Analeptic (f; BOU); Antidote (f; BOU); Astringent (f; EFS); Carminative (f; EFS); +Cercaricidal (1; X15880993); Diuretic (f; BOU; EFS; NAD); Emetic (f; EFS; HJP); Febrifuge (f; EFS); +Insecticide (1; X15880993); Larvicide (1; X15880993); Laxative (f; EFS); Miracide (1; X15880993); Mo- s +quitocide (1; X15880993); Purgative (f; BOU; HJP); Schistosomicide (1; X15880993); Sternutatory (f; +EFS); Stimulant (f; NAD); Stomachic (f; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS); Vermifuge (f; EFS); Vulnerary (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (yellow Flag ): +Arthrosis (f; BOU); Bite (f; GMH); Bruise (f; BIB; GMH); Cacoethes (f; JLH); Cancer (f; JLH); Can- +cer, gum (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; HJP); Cholera (f; BIB); +Condyloma (f; JLH); Constipation (f; EFS); Convulsion (f; BIB); Cough (f; BIB); Cramp (f; BOU); Diar- +rhea (f; BIB; UPH); Dropsy (f; BOU); Dysmenorrhea (f; BIB; GMH); Epilepsy (f; HJP); Fever (f; EFS); +Gas (f; EFS); Gingivosis (f; JLH); Halitosis (f; HJP); Headache (f; GMH); Hepatosis (f; BOU; JLH; +NAD); Hypothermia (f; BOU); Infection (f; HJP); Jaundice (f; HJP); Leukorrhea (f; BIB; GMH; UPH); +Myalgia (f; BIB); Ophthalmia (f; BIB); Pain (f; GMH); Polyp (f; JLH); Rabies (f; BOU); Rheumatism +(f; BOU); Schirrus (f; JLH); Schistosoma (1; X15880993); Sciatica (f; BOU); Snakebite (f; BIB); Sore (f; +HJP); Splenosis (f; JLH); Swelling (f; GMH); Toothache (f; AAH; BIB); Worm (f; EFS). +d osages (yellow Flag ): +FNFF = ? +“Minced rhizomes mixed with couscous, a popular dish in North Africa, to serve as a condiment +and to increase the girth of women” (BOU). Seeds have been used as a coffee substitute. Powdered +root was once used as a snuff, and as a breath freshener (BIB; TAN). +• English use the root for toothache (AAH). +• Moroccans consider it a general antidote to poisons (BOU). +• Moroccans mix powdered rhizome with vinegar as diuretic and purgative (BOU). +• North Africans boil the fragmented rhizomes (one of Morocco’s favorite alexiterics) for +rheumatism and sciatica (BOU). +Natural History (yellow Flag ): +Flowers adapted to both honey bees and bumblebees, as well as long-tongued hover flies (Rhingia +rostrata). Seeking honey, they push through the outer perianth segments and the style, the interme- +diate anther dusting pollen on the back (GMH). +eNGLIsh WALNU t ( Jugl Ans regi A L.) ++ JUGLANDACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Juglans duclouxiana Dode; Juglans fallax Dode; Juglans kamaonica (C. DC.) Dode; Juglans ori- +entis Dode; Juglans regia subsp. kamaonica (C. DC.) Mansf.; Juglans regia var. orientis (Dode) +Kitam. Juglans regia var. sinensis C. DC.; Juglans sinensis (C. DC.) Dode +Notes (eNglis H w al Nut ): +I went down into the garden of nuts to see the fruits of the valley, and to see whether the vine +flourished, and the pomegranates budded. +Song of Solomon 6:11 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 216 11/12/07 2:35:44 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . English Walnut (Juglans regia). +I went down to the nut orchard, to look at the blossoms of the valley, to see whether the vines had +budded, whether the pomegranates were in bloom. +Song of Solomon 6:11 (RSV) +To the garden of nut trees, I had gone down to see the buds in the torrent valley, to see whether +the vine had sprouted, whether the pomegranate trees had blossomed. +Song of Solomon 6:11 (NWT) +Apparently this was the nut, a nut so common and important that it needed no denominator. One of +King Solomon’s most valuable fruit trees was the walnut, a handsome tree with smooth gray bark +and fresh green leaves. Walnuts were widely cultivated in biblical times for the nuts and timber. +Still, walnut is not mentioned by that name at all in the KJV, and the word nut only appears twice. +In Jesus’s time, walnut trees reportedly grew on the shores of the Sea of Galilee. There is a place +called Valley of the Walnuts in eastern Jerusalem. Jesus’s seamless coat was a rich brown, the dye +allegedly of walnut leaves and nuts. The heavy green rind encasing the nut is steeped in boiling +water to produce a brown dye. Walnuts are also used to tint gray hair black (BIB; ZOH). The Súbah +of Kashmir use walnuts in divination; they throw a walnut into a pond; if it ofl ats; it is a good omen; +if it sinks, a bad omen (DEP). +Commo N Names (eNglis H w al Nut ): +Ak (Nwp.; KAB); Akhoda (Sanskrit; DEP); Akhor (Gurung; Hindi; KAB; NPM); Akhrot (Beng.; +Guj.; Hindi; KAB; TAN); Akroda (Mar.; DEP; KAB); Akrodu (Kan.; DEP); Akrottu (Tam.; Tel.; +DEP; KAB); Akschoda (Sanskrit; KAB); Akshota (Ayu.; AH2); Ankus (Arm.; KAB); Carpathian +Walnut (Eng.; USN); Ceviz (Tur.; EB51:195; EB49:406); Ceviz A?gaci (Tur.; EFS); Chaharmaghz +8202_C001.indd 217 11/12/07 2:35:51 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(Iran; Pun.; KAB); Ch’iang T’ao (China; EFS); Circassian Walnut (Eng.; FAC); Dio (Hun.; KAB); +Diólevél (Hun.; EFS); Djouz (Arab.; BOU); Dun (Kas.; KAB); Echter Walnußßaum (Ger.; USN); +Egoz (Walnut; ZOH); English Walnut (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2); Gemeiner Walnussbaum (Ger.; EFS); +Gerga’ (Arab.; BOU); Girdagan (Iran; DEP); Gognier (Fr.; KAB); Goz (Arab.; ZOH); Hardy Walnut +(Eng.; FAC); Hup Thor (Malaya; KAB); Hu Tao (China; Pin.; AH2; TAN; USN); Hu Tao Ren (Pin.; +AH2; DAA); Jaoz (Shingar; KAB); Jauz (Arab.; Quetta; KAB; ZOH); Jawz (Arab.; Syria; HJP); +Jbuz (Arab.; KAB); Jouz (Arab.; EFS); Joz (Arab.; GHA); Kabsing (Assam; DEP; KAB); Kado +(Tamang; NPM); Karaunt (Garhwal; KAB); Karydia (Greek; KAB); Kato (Tamang; NPM); Katu +(Gurung; NPM); Khaisi (Rai; NPM); Kharat (Nwp.; DEP); Kharot (Kum.; DEP; KAB); Khayusing +(Limbu; NPM); Khejik (Limbu; NPM); Khonsi (Newari; NPM); Knau (Lan.; KAB); Kolpot (Lep- +cha; NPM); Kotasi (Sherpa; NPM); Kowal (Lepcha; DEP; KAB); Krot (Kas.; DEP); Madeira W-al +nut (Eng.; USN); Naksh (Arab.; GHA); Noce (It.; KAB); Noce Comun (It.; EFS); Noeddetrae (Den.; +KAB); Nogal (Sp.; KAB); Nogal Común (Sp.; USN); Nogal Europea (Sp.; USN); Nogal Inglés (Sp.; +USN); Nogueira-comum (Por.; USN); Noguera (Cat.; Por.; KAB); Noix Commune (Fr.; EFS): Noyer +(Fr.; BOU); Noyer Comun (Fr.; BOU; USN); Nuc (Rom.; KAB); Nussbaum (Ger.; KAB); Ockernoo- +tenboom (Dutch; KAB); Okhar (Bhojpuri; Chepang; Danuwar; Jaunsar; Majar; Nepal; Tharu; KAB; +NPM; SUW); Orechovve Derevo (Rus.; KAB); Orzeszuma Wloska (Pol.; KAB); Persian Walnut +(Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; USN); Phoro (Sunwar; NPM); Seiyo Gurumi (Japan; TAN); Siskhyasi (Burma; +KAB); Sowak (Arab.; BOU); Starga (Lad.; MKK); Star-ga (Tibet; NPM); Tadjoudjte (Ber.; BOU); +Tagashing (Bhutan; DEP; KAB); Than (Pangi; KAB); Thanka (Pun.; DEP); Thitkya (Burma; DEP); +Tsouik (Ber.; BOU); Ughz (AFG); Vadnód (Den.; EFS); Valnoettraed (Swe.; KAB); Waghz (Afg.; +DEP; KAB); Walnootboom (Dutch; EFS); Walnuss (Ger.; MAD); Yanggulk (Tur.; KAB). +a Ctivities (eNglis H w al Nut ): +Alterative (f; PNC); Analgesic (f1; BIB; X14522443); Anthelmintic (f; DEP; NPM); Antiaatfl oxin (1; +X15053524); Antiaggregant (1; BIB; FNF); Anticancer (f1; BGB); Antidepressant (1; MAM); An-ti +dote (f; BOU; DEP); Antifatigue (f1; MAM); Antiherpetic (1; BGB); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; APA; +X14522443); Antioxidant (1: X10616967); Antiparasitic (f1; X15619562); Antiperspirant (1; APA; +PH2); Antiradicular (1; X10616967); Antiseptic (f1; BIB; JAD; PNC); Antispasmodic (f; NAD); +Antitumor (f1; APA; JAD); Antiulcer (f1; MAM); Antiviral (1; BGB; X14727919); Anxiolytic (1; +MAM); Aphrodisiac (f; BOU; PH2); Astringent (f1; APA; BGB; HHB; NPM; PH2); Bactericide (1; +BIB; X15068416; X14727919); Candidicide (1; BGB; BIB); Carcinogenic (1; BGB; PH2); Cardi-o +protective (f1; X15294495); Cardiotonic (f; KAB); Carminative (f; KAB); Cerebrotonic (f; EFS); +Chemoprotective (1; X14580007); Cholagogue (f; NAD; NUT); COMT Inhibitor (1; MAM); Cyto- +toxic (1; X14727919); Dentifrice (f; BOU); Depurative (f; NUT; PHR; PH2); Digestive (f; NUT); +Diuretic (f; NUT); Emollient (f; BGB); Euphoriant (1; MAM); Expectorant (f; KAB); Fungicide (1; +APA; JAD; PH2); Hair Dye (1; PNC); Hemostat (f1; JAD; MAD; NUT); Herbicide (1; JAD); Hypo- +cholesterolemic (1; X15294495); Immunostimulant (1; MAM); Insecticide (f; NUT); Lactifuge (f; +NAD); Laxative (f; BIB; JAD; PNC); Leukoplakogenic (1; PH2); Lipolytic (1; X15294495); Litho- +lytic (f; NUT); MAO (1; BIB; FNF); Molluscicide (1; WOI); Mutagenic (1; BGB; PH2); Myorelaxant +(1; MAM); Myotonic (f; MAD); Neuroprotective (f1; MAM); Piscicide (1; WOI); Serotoninergic (1; +MAM); Stimulant (f; NUT); Taenicide (f; NAD); Tonic (f; NPM; NUT); Vermifuge (f1; HHB; JAD; +PH2); Vulnerary (f; JAD). +iNdi Catio Ns (eNglis H w al Nut ): +Acne (f1; APA; X15974479); Adenopathy (f; MAD); Aegilops (f; JLH); Alopecia (f; BIB; BOU); Ane- +mia (f; MAD); Anthrax (1; NUT; WOI); Anxiety (1; MAM); Aphtha (f; BIB); Arthrosis (f; MAD); +Asthma (f; NUT; PH2); Atherosclerosis (1; BIB; FNF); Bacillus (1; WOI); Bacteria (1; BIB); Bac-k +ache (f; NUT); Bacteria (1; X15068416); Beriberi (f; PH2); Bleeding (f; HJP); Bronchosis (f; KAB); +Bruise (f; KAB); Burns (f; BGB; X15664457); Caligo (f; NAD; NUT); Cancer (f1; BIB; BGB; JLH); +8202_C001.indd 218 11/12/07 2:35:52 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Cancer, breast (f1; JLH); Cancer, colon (f1; JLH); Cancer, intestine (f1; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f1; +JLH); Cancer, lip (f1; JLH); Cancer, liver (f1; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f1; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f1; +JLH); Cancer, throat (f1; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f1; JLH); Candida (1; BGB); Carbuncle (f; BIB); C-ar +diopathy (f1; BIB; X15294495); Caries (f; BIB; MAD); Catarrh (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Chancre (f; +NUT); Cholera (1; WOI); Colic (f; NUT; PH2); Condyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; APA; BGB; +NUT); Constipation (f; NAD; PH2); Corn (f; JLH); Coryza (f; BOU); Cough (f1; BIB; FNF; NUT); +Dandruff (f; BGB; MAD); Depression (1; FNF); Dermatosis (f12; HJP; KOM; PHR; PH2; PNC); Dia- +betes (f; BOU; MAD); Diarrhea (f1; APA; HHB); Diptheria (1; WOI); Dogbite (f; BGB); Dysentery (f; +NUT; PH2); Eczema (f1; APA; BGB; GHA; MAD; PNC); Enterosis (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); Epilepsy (f; +PNC); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Escherichia (1; BIB; WOI); Exanthema (f; MAD); Favus (f; NUT); Fever +(f; EB49:406); Fistula (f; MAD); Flu (f; BIB; BOU); Fungus (f; BIB; KAB); Gangrene (f; BIB; HJP); +Gastrosis (f; HHB; MAD; PHR; PH2); Gingivosis (f1; APA; BIB; BOU); Gout (f; MAD); Gray Hair +(1; PNC); Halitosis (f; BIB; BOU); Headache (f; BIB; NPM; PNC); Heartburn (f; KAB; NUT); Helic-o +bacter (1; X15068416); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Herpes (f1; BGB; KAB; PNC); High Blood Pressure (1; +BIB; FNF); High Cholesterol (1; X15294495); Hunger (f1; BIB); Hyperemesis (f; NAD); Impotence (f; +MAD; NUT; PH2); Infection (f1; BGB; KAB); Infertility (f; BIB; EB51:195); Inafl mmation (f1; APA; +BIB; PH2; X14522443); Insomnia (1; MAM); Laryngitis (1; BIB; FNF); Leprosy (f; KAB); Leukor- +rhea (f; NUT); Lupus (f; MAD); Lymphopathy (f; MAD); Malaria (f; EB49:406); Mercury Poisoning +(f; MAD); Mycosis (f1; APA; KAB); Nephrosis (f; NUT); Nervousness (f; GHA; MAD); Neurosis (f1; +MAD; MAM); Obesity (f1; BIB; FNF); Ophthalmia (f; HHB); Pain (f; NUT; EB49:406; X14522443); +Parasite (f1; X15619562); Plaque (1; BIB); Pruritus (f; BGB); Pulmonosis (f1; BIB; FNF; MAD); Pyor- +rhea (f; BOU); Rabies (f; KAB); Rheumatism (f; APA; DEP; NUT; SUW); Rhinosis (1; BIB; FNF); +Rickets (f; HHB; NAD); Ringworm (f1; APA; KAB); Salmonella (1; WOI); Scrofula (f; APA; BGB; +BOU; HHB); Snakebite (f; BGB); Sore (f1; BGB; NUT; PNC; SUW); Sore Throat (f; KAB); Spasm +(f; NAD); Spiderbite (f; BGB); Staphylococcus (1; BIB); Stomatosis (1; APA); Streptococcus (1; BIB); +Sunburn (f; BGB); Sunstroke (f; EB49:406); Sweating (2; KOM; PHR); Swelling (f; BIB); Syndrome +X (1; X15294495); Syphilis (f; BIB; MAD); Tapeworm (f1; BAD; WOI); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Ulcer +(f1; MAM; X15068416); Venereal Disease (f; BIB; MAD); Virus (1; X14727919); Wart (f; JLH); Whi-t +low (f; JLH); Worm (f1; APA; MAD); Wound (f1; APA); Yeast (1; BIB). +d osages (eNglis H w al Nut ): +FNFF = !!! +Nuts consumed fresh, roasted, or salted; used in candies, pastries, and afl vorings. Ground nut shells +used as adulterant of spices. Fruits, when dry pressed, yield a valuable oil used in paints and soaps; +when cold pressed, yield a light yellow edible oil, rich in omega-3s; used in foods as afl voring. Young +fruits pickled. French make a liqueur from the green nut; green nuts also pickled; leaves rarely co-n +sumed as tea (FAC, TAN; EB54:155); 1/2 tsp chopped leaf/cup water (externally only; APA); 2–3 g +leaf/100 ml water for compresses (KOM); 3–6 g (PHR); 4–8 ml liquid leaf extract (PNC). +• Algerians use leaf shampoo against alopecia (BOU), fresh leaves and bark as styptic +(HJP), and burning sugar with the shells for headache (HJP). +• Arabians believed in the famed antidote of Mithridites: two walnuts, two gfi s, and twenty +leaves of rice, rubbed together with a grain of salt (DEP). +• Arabians inhale fumes from burning nut shells for coryza and u fl (BOU); or to repel +insects (GHA). +• Asian Indians suggest spirits distilled from leaves or fruits as antispasmodic and in 1 to +2 drachms used to check morning sickness (NAD). +• Asian Indians suggest the edible cold pressed oil for dimness of vision. (NAD). +• Ayurvedics and/or Unani regard the therapeutic properties as analgesic, antibilious, +aperitif, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, carminative, constipating, expectorant used for blood +disorders, bronchosis, bruises, cardiopathy, hemorrhoids, rabies, and ringworm (KAB). +8202_C001.indd 219 11/12/07 2:35:54 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Chinese use leaves and powdered hull as astringent and depurative in syphilis (BIB). +• Greeks and Romans regarded walnuts as symbols of fecundity, and scattered walnuts +about at weddings. +• Italians use the plant as an antiparasitic in cheeses (X15619562). +• Lebanese think the nut increases fertility, and use rancid old oil to treat old ulcers (HJP). +• Malayans say the kernels fatten the body and strengthen the muscles, suggesting them for +colic, dysentery, and heartburn (KAB). +• Turks clothe nude patients in leaves for fever, rheumatic pain, and sunstroke (EB49:406). +• Orientals use the kernels for laryngeal and lung disorders, and mix them with almond +and ginseng for chronic cough; they used the oil for skin ailments (BIB). +• Saudis used bark (bambar in Saudi Arabia, dandosa in Pakistan) soaked in water and +rubbed on gums and teeth, both as cleanser and cosmetic, imparting reddish color to +gums, considered attractive (GHA). +• Turks take the fruit decoction internally for malaria (EB49:406). +• Yemeni eat the nuts for nervous tension (GHA). +d ow Nsides (eNglis H w al Nut ): +Class 2d. Juglone is mutagenic. External carcinogenic effects noted after chronic external use (AHP, +1997). None known for the leaf at proper dosage (KOM; PHR; PH2). Commission E reports fruit +shell not permitted for therapeutic use; usefulness not documented adequately. Fresh shells contain +the naphthoquinone constituent juglone, which is mutagenic and possibly carcinogenic. The juglone +content of dried shells has not been studied adequately (AEH). +Natural History (eNglis H w al Nut ): +Pollination is often a problem, as English walnuts are monoecious, with separate staminate and pist-il +late ofl wers in different parts of the same tree. Staminate catkins are 10 to 15 cm long and produce 1 +to 4 million pollen grains each. Sometimes, freshly picked catkins are put on paper in a room at 21°C +and the shed pollen stored in a desiccator at 0°C. Then pollen is blown on trees by a fan mounted on a +truck. Helicopters are sometimes used to blow pollen over an orchard. Seedlings are very susceptible +to mushroom root rot, and Walnut girdle disease (“Blackline”) is thought to occur when certain ho-r +ticulture varieties of Juglans regia are grafted on rootstocks ofJ uglans hindsii and its hybrids, asso- +ciated with graft incompatibility. Fungi known to attack Persian walnuts includAel ternaria nucis, +Armillaria mellea, Ascochyta juglandis, Aspergillus flavus, Auricularia auricula-judae, A. mes - +enterica, Cerrena unicolor, Cladosporium herbarum, Coniophora cerebella, Coprinus micaceus, +Coriolus tephroleucus, Cribaria violaceae, Cryptovalsa extorris, Cylindrosporium juglandis, C. jug- +landis, C. uljanishchevii, Cytospora juglandina, Cytosporina juglandina, C. juglandicola, Diplodia +juglandis, Dothiorella gregaria, Erysiphe polygoni, Eutypa ludibunda, Exosporina fawcetti, Fomes +fomentarius, F. igniarius, F. ulmarius, Fusarium avenaceum, F. lateritium, Ganoderma applana- +tum, Glomerella cingulata, Gnomonia ceratostyla, G. juglandis, G. leptostyla., Hemitricia leioty- +ichia, Hypoxylon mediterraneum, Inonotus hispidus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Lentinus cyathiformis, +Licea tenera, Marsonia juglandis, Melanconis carthusiana, M. juglandis, Melanconium juglandis, +M. oblongum, Melanopus squamosus, Microsphaera alni, M. juglandis, Microstroma juglandis, +Mycosphaerella saccardoana, M. woronowi, Nectria applanata, N. cinnabarina, N. ditissima, Oxy- +porus populinus, Phellinus cryptarum, Phleospora multimaculans, Phoma juglandis, Phomopsis +juglandis, Phyllactinia guttata, Phyllosticta juglandina, P. juglandis, Phymatotrichum omnivorum, +Phytophthora cactorum, P. cinnamomi, P. citrophthora, Pleospora vulgaris, Pleurotus ostreatus, +Polyporus hispidus, P. picipes, P. squamosus, Polystictus versicolor, Rhizopus nigricans, Stereum +hirsutum, Trametes suaveolens, Tubercularia juglandis, T. vulgaris, Verticillium albo-atrum. Bacte- +ria attacking Persian walnut includ Aegrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus mesentericus, Bacterium +juglandis, Pseudomonas juglandis, Xanthomonas juglandis, Cuscuta pentagona, also parasitized +8202_C001.indd 220 11/12/07 2:35:55 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +the tree. The following nematodes have been isolated from Persian walnut :Cacopaurus pestis, +Diplogaster striatus, Diplogaster coronata, Ditylenchus intermedius, Meloidogyne arenaria, M. +javanica, M. sp., Pratylenchus coffeae, P. pratensis, P. vulnus, Rhabditis debilicauda, R. spicu- +ligera, and Tylolaimophorus rotundicauda. Among the insect pests of this walnut are the follow- +ing: Walnut Blister mite (Eriophytes tristriatus), Walnut aphid (Chromaphis juglandicola), Italian +pear scale (Diaspis iricola), Calico scale E( ulecanium cerasorum), Frosted scale (Parthenolecanium +Pruinosum), Walnut scale (Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae), Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), Fruit +tree leaf-roller (Archips argyrospila), Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella), Walnut caterpillar +(Datana integerrima), Red-humped caterpillar (Schizura concinna), Walnut span worm (Phigalia +plumigeraria), and Walnut husk yfl ( Rhagolestis completa). +extra Cts (eNglis H w al Nut ): +Guarrera et al. (2005) mention walnut’s antiparasitic use for cheeses (X15619562). Regular nut +consumption can result in a 10% reduction in LDL cholesterol in a few weeks. Nuts often rich in +arginine, vitamin E, folate, befi r, potassium, magnesium, tannins, and polyphenols. Although nuts +contain approximately 80% fat, the nut feeding trials have not shown any associated weight gain in +those ingesting nuts, suggesting that the addition of nuts in the diet may have a satiating effect. Daily +ingestion of a small quantity is an acceptable lifestyle intervention to prevent coronary heart disease +(X15294495). Gallic acid in the pellicle shows potential for inhibiting of aafl toxigenesis (X15053524). +Colaric et al. (2005) list chlorogenic, caffeicp, -coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, ellagic, and syringic acid +as well as syringaldehyde and juglone from ripe fruits of ten walnut cultivars. Not only in the k-er +nel, but also in the pellicle, did syringic acid, juglone, and ellagic acid predominate (average values +of 33.83, 11.75, and 5.90 mg/100 g of kernel; and 1003.24, 317.90, and 128.98 mg/100 g of pellicle, +respectively), and the contents of ferulic and sinapic acid (average values of 0.06 and 0.05 mg/100 g +of kernel and 2.93 and 2.17 mg/100 g of pellicle, respectively) were the lowest in all cultivars. It was +found that the walnut pellicle is the most important source of walnut phenolics. The ratio between the +contents in pellicle and kernel varied by at least 14.8-fold for caffeic acid (cv. Adams) and by up to +752.0-fold for p-coumaric acid (cv. Elit) (X16076123). One study indicates an absence of tocotrienol, +while another found it consistently but at levels below 2 ppm (X15941326; X15969535). Good source +of dietary serotonin, quickly broken down in the gut (where there are serotonin receptors). Serotonin is +reportedly analgesic, antiaggregant, anticholinesterase, anticonvulsant, antiendotoxic, antigastr-isec +retogogic, antireserpinic, bronchoconstrictor, cardiovascular, coagulant, euphoriant, myorelaxant, +myostimulant, neurotransmitter, oxytocic, teratogenic, ulcerogenic, and vasoactive [LD50 = 117 ipr +rat; LD50 = 160 ivn mus; LD50 = 868 ipr mus]. Juglone reportedly is allelochemic, allergenic, anti- +cariogenic, antidermatophytic, antiEBV, antifeedant, antiherpetic, antiparasitic, antiseptic, antitumor, +antitumor-promoter, antiviral, bactericide, chemopreventive, dermatitigenic, fungicide, keratolytic, +molluscicide, sedative, sternutatory, and viricide [LD50 = 2.5 ppm (orl mus)]. The combination of tan- +nin with all its pesticidal activities and juglone may be pretty potent. Aqueous extracts of fresh walnut +leaves, free of juglone, possess strong bactericidal activity againsBta cillus anthracis and Corynebac- +terium diptheriae, weaker activity againstB acillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus pyogens, +Pneumococci, Proteus, Salmonella typhosa, S. typhimurium, S. dysenteriae, Streptcocci, and Vibrio +(WOI). Phillips et al. (2005) quantiefi d the phytosterols in walnut: delta-5-avenasterol 73 ppm; delta- +7-avenasterol; campestanol 24; campesterol 49; phytosterols 1060–1200; poriferasta-7,25-dienol 54; +poriferasta-7,22,25-dienol; sitostanol <17; and beta-sitosterol 889 ppm (X16302759). +so Ft RU sh (Juncus effusus L.) ++ CypeRACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Juncus bogotensis Humb.; Juncus communis Mey.; Juncus laevis Wallr. fide HHB +8202_C001.indd 221 11/12/07 2:35:55 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Notes (s o Ft r us H): +And they shall turn the rivers far away; and the brooks of defence shall be emptied and dried up; +the reeds and the flags shall wither. +Isaiah 19:6 (KJV) +And the parched ground shall become a pool, and the thirsty land springs of water: in the habita- +tion of dragons, where each lay, shall be grass with reeds and rushes. +Isaiah 35:7 (KJV) +Moldenke and Moldenke list this first among vfi e candidates for the afl gs and rushes of Isaiah and Job, +doubting that any of them are the “nutritious river grass of Egypt” (BIB). Zohary does not even list this +species, but rather the prickly sea rush (Juncus acutus) as a prominent member of aquatic vegetation +along the edges of water bodies, with the papyrus C( yperus papyrus), giant reed (Phragmnites austra- +lis), bramble bush (Rubus sanguineus), clammy inula (Inula viscosa), and even the oleander N( erium +oleander), but no mention of Juncus effusus (ZOH). In China, the pith is used for lamp wicks and mat +making. Indians in California use the rush for domestic utensils and fodder. +Commo N Names (so Ft rus H): +Binse (Ger.; HHB); Bog Rush (Eng.; BUR); Bulrush (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Common Rush (Eng.; +BUR); Deng Xin Cao (Pin.; AH2); Flatter Binse (Ger.; EFS); Flattersinse (Ger.; HHB); Giunco (It.; +EFS); Hu Hsu Ts’ao (China; EFS); Jonc à Lier (Fr.; USN); Jonc à Mèche (Fr.; HHB); Jonc Commun +(Fr.; HHB); Jonc Épars (Fr.; USN) Jonc Étenndu (Fr.; EFS); Junco de Esteiras (Sp.; EFS); Junquera +(Sp.; EFS); Lamp Rush (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Pit Rush (Dutch; EFS); Rush (Eng.; EFS); Saz (Tur.; +EFS); Soft Rush (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; BUR); Steinbinse (Ger.; HHB); Teng Hsin Ts’ao (China; EFS). +a Ctivities (s o Ft r us H): +Antiinafl mmatory (f; DAW); Antiseptic (1; X12126307); Bactericide (1; X12126307); Candidicide +(1; X12126307); Cathartic (f; BUR); Depurative (f; WOI); Discutient (f; DAW); Diuretic (f; BUR; +DAW; HHB); Fungicide (1; X12126307); Lenitive (f; DAW); Litholytic (f; EFS); Nervine (f; DAW); +Pectoral (f; DAW); Sedative (f; DAW). +iNdi Catio Ns (s o Ft r us H): +Anuria (f; BIB); Candida (1; X12126307); Convulsion (f; DAW); Dropsy (f; BIB); Dysuria (f; +DAW); Fear (f; DAW); Fistula (f; DAW); Fungus (1; X12126307); Hepatosis (f; DAW); Infec- +tion (1; X12126307); Insomnia (f; DAW); Jaundice (f; DAW); MDR (1; X12126307); Mycosis (1; +X12126307); Sore (f; DAW); Sore Throat (f; BIB); Staphylococcus (1; X12126307); Stone (f; EFS; +WOI); Strangury (f; DAW); Yeast (1; X12126307). +d osages (s o Ft r us H): +FNFF = ? +Not indexed by FAC or TAN, but not listed as poisonous either. +• Chinese use the pith, depurative and diuretic, to keep sfi tulous sores open. The pith +decoction is considered antilithic, discutient, and pectoral, and is prescribed for anuria, +cough, dropsy, insomnia, micturition, and sore throat (BIB). +8202_C001.indd 222 11/12/07 2:35:56 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Soft Rush (Juncus effusus). +8202_C001.indd 223 11/12/07 2:36:13 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d ow Nsides (s o Ft r us H): +In South Africa, the herb is suspected of causing “vlei poisoning” (WBB). +extra Cts (s o Ft r us H): +Hanawa et al. (2002) found a phenanthrene (dehydroeffusol) and a dihydrophenanthrene (juncusol), +both of which display enhanced antimicrobial activities in light. The antimicrobial activities against +methicillin-resistant and -sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were increased +16- and 2-fold, respectively, by irradiation with ultraviolet-A irradiation (X12126307). +GReCIAN JUNIpeR (Juniperus excels A M. BIeB) + CUpRess ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Juniperus excelsa Wall.; Juniperus excelsa var. depressa O. Schwarz; Juniperus excelsa var. farreana +P.N. Mehra; Juniperus excelsa var. polycarpos (K. Koch) Silba; Juniperus excelsa subsp. polycarpos +var. pendula (Mulk.) Imkhanitskaya; Juniperus excelsa subsp. seravschanica (Komarov) Imkhanits- +kaya; Juniperus excelsa subsp. turcomanica (B.A. Fedtsch.) Imkhanitskaya; Juniperus foetida var. +excelsa (M.-Bieb.) Spach.; Juniperus isophyllos K. Koch; Juniperus gossainthaneana Loddig fide DEP; +Juniperus macropoda Boiss.; Juniperus olivieri Carr.; Juniperus polycarpos K. Koch; Juniperus poly- +carpos var. pendula Mulk.; Juniperus polycarpos var. seravschanica (Komarov) Kitamura; Juniperus +recurva Buch.-Ham; Juniperus sabina var. excelsa (M.-Bieb.) Georgi; Juniperus sabina var. taurica +Pall.; Juniperus seravschanica Komarov; Juniperus taurica (Pall.) Lipsky; Juniperus turcomanica +B.A. Fedtsch.; Sabina excelsa (M.-Bieb) Ant.; Sabina isophyllos (K. Koch) Ant.; Sabina olivieri Ant.; +Sabina polycarpos Ant.; Sabina religiosa Ant.; Sabina seravschanica (Komarov) Nevski fide CJE. +Notes (g re Cia N Ju Niper ): +They have made all thy ship boards of fir trees of Senir: they have taken cedars from Lebanon to +make masts for thee. +Ezekiel 27:5 (KJV) +Zohary suggests that Juniperus excelsa (or Juniperus foetidissima), a stately Lebanese conifer, +should fall under the collective term of conifers, berosh. Lebanese call i tbrotha, a “name surely +identical with the berothim of the Song of Solomon” (ZOH). The Accadian word burasu could also +refer to this species, as it was reportedly imported from the Zaigros mountains near Eilam where +it still occurs. It also grows on Mt. Senir, mentioned in the quote above. Will we ever know what +ancient non-botanical historians meant when they chose their words in recording and translating? +Commo N Names (g re Cia N Ju Niper ): +Al’Allan (Arab.; Oman; GHA); Apurs (Bal.; DEP); Berosh (Heb.; ZOH); Berothim (Leb.; ZOH); +Broth (Leb.; ZOH); Burasu (Accadian; ZOH); Cedrelate (?; JLH); Cedrus (?; JLH); Chandan +(Nepal; WOI); Charai (Hazara; DEP); Chher Syukpa (Tibet; NPM); Chundun (Kum.; DEP); Dhang +Ling (Tamang; NPM); Dhup (India; CJE); Dhupi (Nepal; DEP); Eastern Savin (Eng.; ZOH); Gre- +cian Juniper (Eng.; HJP; USN); Greek Juniper (Eng.; CJE); Himalayan Pencil Cedar (Eng.; DEP); +– +– +Indian Juniper (Eng.; WOI); Juniper (Eng.; JLH); Kutran (Arab.; Yemen; GHA); Lewar (Pun.; +WOI); Lizzab (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Luir (Pun.; DEP); Padam (India; WOI); Paddam (Nwp.; DEP); +Shukpa (Tibet; DEP); Syukpa (Sherpa; NPM); Weeping Blue Juniper (Eng.; NPM); Nscn. +a Ctivities (g re Cia N Ju Niper ): +Analgesic (f; GHA); Antiseptic (f1; HJP; X10234860); Bactericide (1; X10234860); Carminative +(f; HJP); Diuretic (f; HJP; UPH); Emmenagogue (f; HJP); Hemostat (f; HJP); Hydragogue (f; HJP); +Stimulant (f; HJP); Stomachic (f; HJP); Vermifuge (f; HJP); Vulnerary (f; HJP). +8202_C001.indd 224 11/12/07 2:36:14 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Grecian Juniper (Juniperus excelsa). +iNdi Catio Ns (g re Cia N Ju Niper ): +Amenorrhea (f; HJP); Arthrosis (f; HJP); Bacteria (1; X10234860); Cancer (f; JLH); Condyloma +(f; JLH); Cough (f; HJP); Cystosis (f; HJP); Delirium (f; DEP; NAD; WOI); Dropsy (f; HJP); Dys - +menorrhea (f; UPH); Dyspepsia (f; HJP; UPH); Enterosis (f; HJP); Epistaxis (f; HJP); Excrescence +(f; JLH); Hepatosis (f; HJP); Infection (f1; HJP; X10234860); Jaundice (f; HJP); Myalgia (f; GHA); +Mycobacterium (1; X10234860); Nephrosis (f; HJP); Pain (f; GHA); Paralysis (f; GHA); Polyp (f; +JLH); Proctosis (f; JLH); Rheumatism (f; HJP); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; HJP); Tuberculosis (1; +X10234860); Venereal Disease (f; HJP); Wart (f; JLH); Worm (f; HJP); Wound (f; HJP). +d osages (g re Cia N Ju Niper ): +FNFF = ? +Although I find nothing on this as food in FAC or TAN, I suspect it parallels the edibility of other +junipers: some relatively toxic, some relatively benign. WOI comments that the fruits and essential +oil are very similar to the gin juniper, J. communis, but for gin afl voring, the pinene, smelling of +turpentine, must be removed (WOI). +8202_C001.indd 225 11/12/07 2:36:18 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Algerians snuff the powdered leaves for nosebleed (HJP), dressing wounds with leaves, +olive oil, and saliva (HJP). +• Algerians sprinkle powdered leaves on circumcisions (HJP). +• Algerians steep boiled leaves and take with 1/2 cup Turkish coffee for cough (HJP). +• Arabians rub oil-soaked leaves on muscular pain and massage them onto paralyzed limbs +or face (GHA). +• Asian Indians suggest inhaling smoke from burning branches in delirium of fever (DEP; +NAD). +• Asian Indians suggest its uses are similar to the common juniper, J. communis (DEP). +• Lebanese think this is the best source of huile de cade, used in topical liniments and +salves, and internally in cough and liver medicines (HJP). +Natural History (g re Cia N Ju Niper ): +Wood rotting fungus (Fomes juniperus) may be a nusiance (WOI). +CADe JUNIpeR (Juniperus oxycedrus L.) + CUpRess ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +J. macrocarpa fide CJE. +Notes (Cade Ju Niper ): +For he shall be like the heath in the desert. +Jeremiah 17:6 (KJV) +In the Flora of Palestine, Zohary and associates list only two species of Juniperus native to the +Holy Land: +• Plant monoecious shrub or small tree; mature cones with six to eight scales; mature +leaves ares cale-like — Juniperus phoenicia +• Plant dioecious tree; mature cones with three to six scales; mature leaves are acicular, +prickly — Juniperus oxycedrus (FP1) +Not even indexing Juniperus excelsa, which some books have identiefi d as the biblical cedar, nor +the common juniper, Juniperus communis, on which medicinal literature focuses, Zohary seems to +have selected J. phoenicia as the most likely equivalent of the Aroer of the Arnon, but confesses +that “[t]he identicatfi ion of the biblical arar with Juniperus is based solely on the Arabic name given +to this and other species of Juniperus in several Arabic-speaking countries” (ZOH). Other scholars +have dwelt on J. oxycedrus, which led me to do likewise in my second biblical book (BI2) and in +this newer compilation. +Commo N Names (Cade Ju Niper ): +Algum (Bib.; Eng.; BI2); Appegggi (It.; EFS); ‘Ar’ar (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Ardic Giligilisi (Tur.; +EB49:406); Ardic Katrani (Tur.; EB49:406); ‘Ar’or’ (Heb.; BI2); Branket Enebaer (Den.; EFS); +Cada (Sp.; VAD); Cade (Dutch; EFS); Cade Juniper (Eng.; USN); Ceder Wacholder (Ger.; CJE); +Cedre Piquant (Fr.; CJE); Cedro de Espanha (Por.; EFS); Cirti (Tur.; EB51:195); Crvena Kleka +(Serbia; CJE); Dikenli Ardic Evi (Tur.; EB49:406); Enebro de Bayas Rojas (Sp.; USN); Enebro +de la Miera (Sp.; EFS); Genévrier Cade (Fr.; EFS; USN); Genévrier Epineux (Fr.; USN); Ginepro +Pungente (It.; CJE); Kade (Ger.; USN); Kade (Ger.; EFS); Karaakatran (Tur.; EB49:406); Kedros +8202_C001.indd 226 11/12/07 2:36:19 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(Greek; JLH); Kyklan (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Oxicedro (Por.; EFS); Oxycèdre (Fr.; EFS); Prickly +Cedar (Eng.; HOC); Prickly Juniper (Eng.; CJE; USN); Red-berry Juniper (Eng.; USN); Red Juni- +per (Eng.; EFS); Rotbeeriger Wacholder (Ger.; USN); Roter Wacholder Sariardic (Tur.; EB49:406); +Sariardicevi (Tur.; EB49:406); Tikenardici (Tur.; EB49:406). +a Ctivities (Cade Ju Niper ): +Abortifacient (f1; VAD); Analgesic (f1; EFS; X9498241); Antiedemic (1; X9498241); Antiinflamma - +tory (1; VAD; X9498241); Antipruritic (f; AYL; BIB); Antiseptic (f1; BRU; FNF; HOC); Bactericide +(1; X12639746); Candidicide (1; X12639746); Carminative (f; BIB); Contraceptive (f; BIB); Diuretic (f; +BIB; EFS); Emmenagogue (f1; VAD); Empyreumatic (f; HOC); Expectorant (f; VAD); Hypoglycemic +(f; VAD); Insectiphile (1; X15279265); Keratolytic (f1; AYL; BIB; VAD); Parasiticide (1; BRU; FNF; +HOC); Stimulant (f; BIB; EFS); Stomachic (f; BIB); Vermifuge (f; BIB; EFS); Vulnerary (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (Cade Ju Niper ): +Abscess (f; EB49:406); Alopecia (f; BIB); Arthrosis (f; VAD); Asthma (f; VAD); Bacillus (1; +X12639746); Bacteria (1; X12639746); Bronchosis (f; VAD); Brucella (1; X12639746); Candida (1; +X12639746); Cancer (f; BIB; JLH); Catarrh (f; VAD); Cold (f; EB49:406); Cough (f; EB49:406); +Cystosis (f; BIB; VAD); Dermatosis (f1; BRU; VAD); Dislocation (f; EB51:195); Dysuria (f; +EB49:406); Eczema (f; BRU; HOC); Edema (1; X9498241); Enteromonas (1; X12639746); Esch- +erichia (1; X12639746); Favus (f; BIB); Fistula (f; EB49:406); Fracture (f; EB51:195); Fungus (1; +X12639746); Gout (f; HOC; VAD); Hemorrhoid (f; HJP; EB49:406); Hepatosis (f; AYL; BIB); High +Blood Pressure (f; VAD); Infection (1; BRU; FNF; X12639746); Inafl mmation (1; X9498241); Itch +(f1; VAD); Jaundice (f; BIB); Keratosis (f; BRU; VAD); Leprosy (f; BIB); Mycosis (1; X12639746); +Nephrosis (f; BIB); Neuralgia (f; VAD); Neurodermatosis (f; BRU; VAD); Ophthalmia (f; BIB); Pain +(f1; X9498241); Parasite (f1; BRU; FNF; EB51:195); Pediculosis (f; BIB); Pharyngosis (f; VAD); +Proctosis (f; EB49:406); Pseudomonas (1; X12639746); Psoriasis (f; BIB; HOC); Rheumatism (f; +HOC; VAD; EB51:195); Rhinosis (f; VAD); Scabies (f1; BIB; VAD); Seborrhea (f; BIB); Sinusosis +(f; VAD); Snakebite (f; BIB); Sore (f; BIB); Staphylococcus (1; X12639746); Stone (f; VAD); Stran- +gury (f; VAD); Toothache (f1; BIB; EFS; VAD); Tumor (f; BIB); Urethrosis (f; VAD); Wound (f; +HJP; EB49:406); Xanthomonas (1; X12639746); Yeast (1; X12639746). +d osages (Cade Ju Niper ): +FNFF = ? +3–5 drops cade oil in a little water, followed by a weak purgative, for worms (BIB). 3 cups deco-c +tion/day (20 g/l; boiled 3 minutes). 10–20 drops ufl id extract 3 ×/day (VAD); 35–50 drops 1:10 tinc- +ture, 1–3 ×/day (VAD); 1–2 drops essential oil in oil or alcohol carrier or on a sugar cube (VAD). +• Algerians apply powdered rotten bark to facial cuts, leaf ashes in oil or water to piles +(HJP). +• Lebanese crush and boil the berries, then soaking in oil for use in bladder and kidney +ailments, or in alcohol as carminative and stomachic (HJP). +• Lebanese suggest berries crushed in sheep fat as an antiseptic vulnerary salve for wounds +(HJP). +• Lebanese suggest the tea for jaundice and liver problems (HJP). +• Lebanese suggest crushed berries in tar or turpentine for sores and venereal disease (HJP). +• Palestinians use the dark brown tar (cade oil) for healing skin ailments (FP1). +• Turkish take fruits like a pill for bronchosis and colds (EB49:406). +• Turkish mix resin or tar mixed with honey for cough (EB49:406). +• Washingtonians apply the oil to external cancers (JLH). +8202_C001.indd 227 11/12/07 2:36:19 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d ow Nsides (Cade Ju Niper ): +Contraindicated in pregnancy (may be oxytocic), lactation, infancy, or neurologic patients or neph- ri +tis. Essential oil can be allergenic or irritant. Long-term use may lead to albuminuria and hematuria +(VAD). The principal component of Juniperus oxycedrus tar is cadinene, a sesquiterpene, but cresol +and guaiacol are also found. The oils derived from Juniperus oxycedrus tar were not skin irritants +in animals. Juniperus oxycedrus tar was genotoxic in several assays. Clinical tests showed no e-vi +dence of irritation or sensitization with any of the tested oils, but some evidence of sensitization +to the tar. A 2-year dermal carcinogenicity assay performed using National Toxicology Program +(NTP) methods is needed. It was concluded that the available data are insufcfi ient to support the +safety of these ingredients in cosmetic formulations (X11558640). +Natural History (Cade Ju Niper ): +Arceuthobium oxycedri (Loranthaceae) is a (semiparasitic) mistletoe found only on this juniper +species. +phoe NICIAN JUNIpeR (Juniperus phoenici A L.) + CUpRess ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Juniperus bacciformis Carr.; Juniperus lycia L.; Juniperus oophora Kunze; subsp. eumediterrea- +nea P. Lebreton et S. Thivend; Juniperus phoenicia L. var. lobelii Guss.; Juniperus phoenicia L. +var. malacocarpa Endl; Juniperus phoenicia L. var. sclerocarpa Endl.; J. phoenicia L. subsp. tur- +binata (Guss.) Nyman 1881; Juniperus terminalis Salisb. Juniperus tetragona Moench; Juniperus +turbinata Guss.; Sabina bacciformis (Carr.) Antoine; Sabina lycia (L.) Antoine; Sabina phoenicia +(L.) Antoine; Sabina turbinata (Guss.) Antoine; Sabinella phoenicia (L.) Nakai. fide GJE. +Notes (pHoe NiCia N Ju Niper ): +From Aroer, which is by the brink of the river of Arnon. +Deutoronomy 2:36 (KJV) +In the Flora of Palestine, Zohary and associates list only two species of Juniperus native to the +Holy Land: +• Plant monoecious shrub or small tree; mature cones with six to eight scales; mature +leaves scale-like — Juniperus phoenicia +• Plant dioecious tree; mature cones with three to six scales; mature leaves acicular, +prickly — Juniperus oxycedrus (FP1) +Not even indexing Juniperus excelsa, which some books have identiefi d as the biblical cedar, nor +the common juniper, Juniperus communis, on which medicinal literature focuses, Zohary seems to +have selected J. phoenicia as the most likely equivalent of the Aroer of the Arnon, but confesses +that “[t]he identicatfi ion of the biblical arar with Juniperus is based solely on the Arabic name given +to this and other species of Juniperus in several Arabic-speaking countries” (ZOH). Other scholars +have dwelt on J. oxycedrus. +Commo N Names (pHoe NiCia N Ju Niper ): +Aifz (Ber.; BOU); Arar (Arab.; ZOH); ‘Ar’ar (Arab.; Syria; BOU; HJP); Aroer (Heb.; ZOH); Dafran +al ‘Arr’arr (Arab.; Syria; HJP); ‘Djineda (Arab.; BOU); Fausse Rouge (Fr.; BOU); French Cade +8202_C001.indd 228 11/12/07 2:36:20 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Tree (Eng.; HOC); Genévrier Phénicie (Fr.; CJE); Genévrier Rouge (Fr.; BOU); Phoenician Juniper +(Eng.; ZOH); Shurbin (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Zimbreiro (Mad.; Por.; PST); Zimbro (Mad.; Por.; PST); +Zimeba (Ber.; BOU); Nscn. +a Ctivities (pHoe NiCia N Ju Niper ): +Abortifacient (f; HJP); Analgesic (f; BOU); Anticancer (f1; JLH; X6253598); Antiinafl mmatory (f; +BOU); Antiseptic (1; X12720394); Astringent (f; BOU); Bactericide (1; X12720394); Candidicide +(1; X12720394); Diuretic (f; DAW); Emmenagogue (f; BOU); Fumigant (f; DAW); Fungicide (1; +X12720394); Hemostat (f; HJP); Stomachic (f; DAW); Tonic (f; DAW). +iNdi Catio Ns (pHoe NiCia N Ju Niper ): +Bacteria (1; X12720394); Bleeding (f; HJP); Burn (f; JLH); Cancer (f1; JLH; X6253598); Ca-n +dida (1; X12720394); Childbirth (f; BOU); Constipation (f; BOU); Cough (f; HJP); Dermatosis (f; +BOU; HJP); Diarrhea (f; BOU); Dropsy (f; HJP); Dysuria (f; BOU); Enterosis (f; BOU); Epistaxis +(f; HJP); Fungus (1; X12720394); Infection (1; X12720394); Inafl mmation (f; BOU); Mycosis (1; +X12720394); Nephrosis (f; HJP); Pain (f; BOU); Polyp (f; JLH); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus +(1; X12720394); Strangury (f; DAW); Wart (f; JLH). +d osages (pHoe NiCia N Ju Niper ): +FNFF = ?. +• Algerians boil berries and steep overnight, taking with a half cup of Turkish coffee, +morning and evening, for cough (HJP). +• Algerians use powdered dry leaves, presumably in decoction or tea, to dilate the urinary +tract to disinfect the intestines, and to treat mild dermal infections (BOU). +• Algerians snuff powdered leaves for nosebleed (HJP). +• Algerians sprinkle powdered leaves on circumcisions (HJP). +• Egyptians apply the berries to burns and cancers (JLH). +• Lebanese use boiled leaves as diuretic (HJP). +• Lebanese boil crushed berries and steep in oil as soothing vulnerary for skin conditions +(HJP). +• North Africans consider the leaves emmenagogue, increasing uterine contractions during +parturition. +• North Africans use hot leaf tea for children’s diarrhea (BOU). +• Southern Europeans use the plant for nasal polyps and warts (JLH). +d ow Nsides (pHoe NiCia N Ju Niper ): +The International Journal of Toxicology (2001) published on the safety of Juniperus phoenicea +extract, one of several juniper extracts used as biological additives in cosmetics. No genotoxicity +data were available for extracts. Available data are insufcfi ient to support the safety in cosmetic +formulations (X11558640). +Lett UCe (lA ctuc A sAtiv A L.) ++ Aste RACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Lactuca sativa var. angustana Lam.; Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.; Lactuca sativa var. crispa L.; +Lactuca L.H. Bailey sativa var. longifolia +8202_C001.indd 229 11/12/07 2:36:21 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Notes (l ettu Ce): +The fourteenth day of the second month at even they shall keep it, and eat it with unleavened +bread and bitter herbs. +Numbers 9:11 (KJV) +In the second month on the fourteenth day in the evening they shall keep it; they shall eat it with +unleavened bread and bitter herbs. +Numbers 9:11 (RSV) +In the second month on the fourteenth day between the two evenings, they should prepare it. +Together with unfermented cakes and bitter greens they should eat it. +Numbers 9:11 (NWT) +Lettuce is the most popular of the salad vegetables, yet one of the bitter herbs of the Bible, at +least according to some American writers, including myself. For example, Moldenke and Mol-d +enke believed that Cichorium endivia, Cichorium intybus, Lactuca sativa, Nasturtium officinale, +Rumex acetosella, and Taraxacum officinale were among the bitter green herbs of the Bible. More +discriminating Israeli writers seem to favor chicory. (Such scholars regard endive as the bitter herb +of Moses. Apparently, Zohary does not (ZOH), more convinced that C. pumilum Jacq. was the +bitter herb. Not to worry. That is just a variety or subspecies of endive.) Zohary lists six species of +Lactuca that could be called “wild lettuce,” and are, I would wager, bitter, and many are consumed +at times as bitter herbs. Lactuca sativa could be cultivated in Israel with irrigation. So I retain it as a +remotely possible bitter herb of the Bible. Boulos tells us that in ancient Egypt, lettuce was a symbol +of fertility (BOU). Primitive wild edible (bitter) lettuces L. scariola and L. serriola are reported +in the Flora of Palestine, and even more probably bitter herbs of the Bible, at least in my book. +Cultivated lettuce seems to cross readily with (or degenerate with reseeding into )L. scariola and +L. serriola, which are themselves regarded as synonyms (USN; WOI); these being generally more +bitter than derived lettuce and probably having more medicinal activities, especially compared to +iceberg lettuce, which is mostly water. +Commo N Names (l ettu Ce): +Alface (Ma.; Por.; JFM; USN); Alface Comun (Ma.; Por.; JFM); Alface Cultivada (Ma.; Por.; JFM); +Bazr ul Khas (Arab.; EFS); Cabbage Lettuce (Eng.; EFS); Ch’ien Chin Ts’ai (China; EFS); Chisha +(Japan; TAN); Garden Lettuce (Eng.; USN); Garten Lattich (Ger.; EFS); Garten Salat (Ger.; EFS); +Grüner Salat (Ger.; USN); Hakkarike (Kan.; NAD); Harouka (Arab.; BOU); Hovedsalat (Den.; +EFS); Huvudsallat (Swe.; EFS); Insulata (It.; EFS); Kaha (Sin.; DEP); Kahu (Beng.; Hindi; Iran; +DEP; EFS; WOI); Kavu (Tel.; DEP; WOI); Khas (Arab.; Hindi; DEP); Khass (Arab.; BOU); Khuss +(Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kopfsalat (Ger.; EFS; USN); Kropsia (Dutch; EFS); Laitue (Fr.; USN); Laitue +Cultive (Fr.; BOU; EFS); Laitue Pommee (Fr.; EFS); Lattich (Ger.; TAN); Lattuga (It.; TAN); Lat- +tuga a Capuccio (It.; EFS); Lechuga (Cuba; Peru; Sp.; EGG; JFM; RyM; USN); Lechuga Acogollada +(Sp.; EFS); Lechuga Arepollada (Sp.; EFS); Leti (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Lettuce (Eng.; USN); Marul +(Tur.; EFS; EB54:155); Mesiouka (Arab.; BOU); Salad (India; WOI); Salada (Singh.; DEP); Salattu +(Tam.; WOI); Saleet (Kan.; NAD); Shallatu (Tel.; NAD); Shatlatu Virai (Tam.; NAD); Sla (Dutch; +EFS); Tuinsia (Dutch; EFS); Tukm-i-kahu (Iran; EFS); Wo Chu (China; TAN); Wo Ts’ai (China; +EFS); Zaub (Hmong; EB57:365). +8202_C001.indd 230 11/12/07 2:36:21 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Lettuce (Lactuca sativa). +8202_C001.indd 231 11/12/07 2:36:47 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +a Ctivities (l ettu Ce): +Alexiteric (f; BIB); Anaphrodisiac (f; BIB; DAW); Anodyne (f1; DAW; JFM; FT67:215); Antidote +(f; DAW); Antispasmodic (f; BIB); Anxiolytic (1; FT67:215); Aphrodisiac (f; BOU); Cardiac (f; +BIB); Carminative (f; DAW); Demulcent (f; NAD); Diaphoretic (f; BIB); Digestive (f; EGG; HJP); +Diuretic (f; EFS; SOU); Emollient (f; BOU; EFS; EGG); Expectorant (f; JFM; NAD); Febrifuge (f; +BIB); Hypnotic (f; EFS); Lactagogue (f; BIB); Narcotic (f; EFS); Parasiticide (f; BIB); Poison (f; +EFS); Psychdelic (f; BIB); Purgative (f; BIB); Refrigerant (f; DAW); Sedative (f; BOU; EFS; SOU; +FT67:215); Stomachic (f; JFM); Tranquilizer (f; VOD). +iNdi Catio Ns (l ettu Ce): +Asthma (f; DAW; WOI); Bronchosis (f; JFM; WOI); Bubo (f; BIB); Burn (f; WOI); Cancer (f1; JLH); +Cancer, breast (f1; JLH; X15546249); Cancer, colorectal (f1; X15546249); Cancer, face (f; JLH); +Cancer, gastric (f1; X15546249); Cancer, lung (f1; X15546249); Cancer, tongue (f; JLH); Cancer, +uterus (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; DAW; JFM); Catarrh (f; JFM); Circulosis (f; DAW); Conjunctivosis +(f; JFM); Constipation (f; JFM); Cough (f; JFM); Cystosis (f; JFM); Delirium (f; NAD); Dysmenor - +rhea (f; DAW; VOD); Dyspepsia (f; NAD); Edema (f; BIB); Fever (f; DAW); Hepatosis (f; NAD); +High Blood Pressure (f; JFM); Hyperglycemia (f; DAW); Impotence (f; BOU); Infertility (f; BOU); +Inafl mmation (f; JFM); Insanity (f; NAD); Insomnia (f1; DAW; SOU; VOD; FT67:215); Nephrosis +(f; JFM); Nervousness (f; HJP; NAD; VOD); Neuralgia (f; DAW); Pain (f1; DAW; FT67:215); Palp-i +tation (f; DAW; JFM; NAD); Pertussis (f; DAW); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; WOI); Spasm (f; WOI); +Spermatorrhea (f; NAD); Stress (1; FT67:215); Strangury (f; SOU); Swelling (f; BIB); Tuberculosis +(f; BIB); Tumor (f; JLH); Typhoid (f; DAW); Urogenitosis (f; DAW). +d osages (l ettu Ce): +FNFF = !!! +Leaves widely used as a salad, sometimes as vegetable. Leaves also eaten braised or wilted, or used +in soups with broth, with bouillon cubes or spices. In stem lettuce varieties, young stems are peeled +and cooked, but not the coarse unpalatable leaves (BIB; EGG; FAC; TAN). +• American hustlers sometimes promote the milky exudate as an opium substitute (BIB). +• Asian Indians suggest lettuce juice for nervousness and palpitations of the heart (NAD). +• Asian Indians suggest hot lettuce tea for dyspepsia and hepatoses (NAD). +• Asian Indians recommend one part lettuce seed and two parts poppy seed steeped to +render a mucilage sweetened with sugar for insomnia (NAD). +• Dominicans consider the lettuce salad or tea as tranquilizer (VOD). +• Haitians take leaf tea for dysmenorrhea, insomnia, nervousness, and ophthalmia (VOD). +• Iranians suggest the seeds for typhoid (BIB). +• Lebanese occasionally apply wilted lettuce to abrasions, swellings, and wounds (HJP). +• Lebanese druggists keep powdered lettuce seed to calm feverish patients, and to deter +boys from excessive masturbation, “but it is not strong enough to help mad people, those +with fits, or excited women” (HJP). +• North Africans consider the plant a symbol of fertility, and the seed oil aphrodisiac (BOU). +• Panamanians claim that merely eating lettuce salad will promote sound sleep (JFM). +• Peruvians place lettuce with olive oil on the forehead for insomnia (VOD). +• Peruvians suggest the tea, sweetened with scorched sugar, for insomnia and strangury +(SOU). +• Venezuelans suggest leaf decoction for cystosis, dysuria, and nephrosis (JFM). +8202_C001.indd 232 11/12/07 2:36:47 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d ow Nsides (l ettu Ce): +Bolted lettuce eaten as a vegetable has been reported to cause coma (BIB). +extra Cts (l ettu Ce): +Frequent intake of fruits, raw vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, cabbage, and lettuce, and frequent +physical exercise, are associated with decreased risk for gastric, breast, lung, and colorectal cancer +(X15546249). +CALABAsh G o URD (lA gen Ari A sicer Ari A +(Mo LINA) st ANDL.) ++ CUCURBIt ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Cucurbita lagenaria L.; Cucurbita leucantha Duchesne; Cucurbita longa hort.; Cucurbita siceraria +Molina; Lagenaria lagenaria (L.) Cockerell; Lagenaria leucantha Rusby; Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. +Notes (Calabas H g ourd ): +And Dilean, and Mizpeh, and Joktheel … +Joshua 15:38 (KJV) +After my first book was published, I was fascinated to read in Zohary that “the town-name of +Dilean” was derived from delaath, a term occurring in postbiblical literature for the bottle-gourd, +long and extensively cultivated. Specimens from Egyptian tombs date circa 3500 to 3,000b .c., +but in America date back to circa 7000b .c. Zohary adds that scientists believe that these fruits +ofl ated from Africa to the other side of the Atlantic, the seeds remaining viable for 2 years. Be it an +American or un-American species, Julia Morton’s comments pushed it back even earlier, saying it +was known and utilized in the Old World for 12,000 years, here in the New World for 15,000 years. +It is now widely cultivated in the tropics and warm temperate zone as food, utensil, and medicine +(JFM). AH2 has designated the standardized common name to be Calabash Gourd. So be it! I used +Bottle Gourd in my CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (Edition 2). Appropriately bowing to AHP, +the American Herbal Products Association, for the betterment of the herbal industry, I will now +use its standardized common name, Calabash Gourd, a vine, not to be confused with the Calabash +tree (Crescentia). According to Dr. Max Beauvoir (VOD), rattles made from this gourd are very +important in Haitian Voodoo. The rattle, known asa sson, made from the shell of this gourd, is the +symbol of the spiritual power of the priest (houngan) or priestess (mambo). The rattle is usually +covered with a network of bead strings representing the world at large. There are also several snake +vertebrae representing Damballah, and a bell to summon the attention of Iwa when rung. The gourd +is reportedly the container of the Ossâim in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé religion (VOD quoting +Voeks, 1997). +Commo N Names (Calabas H g ourd ): +Abóbora Branca (Por.; AVP; KAB); Abóbora Carneira (Por.; POR); Abóbora d’Agua (Por.; +AVP); Adanggu (Ewe; KAB); Akpaki (Ga; KAB); Alabu (Sanskrit; SKJ); Alaburu (Tel.; KAB); +Alahko (Koasiti; AUS); Alava (Sanak; DEP; KAB); Anapa Kai (Mal.; NAD); Apakyi (Twi; KAB); +Asmakabag?i (Tur.; EFS); Bagaña (Dr.; AUS); Bairntua (Fanti; KAB); Bangaña (Dr.; AVP); Bau +(Vn.; POR); Bau Nam (Annam; KAB); Bella Shora (Mal.; DEP; KAB); Benares Pumpkin (Eng.; +NAD); Bhopala (Mar.; WOI); Bhopla (Mar.; KAB); Birsuku (Mun.; KAB); Boga Lao (Assam; +DEP; SKJ; WOI); Bottiglia di Zucca (It.; AVP); Bottle Gourd (Eng.; Ocn.; BOU; CR2; FAC; USN; +VOD); Bouteille (Fr.; BOU); Brujito (Pan.; IED); Bule (Ma.; JFM); Busin Swai (Burma; DEP; +8202_C001.indd 233 11/12/07 2:36:48 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +KAB); Cabaceira (Brazil; AVP); Cabaceiro Amargóso (Brazil; AVP); Cabaço (Brazil; Por.; MPB; +POR; USN); Cabaço Amargosa (Brazil; MPB); Cadungo Amargo (Sp.; Pr.; AVP); Cajombre (Sp.; +POR; USN); Calabash (Eng.; FAC; USN); Calabash Cucumber (Eng.; BOU; IHB; NPM); Calabash +Gourd (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; USN); Calabaza (Peru; Sp.; EGG; POR; RAR; USN); Calabaza de San +Roque (Sp.; EFS; POR); Calabaza Vinatera (Sp.; AVP; KAB; POR); Calabazo (Col.; Dr.; AVP); C-al +bas Largu (Creole; JFM); Calebasse (Fr.; BOU; POR); Calebasse Courant (Fwi.; AUS); Calebasse +Courge (Guad.; Mart. AVP); Calebasse d’Europe (Fr.; BOU); Calebasse d’Herbe (Fr.; KAB) Ca-le +basse Douce (Guad.; Mart.; AVP); Calebasse Franc (Haiti; AUS; AVP); Calebasse Longe (Guad.; +Mart.; AVP); Calebasse Longue (Haiti; AUS; AVP); Calebasse Musquée (Guad.; Haiti; Mart.; AUS; +AVP); Calebasseterre (Fr.; Guiana; KAB); Calebassier (Fr.; Haiti; AVP; POR; USN); Calebassier +Grimpant (Fr.; POR); Camasa (Sp.; Ven.; EFS; JLH); Camaza (Ma.; JFM); Caracho (Pr.; AVP); +Carracho (Pr.; AVP); Chappu P’ege (Bol.; Callawaya; DLZ); Chiti Anab (Tel.; NAD); Chucña +(Peru; EGG; RAR; SOU); Cocombro (Brazil; KAB); Cogorda (Sp.; POR); Cojombro (Ma.; JFM); +Cojudito (Peru; EGG); Cojudo (Peru; EGG); Colombro (Por.; EFS); Colondro (Por.; EFS); Con- +gourde (Fr.; Haiti; AHL; BOU); Cougourde (Fr.; POR); Courge Bouteille (Fr.; EFS; POR); Courge +de Perelin (Fr.; AVP); Courge Massue (Fr.; POR); Courge Pélerine (Fr.; POR); Courge Siphon (Fr.; +POR); Cucurbita (Sp.; RAR); Cucuzzi (It.; FAC); Cucuzzi Caravasi (It.; FAC); Cuia (Brazil; MPB); +Cuieté (Brazil; MPB); Delaath (Isr.; ZOH); Diya Laba (Sin.; DEP); Diya Labu (Sin.; KAB; POR); +Dodi (Hindi; POR); Douma (Sudan; AVP); Dubb’a (Arab.; BOU); Dudhi (Guj.; Hindi; India; POR; +USN; WOI); Dudhiyun (Kathiawar; KAB); Dudhya (Mar.; DEP; WOI); Dudi (Hindi; POR); Dum +(Chepang; NPM); Efepe (Creek; Muskogee; AUS); Fepe (Creek; Muskogee; AUS); Flaschenkürbis +(Ger.; POR; USN); Flaskegræskar (Den.; POR); Flaskkurbits (Swe.; POR); Fleskalebas (Dutch; +EFS; POR); Flessepompoen (Dutch; POR); Fran (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Geöhnlicher Flaschenkür- +bis (Ger.; USN); Ghiya (Pun.; WOI); Golkaddu (Bijnor; Hindi; DEP; KAB); Gourd (Eng.; JFM); +Gourde (Fr.; BOU; POR); Gourde Bouteille (Fr.; POR; USN); Gourde Calebasse (Fr.; EFS); Gourde +des Pèlerins (Creole; Haiti; AUS; VOD); Gourde Massue (Fr.; POR); Gourde Trompette (Haiti; +AHL); Gourdo (Lan.; KAB); Gros Calebasse (Haiti; AHL); Gubba Kaya (Tel.; DEP); Güícharo +(Pr.; AUS; AVP); Güiro (Cuba; Dr.; Haiti; Taino; AUS; AVP); Güiro Amargo (Sp.; POR; USN); +Güiro Cimarrón (Cuba; AUS; AVP); Güiro Dulce de Nueva Guinea (Cuba; RyM); Güiro Guyaro +(Cuba; AUS); Guyaro (Cuba; AUS); Halagumbala (Kan.; NAD; WOI); Healing Squash (Eng.; FAC); +Hefepe (Creek; Muskogee; AUS); Hefepe-Nerkv (Creek; Muskogee; AUS); Hipfi a (Mikasuki; AUS); +Ho Lo (Ic.; KAB); Horoto (Arawak; Sur.; AUS); Hu Gua (China; PR); Hu Lu (China; PR); Hu Lu +Gua (China; PR); Hu Zi (Pin.; DAA); Hurreakadu (Sin.; KAB); I’niizhe (Osage; AUS); Irao (Sin.; +DEP); Iselwa (Zulu; ZUL); Italian Edible Gourd (Eng.; FAC); Jamaru (Brazil; MPB); Jomatapheng +(Lepcha; NPM); Ka-Bed (Tibet; NPM); Kaddú (Hindi; Iran; DEP; NAD); Kadu (San.; DEP; KAB); +Kadu Duddi (Kon.; NAD); Kaduasuki (Naguri; KAB); Kadubhopla (Bom.; SKJ); Kadugol (Urdu; +KAB); Kadulau (Beng.; SKJ); Kadutalkha (Iran; KAB); Kadwitumbade (Guj.; NAD); Kahisore +(Kan.; NAD); Kalabas (Den.; POR); Kalbas (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Kalbas di Core Abao (Ma.; JFM); +Kalbas Kouran (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Kalbas Largoe (Ma.; JFM); Kalebass (Swe.; POR); Ka- le +bassenkürbis (Ger.; POR); Kalubay (Vis.; POR); Karehulmar (Arab.; ?); Kashiphal (Hindu; Mah.; +NAD; SKJ); Katutumbi (Sanskrit; DEP); Keedú (Pun.; DEP); Khaddu (Hindi; NAD); Khi Luu Saa +(Thai; POR); Khlôôk (Khmer; POR); Ko (Biloxi; AUS); Kochi (Alabama; AUS); Kodu (Beng.; +NAD); Kohla (Sin.; NAD); Koro (Carib; Sur.; AUS); Kukuk (Java; Sunda; IHB; POR); Kurlaru +(Sanskrit; EFS); Labu (Malaya; IHB); Labu Air (Dei.; POR); Labu A?yr eBe?rleher (Malaya; IHB); +Labu Ay?er (Java; IHB); Labu Ay?er Puteh (Malaya; IHB); Labu Botol (Malaya; POR); Labu Ja- n +tong (Malaya; IHB); Labuka (Sanskrit; KAB); Labu ?Knedi (Malaya; IHB); Labu Puteh (Malaya; +EFS); Labu Putih (Dei.; POR); La Guasu (Chiriguano; DLZ); Lakttine (Ber.; BOU); Lau (Assam; +Beng.; Nwp.; DEP; WOI); Lauka (Magar; Nepal; Newari; Sunwar; Tamang; Tharu; NPM); Laukaa +(Nepal; POR); Lauki (Bhojpuri; Hindi; India; Nwp.; EFS; KAB; NPM; POR); Lek (Dwi.; JFM); +Lokhi (Hindi; POR); Long White Gourd (Eng.; NAD); Lova (Chiriguano; DLZ); Lyiquisigua (Bol.; +Chiriguano; DLZ); Mambiro (Cr.; AVP); Manamtao (Thai; POR); Mao Gua (China; POR); Mardudi +8202_C001.indd 234 11/12/07 2:36:49 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(Kon.; KAB); Marimbo (Pr.; AVP); Marimbo Almizcle (Sp.; AVP); Mate (Peru; EGG; RAR; SOU); +Mathi (Bol.; Que.; DLZ); Mati (Bol.; Peru; Que.; DLZ; EGG; RAR; SOU); Matti (Peru; RAR); +Mazon (Sp.; EFS); Mekuri (Naga; DEP; KAB); Mirango (Mandingo; KAB); Mo Kwa (Canton; +POR); Naam Tao (Thai; POR); Nambiro (Cr.; Pr.; AUS; JFM); Namtao (Thai; IHB; POR); Namz +Taux (Laos; POR); Ndopote (Manjia; KAB); New Guinea Bean (Eng.; FAC); New Guinea Butter +Vine (Eng.; FAC); Oo Lo Kwa (Canton; POR); Opo (Tag.; FAC; KAB); Ouowi (Ber.; BOU); P’ao +(China; EFS); Pehe (Omaha; Ponca; AUS); Peh Poh (Singapore; POR); Pepino Chino (Ma.; JFM); +Phusi (Nepal; DEP; KAB); Pierna de Pobre (Sp.; EFS); Pilgrim Bottle (Eng.; AVP; IED); Poro (Bol.; +Peru; DLZ; EGG; RAR; SOU); Porongo (Bol.; Brazil; DLZ; MPB); Poto (Peru; EGG; RAR); Poto +Pate (Peru; EGG); Pullokurpitsa. (Fin.; POR); Pulu (Aym.; Bol.; DLZ); Púnu (Aguaruna; Peru; +EGG); Pura (Peru; EGG; RAR); Puru (Peru; EGG; RAR; SOU); Purunga (Brazil; MPB; RAR); +Qar’a Aslawiya (Arab.; BOU); Qar’a Dubba (Arab.; BOU); Qar’a Duruf (Arab.; BOU); Qar’a Tawil +(Arab.; BOU); Qer’aa (Arab.; BOU); Qer’aa Beida (Arab.; BOU); Qer’aa el leben (Arab.; BOU); +Qer’aa Gardousi (Arab.; BOU); Qer’aa Medwen (Arab.; BOU); Saffed Kadu (India; EFS); Shokshi +(Chickasaw; AUS); Shora Kai (Tam.; DEP); Shorakkai (Tam.; KAB; SKJ; WOI); Shukshi Okpulo +(Chickasaw; AUS); Shukshubok (Choctaw; AUS); Sicay (Vis.; KAB); Sinu (Sakai; IHB); Sísira +(Garifuna; Nic.; IED); Sorakai (Tam.; NAD); Sorakaya (India; SKJ); Sorekayi (Kan.; WOI); S-or +rakaya (Tel.; WOI); Su Kabagi (Tur.; EB54:155); Tafe-qeloujla (Ber.; BOU); Takhsait (Ber.; BOU); +Tä ‘Mbacti’ (Yuchi; AUS); Taquera (Brazil; MPB); Tarro (Ma.; Sal.; AUS; JFM); Tecomate (Ma.; +Sal.; AUS; JFM); Tecomatillo (Ma.; Sal.; AUS; JFM); Tembephutra (Limbu; NPM); Tikta Tumbi +(Sanskrit; NAD); Tito Tumba (Nepal; POR); Tokal (Semang; IHB); Tol (Guat.; Ma.; Sal.; AUS; +JFM); Totumo (Ma.; Sal.; Ven.; AUS; JFM); Trompetenkürbis (Ger.; POR); Tukal (Besisi; Pangan; +IHB); Tula de Mate (Pan.; IED; JFM); Tumada (Guj.; DEP; KAB; WOI); Tumba (Pun.; KAB); +Tumri (Hindi; Kum.; DEP; KAB; WOI); Upo (Tag.; POR); Vinotera (Peru; EGG; RAR); Voambahy +(Sakalave; KAB); Voata Vomanta (Hova; KAB); Wachekalasi (Rai; NPM); Waluh ?nKti e(Java; +IHB); Wamnuha (Dakota; AUS); White-ofl wer Gourd (Eng.; USN); White Pumpkin (Eng.; NAD); +Woo Lo Gwa (Canton; POR); Woo Lo Kwa (Canton; POR); Wu Lo Gwa (Canton; POR); Xataan +(Amahuaca; Peru; EGG; RAR); Yumí (Aguaruna; Peru; EGG; SOU); Yuugao (Japan; FAC; POR); +Zucca da Pescare (It.; HHB); Zucca da Tabacco (It.; POR); Zucca Lunga (It.; AVP). +a Ctivities (Calabas H g ourd ): +Analgesic (f; AUS; DEM); Anthelmintic (f; BOU; WBB); Antibilious (f; WOI); Antidote (f; LMP); +Antiperiodic (f; KAB); Antitussive (1; FNF; HAD); Antiulcer (1; FNF; HAD); Bitter (1; JFM); +Carminative (f; JFM); Cardiotonic (f; KAB); Cerebrotonic (f; KAB); Cholinergic (1; FNF; HAD); +Demulcent (1; FNF; HAD); Diuretic (f; AUS; BOU; EFS); Emetic (f; EFS); Febrifuge (f; EFS); +Hemostat (1; FNF; HAD; KAB); Hepatoprotective (1; FNF); Laxative (f; AUS); Litholytic (f; EFS); +Pectoral (f; WBB); Purgative (1; EFS; JFM); Ribosome Inactivator (1; X11104364); Taenicide (f; +KAB); Tonic (f; KAB); Trypsin Inhibitor (1; X7889483); Vulnerary (f; DLZ; KAB). +iNdi Catio Ns (Calabas H g ourd ): +Adenopathy (f; NAD); Alopecia (f; IHB; WOI); Alzheimer’s (1; HAD); Asthma (f; AHL; AUS; KAB); +Atheroma (1; HAD); Biliousness (f; EFS; KAB); Body ache (f; DEM); Boils (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; +KAB); Cancer (f1; HAD; JLH); Cancer, colon (f1; FNF; JLH; X7889483); Childbirth (f; MPB); Colic +(f; LMP); Constipation (1; JFM); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f1; AHL; AUS; FNF; HAD; LMP); Delirium +(f; IHB; WOI); Dermatosis (f; DLZ; IHB; JFM); Diarrhea (f1; DEP; FNF; HAD); Dropsy (f; AUS; +WOI); Dyskinesia (1; FNF; HAD); Dysuria (f; KAB); Earache (f; KAB); Favus (f; DLZ); Fever (f; +BOU; IHB; LMP); Gas (f; JFM); Gastrosis (f; HHB); Gingivosis (f; LMP); Headache (f; DEM; JFM); +Heart Problems (f; JFM); High Cholesterol (1; HAD); Hepatosis (1; FNF); Hoarseness (f; AHL); +Hyperacidity (f; NPM); Inafl mmation (f; KAB); Insanity (f; DEM); Itch (f; AUS; DLZ); Jaundice (f; +8202_C001.indd 235 11/12/07 2:36:49 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +NAD; SKJ); Leukorrhea (f; KAB); Malaria (f; KAB); Mange (f; JFM); Myalgia (f; KAB); Nephrosis +(f; DAV; EGG; MPB; RAR); Nyctalopia (f; NAD); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Pain (f; AUS; KAB); Pim- +ple (f; IHB; LMP; WOI); Pregnancy (f; JFM); Rheumatism (f; WOI); Rhinosis (f; NAD); Ringworm +(f; DLZ); Scabies (f; DLZ); Scrofula (f; NAD); Sore (f; MPB); Stomachache (f; HHB); Strangury (f; +KAB); Thirst (f; IHB); Toothache (f; LMP); Tumors (f; JLH); Typhoid (f; HAD; IHB); Typhus (f; +LMP); Ulcer (f; KAB; NPM); Uterosis (f; KAB); Vaginosis (f; KAB); Worm (f; BOU). +d osages (Calabas H g ourd ): +FNFF = !!! +Young fruits widely eaten; seeds edible, yielding an oil that can be rendered into a tofu-like curd; +leaves and young shoots cooked as potherbs (FAC, TAN; EB54:155). Young leaves and fruits, cooked, +could (or maybe even should) be one of our five daily fruits and vegetables (100 g servings). +• Amazonians, Bolivians, and Brazilians all report the use of seeds for nephritis (MPB). +• Asian Indians apply the pulp around the seeds to the head in delirium (IHB). +• Asian Indians boil fruit juice with an equal amount of oil to massage scrofulous glands +(NAD). +• Asian Indians suggest nose drops of the fruit juice for “atrophic rhinosis” (NAD). +• Asian Indians use fruit ashes with honey as collyrium for night blindness (NAD). +• Ayurvedic practitioners consider the leaves useful in biliousness, earache, leukorrhea, +strangury, uterosis, and vaginosis; the fruit for asthma, bronchitis, cardiopathy, inafl m- +mation, pain, and ulcers (KAB). +• Bolivians apply the powdered seed in a lard pomade to favus, ringworm, scabies, and +other dermatoses (DLZ). +• Brazilians apply heated leaves to aid labor and heal sores (MPB). +• Dominicans suggest the syrup of powdered fruits for asthma, cough, and hoarseness (AHL). +• East Asians apply the fruit juice with lime to pimples, and leaf juice to bald heads (IHB). +• Hindus prescribe the leaf decoction for jaundice (DEP). +• Indonesians use young fruit juice to quench thirst of typhoid patients (IHB). +• Malayans eat the fruits for colic and fever, also bathing their heads in the potlikker (IHB). +• Nepalese consider the fruit pulp emetic and purgative, using the juice for acid stomach, +dyspepsia, and ulcers (NPM). +• Nicaraguan Garifuna use leaf and root decoction orally and topically as a digestive and +laxative, and for skin rashes and sores (IED). +• Unani consider the fruits antibilious, diuretic, and febrifuge, and the seeds useful for +ardor urinae, cough, earache, fever, inafl mmation, and strangury (KAB). +• Venezuelans poultice leaves with coconut oil onto tumors (JLH). +• Zulu use leaf and root infusion for stomachache (HHB). +d ow Nsides (Calabas H g ourd ): +Processed fruits and leaves and ofl wers eaten on many continents, but still reported as potentially +toxic, especially green fruits. Fruit efl sh fed to rabbits, leads to restlessness and dyspnea, with +paralysis and death from asphyxia (WBB). +extra Cts (Calabas H g ourd ): +Leaves contain 1300 ppm steroidal steroids (ZMB; JFM). If data cited in WOI are correct, this +remains my best source of choline in vegetables. For the many possible benetfi s of choline, see the +USDA Phytochemcial database h(ttp://www.ars-grin.gov/duke). Dietary bfi er from the fruit sup - +pressed colonic carcinogenesis in mice by lowering the bile acid concentration and pH in the colon. +8202_C001.indd 236 11/12/07 2:36:50 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +The mechanisms of action differ from those of wheat bran (X7889483). Pectin is, of course, an +anticancer compound. On a zero-moisture basis, the fruits can contain up to 21% pectin, cf. 35% +for marshmallow roots; 19% for carrots; 14% for hops; and 11% for eggplant, rosehips, and sun- +ofl wer; and 10% for afl xseed. Genetically targeted for colon cancer, I would enjoy more frequent +indulgence, cooking these (minus the hops; instead, I might have a glass of beer) to make a pectin +potpourri. At levels of 250 mg/kg, various extracts, including the ethanol extract of the fruits, exhib- +ited liver-protecting properties. +BAy (lA urus nobilis L.) ++ LAURACeAe +Notes (bay ): +I have seen the wicked in great power, and spreading himself like a green bay tree. +Psalms 37:35 (KJV) +I have seen a wicked man overbearing, and towering like a cedar of Lebanon. +Psalms 37:35 (RSV) +I have seen the wicked a tyrant and spreading himself as a luxuriant [tree] in native soil. +Psalms 37:35 (NWT) +Zohary, noting that the laurel abounds on Mt. Carmel and in stony soils around Galilee, suggests +that the word orem in Isaiah 44:14 is bay, although it is rendered as cedar in the RSV, and today orem +means pine. Further complicating things, Zohary suggests that the cedar of Isaiah 44:14 (RSV) is +laurel, as in the following quote: “He cuts down cedars; or he chooses a holm tree or an oak and lets +it grow strong among the the trees of the forest; he plants a cedar and the rain nourishes it” (RSV). +Zohary further comments that generally scholars think the laurel is not mentioned in the Bible, and +then draws evidence to suggest that laurel in RSV is rendered acse dar (while in modern Hebrew oren += pine). In Aramaic, it is aranye; in Arabic, ar; and in Accadiane, ru, according to Zohary (ZOH). +Although not a huge tree, the evergreen bay can attain a height of more than 20 feet, maybe even +60 feet (GMH). Hence, I use the quote above as possibly referring to Laurus nobilis as the biblical +green bay. Even in modern languages identifying a plant by nothing more than its common name is +perilous at best. In biblical times, the bay was symbolic of wealth and wickedness. And that is why +I use the Psalms quote above. The evergreen leaves, when broken, emit a sweet scent and furnish an +extract used by the Orientals in making perfumed oil. In the ancient Olympic games, the victorious +contestant was awarded a chaplet of bay leaves, placed on his brow. The Roman gold coin of 3b4.2 c. +has a laurel wreath modeled on its surface. Oil replaces dried leaves to great advantage because it +can be measured more precisely and provides more uniform results. The fat derived from the fruits +has been used for soap making and veterinary medicine. Leaves twined into wreaths by ancient +Greeks and Romans were used to crown their victors in sports and wars. The wood, resembling +walnut, can be used for cabinetry. +Commo N Names (bay ): +Alloro (It.; EFS); Alloro Poetico (It.; HH3); Ar (Arab.; ZOH); Ar Atzil (Heb.; PAY); Aranye (Aramaic; +ZOH); Asa musa (Arab.; BOU); Bahia (Sp.; EFS); Bakelaar (Dutch; EFS); Bay (Eng.; Scn.; AH2); Bay +Laurel (Eng.; EFS); Bayleaf (Eng.; CR2); Bayleaf Laurel (Eng.; CR2; USN); Baz (India; EFS; NAD); +Daphne (Greek; GMH; HJP); Defne (Tur.; EFS); Edler Lorbeerbaum (Ger.; EFS); Eru (Accadian; ZOH); +8202_C001.indd 237 11/12/07 2:36:50 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Habbula Ghara (Iran; EFS); Laurierboom (Dutch; EFS); Gekkeiju (Japan; HH3); Ghar (Arab.; BOU; +HJP); Grecian Laurel (Eng.; BIB; EFS); Green Bay (Eng.; BIB; KJB); Hab el Ghar (Arab.; EFS); Habb +Ghar (Arab.; BOU); Habul Ghar (India; DEP); Habula Ghara (Iran; NAD); Laurbaer (Den.; EFS); L- au +rel (Eng.; BOU); Laurél Común (Sp.; EFS); Laurier (Fr.; BOU); Laurier d’Apollon (Fr.; BOU; EFS); +Laurier des Poetes (Fr.; BOU); Laurier Franc (Fr.; BOU; EFS); Laurier Sauce (Fr.; BOU; GMH; HH3); +Laurierboom (Dutch; EFS); Lauro (Sp.; EFS); Lauro Franco (It.; EFS); Lauro Poetico (It.; EFS); Lauro +Regale (It.; HH3); Lauro Regio (It.; EFS); Lorbeer (Ger.; HH3); Lorbeerbaum (Ger.; HH3; USN); Lor- +beerstrauch (Ger.; USN); Loureiro (Mad.; Por.; EFS; USN); Louro (Por.; USN); Maraget Musa (Arab.; +BOU); Noble Laurel (Eng.; HH3); Old World Bay (Eng.; HOC); Orem (Heb.; ZOH); Rand (Arab.; Syria; +BOU; HJP); Roman Laurel (Eng.; BOU; GMH; HH3); Sweet Barg (Eng.; DEP); Sweet Bay (Eng.; BIB; +BOU; EFS); Sweet Laurel Tree (Eng.; EFS); Taset (Ber.; BOU); True Laurel (Eng.; GMH); Victor’s La-u +rels (Eng.; NAD); Yue Gui Zi (Pin.; DAA); Zafui (India; DEP). +a Ctivities (bay ): +Abortifacient (f; HJP; SPI); Allergenic (1; CRC; PH2; TAD); Analgesic (f; PAY); Anodyne (f; CRC); +Antioxidant (1; TAD); Antiperspirant (f; PAY); Antiseptic (f1; CRC; HHB; PAY; PH2); Antirheumatic +(f; PHR); Antispasmodic (f; BOU; EFS); Antiulcer (1; PR14:581); Antiviral (1; APA); Aperitif (f; APA; +CRC); Aphrodisiac (f; PAY); Bactericide (1; APA; CRC); Bitter (f; HHB); Candidicide (1; HH3); C-ar +diodepressant (1; PAY); Carminative (f1; APA; CRC; HHB; HJP; JFM); Cholagogue (f; PNC; VAD); +Diaphoretic (f; APA; CRC; PNC; SPI); Digestive (f; BOW; JFM); Diuretic (f; CRC; HHB); Emetic (f; +CRC); Emmenagogue (f; APA; BOU; CRC; HHB; JFM); Ethanol-Absorption Inhibitor (X11003152); +Expectorant (f; GAZ; VAD); Febrifuge (f; APA); Fungicide (1; APA; CRC; PAY); Gastrotonic (f; BOU; +CRC; JFM); Hepatotonic (f; CRC; HJP); Hypotensive (1; APA; PAY); Insectifuge (f1; HH3; PH2; TAD); +Laxative (f; PAY); Molluscicide (1; HH3; PH2); Narcotic (f1; BIB; CRC); Nervine (f; CRC; EFS); NO +Inhibitor (1; X10834299); Orexigenic (1; APA; CRC; VAD); Parasiticide (1; BOU; HHB); Pediculicide (1; +VAD); Rubefacient (1; PHR; PH2); Sedative (f1; APA; CRC; JFM); Stimulant (f; CRC; PNC); Stomachic +(f; BOU; CRC; PNC); Sudoricfi (f; BOU; CRC); Tonic (f; SPI); Vermifuge (f; PAY). +iNdi Catio Ns (bay ): +Ague (f; GMH); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Amenorrhea (f; BOU; CRC; SPI); Anorexia (f1; APA; +BOW; GMH; VAD); Arthrosis (f1; APA; COX; FNF; VAD); Asthma (f; VAD); Bacteria (1; CRC; +HHB); BO (f; PAY); Bronchosis (f; VAD); Bruises (f; APA); Bug bite (f; APA); Cancer (1; CRC; JLH); +Cancer, anus (1; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; COX; FNF); Cancer, eye (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, face (1; +CRC; JLH); Cancer, joint (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, mouth (1; JLH); Ca-n +cer, parotid (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, +testicle (1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; HH3; SPI); Catarrh (f; BOU); Ch-ei +losis (f; HH3); Cold (f; PAY); Colic (f; APA; CRC; SPI); Condyloma (f; CRC); Cough (f; CRC; HJP); +Cramp (f; BOU); Cystosis (f; GAZ); Dandruff (f; APA); Deafness (f; JFM); Debility (f; JFM; PAY); +Dermatosis (f; APA; HOC; SPI); Diabetes (1; FNF); Diarrhea (f; PAY); Dislocation (f; HJP); Dropsy +(f; NAD); Dyspepsia (1; APA; JFM); Dysuria (f; NAD); Earache (f; CRC; GMH; PAY); Emphysema (f; +VAD); Enterosis (f; VAD); Escherichia (1; X10438227); Fibroid (f; CRC; JLH); Fungus (1; BIB; CRC); +Furuncle (f; HH3); Gas (f1; APA; BIB; SPI); Gastrosis (f; CRC; PAY); Halitosis (f; GAZ); Headache +(1; FNF; HAD); Hemorrhoid (f; VAD); Hepatosis (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; APA); Hysteria (f; +CRC; GMH; SPI); Impostume (f; CRC; JLH); Impotence (f; PAY); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; +CRC; SPI); Jaundice (f; PAY); Klebsiella (1; X10438227); Leukorrhea (f; GAZ; NAD); Lice (1; VAD); +Mange (f; JFM); Migraine (1; FNF; HAD); Mycosis (f; CRC; SPI); Neuralgia (f; PAY); Ophthalmia +(f; PAY); Orchosis (f; JLH); Pain (f; APA; NAD; PAY); Parasite (1; BOU; HHB; SPI); Pediculosis (f; +HH3); Pharyngosis (f; VAD); Polyp (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; JLH); Rheumatism (f; BOU; CRC; HH3; +HJP; NAD; PHR; PH2; SPI); Salmonella (1; HH3); Scabies (f; BOW); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sclerosis +(f; CRC); Sinusosis (f; VAD); Sore (f; APA; HH3; JFM); Spasm (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; HOC; JLH); +8202_C001.indd 238 11/12/07 2:36:51 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Bay (Laurus nobilis). +Sprain (f; APA; CRC; WOI); Staphylococcus (1; HH3; SPI); Sting (f; HOC; PAY); Stomachache (f; +PAY); Stomatosis (f; HH3); Swelling (f; HOC); Ulcer (1; JFM; PR14:581); Urethritis (f; GAZ); Uterosis +(f; JLH); Wen (f; CRC); Worm (f; PAY); Wound (1; APA); Yeast (1; X10438227). +d osages (baylea F): +FNFF = !!! +Dried bay leaves are used to afl vor meats, sfi h, poultry, vegetables, soups, and stews, and are espe - +cially popular in French dishes; also as an ingredient in pickling spices and vinegars. Leaves once +used as a tea substitute. Priestesses of Apollo at Delphi in ancient Greece chewed laurel leaves to +8202_C001.indd 239 11/12/07 2:37:11 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +better prophecy (PAY). An essential oil, distilled from the leaves, is used for afl voring food products, +such as baked goods, confectionary, meats, sausages, and canned soups, and in perfumery. Bay +leaves GRAS (generally recognized as safe) at 1000 ppm, the oil at 200 ppm (BIB; TAD). 1–2 tsp +leaf/cup water to 3 ×/day (APA); 1–2 drops essential oil added to brandy, honey, or tea (APA). +• Asian Indians suggest the oil expressed from boiling seeds is applied to rheumatic pain +(NAD). +• British suggest bay oil for bruises, earache, and sprains (GMH). +• British suggest the berries as abortifacient, deobstruent, emmenagogue, and orexigenic +(GMH). +• French use the leaves as carminative (GMH). +• Israelis drink fruit and leaf decoction to prevent diarrhea (PAY). +• Israelis massage joint and nerve pain with fruit oil (PAY). +• Israelis take laurel leaf tea to enhance potency (PAY). +• Israelis use vapor bath (laurel, rue, savory, three-lobed sage) for colds and debility (PAY). +• Israelis wash head with laurel decoction to strengthen the hair (PAY). +• Israelis wash with laurel decoction to expel perspiration odor (PAY). +• Lebanese mountaineers use raw berries to induce abortion (HJP). +• Lebanese tightly cork and steep leaves and berries in brandy in the sun for several days, +then distill, and use as liniment for rheumatism and sprains, or as an emmenagogue +(HJP). +• Spaniards suggest the fruit oil for arthritis and pediculosis (VAD). +d ow Nsides (bay ): +Class 1 (AHP). None known at proper dosage (PHR). No health hazards or side effects known with +proper therapeutic dosages (no dosage given, however) (PH2). Leaf and berry oil may cause severe +lesions of the skin. Contact dermatosis from handling leaves or essential oil reported. Diarrhea, +nausea, and vomiting from excessive doses of the essential may occur. Sesquiterpene lactones are +aromatic compounds widely distributed in certain plant families, with highest concentrations–ge-n +erally found in leaves and ofl wers. Sheep and cattle poisonings due to sesquiterpene lactone–con- +taining species have been reported. Cases of allergic contact dermatosis in humans have also been +reported (AEH1). There have been a few unfortunate fatalities to people perforating their intestines +with fragmented laurel leaves. Always remove them from your spaghettis and stews (JAD, TAD). +Artemorin, costunolide, costuslactone, deacetlylaurenobiolide laurenobiolide, reynosin, santam-a +rin, and verlorin are eight alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactones documented to be the chief +cause of allergy (contact dermatosis) in Laurus (TAD). +extra Cts (bay ): +EO LD50 = 3950 mg/kg orl rat (HH3). Leaves bacteriostatic to Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, +Hafnea alnei, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteri- +dis, Staphylococcus aureus, and fungistatic or fungicidal toward Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, Can- +dida albicans, Fusarium moniliforme, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia +sclerotiorum. Leaf extracts reduce aatfl oxin production by Aspergillus parasiticusm and botulin +toxin from Clostridium botulinum (HH3). Extracts active againsAt cinetobacter baumanii, Aeromo- +nas veronii biogroup sobria, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia col, Klebsiella +pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium, +Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations at or below 2% (X10438227). With +compounds like parthenolide and santamarin, this shares many of the antimigraine compounds of +feverfew 3-alpha-acetoxyeudesma-1,4(15),11(13)-trien-12,6-alpha-+ ++olide (X11003152). Confirming +8202_C001.indd 240 11/12/07 2:37:12 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +my contention that it is a suite of phytochemicals rather than a single silver bullet, in this case for +inhibiting absorption of ethanol, Yoshikawa et al. (2000) reported that sesquiterpenes having an +alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone moiety, costunolide, dehydrocostus lactone, zaluzanin D, +reynosin, santamarine, and others, isolated from laurel leaves, selectively inhibit ethanol abso-rp +tion (X11003152). Italian Scientists De Marino et al. (X15675799) reported several phytochemcials, +some new, and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide, a major component of inafl mmation. The +leaves, widely used in Italian cooking and folk medicine, had vfi e new megastigmane glucosides +named laurosides A through E. The effects of isolated compounds on nitric oxide production in +macrophages were examined (X15675799). +he NNA (lA wsoni A inermis L.) ++ Lyth RACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Lawsonia alba Lam. +Notes (HeNNa): +My beloved is unto me as a cluster of camphire in the vineyards. +Song of Solomon 1:14 (KJV) +Mentioned only once, in the very botanical Song of Solomon, henna (RSV; camphire in the KJV) +was early used by the Egyptians as a cosmetic. Egyptian mummies were wrapped in henna-colored +cloth. Mummies entombed for more than 3000 years still show the henna used on their nails Henna +powder is on sale in all great Arab cities even today. Henna is valued, especially by women of Egypt, +for it yields a powerful dye of a dark dusky red, rather like iron rust in color. The women use it to +stain the palms of their hands and the soles of their feet. It is also an effective check to excessive +perspiration. Distilled perfumes from the ofl wers lead to an essential oil, mehendi, important in reli- +gious feasts (BIB; ZOH). The dye itself was calledp uker (I am reminded of puca for red in Quechua) +by ancient Eyptians, kupr or kufer by the Copts, and kufra in Aramaic and Accadian, a name that +survived in postbiblical literature. The Hebrew word isk opfer (ZOH). Mohammedens claim that the +prophet called it syyadu riáhín (= the best of herbs). The young leaves, dried, powdered, and then +soaked in water with a little lime juice, constitute the dye. Leaves may be harvested in the second +year, and the plants may live 15 years. In India and Pakistan, henna is widely used by both men and +women for coloring nails, fingers, hands, and hair. Hair is dyed a brownish-chestnut shade, which +turns black in conjunction with indigo. To dye the hair, an infusion of dried leaves to which has been +added a little lime juice is used. Henna leaves dyed fingers, nails, hands, and feet a dull orange. A +deep red color may be obtained when henna is mixed with catechu. Infusion of leaves also used for +dyeing cotton fabrics is a light reddis-hbrown. Wool and silk may also be dyed by henna. Leaves also +used in manufacture of perfumed oils and as a tanning agent. The rose-scented ofl wers, attractive +to bees, give an essential oil (mehndi oil) long used in Indian perfumery. Plants are grown as hedge +plants throughout India. Wood is used to make tool handles, tent pegs, and other articles (BIB). +Commo N Names (HeNNa): +Al Qatab (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Alcana (Sp.; USN) Alcana d’Oreint (Fr.; KAB); Alcanna (Eng.; Fr.; +BOU); Alfeneiro (Por.; USN); Alheña (Sp.; USN); Alhenna (Arab.; KAB); Bapar (Heb.; KAP); Ben- +jati (Oiya; WOI); Bhurara (Lambadi; KAB); Bri-mog (Tibet; NPM); Camphire (Eng.; BIB; BOU; +KAB; KJV; NPM); Chi Giap Hoa (Ic.; KAB); Cinamomo (Pi.; KAB); Cypress Shrub (Eng.; KAB); +Dambin (Burma; NAD) Dan (Burma; DEP); Danbin (Burma; KAB); Diabe (Ber.; BOU); Dvivan- +tra (Sanskrit; KAB); Egyptian Privet (Eng.; Bhojpur; BOU; KAB; NPM); Faghia (Arab.; BOU); +8202_C001.indd 241 11/12/07 2:37:13 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +8202_C001.indd 242 11/12/07 2:37:34 PM +FIGURe .0 Henna (Lawsonia inermis). +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Flè Jalouzi (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Fleurs Jalousie (Haiti; AVP); Foudeoum (Ber.; BOU); Foundemm +(Woloff; KAB); Góranta (Tel.; DEP); Górante (Kan.; DEP); Goranti (Kan.; MPI); Hamella (Ber.; +BOU); Hana (Arab.; Yemen; X15890471); Henna (Arab.; Eng.; Pr.; Scn.; AH2; CR2; GHA; HJP; +RSV; USN; ZOH); Hennastrauch (Ger.; USN); Henne (Bom.; Sp.; KAB); Henné (Fr.; Haiti; AVP; +BOU; USN); Hina (Arab.; GHA); Hiná (Iran; DEP; NAD); Hinie (Mal.; NAD); Hinná (Arab.; Syria; +DEP; GHA; HJP); Inai (Malaya; Sumatra; IHB; KAB); Inai Parasi (Sumatra; IHB); Iswan (B-el +gaum; KAB); Jamaica Mignonette (Eng.; KAB; USN); Kopfer (Heb.; ZOH); Korandam (Tam.; +KAB); Korate (Kan.; KAB); Krapeu (Cam.; KAB); Krommi (Tel.; KAB); Kufer (Coptic; ZOH); +Kufra (Accadian; Aramaic; ZOH); Kupf (Coptic; ZOH); Kuravaka (Sanskrit; DEP); Kuravamu (Tel.; +NAD); Kuruvamum Goranti (Tel.; MPI); Kypros (Greek; KAB); Laincha (Newari; NPM); Lalle +(Ber.; Hausa; BOU; KAB); Madarangi (Kan.; NAD); Madayanti (Ayu.; AH2); Madayantikaa (-San +skrit; MPI); Madirengi (Tulu; KAB); Mailanchi (Mal.; NAD); Manghati (Oriya; DEP); Marithondi +(Tam.; DEP); Maritondi (Sin.; DEP); Maritondo (Sin.; KAB); Maruthani (Tam.; MPI; WOI); Ma-y +ilanchi (Mal.; DEP); Mayilangi (Mal.; KAB; MPI); Medi (Guj.; KAB); Médi (Guj.; DEP); Mehandi +(Bhojpur; Danuwar; Mooshar; Nepal; Tharu; NPM); Mehendi (Raj.; Urdu; DEP; KAB); Mehndi +(Hindi; Mar.; DEP); Mendí (Sin.; DEP); Mendika (Sanskrit; WOI); Methhi (Kon.; NAD); Meti +(Kon.; KAB); Meritondi (Sin.; NAD); Mignonette (Eng.; St. Bart.; AVP; NPM); Mignonette Tree +(Eng.; AVP); Mihndi (San.; DEP); Mindi (Mun.; KAB); Mindie (Eng.; KAB); Minyonèt (Creole; +Haiti; VOD); Mohuz (Kas.; WOI); Monjuati (Oriya; KAB); Monz (Kas.; MPI); Muhanone (Swahili; +KAB); Nakrize (Pun.; KAB); Pachar Kuku (Java; Sunda; IHB); Palphung (Limbu; NPM); Panwár +(Dec.; Guj.; Mah.; Pun.; DEP); Parasi (Sumatra; IHB); Pontaletsche (Mal.; NAD); Pontlasi (Mal.; +WOI); Puker (Egypt; ZOH); Raktagarba (Sanskrit; NAD); Reseda (Creole; Ger.; Haiti; AVP; VOD); +Reséda (It.; AVP); Resedá (Cr.; Cuba; Dr.; Mex.; Por.; Pr.; Sp.; AVP); Réséda de Cayenne (Fr.; Gu-i +ana; KAB); Réséda de France (Guad.; Mart.; AVP); Réséda des Antilles (Fr.; AVP); Réséda du Pays +(Fr.; AVP); Resedá Falso (Por.; AVP); Reseda Miñoneta (Sp.; AVP); Rhanni (Ber.; BOU); Shudi +(Beng.; DEP); Simrú (Bhote; DEP); Syadu Riáhín (Arab.; BIB); Tanbalaksun (Rai; NPM); Tche Kia +– +Hoa (China; KAB); Tien D?eng (Thai; IHB); Tien Kao (Thai; IHB); Tien King (Thai; IHB); Tihure +(Magar; NPM); Tiure (Gurung; NPM); Tiuri (Tamang; NPM); Tree Mignonette (Eng.; KAB); Tyure +(Nepal; Sunwar; NPM); Yoranná (Arab.; DEP); Zhi Jia Hua Ye (Pin.). +a Ctivities (HeNNa): +Abortifacient (f; AHP; CRC; PH2); Allergenic (1; CRC; MPI; X10632222); Alterative (f; CRC); +Analgesic (f1; X8966192); Anesthetic (f; GHA); Anthelmintic (f; BIB); Antiedemic (1; MPI); Anti- +fertility (1; CRC; MPI); Antihyaluronidase (1; MPI); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; DEP; MPI; X8966192); +Antileukemic (1; X7524165); Antioxidant (1; X15267142; X15813363); Antipapillomic (1; +X12708740); Antiperspirant (f; CRC); Antiseptic (f1; BOU; X2125156; X15812867); Antispasmodic +(1; CRC); Antitumor (1; X12708740); Antitussive (f; X15890471); Antiviral (1; X7524165); Astrin- +gent (f1; BOU; CRC; DEP; PHR; PH2); Bactericide (1; PHR; PH2; WOI; X2125156); Candidicide +(1; MPI); Cardiodepressant (1; CRC); Cerebrotonic (f; CRC; KAB; WBB); Chemopreventive (1; +X12708740); Collyrium (f; BIB); Deodorant (f; NAD); Diuretic (f1; IHB; PHR; PH2; KAB); Emetic +(f; KAB); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; KAB); Emollient (f; KAB); Expectorant (f; KAB); Febrifuge +(f1; KAB; X8966192); Fungicide (1; X620734); Gram(+)-icide (1; X11167035); Gram(-)-icide (1; +X11167035); Hepatoprotective (1; X1620739; X15267142); Hypotensive (f1; CRC; HJP); Insecticide +(f; BOU); Molluscicide (1; X15253044); Nematicide (1; MPI); Nitrate-Reductase Inhibitor (1; MPI); +Peroxidase Inhibitor (1; MPI); Propecic (f; DEP); Protopectinase Inhibitor (1; MPI); Refrigerant (f; +CRC; MPI); Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor (IC60 = 125 µg/ml) (1; X7524165); Sedative (f; CRC); +Soporic fi (f; CRC); Sunscreen (f; CRC); Trypanocide (f; JEB79:279; JEB90:91); Trypsin Inhibitor +(1; X12490230); Tuberculostatic (1; X2125156); Uterosedative (1; CRC); Vulnerary (f; BOU; KAB; +VOD; X15890471). +8202_C001.indd 243 11/12/07 2:37:35 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +iNdi Catio Ns (HeNNa): +Abscess (f; HJP); Alopecia (f; DEP); Ameba (f; PHR; PH2); Amenorrhea (f; KAB; PH2); Anemia +(f; PH2); Bacteria (1; CRC; PHR; X15812867); Baldness (f; KAB); Beriberi (f; CRC); Bleeding (f; +MPI); Blenorrhea (f; BIB); Boil (f; WOI); Bronchosis (f; KAB; PH2); Bruise (f; DEP; WOI); Burn +(f; BOU; DEP; KAB; NPM; WOI); Calculus (f; KAB); Cancer (f1; JLH; X12708740); Cancer, di-a +phragm (f; JLH); Cancer, joint (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Cancer, +sinew (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Candida +(f1; BIB; MPI; X15756356); Childbirth (f; CRC; IHB); Cholera (1; MPI); Circumcision (f; IHB); +Condyloma (f; JLH); Cough (f; PH2); Dandruff (f; GHA; PHR; PH2); Delirium (f; DEP); Derma- +tosis (f; APA; CRC; GHA; MPI; NPM); Dropsy (f; HJP); Dysentery (f; PHR; PH2); Dysmenorrhea +(f; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Dysuria (f; PH2); Eczema (f; GAZ; PHR; PH2); Edema (1; MPI); +Enterosis (f; GAZ; PHR; PH2); Epilepsy (f; VOD); Escherichia (1; WOI; X15756356); Fever (f1; +GHA; PH2; X8966192); Fibroid (f; JLH); Foot (Hot Foot) (f; KAB); Fungus (1; PHR); Gastrosis (f; +CRC; GAZ; PHR; PH2; VOD); Gingivosis (f; GHA; KAB); Glossosis (f; GHA); Gonorrhea (f; DEP; +IHB; KAB); Gray Hair (f1; APA; NAD); Headache (f; DEP; GHA; KAB; MPI); Hemicrania (f; +KAB; PH2); Hepatosis (1; X1620739); Herpes (f; CRC; IHB); High Blood Pressure (f1; BIB; CRC; +HJP); Hoarseness (f; IHB); Hysteria (f; BIB); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f1; CRC; PHR; PH2; +X15812867); Inafl mmation (f1; DEP; GHA; JLH; MPI); Insanity (f; KAB); Itch (f; NPM); Jaundice +(f; CRC; DEP; MPI); Leprosy (f; BOU; CRC; DEP; PH2; WBB); Leukemia (1; X7524165); Leuko- +derma (f; KAB); Leukorrhea (f; IHB; MPI); Lumbago (f; KAB); Malaria (f; PH2); Myalgia (f; MPI; +SKJ); Mycosis (f1; GAZ; PHR; PH2; X620734; Neurosis (f; CRC); Numbness (f; GHA); Obesity +(f; BIB; CRC); Onychyosis (f; IHB); Ophthalmia (f; BOU; IHB); Orchosis (f; JLH); Pain (f1; CRC; +GHA; VOD; X8966192); Pediculosis (1; X12512805); Polyp (f; JLH); Pseudomonas (1; X15756356); +Psychosis (f; PH2); Puerperium (f; IHB); Rheumatism (f; BOU; CRC; DEP; HJP; PH2; VOD); Sar- +coma (1; CRC); Scabies (f; KAB; PHR; PH2); Scald (f; KAB); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Scurf (f; CRC); +Shigella (1; X15756356); Smallpox (f; NAD); Sore (f1; APA; GHA; KAB; PH2; VOD); Sore Throat +(f1; CRC; IHB; WOI); Spermatorrhea (f; DEP; KAB; MPI); Splenomegaly (f; CRC; DEP; KAB; +MPI); Sprain (f; KAB; NAD); Staphylococcus (1; X15812867); Stomachache (f; VOD); Stomatosis +(f1; APA; DEP; GHA; KAB); Streptococcus (1; CRC; MPI); Swelling (1; MPI); Syphilis (f; HJP); +Tetanus (f; VOD); Toothache (f; NPM); Trypanosoma (f; JEB79:279; JEB90:91); Tuberculosis (1; +X2125156); Typhoid (f; SKJ; MPI); Ulcer (f; GAZ; PHR); Uterosis (f; JLH); Vaginosis (f; NAD); +Venereal Disease (f; CRC; DEP; KAB); Vibrio (1; MPI); Virus (1; X7524165); Whitlow (f; IHB; +JLH); Wound (f; BOU; NPM; PH2); Yeast (1; MPI). +d osages (HeNNa): +FNFF = ? +3 g powdered leaf, internally, for ameba and ulcers (HHB; PH2). +• Algerians poultice leaves for abscesses, bronchoses, and rheumatism, taking with juniper +pitch for dropsy (HJP). +• Annamese use the leaves for herpes, jaundice, and leprosy (KAB). +• Arabs add leaves to food to lower fevers (GHA). +• Arabs chew leaves to treat inafl mmation and sores of gums, mouth, and tongue (GHA). +• Arabs mix fat and onions with powdered leaf paste, left on skin sores 5 days (GHA). +• Ayurvedics suggest seeds for bowel ailments, fever, and insanity, the leaves, considered +emetic and expectorant, for leucoderma (KAB). +• Burmese apply the leaves to burning feet (DEP). +• Cambodians use diuretic, pectoral roots for bronchosis and gonorrhea (IHB; KAB). +• Haitians apply the leaf/ofl wer tea topically to rheumatism sores, taking it orally for epi- +lepsy, stomachache, and tetanus (VOD). +8202_C001.indd 244 11/12/07 2:37:35 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• Javans use the plant for leukorrhea (IHB). +• Konkanese mix the leaf juice with water for spermatorrhea (DEP). +• Lebanese suggest that the plant is febrifuge and hypotensive (HJP). +• Malayans use the root in abortifacient decoctions (KAB), the leaves in throat gargles +(IHB). +• Malayans use the leaf decoction in childbirth, and for gastrosis and venereal disease. +Mixed with the poisonous Plumbago, it is said to be abortifacient (BIB) +• Malayans apply the leaves to burning feet (IHB). +• Merjayouns use the leaf tea for fever and hypertension (BIB). +• Unani use the leaves for alopecia, amenorrhea, boils, bronchosis, headache, lumbago, +ophthalmia, scabies, splenosis, stomatosis, and syphilis (KAB). +• Vytians (from Tamal, India) use leaves and tender shoots for leprosy (DEP). +d ow Nsides (HeNNa): +Class 2a (AHP). Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated ther-a +peutic dosages are not recorded (PH2). Tannin may cause stomach problems (PH2). +extra Cts (HeNNa): +Extracts arrest, in vitro, Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 5 mg/ml (X2125156). Ethanol:water (1:1) +extracts hepatoprotective with no effect on bile ofl w. MLD = 2000 mg/kg orl mus (X1620739). +LD50 (ethanolic extract) = 1000 mg/kg ipr mus (MPI). Head lice were eradicated within a week +treated by henna mixed with aqueous extract of sheah (100%) or mixed with helba (75%) or with +karkada (50%) (X12512805). In vitro synergic interaction of crude extracts was detected with t-et +racycline (X15812867). +LeNt IL (l ens culin Aris m edik ) +++ FABACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Cicer lens (L.) Willd.; Ervum lens L.; Lens esculenta Moench; Lens lens Huth.; Lentilla lens (L.) +W. Wight ex D. Fairchild; Vicia lens (L.) Cosson & Germ. +Notes (l eNtil ): +Then Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentiles; and he did eat and drink, and rose up, and +went his way: thus Esau despised his birthright. +Genesis 25:34 (KJV) +Then Jacob gave Esau bread and pottage of lentils, and he ate and drank, and rose and went his +way. Thus Esau despised his birthright. +Genesis 25:34 (RSV) +And Jacob gave Esau bread and lentil stew, and he went to eating and drinking. Then he got up +and went his way. So Esau despised the birthright. +Genesis 25:34 (NWT) +Zohary points out that lentil was the first pulse mentioned in the Bible. I would like to add that it is +the first one to be done when you are cooking a seven-pulse soup. Even dried lentils can be rendered +8202_C001.indd 245 11/12/07 2:37:36 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +edible with a half hour of simmering. Small wonder that lentils were important staples during bibl-i +cal and postbiblical eras — maybe even earlier. Zohary reports carbonized lentil seeds dating to +6 or 7 millennia b.c. Since the Bronze Age, lentils have been found in association with barley and +wheat (ZOH). My late friend, anthropologist Jane Philips, said that some “people think it was the +food that made Daniel wise,” or that it was the “mess of pottage for which Esau sold his birthright” +(HJP). Lentils have been found in Syria, Iran, and Greece (with barley and wheat) prior to 5000 +b.c. (Zohary, 1972). Takeoka et al. (2005), pegging domestication at circa 800b0 .c. in the Fertile +Crescent, say they are rich in protein, dietary bfi er, folate, iron, and phosphorus. Lentil flour today, +as two millennia ago, can be added to “cereal ofl ur” to make baby foods, breads, and cakes. In the +United States, lentil production totaled circa 230 million pounds in 2002–2003, mostly in Washin-g +ton, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota (X15941338). Seeds are a source of commercial starch for +the textile and printing industries. Green plants are used as green manure (BIB). +Commo N Names (l eNtil ): +Adah (Afg.; DEP; KAB); Adas (Afg.; Arab.; Iran; DEP; JNP; KAB; ZOH); Adasa (Arab.; NAD); +Adashim (Heb.; ZOH); Aoi Mame. (Japan; POR); Arrouefl (Fr.; KAB); Avangoule (Fr.; KAB); Buro +Mussur (Beng.; DEP); Chanching (Pun.; DEP; POR); Channangi (Can.; NAD); Chiri Sanagalu +(Tel.; DEP); Esse (Fr.; KAB); Gabholika (Sanskrit; KAB); Gram (Eng.; USN); Gurubija (Sanskrit; +KAB); Halasaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Harashim (Heb.; KAB); Kacang Koro (Dei.; POR); Kacang +Serinding (Malaya; POR); Kalyanabija (Sanskrit; KAB); Kerse (Pun.; DEP); Lânti (Khmer; POR); +Lente (It.; POR); Lenteja (Peru; Sp.; EGG); Lenticchia (It.; POR); Lenticchie (It.; POR); Lentiho +(Lan.; KAB); Lentil (Eng.; CR2; NAD); Lentilha (Mad.; Por.; POR); Lentilhas (Por.; POR); Le-n +tille (Fr.; POR); Lentille Cultivée (Fr.; POR); Lentilles (Fr.; POR); Lins (Swe.; POR); Linse (Ger.; +POR); Linsen (Ger.; POR); Linssi (Fin.; POR); Linte (Rou.; KAB); Linze (Dutch; POR); Linzen +(Dutch; POR); Llantia (Cat.; KAB); Malka Masur (Pun.; NAD); Mangaliya (Sanskrit; KAB); +Massur Chanangi (Kan.; DEP); Massur Moha (Assam; POR); Masur (Guj.; Hindi; Kon.; Mah.; +Pun.; Sanskrit; Urdu; DEP; NAD; POR); Masura (Sanskrit; DEP; NAD); Masuraka (Sanskrit; +KAB); Masuri (Beng.; Nwp.; NAD); Masuri Dal (Beng. Bom.; Guj.; DEP; NAD); Masurika (San- +skrit; KAB; NAD); Masurmoja (Assam; DEP; WOI); Mauri (Pun.; DEP); Mercimek (Tur.; POR; +EB54:155); Miraju-Maka (Iran; NAD); Mirjumak (Iran; DEP); Missur Pappu (Tel.; NAD); Missur +Purpur (Tam.; DEP; NAD); Mohi (Pun.; POR); Mohr (Pun.; DEP); Mohri (Pun.; DEP); Monhri +(Pun.; DEP); Musri (Beng.; NAD); Musur (Nepal; POR); Nantille (Fr.; KAB); Nashik (Iran; KAB); +Patani (Tag.; POR); Peni (Burma;); Pothundhambala (Sin.; POR); Prithubijaka (Sanskrit; KAB); +Ragadali (Sanskrit; KAB); Shran Chung (Tibet; TIB );Shran Chung Leb Mo (Tibet; TIB); Sura +(Sanskrit; KAB); Tambularaga (Sanskrit; KAB); Tchetchevitsa (Rus.; KAB); Thua Daeng (Thai; +POR); Thua Raatcha Maat (Thai; POR); Tsentel (Lan.; KAB); Vrihikanchana (Sanskrit; KAB); Ye +Bing Dou (China; POR). +a Ctivities (l eNtil ): +Antioxidant (f; X14609082); Aperitif (f; KAB); Astringent (f; TIB); Diuretic (f; KAB); Hypocholes- +terolemic (1; X8672408); Laxative (f; KAB); Orexigenic (f; KAB); Refrigerant (f; TIB); Stimulant +(f; NAD); Tonic (f; KAB). +iNdi Catio Ns (l eNtil ): +Anemia (f; BIB; HJP); Anorexia (f; KAB); Aposteme (f; BIB); Backache (f; TIB); Biliousness (f; +KAB); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, anus +(1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, ear (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, eye (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, gum (1; FNF; JLH); +Cancer, parotid (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat (1; FNF; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; KAB); Childbirth (f; +BIB); Condyloma (f; BIB); Constipation (f; BIB; DEP; LEG); Dermatosis (f; KAB; TIB); Dysentery +8202_C001.indd 246 11/12/07 2:37:37 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(f; BIB); Enterosis (f; BIB; DEP; LEG); Fungus (f; TIB); Gingivosis (f; JLH); High Cholesterol +(1; X8672408); Induration (f; BIB); Infection (f; TIB); Inafl mmation (f; BIB); Mastosis (f; KAB); +Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Pain (f; TIB); Parotosis (f; JLH); Proctosis (f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; KAB); +Ringworm (f; TIB); Scirrhus (f; BIB); Scurvy (f; BIB); Smallpox (f; BIB; DEP; LEG); Snakebite (f; +NAD); Sore (f; BIB; DEP; LEG); Stomatosis (f; KAB); Strangury (f; KAB); Ulcer (f; BIB); Urogeni- +tosis (f; BIB); Wart (f; BIB). +d osages (l eNtil ): +FNFF = !!! +Lentil is cultivated for its nutritious seed, considered one of the most nutritious of pulses. Split seeds +used in soups; ofl ur is used mixed with cereals, in cakes, and as a food for invalids and infants. In +biblical times, as today, breads were made from lentils and barley. Along parts of the Nile, it is the +only breadstuff. Ground seeds enter Ethiopian spice mit’in shiro; young pods cooked like haricot +beans; sprouts and young pods eaten. Maybe even Esau’s biblical red pottage was an early health food. +Lentils are widely used as a meat substitute. That is a heart-friendly idea right there. Husks, dried +leaves, stems, and bran are fed to livestock (BIB; FAC, TAN; EB54:155). +• Ayurvedics use seed for biliousness, dysentery, eye ailments, heart ailments, skin di-s +eases, strangury, and tumors (KAB), +• Ethiopians use seeds for dysentery (BIB). +• Germans use lentil soup to facilitate eruption in smallpox, and as a poultice on ulcers +after smallpox (BIB). +• Lebanese use lentils for anemia following dysentery; they poultice hot lentil soup, with +or without onions, on sores (BIB). +• Iraqi use ground lentils to ease delivery (BIB). Seeds, often in cataplasms, are used for apo- s +temes, cancers, condylomata, indurations, scirrhus, tumors, and warts (of the abdomen, anus, +breast, ear, eye, face, fauces, feet, genitals, gums, intestines, parotids, rectum, etc.). +• Unani use seed for breast inafl mmation, blood ailment, bronchitis, chest ailments, eye +disorders, and stomatitis (KAB) +Wh Ite LILy (l ilium c Andidum L.) + LILIACeAe +Notes (w Hite l ily ): +… to feed in the gardens, and to gather lillies. +Song of Solomon 6:2 (KJV) +Zohary astutely observes that lily ofl wers show up in many ancient edicfi es, in the columns of +Assyria, Egypt, the Minaons, and in Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem. Long a symbol of beauty, +fertility, and fruitfulness, it became a church symbol of holiness, resurrection, and spiritual purity. +Many paintings of Mary depict her with the “Madonna Lily.” The lily has been found, doubtfully +wild, all over the Mediterranean basin from France to the hills of Syria, suggestive of the old Roman +Empire. Because few of these lily colonies set seed, it has been suggested that they were originally +planted, perhaps, near Roman outposts as “Materia medica.” Zohary also hints strongly that the +crocus (havatzeleth) of Isaiah 35:1 and the rose in Song of Solomon 2:1 should both have been tran-s +lated as “lily.” In perfumery, the absolute of lily is used in high-grade compositions of ofl ral and +perfumes. It is an excellent fixative. MAD does not cover L. candidum, instead featuring tiger lily +and, under that, the martagon. PH2 covers Lilium candidum and L. martagon but excludes Lilium +tigrinum Ker Gawl, now better known as Lilium lancifolium Thunberg. The USDA and WOI view +8202_C001.indd 247 11/12/07 2:37:37 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . White Lily (Lilium candidum). +8202_C001.indd 248 11/12/07 2:38:00 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +all three as different, so I also will include all three in my herbal desk reference. EFS and HHB +aggregated data for tiger lily and martagon. I treat them as separate. +Commo N Names (w Hite l ily ): +Annunciation Lily (Eng.; UPH); Azucena (Spain; VAD); Azucena Común (Sp.; EFS); Beyaz Zam- +bak (Tur.; EFS); Bourbon Lily (Eng.; UPH); Brown’s Lily (Eng.; TAN); Giglio Bianco (It.; EFS); +Giglio della Madonna (It.; EFS); Hakata Yuri (Jap.; TAN); Havatzeleth (Heb.; ZOH); Hongkong +Lily (Eng.; TAN); Lirio Blanco (Peru; Sp.; EGG); Lirio Común (Sp.; EFS); Lirio de San Antonio +(Peru; Sp.; EGG); Lis Blanc (Fr.; EFS); Lis Candide (Fr.; EFS); Madonna Lily (Eng.; CR2; EFS; +HJP; USN); Mar Yusef Zambak (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Marien Lilie (Ger.; EFS); Mary Lily (Eng.; +EFS); Meadow Lily (Eng.; EFS); Pai Ho (China; TAN); Raziqi (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Sawsan Abyad +(Arab.; Syria; HJP); Showshan (Heb.; ZOH); Shuwshan (Heb.; ZOH); Weisse Lilie (Ger.; EFS); +White Lily (Eng.; CR2; EFS; USN); Witte Lelie (Dutch; EFS); Zanbaq (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Nscn. +a Ctivities (w Hite l ily ): +Analgesic (f1; PH2; VAD); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; PH2; VAD); Antispasmodic (f; EFS; WOI); Anti - +tumor (1; X11130250); Astringent (f1; BIB; FEL; HJP; PH2; WOI); Candidicide (1; X12501491); +Cicatrizant (f1; VAD); Demulcent (f; BIB; FEL; HJP; WOI); Diuretic (1; BIB; PH2); Emollient (f; +BIB; EGG); Expectorant (f1; BIB; PH2); Fungicide (1; HHB; 12501491); Phagocytotic (1; PNC); +Stimulant (f; BIB); Sudoric (fi f; BIB); Tonic (f; EGG; FEL); Vulnerary (f1; HG57:40). +iNdi Catio Ns (w Hite l ily ): +Abscess (f; VAD); Arthrosis (f; VAD); Bite (f; HHB); Bleeding (f; AAH); Blister (f; HG57:40); Boil +(f; EGG; VAD); Bruise (f; EGG); Burn (f; HHB; PH2); Callus (f; BIB; VAD); Cancer (f; BIB; FEL; +JLH); Cancer, breast (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, ear (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, +intestine (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, lung (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, neck (f; BIB; +JLH); Cancer, rib (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, scrotum (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; BIB; JLH); +Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, +uterus (f; BIB; JLH); Candidiasis (1; X12501491); Corn (f; BIB; HJP); Cramp (f; WOI); Dermato- +sis (f1; BIB; WOI; HG57:40); Dropsy (f; BIB; PNC; WOI); Dysmenorrhea (f; MNC); Earache (f; +EGG); Eczema (f; VAD); Epilepsy (f; HJP; WOI); Erysipelas (f; EGG); Fibroid (f; JLH); Fungus (1; +X12501491); Furuncle (f; PH2); Gynecosis (f; PH2); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Induration (f; JLH); Infec- +tion (1; HHB); Inafl mmation (f; BIB; FEL; PH2; PNC); Leukorrhea (f; FEL); Lumbago (f; HHB); +Mastosis (f; VAD); Mycosis (1; HHB); Nausea (f; BIB); Orchosis (f; JLH); Otosis (f; FEL); Pain (f1; +FEL; HG57:40); Polyp (f; JLH); Pregnancy (f; EGG); Prolapse (f; FEL); Skin (f; BIB); Sore (f1; BIB; +FEL; HHB; PH2; PNC; HG57:40); Spasm (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; JLH); Swelling (f; HHB); Tooth- +ache (f; HHB); Tumor (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; FEL; JLH); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; HHB); +Whitlow (f; VAD); Wound (f1; PH2; HG57:40; VAD); Yeast (1; X12501491). +d osages (w Hite l ily ): +FNFF = ? +Tanaka hints that, like L. brownii, Lilium candidum Lour (non L.) is grown as a food plant (roots +possibly edible) or ornamental. All TAN entries apply only to Lilium brownii. PH2 says to apply a +thick paste, made from fresh or cooked onions = lily bulbs, I presume. +• Europeans staunch bleeding with wine or whiskey petal macerate (AAH). +• Europeans suggest the pollen for epilepsy (UPH). +• Lebanese use the cooked roots for everything from corns to epilepsy (HJP). +8202_C001.indd 249 11/12/07 2:38:01 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Peruvians apply rum tincture of mashed petals as a poultice on bruises and contusions +(EGG). +• Peruvians make a pomade of mashed petals, afl x, matico leaves, and milk for erysipelas +(EGG). +• Peruvians suggest boiled root as a tonic (EGG). +• Peruvians suggest mashed ofl wers in a drop of almond oil for earache and pains of preg- +nancy (EGG). +• Spaniards suggest for fissures in the nipples (VAD). +• Early Tibetan manuscripts recommended lily bulb baths to treat sores and wounds. Bulb +infusions and decoctions promote healing in experimental rats. The tea eases pains, +removes rashes and blisters, and promotes epithelization (Alakbarov, 2003). +d ow Nsides (w Hite l ily ): +None reported at proper dosage, but no specic dfi osage indicated (PH2). +Natural History (w Hite l ily ): +The white flowers, smelling stronger at night than by day, attract pollinating hawk moths (ZOH). +extra Cts (w Hite l ily ): +Antimycotic activity possibly due to gamma-methylenebutyrolactone (HHB). +FLAx (l inum usit Atissimum L.) +++ LINACeAe +Notes (Flax ): +And he took it down, and wrapped it in linen, and laid it in a sepulchre that was hewn in stone, +wherein never man before was laid. +Luke 23:53 (KJV) +Then he took it down and wrapped it in a linen shroud, and laid him in a rock- hewn tomb, where +no one had ever yet been laid. +Luke 23:53 (RSV) +And he took it down, and wrapped it up in fine linen, and he laid him in a tomb carved in the rock, +in which no man had yet lain. +Luke 23:53 (NWT) +Linen is mentioned many, many times in the Bible, in the KJV in at least 23 books, as for example, +Exodus, where the word linen shows up 36 times. Conversely, afl x is mentioned only eleven times, +in eight works, including two citations in Exodus. Ancient Egyptians depicted the growth of afl x +on papyri, the spinning of afl x thread in murals, and the weaving of that thread into linen. Remains +of the Pharaohs are bound in fine and delicate linen, woven with an expertise that is still today d-if +cfi ult to repeat 3000 to 4000 years later. The Gezer Calendar found at the ancient site, and dating +back to the beginning of the Israelite civilization (circa 10th centuryb .c.), referred to afl x cultiva - +tion. Zohary states that cultivation dates back to 500b0. c. in the Middle East, including Israel, +where afl x probably originated and where the wild progenitor, Linum bienne, is still indigenous. +8202_C001.indd 250 11/12/07 2:38:02 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Flax (Linum usitatissimum). +8202_C001.indd 251 11/12/07 2:38:27 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Not only was the linen used in mummy cases, but the oil was used in embalming. The afl x plant +is commonly used to make linen, the most ancient of all textile bfi ers. Linen is the most important +product made from the bfi er of the afl x plant. Flax bfi ers are soft, lustrous, and efl xible, although +not so efl xible or elastic as those of cotton or wool. Seeds contain 24% protein, and also are the +source of linseed oil. In some countries, it is also used as edible oil and in soap manufacture (BIB; +ZOH). Because linen has a long anticancer folk history, it is interesting to see that Linum contains +the anticancer agents 3'-demethylpodophyllotoxin, podophyllotoxin, and beta-sitosterol. L-glutamic +acid is used to treat adolescent mental decfi iencies. Seeds are considered emollient, demulcent, pec- +toral, diuretic, and astringent. Crushed seeds make a good poultice (for colds, pleurisy, etc.), either +alone or with mustard; lobelia, or hollyhock seed, is added to the poultice for boils. Sometimes, +seeds are roasted and used in a poultice. Hot seeds are applied to abscesses and rheumatism. Som- e +times employed as an addition to cough medicines. Linseed oil mixed with an equal quantity of +lime water, known as Carron oil, is an excellent application for burns and scalds. Oil mixed with +honey is used as a cosmetic for removing spots from the face. In veterinary medicine, oil is used +as a purgative for sheep and horses; and a jelly, formed by boiling seeds, is used as a purgative for +sheep and horses, and is often given to calves (BIB). +Commo N Names (Flax ): +AAkawa Yob (Rai; NPM); Aalas (Bhojpuri; Chepang; Danuwar; Magar; NPM); Agashi (Kan.; +NAD); Agasi (Kan.; WOI); Alas (Nepal; SUW); Alashi (Bom.; Kon.; Ger.; KAB; NAD); Alasi +(Urdu.; KAB); Ali (Madras; KAB); Alish (Kas.; Pun.; KAB; NAD); Alivari (Tam.; WOI); Alshi +(Guj.; Tam.; KAB; NAD); Alshi Virai (Tam.; NAD); AlshiViral (Tel.; NAD); Alsi (Dec.; Guj.; +Hindi; Kum.; Loralai; Nepal; KAB; NPM; WOI); Ana (Japan; TAN); Ankejil Guib (Sunwar; NPM); +Thange (Limbu; NPM); Arasi (Tharu; NPM); Atasi (Sanskrit; Tel.; KAB; WOI); Auma (Sanskrit; +KAB); Avisi (Tel.; WOI); Bad (Heb.; KAB); Bazarug (Iran; KAB); Bazarul Kattana (Arab.; EFS; +KAB; NAD); Bazrukattan (Arab.; KAB); Bijri (Nwp.; DEP; KAB); Bizr el Oinab (Arab.; Syria; HJP); +Blaebas (Eng.; KAB); Budrapatni (Sanskrit; KAB); Chanaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Cheruchanavitt-int +evilta (Kerala; Mal.; DEP; KAB; SKJ); Chikna (Behar; DEP; KAB); Delkmouch (Ber.; BOU); Devi +(Sanskrit; KAB); Echter Lein (Ger.; EFS); Flachs (Ger.; KAB); Flax (Eng.; CR2; NAD); Flix (Eng.; +KAB); Fluchs (Ger.; DEP); Gemeiner Flachs (Ger.; NAD); Gemeiner Lein (Ger.; NAD); Haarlinsen +(Ger.; KAB); Hab e Kattan (Arab.; DEP; GHA); Haimwati (Sanskrit; KAB); Hoerfroe (Den.; KAB); +Hoerre (Den.; KAB); Ho Ma (Annam; KAB); Hor (Den.; KAB); Horfro (Den.; EFS); Hou Ma Tse +(China; KAB); Hu Ma Tzu (China; EFS); Icags Tig Dkar Po (Tibet; TIB); In (Rom.; KAB); Javas +(Mar.; WOI); Javas (Bom.; Dec.; DEP); Javasa (Bom.; Marathri; DEP; KAB); Kattan (Arab.; KAB; +HJP); Kettan (Arab.; BOU); Keten (Tur..; EFS; KAB); Kettan (Arab.; ZOH); Keun (Ger.; Kas.; +KAB); Kittan (Arab.; Phoenician; Syria; HJP; ZOH); Kitu (Accadian; ZOH); Kshaumi (Sanskrit; +KAB); Kshuma (Sanskrit; KAB); Kuman (Iran; KAB); Kutan (Iran; DEP); Lein (Ger.; KAB); Len +(Hun.; Pol.; Rus.; EFS; KAB); Lijnzaad (Dutch; EFS); Lin (Celtic; Fr.; Swe.; BOU; DEP; EFS); Lin- +aza (Sp.; EFS); Lin Chaud (Fr.; KAB); Lin Comun (Fr.; KAB); Lin Cultive (Fr.; KB; NAD); Linhaca +(Por.; KAB); Linho (Por.; DEP; KAB); Lino (It.; Sp.; DEP; KAB); Linon (Greek; KAB); Linseed +(Eng.; KAB; NAD); Lint Bells (Eng.; KAB); Lint Bennels (Eng.; KAB); Lint Bow (Eng.; KAB); +Lli (Cat.; KAB); Lyne (Eng.; KAB); Lyon (Rus.; KAB); Madagandha (Sanskrit; KAB); Madan G-in +jalu (Tel.; DEP; KAB); Madotkata (Sanskrit; KAB); Malina (Sanskrit; KAB); Masina (Beng.; S-an +skrit; KAB); Masini (Beng.; NAD); Masrina (Sanskrit; KAB); Masruna (Sanskrit; KAB); Masuna +(Sanskrit; KAB); Nilapushpi (Sanskrit; KAB); Nilpushpika (Sanskrit; KAB); Parvathi (Sanskrit; +KAB); Pesheth (Heb.; ZOH); Pesu (Uriya.; KAB); Pichhila (Sanskrit; KAB); Pishtah (Heb.; ZOH); +Roghani Zaghira (Iran; NAD); Rongonimbazaha (Kum.; KAB); Saatlein (Ger.; KAB); Saghir (Iran; +DEP); Sagrek (Tur.; EB49:406); San (Sanskrit; KAB); Sib Muma (Arab.; Yemen; GHA); Sonnbiam +(Kon.; KAB); Sunila (Sanskrit; KAB); Suverchala (Sanskrit; KAB); Tailottama (Sanskrit; KAB); +Thange (Limbu; NPM); Tifert (Ber.; BOU); Tisi (Beng.; Hindi; Kum.; Mooshar; Newari; KAB; +8202_C001.indd 252 11/12/07 2:38:27 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +NPM; WOI); Tisinam (Lepcha; NPM); Tukhhmehkatan (Iran; KAB); Tukhmizaghira (Iran; NAD); +Tukeme Katan (Iran; DEP); Ulla Sulu (Tel.; DEP); Uma (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Vlas (Dutch; DEP; +EFS; KAB); Vlix (Eng.; KAB); Yabani Keten (Tur.; EB54:155); Ya Ma Zi (Pin.; DAA); Zaghir +(Iran; KAB); Zaghu (Iran; EFS; KAB; NAD); Zar Ma (Tibet; TIB); Zegrek (Tur.; EB54:155); Zeyrek +(Tur.; EB54:155); Ziggar (Tur; KAB); Zighir (Kashghar; DEP; KAB);. +a Ctivities (Flax ): +Allergenic (1; APA; X1257320); Analgesic (f; BOU); Anodyne (f; MAD; NAD); Antiaggregant (1; +APA; PH2); Antiallergenic (1; WAM; X12418783); Antiatherogenic (12; APA; BGB; X15777541); +Antidiaphoretic (f; NAD); Antiestrogenic (1; APA; PH2); Antiinafl mmatory (1; APA; BGB; WAM; +X12418783); Antioxidant (1; PH2; X15853420); Antiseptic (1; VAD); Antitumor (1; APA; BGB; +PH2); Antitussive (f; PNC); Aphrodisiac (f; DEP; MAD); Astringent (f; BIB; KAB); Cardiotonic +(f; DEP); Cerebrotonic (f; KAB); Cyanogenic (1; BIB); Demulcent (f12; APA; BGB; FEL; GHA; +WAM); Deobstruent (f; NAD); Digestive (1; WAM); Diuretic (f; BIB; NAD); Emetic (f; FAD); +Emmenagogue (f; BIB); Emollient (1; APA; BGB; FEL; PNC); Estrogenic (1; APA); Expectorant +(f; BIB; NAD); Fungicide (f; PH2); Hypocholesterolemic (12; PH2; X15777541); Hypoglycemic +(1; PH2; JAC7:405); Hypolipemic (1; VAD); Lactagogue (f; BIB); Laxative (f12; BGB; PH2; SHT; +WAM); Lipolytic (2; APA; BGB; PHR); Nervine (f; SUW); Pectoral (f; PNC); Peristaltic (2; PIP); +Purgative (2; FAD); Refrigerant (f; TIB); Suppurative (f; BIB); Vulnerary (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (Flax ): +Abscess (f; BGB; EB49:406); Acid Stomach (1; WAM); Acne (1; WAM); Adenopathy (f; JLH); +Allergy (1; X12418783); Ameba (f; BIB); Aposteme (f; JLH); Arthrosis (f1; APA; BGB; GHA); +Ascarides (f; FEL); Atherosclerosis (1; X15777541); Backache (f; BIB); Biliousness (f; BIB; KAB); +Bleeding (f; KAB; MAD); Boil (f; BIB; BOU; FAD; NPM); BPH (f; MAD); Bronchosis (f; MAD; +PH2; PNC); Bruise (f1; VAD); Burn (f; DEP; FAD); Cancer (1; FAD); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; +JLH); Cancer, anus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; APA; FNF; JLH); Cancer, cervix (1; FNF; +JLH); Cancer, colon (1; APA; FNF; JLH); Cancer, gland (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; +JLH); Cancer, mouth (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, neck (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, parotid (1; FNF; JLH); +Cancer, skin (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, +testis (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uvula (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus +(1; FNF; JLH); Carbuncle (f; NAD); Cardiopathy (f; DEP); Catarrh (f; PHR; PH2); Cellulitis (f; +NAD); Cervicosis (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; BIB); Cholecystosis (f; PHR); Cold (f; FAD; FEL); Colic +(f; FEL; HHB); Colitis (2; APA; FEL; KOM; SHT); Condyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; BIB; +NAD); Constipation (f12; APA; BGB; GHA; PH2; WAM); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; APA; FAD; +FEL; MAD; PH2); Cramp (f; BIB); Cystosis (f1; HJP; MAD; PH2; VAD); Dermatosis (12; APA; +BGB; PH2; WAM; X12418783); Diabetes (1; MAD; PH2; X14995053); Diarrhea (f; BOU; PH2); +Diverticulitis (2; APA; PH2; SHT); Dysentery (f; FEL); Dysuria (f; FEL); Eczema (1; WAM; VAD); +Enterosis (f2; BOU; KOM; PIP; PH2); Fever (f; FAD); Furuncle (f; MAD; VAD); Gallstone (f; +HHB; MAD); Gastrosis (f12; APA; BOU; KOM; PH2; PIP; VAD); Glossosis (f; MAD); Gonor- +rhea (f; DEP; GHA; MAD; PH2); Gout (f; FAD; MAD); Hayfever (f; HHB); Head cold (f; KAB); +Hemorrhoid (1; FEL); Hepatosis (f; HJP; JLH); High Cholesterol (12; APA; PH2; X15777541); +Hyperactivity (1; WAM); Hyerglycemia (1; X14995053); Hysteria (f; NAD); IBD (f; PH2); IBS (f; +PH2); Impetigo (f; MAD); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; PH2; VAD); Inflammation (f12; APA; +BOU; FAD; FEL; PH2; WAM; X14995053); Itch (f; HHB); Kidney stone (f; MAD); Leprosy (f; +BIB); Lumbricus (f; FEL); Lupus (2; APA; BGB); Lymphangitis (f; MAD); Malaria (f; APA; +BGB); Measles (f; MAD); Mucososis (1; APA); Mycosis (1; PH2); Nausea (f; MAD); Nephrosis +(f12; APA; BGB; FEL; GHA; HHB; HJP); Obesity (1; VAD); Ophthalmia (f; PH2); Orchosis +(f; JLH); Otitis (1; WAM); Pain (f; BOU; FEL; GHA; NAD); Parotitis (f; JLH); Pericardosis +8202_C001.indd 253 11/12/07 2:38:28 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(f; NAD); Peritonosis (f; NAD); Pleurisy (f; BIB; FAD; HJP); Pneumonia (f; FAD); Proteinuria +(1; APA); Proctosis (f; FEL; JLH); Puerperium (f; NAD); Pulmonosis (f; FAD; HHB); Pyelitis (f; +HHB); Quinsy (f; NAD); Rheumatism (1; BGB; FAD; MAD); Sapraemia (f; NAD); SLE (1; BGB); +Sore (f; NAD); Sore Throat (f; APA); Splenosis (f; JLH); Stone (f; HHB; HJP); Strangury (f; NAD); +Stroke (1; X15777541; Swelling (f; JLH; MAD); Sycosis (f; JLH); Syndrome-X (1; X14995053); +Urethrosis (f; BOU; PH2); Urogenitosis (f; DEP; KAB); UTI (f; APA; NAD); Vaginosis (f; NAD); +Venereal Disease (f; DEP; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Whitlow (f; JLH); Wound (f; GHA; NPM). +d osages (Flax ): +FNFF = !!! +Seeds widely eaten, even substituted for eggs in baking; The oil is used in Egyptian cuisine (e.g., +ful medames, a stewed (faba) bean dish served with garlic, onions, and cumins). Talk about food +“farmacy,” I would recommend that as food farmacy (replacing a fatty meat dish), for all the major +“civilized” diseases of civilization; cancer, coronary, diabetes, even impotence and Parkinson’s +disease! Ethiopians substitute for butter, roasting the seeds and pasting them on breads, and make a +health food mixing seeds with honey and water. Parched seeds serve as coffee substitute. Sprouted +seeds added to salads. Unripe seed pods cooked in chutneys. Transylvanians eat cooked leaves with +lemon and sour cream. Linseed is often employed with other seeds as food for small birds (BIB; +FAC; TAN; EB54:155; Cunnane and Thompson, 1995; Judd, 1995). One 1300 mg StX for 740 mg +ALA softgel (APA); 1 Tbsp whole or crushed (not ground) seed/150 ml liquid 2–3 ×/day (APA; +PIP). 1 oz seed/1 qt water at boiling point (FEL). 1 Tbsp bruised or whole (not powdered) seed, with +at least 150 ml water 2–3 ×/day (PH2). For hypercholesterolemia, 35–50 g crushed seed/day (PH2). +As antiaggregant, 1–2 Tbsp flaxseed oil/day (PH2). +• Arabians use ground seed with butter or decocted in water for arthritic pain and wounds +(GHA). +• Arabians use seed decoction with cumin and sugarcane for kidney pain (GHA). +• Arabians use seed infusion for digestive and urinary tract inafl mmation (GHA). +• Arabians use 1 to 2 tsp seed with water for constipation or gonorrhea (GHA). +• Ayurvedics use leaves for asthma and cough; and seeds for backache, biliousness, c-on +sumption, inafl mmation, leprosy, ulcers, and urinary discharges (KAB). +• Ethiopians suggest the seeds for amebic dysentery (BIB). +• Lebanese apply hot afl x seed for abscess, pain, and rheumatism; the oil for burns, con- +stipation, and fever; linseed tea, with lemon, for cystitis, gallstones, gravel, hepatitis, and +kidney stones (HJP). +• Turks pound seeds in milk and apply to abscess (EB49:406). +• Unani use the seeds, considered aphrodisiac, diuretic, emmenagogue, and lactagogue, for +cough and kidney ailments; its oil for “bad blood,” internal wounds, and ringworm; and the +burnt bark for bleeding and wounds. They use the bark and leaves for gonorrhea (KAB). +d ow Nsides (Flax ): +Class 2d. Contraindicated in bowel obstruction (AHP, 1997). No health hazards or side effects +known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2); (PH2 designates no dosage!, JAD). Commission E +reports contraindications: ileus; interactions; reduced absorption of other drugs possible. No adverse +effects when used with a sufcfi ient amount of liquid. Other sources report contraindications: intes- +tinal obstruction; patients with inafl mmatory intestinal diseases should only use the seed in swollen +state. Abuse of high doses may result in electrolyte losses (AEH). Ayurvedics hint that seed may +harm eyes and virility (KAB). Under pessimal conditions, 100 g linseed can liberate up to 50 mg +HCN, enough to bring about symptoms of poisoning. But these conditions rarely, if ever, maintain. +8202_C001.indd 254 11/12/07 2:38:28 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Most HCN is metabolized via the enzyme rhodanase, which can convert 30 to 60 mg HCN per hour +into the relatively toxic thiocyanate. Even doses of 300 g ground linseed evoked no symptoms of +poisoning in volunteers. Single doses of 100 g do not cause a signicafi nt rise in blood hydrocyanic +acid and thiocyanate levels. Taking 15 g linseed thrice daily for 3 to 4 weeks raised thiocyanate +levels in blood and urine (BIS). May adversely affect absorption of drugs (as with any mucilaginous +preparation). Bulking agents should not be taken by those with stenotic lesions of the GI tract. May +lead to bowel obstruction if ufl id intake is inadequate. Do not take bulking agents when lying down +or at bedtime. Do not use with antiperistaltics (such as e.g., loperamide) (SHT). Do not use seed in +diverticulitis patients (WAM). Do not confuse afl xseed oil with more poisonous denatured linseed +oil (WAM). +Natural History (Flax ): +When grown for seed, afl x is self-pollinating. Cross-pollination does not seem to increase seed +yield consistently. Advisable to isolate different varieties by at least 100 to 300 m when produ-c +ing seed for propagation. Many fungi have been found on afl x, but the most serious diseases are +afl x wilt, several rusts, seedling blights, and Pasmo. Causative agents are Alternaria brassiceae, +A. lini, A. linicola, A. solani, A. tenuis; Ascochyta linicola, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum lini, +C. linicola, Corticium solani, Diplodia lini, Erysiphe cichoracearum, E. polygoni, E. polyphaga, +Fusarium acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. lini, Kabatiella lini, Leveillula linacearum, Melampsora +lini, Mycosphaerella linorum, M. tulasnei, Oidiopsis lini, Oidium lini, Phoma lini, P. linicola, +Polyspora lini, Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia fuckeliana, S. libertiana, S. minor, S. +sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Septoria linicola, Sphaerella linorum, Thielaviopsis basicola, and +Trichothecium roseum. Important viruses causing disease in afl x are Aster yellows (Chlorogenus +callistephi), Beet curly top, and Yellows. Flax may be parasitized by Cuscuta epilinum, C. epithy- +mum, C. indecora, C. pentagona, and Striga lutea. The bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens and +Pseudomonas atrofaciens also cause diseases. Insects are not a serious problem in afl x production. +Nematodes isolated from afl x include the following species: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Helicotylenchus +erythrinae, H. spp., Heterodera schachtii, Meloidogyne arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita, M. +incognita acrita, M. thamesi, M. javanica, Paratylenchus sp., Pratylenchus coffeae, P. penetrans, +Tylenochorhynchus spp., and Xiphinema spp. (HOE). +extra Cts (Flax ): +Seeds, like those of Perilla, are one of the best sources of the omega-3 fatty acid called ALA +(alpha-linolenic acid), which reportedly has antiaggregant, antiinafl mmatory (IC50 = 42 µM), an-ti +leukotriene-D4, antimenorrhagic, antimetastatic, antiprostatitic, cancer-preventive, hypotensive, +immunostimulant (0.12 ml/man/day) activities; lignans antiestrogenic, antimycotic, antioxidant, +and antitumor (PH2). See Rudin’s The Omega-3 Phenomenon for an incredible list of supposed +indications for afl xseed oil, an entire book full. Brooks et al. (2005) showed that afl xseed supple - +mentation alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women more than soy supplementation +[soy (25 g soy ofl ur), or afl xseed (25 g ground afl xseed) muffin for 16 wk]. Urinary concentrations of +2-hydroxyestrone (little biological activity), but not of 16-alpha-hydroxyestrone (estrogenic agon-is +tic causing proliferation), increased signicafi ntly in the afl xseed group. Improving this ratio (as also +happens in women consuming Brassicaceae) improves the odds of patients against breast cancer +(HG67:34) (X14749240). All this suggests consumption of more biblical beans, crucifers, and afl x- +seed, in lieu of animal fat, improves one’s odds against certain hormone-dependent cancers (JAD). +In a GMO approach, Lorenc-Kukula et al. (2005) generated afl x plants with increased antioxidant +properties. The simultaneous expression of genes encoding chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase +(CHI), and dihydroafl vonol reductase (DFR) resulted in a signicfi ant increase in afl x antioxidant +capacity. The increase in yield of transgenic plants and their higher resistance Ftou sarium culmorum +8202_C001.indd 255 11/12/07 2:38:29 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +and Fusarium oxysporum correlated with a signicafi nt increase in monounsaturated fatty acids and +a slight increase in lignans (X15853420). Prasad (2005) demonstrated the hypocholesterolemic and +antiatherosclerotic effect of the lignan complex containing secoisolariciresinol diglucoside a-nti +oxidant, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (hypocholesterolemic) and cinnamic acids (antioxidants) +(X15777541). Bloedon and Szapary (2004) state that afl xseed, rightly or wrongly, is the richest +known source of both alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and the phytoestrogeric lignans, as well as a +good source of soluble bfi er. Human studies have shown that afl xseed can modestly reduce serum +total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, reduce postprandial glucose abso-rp +tion, decrease some markers of inafl mmation, and raise serum levels of omega-3 fatty acids, viz. +ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid. Data on the antiplatelet, antioxidant, and hypotensive effects of +afl xseed, however, are inconclusive (X14995053). Phillips et al. (2005) presented phytosterol data +on afl xseed, averaging the ground and unground accessions values. Such phytosterols are medic-i +nally important, for example, in BPH and in high cholesterol (X16302759). +sto RAx (l iquid AmbAr orient Alis MILL. AND l . +styr Aciflu A L.) + + h AMAMeLIDACeAe +Notes (storax ): +Is there no balm in Gilead; is there no physician there? why then is not the health of the daughter +of my people recovered? +Jeremiah 8:22 (KJV) +Is there no balm in Gilead? Is there no physician there? Why then has the health of the daughter +of my people not been restored? +Jeremiah 8:22 (RSV) +Is there no balsam in Gilead? Or is there no healer there? Why is it, then, that the recuperation +of the daughter of my people has not not come up? +Jeremiah 8:22 (NWT) +Like many responsible authors (e.g., HHB; LAF), when covering species of Liquidambar, I aggre- +gated American Storax and Oriental Storax for the second edition of myH andbook of Medici- +nal Herbs. Distinguishing liquidambar and styrax resins seems rather difcfi ult. Hence I believed +that reporting separately would be rather articfi ial. Few people alive can guarantee the taxonomic +source of the resin itself. And I suspect there are few if any chemical analyses based on vouchered +specimens, and many more based on aggregates of miscellaneous resins. Nonetheless, AH2 main- +tained them apart, Liquidambar orientalis representing the oriental species, the resin of which is +commonly known as Levant Storax. This clearly would be the biblical storax as well. AH2 mai-n +tains as distinct the American storax or sweet gum,L iquidambar styraciflua L. Even Zohary in +Israel states that the two species are the same. This oriental species seems to be extinct in Israel, +if it was ever there, and is limited to southwest Turkey and possibly Lebanon, even historically in +Gilead, northeast of Israel. But it is long gone in Gilead. Still it is too often referred to as balm of +Gilead. +Commo N Names (storax ): +American Storax (Eng.; LAF); American Styrax (Eng.; FAC); Anbar Sa’el (Arab.; Syria; HJP); +Asht Loban (India; EFS); Asian Styrax (Eng.; FAC); Asiatic Storax (Eng.; LAF); Asle Luban +8202_C001.indd 256 11/12/07 2:38:30 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Storax (Liquidambar spp.). +(Iran; DEP); Asli (Iran; EFS; NAD); Balm (Eng.; BIB; RSV); Estoraque (Sp.; EFS); Liquidambar +(Sp.; EFS); Levant Storax (Eng.; AH2; LAF); Liquidámbar (Sp.; EFS); Liquid Storax (Eng.; NAD); +Liquid Styrax (Eng.; JLH); Lubhani (Iran; EFS; NAD); Maiaa (JLH); Meah (Arab.; DEP); Me-ih +sila (Hindi; Iran; DEP; NAD); Meri Arishappal (Tam.; NAD); Miah Sayelaha (Arab.; EFS; NAD); +Nantayu (Burma; DEP); Nataf (Heb.; ZOH); Neri Arishappal (Tam.; DEP; NAD); Ofcfi ial Storax +(Eng.; HJP); Orientalischer Amberbaum (Ger.; USN); Oriental Sweet Gum (Eng.; Scn.; AH2); +Rasamalla (Mal.; Malaya; Tam.; DEP; NAD); Rose Malloes (Eng.; NAD); Sagia (?; JLH); Selaras +(Guj.; DEP); Shilarasam (Tel.; DEP; WOI); Shilbaka (Ayu.; AH2); Sigala Agaci (Tur.; EFS); Silajit +(Sanskrit; EFS); Silaras (Beng.; Guj.; Hindi; Kan.; Mah.; Tel.; EFS; NAD; WOI); Silarasa (Mar.; +DEP); Silha (Hindi; DEP); Silhaka (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Stacte (Heb.; ZOH); Storace (It.; EFS); +Storax (Eng.; Fr.; Ger.; CR2; EFS; FAC); Storax Calamite (?; JLH); Storaxbaum (Ger.; USN); +Storaxboom (Dutch; EFS); Storiaux Liquida (?; JLH); Styrax (Eng.; Fr.; Ger.; EFS; JLH); Styrax +Linquide (Fr.; NAD); Su He Ziang (Pin.; DAA); Tzori (Heb.; ZOH); Usturak (Sanskrit; EFS); +Usturuk (Bom.; DEP). +8202_C001.indd 257 11/12/07 2:38:39 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +a Ctivities (storax ): +Allergenic (f; GAZ); Antidote (f; DAA); Antiinafl mmatory (1; PH2); Antiscabies (f; EFS); Anti - +septic (f1; DEP; HJP; LAF; NAD; SKJ); Astringent (f; DEP; NAD); Bactericide (f; GAZ); Diapho- +retic (1; PH2); Diuretic (f; NAD); Expectorant (f1; DEP; EFS; FEL; HJP; LAF; SKJ); Fungicide (f; +GAZ); Parasiticide (f; DAA); Pectoral (f; DEP); Stimulant (f; EFS; HJP; PH2; SKJ); Suppurative (f; +DEP); Tonic (f; DEP; NAD); Vulnerary (f; EFS). +iNdi Catio Ns (storax ): +Adenopathy (f; NAD); Asthma (f; FEL); Bacteria (f; GAZ); Bronchosis (f; FEL; NAD; PH2); Burn +(f; JLH); Cancer (f; DAA; JLH; LAF); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus +(f; JLH); Catarrh (f; FEL; NAD); Childbirth (f; HOC); Cold (f; DAA); Colic (f; NAD); Convulsion (f; +DAA); Cough (f; FEL; PH2); Cystosis (f; GAZ; NAD); Dermatosis (f; DEP; HHB; PH2; WOI); Diar- +rhea (f; HOC); Dysentery (f; HOC); Dysuria (f; NAD); Enterosis (f; HOC); Epilepsy (f; DAA; PH2); +Fever (f; PH2); Fistula (f; HOC); Frostbite (f; DAA); Fungus (f; GAZ); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Gleet (f; +FEL); Gonorrhea (f; FEL); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f1; GAZ; HJP); Inafl m - +mation (f; GAZ); Itch (f; GAZ; PH2); Lactose-Intolerance (f; PH2); Leprosy (f; PH2); Leukorrhea (f; +FEL); Malaria (f; DAA); Mycosis (f; FEL; GAZ); Orchosis (f; DEP; NAD); Pain (f; NAD); Parasite (f; +DAA); Phthisis (f; DEP); Phymata (f; JLH); Pityriasis (f; NAD); Polyp (f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; FEL; +NAD); Pyelitis (f; NAD); Respirosis (f; GAZ); Ringworm (f; FEL); Scabies (f; DEP; FEL; HHB; HJP); +Scleroma (f; JLH); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; FEL; PH2); Sore Throat (f; DEP; NAD); Splenosis (f; +JLH); Sting (f; NAD); Swelling (f; DEP); Syncope (f; PH2); Tinea (f; FEL); Urethrosis (f; HJP); Utero- +sis (f; JLH); Venereal Disease (f; FEL); Worm (f; HOC); Wound (f; DAA; PH2). +d osages (storax ): +FNFF = ! +GRAS; “approved for food use” but at low levels, for example, circa 15 ppm in candy and 25 ppm +in baked goods (LAF). American styrax resin is chewed like gum to freshen breath and clean teeth. +Oriental styrax is used to afl vor baked goods, candy, chewing gum, and tobacco (FAC; TAN). 10 to +20 grains resin (FEL). +• American styrax mixed with honey and consumed in childbirth (HOC). +• British once applied the resin to indurations of the liver and spleen (JLH). +• Egyptians applied powdered wood to burns and cancers (JLH). +• Germans applied the resin to indurations of the uterus (JLH). +• Hondurans mix American styrax with garlic, onions, and hot water for worms (HOC). +• Lebanese suggest the resin as expectorant, scabicide, stimulant, and urinary antiseptic +(HJP). +d ow Nsides (storax ): +No health hazards or contraindications reported with proper administration of suggested therap-eu +tic dosages (PH2) (dosage not indicated; PH2). Ingestion may lead to diarrhea. Possibly allergenic +(GAZ; PH2). Broad topical application may lead to transdermal absorption followed by kidney +damage (albuminuria; hemorrhagic nepritis) (PH2). +extra Cts (storax ): +Puriefi d storax contains circa 33 to 50% storesin, an alcoholic resin, both free and as cinnamic +esters. Contains 5 to 15% cinnamic acid, 5 to 15% cinnamyl cinnamate or styracine, and circa +10% phenylpropyl-cinnamate — plus small amounts of ethyl cinnamate, benzyl cinnamate, and +8202_C001.indd 258 11/12/07 2:38:40 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +styrene (phenylethylene, even traces of vanillin (WOI). Also a volatile oil (styrol, styracin, etc.) +(NAD). LAF report also a resin (storesin) containing triterpenic acids (oleanolic and 3-epioleanolic +acids) (LAF). +DARNeL (l olium temulentum L.) x po ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Lolium arvense With.; Lolium robustum Reich.; Lolium temulentum var. leptochaeton A. Braun; +Lolium temulentum var. muticum Noulet fide DEP, etc. +Notes (d ar Nel): +But while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat. +Matthew 13:25 (KJV) +The grass called darnel or the biblicatl ares is reasonably safe; but once an ergot fungus gets into +the seeds, it can be quite dangerous. But generally speaking, the things that make it poisonous also +make it strong medicine, as so often happens in nature. Growing throughout the Middle East, its +grains are reported from Egyptian tombs at least 4000 years old. Affording nutritive feed for liv-e +stock, it should not be grazed after the seeds set. Human deaths are attributed to eating the infected +seed, ground up with wheat. It serves as chicken and pigeon feed, but even this is discouraged. +According to homeopath Hernandez Mesa, it is used for St. Vitus’ dance and idiocy, having been +dropped by the allopaths (BIB). +Commo N Names (d ar Nel): +Aera (f; JLH); Airon (JLH); Aqoullab (Ber.; BOU); Bearded Darnel (Eng.; BUR; EFS); Borrachuela +(Sp.; EFS); Cheat (Eng.; BOU); Cizana (Sp.; EFS); Cockle (Eng.; JLH); Cockul (?; JLH); Cockyll +(?; JLH); Cominillo (Sp.; EFS); Crop (JLH); Danaqah (Arab.; BOU); Darnell (Eng.; BOU; CR2); +Darnell Grass (Eng.; BUR); Delice (Tur.; EFS); Dolik (Dutch; EFS); Dudackorn (JLH); Gioglio +(It.; EFS); Git (JLH); Italian Ryegrass (Eng.; JLH); Ivary (Eng.; BOU); Ivraie (Fr.; BOU); Ivraie +Enivrante (Fr.; EFS); Joio (Mad.; Por.; EFS); Joyo (Sp.; EFS); Kockul (JLH); KoKkul (JLH); La-i +chour (Ber.; BOU); Loglio (It.; EFS; JLH); Lolium (Fr.; BOU); Lover’s-Steps (Eng.; BUR); Machni +(Hindi; India; DEP; EFS; SKJ); Mostaki (Pun.; WOI); Nigella (JLH); Pane Vino (It.; EFS); Poison +Rye Grass (Eng.; BUR); Raaigras (Dutch; EFS); Rabillo (Sp.; EFS); Raygrass (Eng.; BUR); Ry-e +grass (Eng.; BOU); Samma (Arab.; BOU); Schlafweisen (Ger.; EFS); Shaylam (Arab.; BOU); Sikra +(Arab.; BOU); Suwal (Arab.; BOU); Tare (Eng.; ZOH); Tares (Eng.; BUR); Taumellolch (Ger.; EFS; +MAD); Vallico (Sp.; EFS); Wenwort (Eng.; JLH); Wray (JLH); Zizanie (Fr.; BOU); Ziwan (Heb.; +ZOH); Zizzania (It.; EFS); Zun (Heb.; ZOH); Zuwan (Arab.; BOU). +a Ctivities (d ar Nel): +Anodyne (f; BUR; CRC); Deliriant (f; BUR); Depurative (f; CRC; MAD); Hemostat (f; BOU); Na-r +cotic (1; CRC; EFS); Nephrotoxic (1; PHR); Poison (1; CRC); Sedative (f; SKJ). +iNdi Catio Ns (d ar Nel): +Arthrosis (f; BOU; JLH; MAD); Bleeding (f; BOU; CRC); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, ear (f; JLH); +Cancer, joint (f; JLH); Cancer, knee (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Ca-n +cer, uterus (f; JLH); Colic (f; CRC); Condylomata (f; JLH); Cramp (f; BOU; PHR; PH2); Derma- +tosis (f; BIB; CRC; HHB); Dysuria (f; CRC; PH2); Eczema (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; BOU; PHR; +PH2); Epistaxis (f; BOU; CRC; PHR; PH2); Fracture (f; BIB; CRC); Freckle (f; SKJ); Gangrene +8202_C001.indd 259 11/12/07 2:38:40 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(f; BIB; CRC); Gastrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Headache (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC); Incontinence (f; +BIB; BOU; CRC; PH2); Induration (f; CRC; JLH); Insomnia (f; PHR; PH2; SKJ); Kernel (f; CRC); +Leprosy (f; BIB; CRC); Lichen (f; MAD); Meningosis (f; BIB; CRC); Menopause (f; BIB; CRC); +Migraine (f; BIB; CRC); Nausea (f; BOU); Neuralgia (f; BOU; CRC; MAD; PH2); Pain (f; CRC; +HHB; PHR); Paralysis (f; MAD); Polyuria (f; HHB); Rheumatism (f; BOU; CRC; HHB); Sciatica +(f; CRC); Scirrhus (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; CRC); Splinter (f; BIB); Tenesmus (f; MAD); Toothache +(f; BIB; CRC); Tremor (f; BOU; MAD); Tumor (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; JLH); Vertigo (f; CRC; MAD; +PH2); Wen (f; CRC). +d osages (d ar Nel): +FNFF = X +Although Indians make food of it (e.g., pinole from the seed in California), it could be poisonous +(BUR; TAN). Do not take. Many of the indications and dosages are homeopathic only. +• Asian Indians suggest pounded seed as a sedative poultice and to erase freckles (SKJ). +• British use the wenwort in salves on wens (JLH). +• Lebanese hint of a mystic mountain cult that infuses the grass or soaks the seeds to +extract the ergot, which is then used to induce religious ecstasy. +• Lebanese women made a tea of the whole grass for children with colic; adults used the +ground seed for blood poisoning, leprosy, migraine, rheumatism, and toothache (HJP). +• Moroccans use the plant decoction for hemorrhage and urinary incontinence (BIB). +d ow Nsides (d ar Nel): +Can be toxic. No cases of poisoning are known in recent times (PHR). Symptoms include apathy, +colic, confusion, cramping, delirium, diarrhea, gastroenterosis, giddiness, headache, mydriasis, +paralysis, somnolence, speech problems, staggering, tinnitus, vertigo, visual disorders, and vomi-t +ing, rarely death through respiratory failure (BUR; DEP; MAD; PH2). Only mentioned as food for +Native Americans (DEM). +Boxtho RN (lycium europ Aeum Auth .) + so LANACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Lycium barbarum L. var. brevilobum; Lycium mediterraneuum Dunal; Lycium orientale Miers. +fide ZOH +Notes (boxt Hor N): +Now the Philistines gathered together their armies to battle, and were gathered together at Shochoh, +which belongeth to Judah, and pitched between Shochoh and Azekah, in Ephes- dammim. +I Samuel 17:1 (KJV) +Zohary argues that Azekah is a place name, named for the abundant boxthorns there, noting that +such is frequent in the Bible; names for acacia, olive, oak, pistachio, pomegranate, and willow also +used as place names in the Holy Land (ZOH). EFS entries below may apply as well to L. barbarum +or halimiflorum . +Commo N Names (boxt Hor N): +Alquitira (Sp.; EFS); Artos (Sp.; EFS); Ausseg (Arab.; ZOH); Awsadsch (JLH); Azekah (Heb.; +ZOH); Bastard Jasmine (Eng.; EFS); Bocksdorn (Ger.; EFS); Boksdorn (Dutch; EFS); Boxthorn +8202_C001.indd 260 11/12/07 2:38:41 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(Eng.; EFS; USN); Cambronera (Sp.; EFS); Caprifolium (?; JLH); Espinheiro (Mad.; PST); Ganger +(India; EFS); Granévano (Sp.; EFS); Jasmin Bâtard (Fr.; EFS); Kanu (India; EFS); Licium (JLH); +Mater Silvi (?; JLH); Matrisilvi (?; JLH); Prickly Box (Eng.; EFS); Spina Cristi (It.; EFS); Tea +Tree (Eng.; EFS); Teufelsdorn (Ger.; EFS); EFS names may also apply to Lycium barbarum and or +Lycium halimifolium; Nscn. +a Ctivities (boxt Hor N): +Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS); Laxative (f; EFS); Toxic (f; EFS). +iNdi Catio Ns (boxt Hor N): +Cancer (f; JLH); Cramp (f; EFS); Gingivosis (f; JLH); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Induration (f; JLH); +Spasm (f; EFS); Splenosis (f; JLH). +d osages (boxt Hor N): +FNFF = ? +Most species, including L. arabicum, to which TAN refers this species, have edible fruits and many +have leaves used in teas. I would not be afraid to sample L. europaeum as a fruit or leaf tea, but I +would be reluctant to recommend it carelessly (FAC, TAN). +Natural History (boxt Hor N): +The small edible fruits are dispersed by birds (ZOH). +AppLe (mAlus domestic A Bo RKh.) +++ R os ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Malus communis DC.; Malus pumila Mill.; Malus sylvestris Hort, non Mill.; Pyrus malus L.; Pyrus +pumila L. fide WOI +Notes (a pple): +Stay me with flagons, comfort me with apples: for I am sick of love. +Song of Solomon 2:5 (KJV) +Sustain me with raisins, refresh me with apples; for I am sick with love. +Song of Solomon 2:5 (RSV) +Do you people refresh me with cakes of raisins, sustain me with apples; for I am lovesick. +Song of Solomon 2:5 (NWT) +The word apple shows up twelve times in my King James version, scattered through eight works, +most frequently (four citations) in the Song of Solomon. Although I concluded that apricot or +8202_C001.indd 261 11/12/07 2:38:42 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Apple (Malus domestica). +pomegranate might better be the apple of the Garden of Eden (BIB), Israeli botanist Michael Zohary +seems to favor the apple over the apricot, although apples were not mentioned in narratives regard- +ing the Garden of Eden. The Hebrew tappuah occurs vfi e times in the Bible as an apple tree, six +times as a place name, and once as a proper name. Other biblical scholars have sometimes referred +to the tappuah as apricot or bitter orange, although these plants were reportedly introduced much +later than the apple, which dates in Europe from the Neolithic. Still, although no remains of apple +are found among the prehistoric remains of the Middle East, ancient Egyptian papyri circa Ramses +II (1298–1235 b.c.) show Nile delta efi lds with pomegranate, apple, olive, and gfi . Zohary adds that +the Arabic tuffah refers exclusively to apple trees, justifying its identicatfi ion with the Hebrew tap- +puah. Apples may have been introduced to the Holy Land from Armenia, Iran, Syria, or Turkey +circa 4000 b.c. (ZOH). AH2 and USN maintain Malus domestica (USN) or Malus pumila (AH2) +for the apple, and both retain for the crab apple name, Malus sylvestris. I would wager that the crab +apple is better medicine, ounce for ounce. As a matter of fact, I would speculate that one crabapple +(proportionately more phytochemicals) would almost equate (dosage-wise) to one big juicy McIn- +tosh (proportionately more water). +Commo N Names (a pple): +Abbel (Eng.; JLH); Abreletrae (Den.; KAB); Acuk (Tur.; EB49:406); Acuk Pekmezi (Tur.; +EB49:406); Alema (Kalmuk; KAB); Almafa (Hun.; KAB); Amra (Tibet; NPM); Apfel (Ger.; TAN; +8202_C001.indd 262 11/12/07 2:38:49 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +USN); Apfelbaum (Ger.; KAB; USN); Appeltraed (Swe.; KAB); Apple (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2; +TAN); Appleboom (Dutch; EFS; KAB); Badara (Sanskrit; KAB); Boquettier (Fr.; AVP); Borsdorf +Pippin (Austria; JLH); Chui (Pun.; KAB); Chur (Pangi; KAB); Crabapple (Eng.; NAD); Crois- +son (Fr.; AVP); Eima (Tur.; EB49:406); Eima Azmasi (Tur.; EB49:406); Elmai (Tur.; EB54:155); +Jablon (Pol.; KAB); Jabuka (Illyria; KAB); Kashu (Pun.; DEP); Kushu (Ladak; DEP; KAB); Lin +Ch’in (China; EFS; KAB); Lipot (Lpcha; NPM); Macanceira (Por.; EFS); Maceira (Por.; KAB; +USN); Macieira (Por.; AVP; EFS); Mana (Pushtu; KAB); Manra (Pushtu; DEP); Manzana (Peru; +Sp.; EGG; USN); Manzano (Peru; Sp.; EGG; KAB; USN); Mar (Rom.; KAB); Maschanzkerapfel +(Austria; JLH); Melo (It.; KAB); Meto (It.; AVP); Milia (Greek; KAB); Nagnse (Limbu; NPM); +Omena (Fin.; KAB); Palu (Kunawar; KAB); Paoma (Hova; KAB); Perote (Ca.; Sp.; ROE); P’ing Kuo +(China; TAN); Pome Dols (Cat.; KAB); Pomme (Fr.; TAN); Pomme d’Arbre (Haiti; AVP); Pomme +de France (Haiti; AVP); Pommier (Fr.; Haiti; AVP0; KAB); Pommier Commun (Fr.; USN); Pomo +(Malta; KAB); Ringo (Japan; TAN; USN); Safarchand (Mah.; NAD); Sapukawasi (Rai; NPM); +Sco (Nwp.; KAB); Seb (Beng.; Bhojpuri; Hindi; Mooshar; Tharu; DEP; NPM); Seba (Sanskrit; +DEP); Sebhaphala (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Seb Safarang (Hindi; NAD); Sebu (Kan.; KAB; WOI); +Seo (Hindi; KAB; WOI); Servu Kittalay (Can.; NAD); Sev (Urdu; NAD); Sevu (Kan.; DEP); Sheo +(Nwp.; DEP); Shewa (Afg.; DEP; KAB); Shivinthaka (Sanskrit; NAD); Sib (Iran; DEP); Sir (Iran; +KAB); Soof (Sin.; NAD); Suf (Sin.; DEP; KAB); Sufferjang (Bom.; Guj.; EFS; NAD); Syau (Danu- +war; Magar; Nepal; Newari; Sunwar; Tamang; NPM); Taph (Arab.; ZOH); Tappuah (Heb.; ZOH); +Tiffah (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Tuffah (Arab.; DEP; HJP; ZOH); Tyffah (Arab.; KAB); Uril (Mongolia; +EB54:528); Urilin Chai (Mongolia; EB54:528); Yablon (Rus.; KAB). +a Ctivities (a pple): +Anthelmintic (f; CRC; WOI); Antiallergic (1; JAF51:3806); Antialopecic (1; PR15:311); Antian- +drogenic (1; JNU); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; JNU); Antimelanogenic (1; X16029003); Antioxidant +(1; JNU; PR15:311; X15769178); Antiproliferant (1; JAF51:609); Antiseptic (f1; NAD; X15713000); +Antitoxic (1; JAF51:3806); Antiviral (1; X15713000); Aperitif (f; CRC); Apoptotic (1; JNU); Bac- +tericide (1; CRC); Cardioprotective (1; JNU; WOI); Carminative (f; CRC; ROE); Chemopreventive +(f1; X15769178); Cicatrizant (f; VAD); Cyanogenic (f1; CRC); Demulcent (f; VAD); Depurative +(f; CRC; NAD); Digestive (f; CRC; EFS); Diuretic (f; CRC; EFS); Emollient (f; CRC); Gastroprotec- +tive (1; X15647180); Hypnotic (f; CRC; NAD); Hypoglycemic (f1; JNU; EB49:406); Hypotensive +(1; JAF51:3806); Hypouricemic (f; NAD); Laxative (f; CRC); Lipolytic (f1; JAF51:3806); Muco- +protective (f; VAD); Noogenic (f; NAD); Orexigenic (f; EFS); PKC Inhibitor (1; PR15:311); Poison +(f; CRC); Propecic (1; PR15:311); Refrigerant (f; CRC); Sedative (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC; LMP); +Tyrosinase Inhibitor (1; X16029003); Vulnerary (f; VAD). +iNdi Catio Ns (a pple): +Alcoholism (f; NAD); Allergy (1; JAF51:3806; X15630302); Alopecia (1; PR15:311; JAF51:3806); +Anemia (f; HJP; LMP); Aphonia (f; DEM); Arthritis (f; TOM); Asthma (f1; JNU; NAD); Bacteria (1; +CRC; WOI); Biliousness (f; CRC; KAB; LMP; NAD); Blindness (f; DEM); BPH (f; JNU); Bruise (f; +DEM); Cacoethes (f; CRC; JLH); Calculus (f; NAD); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f1; CRC; JLH; HJP); +Cancer, breast (f1; JLH; X15769178); Cancer, colon (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; JLH); Cancer, +liver (f1; JNU); Cancer, lung (f1; JNU); Cancer, prostate (f1; JNU); Cardiopathy (f1; JNU; WOI); +Caries (f1; JAF51:3806); Catarrh (f; CRC; NAD; ROE); Chilblain (f; AAH); Childbirth (f; ROE); +Cholera (1; JAF51:3806); Colic (f; ROE); Condyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; FEL; KAB); Con- +stipation (f1; CRC; KAB; NAD); COPD (1; Associated Press, Jan. 19, 2000); Cough (f; HJP); De-r +matosis (f1; HHB; X15630302); Diabetes (f; CRC; ROE); Diaper Rash (f; TOM); Diarrhea (f1; PH2); +8202_C001.indd 263 11/12/07 2:38:50 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Diverticulosis (1; JNU); Dropsy (f; FEL; HJP); Duodenosis (f1; HJP); Dysentery (1; CRC; PH2); +Dyspepsia (f1; CRC; HHB; HJP; NAD; PH2; EB49:406); Dyspnea (f; DEM); Earache (f; AAH; +DEM); Eczema (f; NAD); Enterosis (f; CRC); Epilepsy (f; HJP); Erysipelas (f; FEL); Fever (f; CRC; +KAB); Flu (1; X15713000); Flux (f; CRC); Gallstone (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f1; TOM; X15647180); +Gout (f1; JNU; NAD); Gravel (f; BUR; FEL); Halitosis (f; TOM); Hay Fever (1; JNU); Headache (f; +HJP); Heart (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; DEM; HJP); Hepatosis (f; NAD); Herpes (1; JNU); High Blood +Pressure (1; JAF51:3806); Hive (1; JNU); Hoarseness (f; DEM); Hyperemesis (f; ROE); IBS (1; JNU); +Infection (f1; NAD; X15713000); Inafl mmation (f1; JNU; CRC; FEL); Insomnia (f; CR2; ROE); Leu - +kemia (f; JLH); Lumbago (f; NAD); Malaria (f1; CR2; KAB); Neuralgia (f; NAD); Neuritis (f; NAD); +Obesity (f1; WOI; JAF51:3806); Ophthalmia (f; JLH; KAB); Pancreatosis (1; JNU); Paralysis (f; HJP); +Pertussis (f; CRC); Phthisis (f; HJP); Pneumonia (f; ROE); Poison Ivy (f; TOM); Pregnancy (f; ROE); +Prostatosis (1; JNU); Rash (f; TOM); Rheumatism (f; HJP; NAD; ROE); Scarlatina (f; FEL); Sciatica +(f; NAD); Scrofula (f; HJP); Scurvy (f; CRC); Sore (f; AAH; JLH); Sore Throat (f; FEL); Spasm (f; +CRC); Sprain (f; AAH); Stomachache (f; TOM); Stone (f; NAD); Stress (f; WOI); Stroke (f1; HJP; +JNU); Sunstroke (f; EB49:406); Swelling (f; HJP); Thirst (f; CRC); Tumor (f1; JLH); Ulcer (f1; HJP); +Venereal Disease (f; JLH); Virus (1; JNU; X15713000); Wart (f; CRC; KAB); Wound (f; VAD). +d osages (a pple): +FNFF = !!! +Fruit widely eaten raw, dried into chips, or cooked; in apple brandies, apple butters, apple ciders, +apple jacks, apple sauces. Fruit puree sometimes used in making ketchups. Fruit is a commercial +source of pectin (TAN). Flowers are eaten, often fried in batter. Peels are used in Turkish teas +(FAC). Leaves are used to make tea (Mongolia; EB54:528). One British cheese callead pplewood is +smoked over applewood fires (FAC). +• Alabamans suggest apple vinegar for diaper rash, halitosis, poison ivy, and rheumatism +(TOM). +• Americans suggest boiling a tart apple in one pint of water for fever (FEL). +• Americans take bark tea for bilious, intermittent and remittent fevers (KAB). +• Asian Indians suggest that alcoholics might try apples or apple juice instead of whiskey +(NAD). +• Ayurvedics suggest the fruit for biliousness, constipation, fever, and impotence (KAB). +• British suggest apple peel for cancer (JLH). +• Cornell scientists showed whole apple extracts prevent mammary cancer in rats dose- +dependently (comparable to 1, 3, and 6 apples a day in humans; X15769178). +• English apply rotten apple on sore spots, earache, and rheumatic or weak eyes (AAH; +KAB). +• French apply roasted apple poultice for inafl med eyes (KAB). +• Lebanese suggest a spoonful of cider vinegar in a glass of water for stroke (HJP). +• Lebanese suggest compresses of sweetened apple sauce for cancer and swellings (HJP). +• Peruvians suggest tea of apple, orange peel, and afl x for nausea of pregnancy, tea of apple +or peach leaves with matico to facilitate delivery (ROE). +• Turks eat apples to reduce libido (EB49:406). +• Turks take boiled fruits as hypoglycemic, tonic; for sunstroke (EB49:406). +• Yugoslavs suggest eating raw apples for anemia, cough, dyspepsia, headache, and pht-hi +sis (HJP). +Natural History (a pple): +Apples are not dependably self-fertile, so provisions for cross-pollination should be made. Bees and +other insects are agents. Honeybees bring about 90% of pollen transfer in the orchard. One colony of +8202_C001.indd 264 11/12/07 2:38:50 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +bees of medium size (15,000 to 20,000 bees) per acre is sufcfi ient. Mice are very destructive to apple +trees. Keep a 1-m diameter space around tree free of weeds or mulched. Rabbits also eat bark. Protect +with wire screen. Apple trees are attacked by a great many fungi, perhaps 150 worldwide, and many are +very serious, but can be controlled with various sprays. Among them are the following:A ctinopetle dry- +ina, Alternaria mali, A. tenuis, Armillaria mellea, Ascochyta mali, Aspergillus terreus, Botryodiplodia +theobromae, Botryosphaeria ribis, Botrytis cinerea, B. mali, Cephalosporium carpogenus, C. roseum, +Cephaothecium roseum, Cepholeuros virescens, Cercospora mali, C. pyri, Cicinnobolus cesatii, +Cladosporium herbarum, Clasterosporium carpophilum, Clitocybe tabescens, Colletotrichum fruc- +tus, Coniocybe nivea, Coniophora cerebella, Coniothecium chomatosporum, Coniothyrum fuckelii, +C. olivaceum, C. pirinum, Corticium centrifugum, C. galactinum, C. laetum, C. litschaueri, C. salmo- +nicolor, Coryneum foliicola, C. longistipitatum, Creonectria purpurea, Cylindrocarpon angustum, C. +mali, Cylindrocladium scoparium, Cyphella albo-violascens, C. marginata, Cytoplea cinerea, Cytos- +pora carphosperma, C. leucostoma, C. mali, Cytosporina ludibunda, Daedalea confragosa, Daldinia +concentrica, Dematophora necatrix, Dermatea corticola, Diaporthe perniciosa, Didymella voglinoi, +Didymosphaeria microstictica, Diplodia griffoni, D. mutila, D. natalensis, Elsinoe pyri, Endomyces +mali, Entomosporium maculatum, Epicoccum granulatum, Eutypella stellulata, Fabraea maculata, +Fomes applanatus, F. annosus, F. fomentarius, F. pinicola, F. pomaceus, Fracciaea heterogenea, +Fumago vagans, Fusarium acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. dimerum, F. equiseti, F. +fructigenum, F. herbarum, F. lateritium, F. moniliforme, F. poae, F. scirpi, F. solani, F. vasinifectum, +Fusicladium dendriticum, Ganoderma curtisii, Gibberella baccata, G. fujikuroi, Gliocladium viride, +Gloeosporium album, G. frustigenum, G. perennans, Gleodes pomigena, Gymnosporangtum juniperi- +num, G. sabinae, G. tremelloides, G. clavipes, G. globosum, G. juniperi-virginianae, G. nidus-avis, +Glomerella cingulata, G. rubicola, Glutinium macrosporum, Haplosporella mali, Helminthosproium +papulosum, Hendersonia cydoniae, Hendersonula toruloidea, Hormodendron cladosporioides, Hyd- +num setosum, Hymenochaete agglutinans, Hypholoma sublateritium, Illosporium malifoliorum, Lam- +bertelia corni-maris, Lentinus tigrinus, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, Leptothyrium pomi, Leucostoma +persooni, Liinospora ochracea, Marasmius pyrinus, Merulinus corium, M. papyrinus, Microdiplodia +pirina, Monilia cinerea, M. fructigena, M. laxa, Monochaetia mali, Mucor piriformis, Mycosphaer- +ella pomi, M. sentina, M. tulasnei, Myriangium asterinosporum, Myxosporium corticola, M. mali, M. +microsporum, Nectria cinnabarina, N. coccinea, N. ditissima, N. galligena, Neofabraea malicorticis, +N. perennans, Nummularia discreta, Oidium farinosum, Oothecium indicum, Pellicularia koleroga, +Penicillium expansum, Peniophora cinerea, Peyronellaea veronensis, Pezicula corticola, Pezizella +oenotherae, Phacidiella discolor, Phacidiopycnis malorum, Phellinus friesianus, Phialophora goid- +anichii, Ph. malorum, Pholiota adiposa, Phoma glomerata, Ph. pomi, Ph. prunicola, Phomopsis mali, +Ph. perniciosa, Phyllactinis suffulta, Phyllosticta mali, Ph. persicae, Ph. pirina, Ph. prunicola, Ph. +solitaria, Phymatotrichum omnivorum, Physalospora cydoniae, Ph. mutila, Ph. Obtusa, Ph. malo- +rum, Ph. rhodina, Phytophthora cactorum, Ph. citricola, Ph. palmivora, Ph. parasitica, Ph. primulae, +Ph. syringae, Ph. vignae, Plenodomus fuscomaculans, Pleospora fructicola, P. herbarum, P. mali, +Pleurotus ostreatus, P. ulmarius, Podosphaera clandestina, P. leucotricha, P. oxycanthae, Polyporus +purpureus, P. ignarius, P. versicolor, Puccinia heterospora, Pythium aphanidermatum, P. debary- +anum, P. intermedium, P. oligandrum, P. ultimum, P. vexans, Radulum aterriumum, Rhabdospora +rhodina, Rhizoctonia aderholdii, Rh. solani, Rhizopus arrhizus, Rh. nigricans, Roesleria hypogaea, +Rosellinia necatrix, R. radiciperda, Schizophyllum commune, Sclerotinia cydonia, S. fruticola, S. +fructigena, S. laxa, S. mali, S. nipponica, S. sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Scolecosporium pedicel- +latum, Septobasidium mariana, S. pedicellatum, S. pseudopedicellatum, Septoria piricola, S. pyri, +Sphaeropsis malorum, S. pomorum, Sphaerotheca gestum, Stereum hirsutum, S. purpureum, Stro- +matinia fructigena, Trametes hispida, Trichoderma viride, Trichoseptoria fructigena, Trichothecium +roseum, Tympanis conspersa, Ulocladium consortiale, Ustulina zonata, Valsa albiens, V. americana, +V. leucostoma, Valsella melastoma, V. papyriferae, Venturina inaequalis, Verticillium dahliae, Xyl- +aria longeana. Apple trees may be parasitized by the following ofl wering plants: Cuscuta monogyna, +Psittacanthus cuneifolius, Comandra pallida, Phoradendron flavescens , Viscum album, V. cruciatum, +8202_C001.indd 265 11/12/07 2:38:52 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Loranthus oleifolius, and L. virescens. The main bacterial diseases of apples are caused by the follo-w +ing: Agrobacterium rhizogenes, A. tumefaciens, Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas melophthora, Ps. +papulans, and Ps. syringae. Some of the viruses causing diseases in apples are Apple chat fruit, Dwarf, +Epinasty, Flat limb, Green crinkle, Green mottle, Leafspot, Line pattern, Apple mosaic, Pyrus virus #2, +Proliferation, Ringspot mosaic of pear, Apple rosette, Rough skin, Rubbery wood, Scaly bark, Striped +mosaic, Stunt, Tulare apple mosaic, Variegation, Yellow dragon, and Yellow mosaicM (armor rosae). +Apples have many physiological ailments, linked to weather conditions, mineral decfi iencies, water +supply, storage, and genetics. The following nematode list includes species known to cause problems +in apples: Criconemella curvata, Crossonema multisquamatum, Doryllium minor, Globodera mali (a +cyst nematode in the areas of the old USSR),L ongidorus macromucronatus, L. maximus, Meloidogyne +hapla, M. incognita acrita, M. mali, Merlinius brevidens, Neotylenchus sp., Paratylenchus amblyceph- +alus, P. hamatus, Pratylenchus coffeae, P. penetrans, P. pratensis, P. thornei, P. vulnus, Trichodorus +viruliferus, Tylenchorhynchus dubius, T. maximus, and Xiphinema americanum (Golden, 1984). The +worst apple pests in the United States include fruit-tree leafroller A( rchips argyrospilus), Redbanded +leafroller (Argyrotaenia velutinans), Plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar), Wooly apple aphid +(Eriosoma lanigerum), Codling moth (Laspeyresia pomonella), Tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris), +Oyster shell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi), European red mite (Panonychus ulmi), Spider mite (Tetrany- +chus modanieli), and White apple leafhopper (Typhlocyba pomaria). +d ow Nsides (a pple): +No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2) (but PH2 designates +no dosage; JAD). +extra Cts (a pple): +Liu and Chen (2005) state, rightly or wrongly, that “Apples are … the major contributors of phy- +tochemicals in human diets.” Extracts exhibit strong antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. +Whole apple extracts prevent mammary cancer in rats (comparable to a human eating one, three, +and six apples a day (X15769178). Hamauzuta et al. (2005) evaluated phenolics in apple and quince; +the latter, with more 3-caffeoylquinic acid and 5-caffeoylquinic acid and polymeric procyanidins, +had more antiufl activity (X15713000). Apple antioxidants may help prevent gastric diseases +(X15647180). Several procyanidin fractions inhibit tyrosinase and melanogenesis (X16029003). +Epicatechin and procyanidin B2 were the major contributors to the antioxidant activity of whole +apple. Hydroxycinnamic acids may have a signicfi ant role in the efl sh (X15941346). +h IGh MALL o W (mAlv A sylvestris L.) +++ MALvACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Malva ambigua Guss.; Malva elata Salisb.; Malva erecta C. Presl; Malva glabra Desr.; Malva mau- +ritiana L.; Malva obtusa Moench.; Malva ruderalis Salisb.; Malva vulgaris S. F. Gray fide HH2 +Notes (Hig H mallow ): +Who cut up mallows by the bushes, and juniper roots for their meat. +Job 30:4 (KJV) +They pick mallow and the leaves of bushes, and to warm themselves the roots of the broom. +Job 30:4 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 266 11/12/07 2:38:53 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . High Mallow (Malva sylvestris). +They were plucking the salt herb by the bushes, And the root of broom trees was their food. +Job 30:4 (NWT) +Some authors argue for Malva, others for Atriplex, for the mallow of the Bible. Zohary and I think +that the Hebrew word halamuth is probably malvaceous, most likely Malva or Alcea. Both provide +edible potherbs. Modern Hebrew renders Malva as halamith. Because Malva nicaeensis (petals +less than 3 times as long as sepals) is more common in Israel than M. sylvestris (petals more than 3 +times as long as sepals), either could have been the mallow of Job (ZOH). Flowers are collected and +exported from Iran as medicinal. Once, ofl wers were strewn before peasants’ doors and woven into +garlands. The flower tincture is a delicate test for alkali (BIB). +Commo N Names (Hig H mallow ): +Ad Dahza (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Ad-dama (Arab.; BOU); Amedjir (Ber.; BOU); Baerwinde (Ger.; +KAB); Bereut (Fr.; EFS); Blue Mallow (Eng.; FAC); Bread and Cheese (Eng.; KAB); Cam Quy +(Ic.; KAB); Cheese Flower (Eng.; BUR); Chin K’uei (China; EFS); Common Mallow (Eng.; BOU; +BUR; HJP; TAN); Country Mallow (Eng.; BUR); Djir (Ber.; BOU); Ebegümesi (Tur.; EFS; KAB); +Ebemgumesi (Tur.; EB54:155); Fausse Guimauve (Fr.; HH2); Fouassier (Fr.; BOU); Fromageon +(Fr.; BOU); Grande Mauve (Fr.; BOU; HH2); Grosse Käsepappel (Ger.; HH2); Ground Dock (Eng.; +BUR); Gulikhadmi (Afg.; DEP; KAB); Gulkehr (Sanskrit; EFS); Gulkhair (Hindi; KAB); Gul Kheir +(Hindi; NAD); Halamith (Heb.; ZOH); Halamuth (Heb.; ZOH); High Mallow (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; SKJ; +TAN); Hobbeiza (Malta; KAB); Hubeize (Arab.; ZOH); Ibeqquola (Ber.; BOU); Imejjir (Ber.; BOU); +Kanji (Nwp.; DEP); Käsekraut (Ger.; HH2); Käsepappel (Ger.; EFS); Katost (Den.; Swe.; EFS; KAB); +8202_C001.indd 267 11/12/07 2:39:08 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Khabaji (Sin.; KAB); Khabajni (Sin.; DEP); Khalazi (Kas.; WOI); Khatmi (Beng.; Orissa; Patna; DEP; +KAB; SKJ); Khitami i Kuchaka (Iran; EFS); Khitmi (Arab.; KAB); Khobbeiza (Arab.; BOU); Kh-o +korteen (Egypt; DEP); Khubaji (Urdu; KAB); Khubasi (Bom.; DEP; KAB); Khubasi (Arab.; Bom.; +DEP; NAD); Khubas Towdrie (Iran; DEP); Khubbazi (Arab.; Syria; EFS; HJP); Klein Kaajeskruid +(Dutch; EFS); Kunzi (Hindi; WOI); Lyesnaia Malva (Rus.; KAB); Malachi (Greek; KAB); Mallow +(Eng.; CR2); Maller (Sussex; KAB); Maluwe (Dutch; KAB); Malva (Peru; Por.; Sp.; EFS; EGG; +HH2); Malva Domestica (It.; EFS); Malva Major (Cat.; KAB); Malva Ordinaria (Por.; KAB); Malva +Riondela (It.; HH2); Malva Silvestre (Peru; Por.; Sp.; EFS; EGG); Malve (Ger.; EFS); Malvilla (Dr.; +AHL); Malvone (It.; KAB); Malyva Kerek (Hun.; EFS); Mamejjirt (Ber.; BOU); Marsh Mallow +(Eng.; AAH; BOU); Mauretanische Malve (Ger.; HH2); Mauritian Mallow (Eng.; FAC); Mauve (Fr.; +Reunion; EFS; KAB; TAN); Mauve Sauvage (Fr.; BOU; HH2); Mejjir (Ber.; BOU); Meule (Fr.; +BOU); Mohrenmalve (Ger.; HH2); Nalba (Rom.; KAB); Nanakillagah (Iran; KAB); Ouabejjir (Ber.; +BOU); Pancake Plant (Eng.; BUR); Papsajt (Hun.; KAB); Patari (Kon.; NAD); Raqma (Arab.; BOU); +Raqmiya (Arab.; BOU); Rosspappel (Ger.; HH2); Sannabindigegida (Kan.; Mysore; KAB; SKJ); +Shaz Ziele (Pol.; KAB); Suchel (Kas.; MKK); Tilchuni (Nwp.; DEP; KAB); Vilayati Kangai (Hindi; +DEP); Vilayatikangoie (Dec.; KAB); Zeni-aoi (?; FAC); Zhanba (Mongolia; X12795226). +a Ctivities (Hig H mallow ): +Analgesic (1; BRU); Anticomplement (1; HH2; X2379192); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; EGG; FAD; +GAZ; WAM); Antioxidant (1; X14630594); Antiperoxidant (1; X14630594); Antiseptic (f1; WOI; +X14698521); Antispermatogenic (1; HH2); Antitussive (f1; VAD); Antiulcer (1; PR14:581); Astringent +(f1; BOU; FAD; HHB); Demulcent (12; DEP; KOM; PIP; WAM); Diuretic (f; DEP; FAD); Emollient +(f1; BOU; DEP; EFS; GAZ; WOI); Enterotonic (f; BOU; WOI); Expectorant (f; EFS; EGG; MAD); +Febrifuge (f; EFS; KAB); Iron Chelator (1; X14630594); Laxative (f; BOU; EFS); Pectoral (f; BOU; +BUR; EFS; PNC); Refrigerant (f; EFS); Stimulant (f; BOU); Sudoricfi (f; EGG); Uterotonic (f; WOI). +iNdi Catio Ns (Hig H mallow ): +Abscess (f; VAD); Adenopathy (f; AAH); Anemia (f; MAD); Angina (1; HHB); Aphtha (f; VAD); +Asthma (f; AAH); Backache (f; AAH); Blepharosis (f; KAB); Boil (f; AAH); Bronchosis (f12; EGG; +FAD; PHR; PH2); Bruise (f; AAH); Bug bite (f; PNC); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); +Cancer, neck (f; JLH); Cancer, penis (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); +Catarrh (f; AHL; EFS; HHB; PH2); Childbirth (f; MAD); Cholecystosis (f; DEP; MAD; PHR; PH2); +Cold (f1; AHL; EFS; PNC; VAD); Colitis (f1; GAZ); Consumption (f; MAD); Corn (f; JLH); Cough +(f12; BOU; DEP; KOM; MAD; PHR; PH2; PIP; VAD); Colosis (1; BRU); Cough (1; BRU); Cramp +(1; BRU); Cystosis (f; DEP; KAB); Dandruff (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f1; BOU; BRU; DEP; EGG; +GAZ; WAM); Diarrhea (f1; BOU; WAM); Duodenosis (f; VAD); Dysuria (f1; BOU; WAM; WOI); +Earache (f; MAD); Eczema (f1; GAZ); Emphysema (f; MAD; VAD); Enterosis (f1; EFS; HHB; PH2); +Epilepsy (f; MAD); Favus (f; MAD); Fever (f; DEP; MAD); Flu (f; VAD); Fracture (f; AAH; HJP); +Furuncle (f; VAD); Gastrosis (f1; GAZ; HHB; PHR; TOM; WAM); Glossosis (f; VAD); Gonorrhea +(f; DEP; NAD); Hoarseness (f1; CAZ); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f1; WOI; X14698521); Inafl m - +mation (f; EGG; KAB); Itch (1; BRU); Jaundice (f; KAB); Laryngitis (f; GAZ; MAD); Mastosis (f; +JLH); Mucososis (f2; BOU; KOM; MAD); Nephrosis (f; AAH; MAD); Obesity (f; VAD); Oligolactea +(f; MAD); Oliguria (f; VAD); Ophthalmia (f; BOU; MAD); Pain (1; BRU); Parotitis (f; AAH); Pe-r +tussis (f; WOI); Pharyngosis (f12; BRU; GAZ; PH2; PIP); Pulmonosis (f; AAH; HHB; NAD; WOI); +Sore (f; HJP); Sore Throat (f12; GAZ; KOM; MAD; PIP); Splenosis (f; FAD; KAB); Sprain (f; AAH); +Sting (f; VAD); Stomachache (f; FAD); Stomatosis (f12; BRU; KOM; PH2; PIP; VAD); Strangury +(f; DEP; KAB); Swelling (f; JLH); Tenesmus (f; KAB); Toothache (f; AAH; MAD); Tuberculosis +(f; MAD); Ulcer (f1; VAD; PR14:581); Urethrosis (f1; GAZ); Uterosis (f; JLH); Vaginosis (f; EGG; +VAD); Venereal Disease (f; DEP); Wound (f; HJP; PHR; PH2). +8202_C001.indd 268 11/12/07 2:39:09 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d osages (Hig H mallow ): +FNFF = !!! +Widely eaten; a wholesome vegetable when boiled (even by Romans; DEP); leaves used as tea su-b +stitute; ofl wers eaten as garnish or veggie, also used to color wines red; unripe fruits (cheeses) eaten +as a nibble; seeds also eaten (BIB; FAC; TAN; WOI; EB54:155). 1.5 g/cup (HHB); up to 5 g/day +(HHB); 2–3 tsp (3.2–4.8 g) leaf in cold tea (MAD). 3–5 g/cup 2 to 3 ×/day (PH2); 5 g/day ofl wer or +leaf (PIP); 2–8 ml liquid extract (PNC). +• Algerians use infusions as demulcent and pectoral (HJP); applying powdered leaves in +milk to jaw fractures (HJP). +• Dutch suggest flowers of this species (leaves of M. neglecta) for cough and cold (EFS). +• Egyptians poultice pounded leaves (of Malva parviflora ) on scorpion stings (BIB). +• Europeans use the infusion for colds, coughs, gravel, and strangury (BIB). +• Gypsies use mallow in a treatment for tuberculosis, the root for dysentery (HJP). +• Iranians regard the mallows as antitussive, cooling, and mucilaginous, and prescribe +mallow, with Alhagi, Cordia, Nymphaea, Viola, and Ziziphus, as a purgative (BIB). +• Irish bathe sprains or fractures with the root decoction (AAH). +• Lebanese compress the root onto infections, taking plant internally for cough (HJP). +• Palestinians use leaves and/or ofl wers (known as foliae malva or ofl s malvae) as a gargle +and mouthwash (BIB). +• Peruvians suggest decocting 10g/leaf + ofl wer/liter H O as expectorant, sudorific (EGG). +2 +• Peruvians suggest ofl ral salve or decoction for bronchitis, sitz bath in ofl ral/foliar decoc- +tion for urinary inafl mmation, or bathing dermal infections with decoction (EGG). +• Spanish suggest fresh plant juice for bites and stings (VAD). +• Unani regard the plant as cooling, febrifuge, and mucilaginous, suggesting it for bleph-a +ritis, inafl mmation, jaundice, scorpion sting, sore throat, splenomegaly, strangury, and +urinary discharge, and as an emollient cluster in tenesmus (KAB). +d ow Nsides (Hig H mallow ): +Class 1 (AHP). No health hazards or contraindications reported with proper administration of su- g +gested therapeutic dosages (PH2). None reported (PIP). None known (WAM). +extra Cts (Hig H mallow ): +Demulcent and mucilaginous, the plant (5 g leaf/day) has been approved by Germany’s Commi-s +sion E for irritations of the mucosa of the mouth and throat and associated dry cough (KOMM). . +neglecta, parviflora , and sylvestris used interchangeably (FAH). +Proestos et al. (2005) checked the species for afl vonoids and phenolics and their antioxidant and +antimicrobial activity, finding circa 11 ppm gallic acid, 43 ppm ferulic acid, and 14 ppm hydroxy- +benzoic acid in high mallow (X15713039). +MANDRAKe (mAndr Agor A officin Arum L.) x so LANACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Atropa mandragora L.; Mandragora acaulis Gaertn.; Mandragora mas Gersault.; Mandragora micro- +carpa Bertol.; Mandragora officinalis Mill.; Mandragora praecox Sweet; Mandragora vernalis Bertol. +8202_C001.indd 269 11/12/07 2:39:10 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Notes (ma Ndrake ): +The mandrakes give a smell, and at our gates are all manner of pleasant fruits, new and old, +which I have laid up for thee, O my beloved. +Song of Solomon 7:13 (KJV) +The mandrakes give forth fragrance, and over our doors are all choice fruits, new as well as old, +which I have laid up for you, O my beloved. +Song of Solomon 7:13 (RSV) +The mandrakes themselves have given [their] fragrance, and by our entranceways there are all sorts +of the choicest fruits. The new ones as well as the old. O my dear one, I have treasured up for you. +Song of Solomon 7:13 (NWT) +And Jacob came out of the field in the evening, and Leah went out to meet him, and said, Thou +must come in unto me; for surely I have hired thee with my son’s mandrakes. And he lay with her +that night. +Genesis 30:16 (KJV) +When Jacob came from the field in the evening, Leah went out to meet him, and said, “You must +come in to me; for I have hired you with my son’s mandrakes.” So he lay with her that night. +Genesis 30:16 (RSV) +When Jacob was coming from the field in the evening, Léah went on out to meet him and then +said: “It is with me you are going to have relations, because I have hired you outright with my +son’s mandrakes.” Accordingly he lay down with her that night. +Genesis 30:16 (NWT) +As suggested in the story of Leah and Rachel, mandrake may increase fertility and/or lust. Arabs +called it “devil’s apples” because of its supposed powers to excite to sex. If my earlier readings were +correct (BIB), the yellow plum-like fruit is found ripe in Israel during wheat harvest. If so, this +would suggest the spring ofl wering M. officinarum (M. vernalis) rather than the autumn ofl wering +M. autumnalis (roots not macroscopically distinguishable [HH2]). Both are loaded with potent +poisonous alkaloids. The afl vor is sickeningly sweet, although rather insipid. Eaten in quantity, +it produces dizziness, and may even stimulate men and women to insanity. It is also thought to +stimulate conception and has a folk history of being used in love potions and incantations. As late +as 1630 in Hamburg, Germany, three women were executed for possession of mandrake root, sup- +posed “evidence” that they were involved in witchcraft. The “witches of Salem,” on the other hand, +had the American mandrake, Datura stramonium, which contains the same transdermally active, +“high-yfl ing” alkaloids. Mandrake has a large root, dark brown and rugged, sometimes shaped +like the human body. It has long been an object of superstition. Jews considered the mandrake a +charm against evil spirits. Others believed that mischie-fmaking elves would find its strange odor +unbearable. Old folk tales say that Jews tied a dog to the plant to pull it from the ground, as it would +8202_C001.indd 270 11/12/07 2:39:10 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +fi +8202_C001.indd 271 11/12/07 2:39:35 PM +FIGURe . Mandrake (Mandragora ofcinarum ). + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +kill a man to touch it so fresh without certain precautions; “the mandrake shrieked, the dog died, +rendering the root harmless thereafter” (BIB). Once esteemed for its medicinal and narcotic pro-p +erties, mandrake still may have orgiastic and magical applications among cults involving the sexes +and has been used as an aphrodisiac (BIB). +Commo N Names (ma Ndrake ): +Adamotu (Tur.; EFS); Addüsselâmotu (Tur.; EFS); Alraune (Ger.; HH2); Alruin (Dutch; EFS); +Astrang (Arab.; EFS; NAD); Bayd ul Jinn (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Berenjilla (Sp.; EFS); Bhagener +(Hindi; NAD); Dastam Haryah (Arab.; EFS; NAD); Devil’s Apple (Eng.; EFS); Dudaim (Heb.; +ZOH); Erdmännlein (Ger.; HH2); Giatya Bruz (Iran; EFS; NAD); Hexenkraut (Ger.; EFS); Hund- +sapfel (Ger.; EFS); Kaatjuti (Tam.; DEP; WOI); Katavjati (Tam.; NAD); Kattai Jati (Madras; Tel.; +NAD; SKJ); Lakmani (Hindi; India; EFS; NAD); Lakshamana (Sanskrit; EFS); Lakshmana (Hindi; +Sanskrit; SKJ); Lang Tu (China; EFS); Lebruj (Baz.; India; EFS; NAD); Loofahat (Mal.; DEP); +Lufahat (Malaya; EFS; NAD); Luckmuna (Hindi; DEP; WOI); Luckmunie (Hindi; DEP); Lufah +(Arab.; Hindi; DEP; WOI); Mandragora (It.; EFS); Mandrágora (Por.; EFS); Mandrágora Macho +(Sp.; EFS); Mandragore (Fr.; EFS); Mandrake (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2); Mano di Gloria (It.; EFS); +Mardami (Iran; EFS; NAD); Putrada (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Rabuhi (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Rak-ta +vindu (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Satan’s Apple (Eng.; EFS); Serag al Coshrob (Arab.; DEP); Sirag +el Qutrub (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Toverwortel (Dutch; EFS); Tufah ul Shitan (Arab.; DEP); Tuffa-h +hel Maganin (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Ussul ul Lufah (Arab.; DEP); Ustrung (Arab.; DEP); Yabruhh +(Arab.; Syria; HJP); Yavruhim (Aramaic; Mishnaic; ZOH); Yebruz (Beng.; WOI); Zauberwurzel +(Ger.; HH2). +a Ctivities (ma Ndrake ): +Anesthetic (f1; BIB; CRC; SKJ; WOI); Anticholinergic (1; CRC; PH2); Antisialogogue (1; CRC); +Aphrodisiac (f1; BIB; CRC; MAD); Cardiotonic (1; CRC); Cathartic (f; CRC); Cholagogue (f; CRC; +EFS); Emetic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; MAD); Hallucinogenic (f1; BIB); Hepatotonic (f; EFS); +Hypnotic (f; CRC); Mydriatic (1; CRC; WOI); Narcotic (f1; CRC; EFS; MAD; SKJ); Nervine (f; +CRC); Poison (1; CRC; SKJ); Purgative (f; CRC); Radioprotective (f; MAD); Refrigerant (f; CRC); +Sedative (f1; BIB; CRC; HHB; MAD); Stimulant (f; CRC; EFS). +iNdi Catio Ns (ma Ndrake ): +Adenopathy (f; JLH); Arthrosis (f; CRC; MAD); Asthma (f; CRC; HHB; PH2); Bronchosis (f; HHB); +Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Colic (f; CRC; PH2); Condyloma (f; JLH); Convulsion (f; BIB; CRC); +Cough (f; CRC; HH2); Depression (f; HHB); Duodenosis (f; HHB); Dysmenorrhea (f; HHB; HH2); +Dystony (f; HHB); Frigidity (f; NAD); Gas (f; HHB); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gout (f; MAD); Hayfever +(f; CRC; PH2); Headache (f; HHB); Hemorrhoid (f; HHB); Hepatosis (f; CRC; HHB); Induration (f; +JLH); Infertility (f; BIB); Inafl mmation (f; JLH); Kernel (f; JLH); Pain (f1; BIB; CRC); Pertussis +(f; HHB; HH2; PH2); Rheumatism (f; CRC; HHB); Schizophrenia (f; BIB); Sciatica (f; HHB); Sci-r +rhus (f; JLH); Sclerosis (f; CRC); Scrofula (f; BIB); Seborrhea (f; MAD); Sore (f; CRC); Swelling +(f; NAD); Tenesmus (f; HHB); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); Ulcer (f; CRC; HHB; PH2); Uterosis (f; JLH); +Wound (f; MAD). +d osages (ma Ndrake ): +FNFF = X +15–30 drops tincture (HHB). Mostly homeopathic today (PH2). +8202_C001.indd 272 11/12/07 2:39:35 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• Asian Indians take root bark and leaves as anesthetics for painful swellings (NAD). +• Ancient Greeks used it as an anesthetic as Nazis used Datura, containing the same t-wi +light-inducing alkaloids (HJP; JAD). +• Greeks soak the “love apple” in wine as an aphrodisiac (ZOH), believing it helps barren +wives conceive (ZOH). +• Lebanese consider the root a powerful cathartic and emetic, using it for arthritis and +exorcism (schizophrenia?) (HJP). +• Syrians (in Syria or Brooklyn) still regard this as the famous biblical aphrodisiac (HJP). +d ow Nsides (ma Ndrake ): +Class 3 (AHP). Not allowed in food products in Canada (AHP). +extra Cts (ma Ndrake ): +Atropine is anticholinergic, both central and peripheral. It tends to reduce secretions (gastric, int-es +tinal, nasal, saliva, sweat, teats), decrease gastric and intestinal motility, and increase heart rate. +It also causes pupil dilation, increases intraocular pressure, and photophobia-; hlyoscyamine and +l-scopolamine have essentially the same activities except that scopolamine is a powerful hypnotic +and usually slows the heart rate. Scopolamin-econtaining plants have been used as anesthetics for +centuries in traditional Chinese medicine (BIB). +WILD MINt (BIBLICAL MIN t ) (menth A longifoli A (L.) L.) +++ LAMIACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Mentha asiatica Boriss.; Mentha calliantha Stapf.; Mentha candicans Crantz.; Mentha capensis +Thunb.; Mentha concolor Stapf; Mentha hamadanensis Stapf.; Mentha incana Willd.; Mentha lon- +gifolia subsp. capensis; Mentha longifolia subsp. hymalaiensis; Mentha longifolia subsp. longifolia; +Mentha longifolia subsp. polyadenia; Mentha longifolia subsp. typhoides; Mentha royleana Benth.; +Mentha spicata var. longifolia L.; Mentha sylvestris L.; Mentha viridis var. canascens Fries fide +DEP; HH2, etc. +Notes (bibli Cal miNt): +But woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of herbs, and pass over +judgment and the love of God: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. +Luke 11:42 (KJV) +But woe to you Pharisees! for you tithe mint and rue and every herb, and neglect justice and the +love of God; these you ought to have done, without neglecting the others. +Luke 11:42 (RSV) +But woe to you Pharisees, because you give the tenth of the mint and the rue and of every [other] +vegetable, but you pass by the justice and the love of God! These things you were under obligation +to do, but those other things not to omit. +Luke 11:42 (NWT) +I was really taking a leap of faith when I used the name “Biblical Mint” instead of “Wild Mint” as in +CR2. Zohary makes me feel better when he says this species is the most common and medicinally +used of the three species in Israel. It grows there in moist ditches, stream sides, and swamps (ZOH). +8202_C001.indd 273 11/12/07 2:39:36 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Wild Mint (Biblical Mint) (Mentha longifolia). +This species is highly variable, including at least 21 subspecies and circa 150 types. Jews, very +scrupulous in paying the tithe, served mint with their meat dishes, especially at the Spring Feast +of the Paschal Lamb. The ancient Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans used it. Jews strewed synagogue +ofl ors with mint so that its perfume scented the place. Pliny gave 41 remedies in which mint was +considered efcafi cious (BIB; WOI; ZOH). +The three Israeli species are keyed as follows: +• Throat of calyx naked; floral verticels crowded: +• — Calyx 3.5–4 mm long; verticels circa 2 cm in diameter — Mentha aquatica +• — Calyx 1.2–1.5 mm long, verticels circa 1 cm in diameter — Mentha longifolia +• Throat of calyx hairy; floral verticels remote — Mentha pulegium +Commo N Names (bibli Cal miNt): +Baburi (Pun.; DEP); Belanne (Pun.; WOI); Biblical Mint (Eng.; JAD); Boo Dee Na (Burma; DEP); +Byi Rug (Tibet; TIB); English Horsemint (Eng.; PH2); Fan-ho (Chi.; EFS); Gha-Gha (Arab.; GHA); +Habak (Arab.; GHA); Hertsmint (Dutch; EFS), Horsemint (Eng.; EFS; FAC; USN; WOI); Hor- +telã (Mad.; JAD); Hortela silvestre (Por.; EFS), Jangli pudina (Lad.; MKK); Jungli Pudina (Hindi; +WOI); Koshu (Pun.; WOI); Mastranzo nevado (Sp.; EFS), Menta salvatica (It.; EFS), Mentastio (It.; +8202_C001.indd 274 11/12/07 2:39:57 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +EFS), Mentastro (It.; EFS), Mentastro longa (Sp.; EFS), Menthe sauvage (Fr.; EFS), Na’ana (Arab.; +GHA); Nagbo (Iran; EFS), Padina (Nwp.; DEP); Pahadi-pudina (India; EFS), Pa-ho (Chi.; EFS), +Podina (Hindi; DEP); Po-ho (Chi.; EFS), Pudang (Iran; EFS), Pudina (Bom.; WOI); Pudnakushma +(Pun.; WOI); Ross-Minze (Ger.; EFS), Shamshahai (Pushtu; DEP); Sudanaj (Arab.; EFS), Ufuthane +lomhlange (Zulu; ZUL); Vartalau (Bom.; DEP; WOI); Wild mint (Eng.; EFS; USN), Wilde Minze +(Ger.; EFS), Wu-pa-ho (Chi.; EFS), Yabani nane (Tur.; EFS). +a Ctivities (bibli Cal miNt): +Anodyne (f; BIB; ZOH); Antiacetylcholinesterase (1; TIB); Antiaggregant (1; MAM); Antiather-o +sclerotic (1; MAM); AntiHIV (1; X15058498); Antiinafl mmatory (1; TIB); Antileukotriene (1; TIB); +Antioxidant (f1; TIB; X12802721); Antiprostaglandin (1; MAM); Antiradicular (1; X12802721); +Antiseptic (f1; EFS; VAG; VVG); Antispasmodic (f1; VAG; VVG); Antithrombic (1; MAM); Anti- +viral (1; TIB; X15058498); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB); Astringent (f1; BIB; TIB); Bactericide (1; TIB); +Candidicide (1; X12802721); Carminative (f1; BIB; DEP; EFS; FNF; PH2; ZOH); CNS Depressant +(1; TIB); CNS Stimulant (1; TIB); Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor (1; MAM); Decongestant (f1; VAG; +VVG); Diaphoretic (f; VVG); Diuretic (f; WBB; ZUL); Emmenagogue (f; ZUL); Fungicide (1; TIB; +X12009988); Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor (1; X15058498); Sedative (1; TIB); Spasmogenic (1; +TIB); Stimulant (1; EFS; PH2; ZOH); Stomachic (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (bibli Cal miNt): +Adenopathy (f; VVG); Alzheimer’s (1; MAM); Apoplexy (f; BIB; DEP; SKJ); Arthrosis (1; MAM); +Asthma (f; ZUL); Backache (f1; FNF; WBB); Bacteria (1; TIB); Bronchosis (f; WBB; ZUL); Cancer +(f; FNF); Candida (1; X12802721); Chest Colds (f; BIB); Childbirth (f; ZUL); Chill (f; GHA); Cold +(f; BIB; WBB; ZUL); Cough (f; GHA; WBB; ZUL); Cramps (f; VVG); CVI (1; VVG); Dermatosis +(f; BIB); Dysentery (f; MKK); Dysgeuzia (f; DEP); Dysmenorrhea (f1; FNF; ZUL); Dyspepsia (f; +PH2; SKJ; ZUL); Dyspnea (f1; GHA; VVG); Dysuria (f; VAG); Epilepsy (f; VAG); Fever (f; BIB; +HHB); Fungus (1; TIB; X12802721); Gas (f1; BIB; PH2; ZUL); Gastrosis (f; GHA); Headache (f; +BIB; PH2; UPW; VAG; WBB; ZUL); HIV (1; X15058498); Hysteria (f; VVG; ZUL); Impotence (f; +BIB); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f1; TIB; X15058498); Inafl mmation (f1; TIB); Insomnia (f; +VAG); Labor (f; ZUL); Mycosis (1; PH2; X12802721); Pain (f; DEP; ZOH); Pharyngosis (f; TIB); +Respirosis (1; VAG; ZUL); Rheumatism (f; BIB; DEP; HHB; TIB); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sinusitis (f; +WBB); Sore Throat (f; TIB); Stomachache (f1; BIB; ZUL); Swelling (f; ZUL); UTI (f; VAG; VVG); +Virus (1; TIB; X15058498); Wound (f1; FNF; TIB; UPW; WBB; ZUL). +d osages (bibli Cal miNt): +FNFF = !! +As early as a.d. 37, mint was often mentioned in cooking recipes. The plant is eaten in chutnies, on +cottage cheeses and curds, candied, and made into teas. Oil used as a substitute for peppermint oil +for flavoring confectionery (BIB; FAC; WOI). +• Arabians take tea with honey for chill, dry cough, dyspnea, fever, headache, or gastrosis +(GHA). +• Asian Indians of Trans-Indus use the decoction for fever and heat apoplexy (DEP). +• British considered mint juice with vinegar an aphrodisiac (stirred up venery and bodily +lust) (BIB). +• Egyptian farmers regard the flowering tops and leaves as carminative (BIB). +• Himalayans use the herb as anodyne, astringent, and carminative for rheumatism (DEP). +• Nepalese use mint juice as antiseptic on wounds. The decoction is used for fever, and +with Glycyrrhiza and Bombax for sore throat (TIB). +8202_C001.indd 275 11/12/07 2:39:57 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +extra Cts (bibli Cal miNt): +Amzazi et al. (2003) observed that nontoxic concentrations (10 µg/ml) of, in particular, methanol +(Ext-1) and ethyl acetate (Ext-3) extracts signicafi ntly inhibited HIV infection by circa 40% and 55%, +respectively. One extract showed signicafi nt inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (X15058498). +Iranian scientists (X15597306) showed that 1 µM piperitone potentiated nitrofurantoin 3- to 20-fold +in different resistant strains of enterobacteriaceae (X15597306). Flavonoids, mainly afl vones, may +be the major inhibitors of HIV infection (X15058498). Fractions containing phenolics may exhibit +CNS-stimulant and spasmogenic activities. But extracts or populations rich in essential oils may be +CNS depressant and somnifacient (TIB). If antiacetylcholinesterase activity is useful in Alzheimer’s +disease, this biblical mint (like lemon balm, rosemary, sage, and watermint) is well endowed. (-)- +Borneol, IC38 = 164 µg/ml; (-)-carvone, IC43 = 164 µg/ml; 1,8-cineole, IC50 = 41 µg/ml; elemol, +IC50 = 34 µg/ml; (-)-limonene, IC27 = 164 µg/ml; (-)-linalol, IC37 = 164 µg/ml; (-)-linalyl-acetate, +IC38 = 82 µg/ml; (+)-menthofuran, IC33 = 82 µg/ml; (-)-menthol, IC38 = 164 µg/ml; (-)-menthone, +IC39 = 164 µg/ml; (-)-menthyl acetate, IC35 = 41 µg/ml; (+)-piperitenone –oxide, IC50 = 64 µg/ml; +piperitenone, IC50 = 110 µg/ml; (-)-piperitonee, IC50 = 136 µg/ml; (+)-pulegone, IC50 = 136 µg/ml; +and most potent, viridiofl rol, IC50 = 25 µg/ml (JAF46:3434). +BLACK MULBeRRy (morus nigr A L.) +++ Mo RACeAe +Notes (bla Ck mulberry ): +And to the end they might provoke the elephants to fight, they shewed them the blood of grapes +and mulberries. +I Maccabees 6:34 (KJV) +They showed the elephants the juice of grapes and mulberries, to arouse them for battle. +I Maccabees 6:34 (RSV) +Not finding Maccabees in my Jehovah’s Witness Bible, I do see that ba’ca bushes is used rather than +mulberry in 2 Samuel 5:23, and again in 24, and in I Chronicle 14:14, and again in 15. Thus far, I +have not gfi ured out where ba’ca came from. And Zohary does not mention the ba’ca or mulberry +of Samuel or Chronicles. According to some traditionalists, a palm tree is customarily planted in +the courts of the southern Holy Land, while to the north, it is the mulberry, the pleasant juice of +whose fruit, mingled with water, in which the sweet-scented violet has been infused, forms one of +the most grateful kinds of sherbert (BIB). The red juice was used to incite the elephants of Antioch +into battle. Burmans worship the mulberry, while some Europeans believe the devil stains his shoes +black therewith. In old Palestine, both the black and white mulberry were cultivated to feed si-lk +worms. In parts of China, they make a thick preserve on the 15th day of their first month. Trees are +often planted as ornamentals. Berries are used to fatten sheep, after which their meat is believed +to be more digestible (BIB). I suspect that most birds and few foresters, herbalists, publishing phy- +tochemists and phytotherapists, and even plant taxonomists do not know which species, white, +black, or red mulberry, respectively, M. alba, M. nigra, or M. rubra, they last ingested for edible or +medicinal reasons. Further, I doubt that most chemical and overseas clinical trials have been vou-ch +ered. Still, I kept the species separate in my Herbal Desk Reference, knowing that I have white and +black fruited trees volunteering, almost weeds here in the Green Farmacy Garden. I would myself +use them generically for food and medicine, although as a botanist, I cannot prescribe such. See +other species for other indications. I will bet that in 10 years, someone bolder than I will treat them +all generically as mulberry, Morus spp. +8202_C001.indd 276 11/12/07 2:39:58 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Black Mulberry (Morus nigra). +Commo N Names (bla Ck mulberry ): +Agud (Rom.; KAB); Amoreira (Mad.; Por.; EFS; KAB); Amoreira Negra (Por.; KAB); Amourié (Lan.; +KAB); Black Mulberry (Eng.; FAC; KAB); Cel Tree (Eng.; BUR); Common Mulberry (Eng.; KAB); Dud +(Rom.; KAB); Dut Agaci (Tur.; EFS); Dut Pekmezi (Tur.; EB49:406); European Mulberry (Eng.; TAN); +Gelso (It.; EFS); Hei Sang (China; TAN); Karadut (Tur.; EB49:406); Maulbeerbaum (Ger.; EFS; KAB); +?Messikanu (Sumerian; ZOH); ?Mesucan (Heb.; ZOH); Meurier (Fr.; KAB); Moerbeiboom (Dutch; +EFS); Moerbezieboom (Dutch; KAB); Mon (Cam.; KAB); Moral (Sp.; VAD); More Celse (?; JLH); More +Matura (?; JLH); Morera negra (Cuba; Cat.; Sp.; EFS; KAB; RyM); Moro (It.; EFS); Mûrier (Fr.; EFS); +Mûrier Noir (Fr.; KAB); Persian Mulberry (Eng.; FAC); Sang (China; EFS); Schwarzer Maulbeer (Ger.; +MAD); Shahtut (Bal.; KAB); Shetura (Bom.; Guj.; NAD); Shetuta (Hindi; NAD); Sicaminum (?; JLH); +Siccomorum (?; JLH); ?Sukannu (Heb.; ZOH); ?Sycamine (Heb.; ZOH); Tchelkovitsa (Rus.; KAB); Toola +(Sanskrit; EFS); Tut (Arab.; India; EFS; GHA); Tût Aswad (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Tût Shami (Arab.; Syria; +HJP); Tuta (Arab.; Iran; EFS; NAD); Tutovoi Drava (Rus.; KAB); Ud al Tut (Arab.; GHA). +a Ctivities (bla Ck mulberry ): +Analgesic (f1; VAD; X10817216); Anthelmintic (f; EFS); Antidiabetic (f1; VAD); Antidote (Aco- +nite) (f; MAD); Antihemolytic (1; X15173994); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; VAD); Antinociceptive +8202_C001.indd 277 11/12/07 2:40:15 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(1; X10817216); Antioxidant (1; X15173994); Antiperoxidant (1; X15173994); Astringent (f; EFS); +Capillariprotective (f1; VAD); Cathartic (f; DEM); Cicatrizant (f1; VAD); Depurative (f; BIB); +Diuretic (f1; EFS; PNC; WOI); Emetic (f; DEM); Expectorant (f; MAD; PNC); Febrifuge (f; EFS); +Hypoglycemic (1; VAD; WOI); Hypotensive (1; PNC; WOI); Lactagogue (f; DEP); Laxative (f1; +EFS; MAD; PH2; PNC; VAD); Nervine (f; EFS); Purgative (f; BIB); Refrigerant (f; BIB; PNC); +Taenicide (1; BUR); Tonic (f; EFS; GHA); Vermifuge (f; BIB; FEL). +iNdi Catio Ns (bla Ck mulberry ): +Alopecia (f; EB49:406); Baldness (f; EB49:406); Bile Problems (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; MAD); Bron- +chosis (f; PHR); Burn (f; MAD); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; JLH); +Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; PHR); Constipation (f1; FEL; PNC; VAD); Cough (f; BIB); Depre-s +sion (f; DEP); Diabetes (f1; GHA; MAD; WOI); Diarrhea (f; EFS; MAD); Dysentery (f; MAD); +Dysmenorrhea (f; BIB; GHA); Dyspepsia (f; DEP); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; BIB; EFS; FEL); +Gastrosis (f; JLH; EB49:406); GI Problem (f; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f1; VAD); Hepatosis (f; MAD); +Herpes (f; EB49:406); High Blood Pressure (f1; GHA; WOI); Hysteria (f; MAD); Induration (f; JLH); +Infection (f; EB49:406); Inafl mmation (f1; PH2; VAD); Insomnia (f; EFS); Menorrhagia (f; MAD); +Mucososis (f; PH2); Pain (f1; VAD; X10817216); Pharyngosis (f; VAD); Phlebitis (f; VAD); Quinsy +(f; FEL); Respirosis (f; PH2); Sore (f; MAD); Sore Throat (f; BIB; DEP; FEL; JLH; MAD; VAD); +Splenosis (f; JLH); Stomachache (f; MAD; EB49:406); Stomatosis (f; VAD); Swelling (f; BIB); Tape- +worm (f; FEL); Thirst (f; BIB); Tonsilosis (f; MAD); Toothache (f; BIB; MAD; VAD); Tumor (f; BIB); +Uterosis (f; JLH); Varix (f1; VAD); Water Retention (f; EFS); Worm (f; EFS; FEL; MAD). +d osages (bla Ck mulberry ): +FNFF = !! +Fruits eaten raw, dried, juiced, or cooked or fermented. Widely cultivated for its edible fruit, which +may be sun-dried and stored as winter food. Fruit should be picked very ripe, when they are sweet +and better afl vored. Easily squashed, they stain the skin. To remove stain, juice from unripe fruit +is rubbed over the skin (BIB; FAC; TAN). 1.7–3.5 g fruit syrup (MAD); 2–4 ml fruit syrup (PHR; +PH2). Steep 1 Tbsp in 1 cup of water for 10 minutes; take 3 cups/day (VAD). Use leaf tea (30–50 +g/l) as gargle. Use root decoction (30–50 g/l) as gargle (VAD). +• Cambodians use the leaves for conjunctivitis (KAB). +• Iranians use root bark for dysmenorrhea (BIB). +• Lebanese may mix cow manure, crushed bilberry leaves, and olive oil, wrapped in fresh +mulberry leaves, for earache (HJP). +• Pakistanis use leaf tea to lower blood pressure and blood sugar (GHA). +• Turks use concentrated fruit juice (1 tsp) as gargle or wash for herpes (Turkey; EB49:406). +• Yemeni use fruits infused with Salvadora as tonic to regulate menstruation (GHA). +d ow Nsides (bla Ck mulberry ): +Morus alba was classed Class 1. None known (PHR). No health hazards or contraindications +reported with proper administration of suggested therapeutic dosages (PH2) (but PH2 designates +no specic fi quantiefi d dosage!; JAD). VAD says counterindicated in gastrosis, ulcers; tannins in leaf +teas and root decoctions may irritate the mucosa (VAD). +Natural History (bla Ck mulberry ): +Wild birds, poultry, and hogs are fond of fruits (BIB). Leaves of the species Morus nigra said to be +inferior to those of M. alba for feeding silkworms (WOI). +8202_C001.indd 278 11/12/07 2:40:16 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +extra Cts (bla Ck mulberry ): +Naderi et al. (2004) reported antioxidant effects of the fruit juice, hydroalcoholic and polyphenolic +extracts, suggesting that the fruit protects against peroxidative damage to biomembranes and b-io +molecules (X15173994). +MyRt Le (myrtus communis L.) ++ MyRt ACeAe +Notes (myrtle ): +I will plant in the wilderness the cedar, the shittah tree, and the myrtle, and the oil tree; I will set +in the desert the fir tree, and the pine, and the box tree together. +Isaiah 41:19 (KJV) +I will put in the wilderness the cedar, the acacia, the myrtle, and the olive; I will set in the desert +the cypress, the plane and the pine together. +Isaiah 41:19 (RSV) +Instead of the thorn shall come up the fir tree, and instead of the brier shall come up the myrtle +tree: and it shall be to the LORD for a name, for an everlasting sign that shall not be cut off. +Isaiah 55:13 (KJV) +Instead of the thorn shall come up the cypress; instead of the brier shall come up the myrtle; and +it shall be to the LORD for a memorial, for an everlasting sign which shall not be cut off. +Isaiah 55:13 (RSV) +Instead of the thicket of thorns the juniper tree will come up; instead of the stinging nettle the +myrtle tree will come up; and it must become for JEHOVAH something famous, a sign to time +indefinite that will not be cut off. +Isaiah 55:13 (NWT) +At least the King James and the Revised Standard Versions are consistent as to translating myrtle. +But the acuminate reader, looking at the quotes above, will see differences in the botanical common +names in the different versions. That is why my third biblical account has more species than the first +edition. The first quote rather suggests what might be a good approach, for example, in a deforested +Haiti. The second shows some of the differences in the translations, RSV using cypress where KJV +uses fir. Then the New World translation renders it as juniper. So the compiler is left with the quan - +dary: which is it, cypress, fir, or juniper? +The useful myrtle has been grown for millennia for its fragrant, aromatic ofl wers, leaves, and +bark. Jews collect myrtle to adorn their sheds and booths at the Feast of Tabernacles. Purpli-sbhlack +berries known as mursins have medicinal value, and are also eaten. All parts of the plant are dried +for perfume. Around Rabat, leaves are mixed with shampoos, believed to darken the hair. The shrub +is still used today by Jews at the Feast of the Tabernacles. Sprigs with three leaves in a whorl (which +are not common) are especially esteemed. Referred to chiey fl as a symbol of divine generosity. +Greeks consider it a symbol of love and immortality, and used it for crowning their priests, heros, +and outstanding men. Emblematic of peace and joy in the Bible. To ancient Jews it was symbolic +of peace and justice. In Jerusalem and Damascus bazaars, the ofl wers, leaves, and fruit are sold +8202_C001.indd 279 11/12/07 2:40:17 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Myrtle (Myrtus communis). +for making perfume. Arabs say that myrtle is one of three plants taken from the Garden of Eden +because of its fragrance. Turkish and Russian leather is tanned aromatically with the bark and roots. +It is said to have been a symbol of sensual love and passion to Venus and is placed on Bohemian +caskets as a symbol of immortality. The leaves are used for massage to work up a glowing skin. +The fragrant leaf oil is used in perfumery. The oil is also used in toilet waters, especially eaux de +cologne. The wood is very hard and of interesting texture and grain. Plants are often ground for +ornament, as it makes a nice evergreen hedge in appropriate Mediterranean climates (BIB). +8202_C001.indd 280 11/12/07 2:40:41 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Commo N Names (myrtle ): +Aas (Arab.; BOU); Abhulas (Sin.; DEP); Adess (Eritrea.; KAB); Arrayán (Sp.; KAB; USN); As (Arab.; +Iran; DEP; KAB; ZOH); Asbiri (Iran; DEP); Asu (Accadian; ZOH); Braut Myrte (Ger.; HHB); Echte +Myrte (Ger.; HHB; HH2); Habhul (Pun.; DEP); Habulas (Arab.; Beng.; Iran; Pun.; Urdu; DEP; KAB); +Hadas (Aramaic; Heb.; Yemen; GHA; ZOH); Halmoush (Arab.; BOU); Herbe du Lagui (Fr.; KAB); +Hodem (Heb.; KAB); Isferem (Iran; DEP); Ismar (Iran; DEP); Kulinaval (Tam.; KAB); Mara (Bori; +Sanjawi; KAB); Maurid (Iran; DEP); Mersin (Arab.; Tur.; BOU; EFS); Mirt (Rom.; KAB); Mirto (It.; +Sp.; HH2; KAB; USN; VAD); Mirtus (Hun.; KAB); Mortella (It.; HH2); Motellina (It.; HH2); Murad +(Hindi; Pun.; DEP; EFS; KAB); Murta (Cat.; Por.; EFS; KAB); Myron (Greek; ZOH); Myrsini (Greek; +KAB); Myrt (Rus.; KAB); Myrt (Dutch; EFS); Myrte (Fr.; Ger.; BOU; KAB; MAD); Myrtem (Swe.; +EFS); Myrtle (Eng.; Malta; Scn.; AH2; CR2; KAB); Rihan (Arab.; BOU; ZOH); Shalmun (Arab.; +BOU); Sutre Sowa (Arab.; EFS); Sutrsowa (Arab.; Beng.; DEP; KAB); Tarihant (Ber.; BOU); Vilayati +Mehndi (Hindi; Pun.; DEP); Wax Myrtle (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Yas (Oman; GHA). +a Ctivities (myrtle ): +Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor (1; X15704495); Analgesic (f; FEL; KAB); Antidiabetic (1; X15704495); +Antiedemic (f1; MPI; PH2); Antigenotoxic (1; X15474415); Antiinafl mmatory (1; X15061659); Anti - +mutagenic (1; X12889542); Antioxidant (1; X15061659); Antiradicular (1; X15474415); Antiseptic +(f1; BIB; BOU; FEL; GHA; KAB; PH2; VAD); Antispasmodic (f; BIB); Astringent (f1; BIB; BOU; +GHA; VAD); Bactericide (1; BIB; PH2); Bronchosecretolytic (1; PH2); Candidicide (1; FT75:74); +Carminative (f; BIB; DEP); Cerebrotonic (f; KAB); Chemopreventive (1; X15474415); Cicatri- +zant (1; VAD); Collyrium (f; BIB); Culicide (1; X11997977); Decongestant (f; BOW); Deodorant +(1; FEL; PH2); Depressant (1; PH2); Digestive (f1; VAD); Diuretic (f; KAB); Emmenagogue (f; +KAB); Expectorant (f; VAD); Fungicide (1; PH2); Gram(+)-icide (1; VAD); Hemostat (f1; GHA; +KAB; VAD); Hypoglycemic (1; PH2; X15234770); Insecticide (f1; GHA; X11997977); Larvicide +(1; X11997977); Laxative (f; KAB); Parasiticide (1; BIB; FT68:276); Pectoral (f; BIB); Propecic (f; +KAB); Rubefacient (f; BIB); Sedative (f1; BIB; VAD); Stimulant (f; BIB; BOU; GHA); Stomachic +(f; BIB; HHB); Tonic (f; BIB); Vermifuge (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (myrtle ): +Abscess (f; BOU); Acne (f; BOW); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Alopecia (f; DEP; KAB); Aphthae (f; BIB; +DEP; KAB); Aposteme (f; JLH); Arthrosis (f1; MPI); Asthma (f; BOU); Bacteria (1; BIB; WOI); +Bleeding (f; BIB; DEP; GHA; KAB); Blister (f; GHA); Boil (f; BOU); BPH (f; PH2); Bronchosis +(f1; BIB; FEL; HHB; PH2); Cacoethes (f; BIB); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, +colon (f; JLH); Cancer, gum (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, throat +(f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Candida (1; FT75:74); Catarrh (f; FEL); Cerebrosis (f; BIB; DEP); +Chest (f; BIB); Childbirth (f; GHA); Cold (1; PH2); Colic (f; GHA); Condylomata (f; BIB); Conjunc- +tivosis (f; BOU; FEL); Cough (f; GHA; MAD); Cystosis (f1; BIB; FEL; KAB; PH2); Diabetes (f1; +X15704495; X15234770; X6482478); Diarrhea (f1; BIB; BOU; GHA; MAD; PH2; VAD); Dropsy +(f; MAD); Dysentery (f; BIB); Dyspepsia (f; BIB; DEP; KAB); Eczema (f; BIB); Edema (f1; MPI); +Emphysema (f; VAD); Enterosis (f; GHA; JLH); Epilepsy (f; BIB; DEP; WOI); Epistaxis (f; GHA); +Fatigue (f; PH2); Fever (f; BIB; GHA); Fibroid (f; JLH); Fungus (1; FT75:74); Gangrene (f; FEL); Gas +(f; DEP); Gastrosis (f; BIB; DEP; KAB; MAD); Gingivosis (f; BOW; JLH); Gonorrhea (f; MAD); +Gray Hair (f; BIB; BOU); Headache (f; BIB; GHA); Hemorrhoid (f; FEL; PH2; VAD); Hepatosis (f; +BIB; DEP; JLH; KAB; WOI); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; BOU; PH2; VAD); Inafl mmation +(1; MPI); Insomnia (f1; VAD); Intertrigo (f; FEL); Laryngitis (f; VAD); Leishmania (1; FT68:276); +Leukorrhea (f; BIB; FEL; PH2); Mastosis (f; JLH); Menorrhagia (f; FEL); Nephrosis (f; FEL; VAD); +Night sweats (f; BIB); Otosis (f; PH2; VAD); Pain (f; Bou; FEL; MAD); Parotosis (f; JLH); Pertussis +(1; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; FEL; VAD); Phthisis (f; BIB); Pleurodynia (f; MAD); Polyp (f; BIB; JLH); +8202_C001.indd 281 11/12/07 2:40:42 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Proctosis (f; JLH); Prolapse (f; BIB); Prostatitis (f; VAD); Pulmonosis (f1; BIB; BOU; MAD; VAD); +Pyelitis (f; BIB; VAD); Respirosis (f; BOU; KAB); Rheumatism (f; BIB; DEP; KAB); Sinusitis (f; +PH2); Smallpox (f1; BIB; BOU); Sore (f; BIB; GHA; KAB); Sore Throat (f1; VAD); Splenosis (f; +JLH); Sting (f; GHA); Stomatosis (f; KAB); Tonsilosis (f; JLH); Tuberculosis (1; MAD; PH2; WOI); +Ulcer (f; DEP; KAB); Urogenitosis (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; BIB; JLH); UTI (f; BOW); Vaginosis (f; +BOW; VAD); Wart (f; JLH); Whitlow (f; BIB); Worm (f; PH2); Wound (f1; BIB; GHA). +d osages (myrtle ): +FNFF = !! +Dried or fresh fruits a spice; buds eaten in Italy and used in liqueurs. Leaves, made into tea, cons-id +ered an alternative to buchu. The sprigs were formerly added to wine to increase its potency. Leaf +oil used to replace dried leaves in various culinary compositions, especially table sauces. Green +and dried fruits sometimes used as a condiment (FAC; HOS; TAN). Fifteen to 40 grains powdered +myrtle for catarrh, nephrosis, and phthisis (FEL). one to 2 drops, several times a day (MAD); 15 to +30 g leaf/liter water for tea, but take only 0.2 g leaf per day (PH2). +• Arabs take ground leaves orally for nosebleeds (GHA). +• Algerians recommend the leafy infusion for asthma (BIB). +• Arabians take leaf tea taken with lemon and salt for colic (GHA). +• Iranians make a hot poultice for boils from the plant (BIB). +• Lebanese consider the plant binding and diuretic, believing it holds loose things in place, +the bowels, the emotions, or the teeth (HJP). +• North Africans use the dry flower buds for smallpox (BOU). +• Saudis use leaves as astringent, antiseptic, and stimulant; mixed with other herbs and +taken 40 days after childbirth (GHA). +• Unani direct smoke from the leaves onto hemorrhoids, using the fruit for bronchitis, +headache, and menorrhagia (KAB). +• Yemeni use dry leaf decoction for cough, diarrhea, fever, and headache (GHA). +d ow Nsides (myrtle ): +No health hazards or contraindications reported with proper administration of suggested therapeutic +dosages (PH2). Large doses may cause diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. More than 10 g myrtle oil can +threaten life, due to high cineole content (myrtle contains 135–2250 ppm cineole according to my +calculations, meaning 10 g myrtle would contain a maximum 22.5 mg cineole). Several herbs may +attain higher levels of cineole, including bay, bee balm, betel pepper, biblical mint, boldo, cajeput, +cardamom, eucalyptus, ginger, greater galangal, horse balm, hyssop, lavender, nutmeg, rosemary, +sage, spearmint, star anise, sweet annie, thyme, and turmeric. So reductionisticall assuming no sy-n +ergies or antagonisms or additivities, a ridiculous assumption, one would assume that any good (and +evils) accruing to the cineole in myrtle should apply even more so to those listed above, which theo- +retically at least, may attain higher levels of cineole, some (e.g., cardamom) attaining levels more +than 20-fold higher. Symptoms of this alleged cineole intoxication may include circulatory disorders, +collapse, lowered blood pressure, and respiratory failure. Do not apply oil to face of children as it +may trigger asthma-like attacks, bronchial spasm, glottal spasms, or even respiratory failure (PH2). +extra Cts (myrtle ): +Of vfi e herb studies, Traboulsi et al. (2002) (X11997977) reported that myrtle extracts (ofl wers and leaves) +were most active against fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoC ulex pipiens molestus. LC50 = 16 mg/l +(X11997977). Hayder et al. (2004) (X15474415) reported on antigenotoxic and free-radical scavenging +activities of myrtle-leaf extracts. Several different extracts signicfi antly decreased the SOS response, su-g +gesting their potential in chemoprevention (X15474415). Onal et al. (2005) (X15704495) showed that +8202_C001.indd 282 11/12/07 2:40:42 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +alpha-glucosidase inhibition by aqueous extracts might help with diabetes mellitus (IC50 = 38 µg/ml) +(X15704495). Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves, roots, and stems are active against Gram-negative +and Gram-positive bacteria. The plant contains antibacterial phenols. One thermolabile principle was +highly active againstM icrococcus pyogenes var. aureus. The principle resembled streptomycin in its +action on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (WOI). Aqueous berry extract active against carrageenan-induced +edema in the rats paw. comparable to oxyphenylbutazone] Mono- and sesquiterpenes antibacterial, a-nti +fungal, and antiseptic (PH2). EO or extract larvicidal (LC50 = 16 mg/l) (X11997977). Methanol seed +extracts active against clotrimazole-resistanCt andida albicans (MinIC = 1.25 mg/kg) (FT75:74). One +fraction strongly inhibited alpha-glucosidase (IC50 = 38 µg/ml) (X15704495). +DAFFo DIL (nA rcissus t Azett A L.) x AMARyLLIDACeAe +Notes (d a FFodil ): +The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them; and the desert shall rejoice, and +blossom as the rose. +Isaiah 35:1 (KJV) +Widely cultivated as a beautiful ornamental, this narcissus also has very aromatic ofl wers, in the +Holy Land white outside, golden yellow inside, and to me more aromatic than our American roses. +Zohary is skeptical about this representing either the biblical lily or the biblical rose, as some non- +Israeli writers had suggested. Of the two species native to Israel, this one seems common in damp +alluvial soils and also on rocky hillsides, even in the northern Negev, where it ofl wers in November, +going dormant in February. It grows wild in the desert from the Mediterranean Sea to the center of +Palestine, near Joppa. Palestinians, like me, delighting in the fragrance, carry blossoms onto the +streets and into their homes. Flowers yield an essential oil, the absolute of which is a valuable adjunct +in high-grade French perfume. It blends well with jasmine perfume. The plant holds a deserved place +among oriental medicinals. Bulbs are imported into Bombay, dried, sliced, and sold. The root extract +in olive oil is a skin lotion, in vinegar a shampoo rinse, and in brandy an aphrodisiac to be used only +with great caution. The anticancer folklore is interesting because narcissus has shown genuine a-nti +tumor activity, perhaps due to the presence of antitumor compounds such as lycorine and benzald-e +hyde. Hager’s Handbook suggests that this species andN. pseudonarcissus share the same activities +and indications, and possibly many common names as well (BIB, HHB; HJP; ZOH). +Commo N Names (d a FFodil ): +Ain Serdouk (Arab.; BOU); Behar (Arab.; BOU); Berengat (Arab.; BOU); Bunchofl wer Daffodil (Eng.; +USN); Bunchofl wer Narcissus (Eng.; USN); Chinese Sacred Lily (Eng.; USN); Daffodil (Eng.; CR2; +USN); Dohn en Nirdjis (Arab.; JLH); French Daffodil (Eng.; BOU); Ghafu (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Irisa +(Pun.; DEP; WOI); Jirundus (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Khenounat en-Nebi (Arab.; BOU); Nardjes (Arab.; +BOU); Narciso (Sp.; EGG); Narcisse (Fr.; BOU); Narcisse Tazette (Fr.; BOU); Narcissus (Eng.; HJP; +ZOH); Nargis (Arab.; Pun.; BOU; DEP; HJP); Nowar Zouawa (Arab.; BOU); Polyanthus Narcissus (Eng.; +USN; WOI); Ranjis (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Shoshan (Heb.; ZOH); Shui Hsien (China; JLH); Shui Xian Hua +(Pin.; DAA); Tazetta (Eng.; Australia); Teif Eddib (Arab.; BOU); Tikheloulin en-Nebi (Ber.; BOU). +a Ctivities (d a FFodil ): +Abortifacient (f; CRC; HHB); Analeptic (1; FNF); Analgesic (f; BIB; CRC); Antiacetylcholinesterase +(1; X10869205); Anticancer (1; CRC; FNF; X3802955); Antidote (f; BIB); AntiHIV (1; X10934347); +Antiinafl mmatory (f; CRC); Antileukemic (1; X3368194); Antimalarial (1; X14669261); Antimi - +totic (1; X5340258); Antiproliferative (1; X15522215); Antisyncytial (1; X11012085); Antiviral (1; +CRC; HHB; X176907); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB); Cholinergic (1; FNF); Convulsant (1; DAA); Cytotoxic +8202_C001.indd 283 11/12/07 2:40:43 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe .0 Daffodil (Narcissus tazetta). +(1; CRC; X11683132); Demulcent (f; BIB); Diuretic (f; CRC; WOI); Emetic (f1; CRC; DEP; FNF; +NAD); Febrifuge (f; CRC); Hemagglutinant (1; X10945441); Immunomodulatory (1; X15522215); +Memorigenic (1; BRU; FNF); Neurotonic (1; FNF); Paralytic (1; DAA); Peristaltic (1; FNF); Poison +(1; CRC; DAA); Purgative (f; CRC; WOI); Sedative (1; FNF); Sialogogue (1; FNF). +iNdi Catio Ns (d a FFodil ): +Abscess (f; CRC; DAA); Alzheimer’s (1; FNF; X10869205); Boil (f; CRC); Bronchosis (f; HHB); Can- +cer (f1; CRC; FNF; HHB); Cancer, breast (f1; BIB; FNF); Cancer, ear (f1; BIB; FNF); Cancer, lung +(1; X3802955); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Constipation (f; CRC); Cramp (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; CRC; +DAA); Diarrhea (f; HHB); Dysentery (f; HHB); Epilepsy (f; BIB); Esophagosis (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC); +8202_C001.indd 284 11/12/07 2:40:52 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Fit (f; BIB); Gynecopathy (f; DAW); Headache (f; DEP); HIV (1; X10934347); Induration (f; JLH); +Infection (1; X176907); Inflammation (f; CRC; DAA); Itch (f; CRC; DAA); Leukemia (1; X3368194); +Malaria (1; X14669261); Mastosis (f; BIB; CRC); Myasthenia (1; FNF); Neurosis (1; FNF); Ophthalmia +(f; CRC; DAA); Pain (f; CRC; DAA); Pertussis (f; HHB); Polio (1; FNF); Rhinosis (f1; HHB; X176907); +Rhinotracheitis (1; X176907); Sclerosis (f; BIB); Sinew (f; JLH); Sore (f; CRC; HHB; HJP); Swelling (f; +CRC); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; CRC X10934347). +d osages (d a FFodil ): +FNFF = X +Facciola mentions only Narcissus jonquili as having edible flowers (FAC). +• Chinese apply the bulb as a liniment on tumors (JLH). +• Chinese used bulb as a demulcent bolus to carry bones out of the esophagus (DAA). +• Chinese use juice of the bulb for eye ailments (DAA). +• Lebanese pour boiling water over ofl wers, and steep 2 or 3 minutes as a stomach tonic (HJP). +• Lebanese use roots for epilepsy and tfi s (petit mal, sometimes worsened by bulbs) (HJP). +• North Africans ingest ground dried bulbs for poisoning and ill health (BOU). +• North Africans apply crushed bulbs mixed with honey to burns (BOU). +• Orientals use dried flowers for female fevers (LMP). +d ow Nsides (d a FFodil ): +Narcissus has been suspected of giving off an evil emanation, producing dullness of the intellect, +insanity, and even death (BIB). In animals, it may induce enterosis, fever, gastrosis, and rapid pulse; +larger doses can cause convulsions, paralysis, even death (DAA). +Natural History (d a FFodil ): +Flowers are visited by long-tongued insects, attracted by the intense contrasting yellow and white, +and the pleasant aroma, stronger by night (ZOH). +extra Cts (d a FFodil ): +One study more than 30 years ago hints that narcissus might be useful in some sorts of bird ufl s (Papas +et al., 1973), at least inhibiting DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus (X4123212). Gala-n +thamine, an alkaloid found in this and other species oNf arcissus, and in Galanthus and Leucojum, is +now marketed in the United States as a prescription drug for Alzheimer’s. Chu and Ng (2004) reported +immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities for a glutamine-rich antifungal peptide from bulbs +of the Chinese daffodil (X15522215). Sener et al. (2003) found antimalarial activity in Amaryllidaceae. +6-Hydroxyhaemanthamine, haemanthamine, and lycorine were most potent againsPt . falciparum, and +galanthamine and tazettine were least potent (X14669261). The last four are reported for this species. +JAt AMANsI (nA rd o st Achys gr Andiflor A DC) ++ vALeRIANACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Fedia grandiflora Wall. ex DC; Nardostachys gracilis Kitamura; Nardostachys jatamansi auct.; +Patrinia jatamansi auct.; Valeriana jatamansi Wall. fide DEP; EFS +Notes (Jatama Nsi): +Thy plants are an orchard of pomegranates, with pleasant fruits: camphire with spikenard. +Song of Solomon 4:13 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 285 11/12/07 2:40:52 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Jatamansi (Nardostachys grandiflora ). +With names such as spikenard (Nardostachys) and nard C( ymbopogon) long confused, it is difcfi ult +to know which was meant in biblical texts, but most biblical scholars, including Zohary, seem to +favor Nardostachys as the biblical spikenard. Zohary states that in biblical times, spikenard came +from India with such spices as cassia and cinnamon. Spikenard was then used in incenses and p-er +fumes, but is today all but obsolete (ZOH). For more than a century, the alpine plant was so rare that +Bhutan prohibited export, according to DEP, which also mentions Nardostachys as the spikenard of +8202_C001.indd 286 11/12/07 2:41:04 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +the Song of Solomon, St. John, and St. Mark. Because it was reportedly poured, it must have been an +oil rather than a balm. Scholars assume it may then have been a mix of oils, much as used by modern +Indian women to wash their hair (DEP). Occurring in alpine India and vicinity, elevation 11,000 to +17,000 feet, the plant is endangered in the wild. But spikenard is still valued in India, though enda-n +gered. The drug Jatamansi, or Nardus Root, consists of short, thick, dark grey rhizomes crowned +with reddish brown tufted bfi rous remains of the petioles of radical leaves. The rhizome is used in +medicinal oils; reported to promote hair growth, imparting blackness (BIB; DEP; ZOH). Spikenard +oil possesses antiarrhythmic activity of possible therapeutical use in auricular ufl tter; it is less effec- +tive than quinidine, but less toxic. In moderate doses it has a distinct depressant action on the central +nervous system; and relaxes the skeletal and smooth muscles. +Commo N Names (Jatama Nsi): +Achte Narde (Ger.; NAD); Akashamansi (Sanskrit; KAB); Amritajata (Sanskrit; KAB); Balachhada +(Urdu; KAB); Balacharea (Bom.; DEP; NAD); Balcchar (Hindi; DEP); Balchir (Hindi; Pun.; DEP; +NAD); Balchkar (Ic.; KAB); Balu Char (Hindi; DEP); Bekh Kurphus (Behar; DEP; KAB); Bhultya +(Nepal; NPM); Bhutajata (Sanskrit; KAB); Bhutakeshi (Sanskrit; KAB); Bhutijatt (Kas.; KAB; +WOI); Bhut Jatt (Kas.; DEP; NAD); Bhytajata (Sanskrit; NAD); Billi Lotan (Dec.; DEP); Chak-ra +vartini (Sanskrit; KAB); Epi de Nard (Fr.; KAB); Espica Nardo (Sp.; HH2; KAB); Espiga Nard +(Cat.; KAB); Gandhamansi (Sanskrit; KAB); Gan Song (Pin.; DAA; HH2); Gauri (Sanskrit; KAB); +Haswa (Nepal; DEP; WOI); Hinsra (Sanskrit; KAB); Hint Sümbülü (Tur.; EFS); Indian Nard (Eng.; +CR2; WOI); Indian Spikenard (Eng.; NAD); Indian Valerian (Eng.; NAD); Indische Narde (Ger.; +KAP); Jadamansi (Sanskrit; KAB); Janani (Sanskrit; KAB); Jaramanshi (Sin.; NAD); Jaramansi +(Sin.; DEP; KAB); Jatala (Sanskrit; KAB); Jatalasi (Hindi; KAB); Jatamamshi (Kan.; Mal.; Tel.; +DEP; KAB; NAD); Jatamanchi (Mal.; NAD); Jatamangsi (Nepal; DEP; WOI); Jatamansi (Ayu.; +Beng.; Bhutan; Eng.; Gurung; Hindi; Nepal; Sanskrit; Scn.; AH2; CR2; DEP; KAB; NPM; WOI); +Jatamashi (Hindi; Pun.; Tam.; DEP; NAD; WOI); Jatamasi (Guj.; DEP; NAD; WOI); Jatamavashi +(Kan.; NAD); Jatamavshi (Mar.; NAD; WOI); Jatamensis (Ic.; KAB); Jatamsi (Tel.; NAD); Jatavali +(Sanskrit; KAB); Jati (Sanskrit; KAB); Jatila (Sanskrit; KAB); Jeta Manchi (Mal.; DEP; NAD); +Jetamanshi (Mal.; EFS; KAB); Jetamavashi (Kan.; DEP; KAB); Jhatamansi (Dec.; DEP); Kal-ic +chad (Guj.; DEP; KAB; WOI); Kan Sung (China; HH2); Kan Sung Hsiang (China; EFS; KAB); +Kanuchari (Hindi; KAB); Keshi (Sanskrit; KAB); Khasambhava (Sanskrit; KAB); Kiratini (S-an +skrit; KAB); Kravyadi (Sanskrit; KAB); Krishnajata (Sanskrit; KAB); Kukilipot (Kas.; DEP; KAB; +NAD; WOI); Laghumansi (Sanskrit; KAB); Limasha (Sanskrit; KAB); Mansi (Sanskrit; KAB); +Mansini (Sanskrit; KAB); Masi (Garhwal; DEP; KAB; WOI); Mata (Sanskrit; KAB); Mishika +(Sanskrit; KAB); Misi (Sanskrit; KAB); Mountain Nard (Eng.; EFS); Mrigabhaksha (Sanskrit; +KAB); Muskroot (Eng.; EFS; NAD); Naird (Heb.; ZOH); Nalada (Sanskrit; KAB; ZOH); Naorochi +(Khaling; NPM); Narada (Sanskrit; ZOH); Nard (Eng.; Heb.; BIB; ZOH); Nardenähre (Ger.; USN); +Nard du Gange (Fr.; KAB); Nard Indien (Fr.; CR2); Narde Indike (Greek; NAD); Nardin (Arab.; +Iran; Syria; ZOJ); Nard Indique (Fr.; KAB); Nardo Indico (Sp.; KAB); Nardos (Greek; ZOH); Nard +Syriaque (Fr.; KAB); Naswa (Nepal; DEP; WOI); Naswan (Newari; NPM); Nerd (Heb.; ZOH); +Niralambi (Sanskrit; KAB); Pampe (Bhutan; DEP); Pampi (India; DEP); Pangbu (Sherpa; NPM); +Parvatavasini (Sanskrit; KAB); Paumpe (Bhutan; DEP); Peshi (Sanskrit; KAB); Peshini (Sanskrit; +KAB); Pishachi (Sanskrit; KAB); Pishita (Sanskrit; KAB); Poi (Tamang; NPM); Putena (Sanskrit; +KAB); Sambul (Arab.; HH2); Sevali (Sanskrit; KAB); Shvetakeshi (Sanskrit; KAB); Spang-Spos +(Tibet; NPM); Span Pos (Tibet; KAP); Spicanard (Fr.; HH2); Spignard (It.; EFS); Spikenard (Eng.; +KAB; NPM); Sukshmajatamansi (Sanskrit; KAB); Sukshmapatri (Sanskrit; KAB); Sumbul (Bom.; +DEP); Sumbula theeb (Iran; NAD); Sumbulul-Assaffir (Arab.; DEP; KAB); Sumbul -i’l hind (Arab.; +DEP; NAD); Sunbuluttibe-Hindi (Arab.; DEP); Sunbuluttib (Iran; DEP; KAB; NAD); Tamasi (Sa-n +skrit; KAB); Tapasvini (Sanskrit; KAB); Tapaswini (Sanskrit; NAD); True Spikenard (Eng.; EFS); +Vahini (Sanskrit; KAB); Valériane d’Inde (Fr.; EFS). +8202_C001.indd 287 11/12/07 2:41:05 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +a Ctivities (Jatama Nsi): +Alexiteric (f; KAB); Anthelmintic (f1; MPI); Antiarrhythmic (1; MPI; WOI; JAC7:405; X13331599); +Anticonvulsant (1; PH2; MPI; WOI; X580202); Antidote (f; PH2); Antidyspneic (1; MPI); Ant-i +emetic (1; KAP; MPI); Antiestrogenic (1; MPI); Antihistaminic (1; MPI); Antiischemic (1; +X12479970); Antioxidant (1; X9102390); Antiperoxidant (1; X9102390); Antiseptic (1; MPI; SKJ; +SUW); Antiserotonin (1; MPI); Antispasmodic (f1; DEP; KAB; MPI); Antiulcer (1; HH2; PH2; +X580202); Bactericide (1; MPI); Bitter (f; KAB; SUW); Bronchodilator (1; MPI); Candidicide (1; +MPI); Cardioprotective (f1; WOI); Carminative (f; KAB; SUW); CNS Depressant (f1; MPI; WOI; +X11143748); Deobstruent (f; DEP; MPI); Deodorant (f1; DAA); Depurative (f; DEP; KAB); Diuretic +(f; DEP; KAB; MPI; SUW); Emmenagogue (f1; AHP; DEP; KAB; NAD; SUW); Febrifuge (f; +KAB); Fungicide (1; KAP; MPI; JAC7:405); GABA-nergic (1; X8202559); Hepatoprotective (1; +X10940571); Hypocholesterolemic (f; JAC7:405); Hypolipidemic (1; X3215683); Hypotensive (1; +KAP; MPI; X13522275); Laxative (f; KAB; SKJ; SUW); Lipogenic (f; KAB); Narcotic (1; WOI); +Nervine (f; BIB); Neuritogenic (1; X14604758); Neurosedative (f; EFS); Neurotonic (f; EFS); Orex-i +genic (f; KAB; NAD); Pectoral (f; KAB); Propecic (f; DEP; KAB; MPI); Sedative (f12; MPI; NAD; +SKJ; WOI; X580202); Serotoninergic (1; X8202559); Stimulant (f; KAB; MPI; SUW); Stomachic +(f; KAB; SUW); Taenicide (1; MPI); Tonic (f; DEP; KAB; SUW); Tranquilizer (f1; KAP; MPI; +X580202); Uterotonic (1; AHP). +iNdi Catio Ns (Jatama Nsi): +ADD (2; MPI); Adenitis (f; NAD); Aggressiveness (1; KAP); Alopecia (f; KAB; MPI); Amenorrhea +(f; DEP); Anorexia (f; KAB; NAD); Arrhythmia (1; MPI; X13331599); Asthma (1; MPI); Bacteria +(1; MPI); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bite (f; KAB); Bronchosis (f1; KAB; MPI; SKJ); Cancer, abdomen +(f; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; BIB); Cancer, eye (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, larynx +(f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f; JLH); Cancer, +spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cancer, vagina (f; JLH); Ca-n +dida (1; MPI); Cardiopathy (1; KAB; MPI; NAD); Cerebrosis (f; NAD); Childbirth (f; EB24:259); +Cholera (f1; DEP; MPI; SUW; EB24:259); Chorea (f; BIB); Circulosis (f; MPI); Colic (f; KAB; +MPI; SUW); Complexion (f; KAB); Consumption (f; SKJ); Convulsion (f1; DEP; KAB; MPI; SKJ; +SUW; X580202); Cough (f; KAB; MPI); Cramp (f; DEP; NAD; PH2); Debility (f; NAD); Delirium +(f; EB24:259); Depression (f; BIB); Dermatosis (f; KAB); Dysentery (f; BIB); Dysmenorrhea (f; +SKJ); Dyspnea (1; MPI); Dysuria (f; SKJ); Enterosis (f; JLH; KAB; PH2; SUW); Epilepsy (f; DEP; +KAB; PH2; SUW); Erysipelas (f; KAB); Escherichia (1; MPI); Fever (f; KAB); Fungus (1; KAP; +X749414); Gas (f; DEP; KAB; KAP; PH2); Gastrosis (f; DEP; JLH; KAP; PH2); Gleet (f; KAB); +Gray Hair (f; DEP); Headache (f; KAP; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; NPM); Hepatosis (f1; JLH; NAD; PH2; +X10940571); High Blood Pressure (12; KAP; MPI; X13522275); High Cholesterol (f; JAC7:405); +High Triglycerides (1; JAC7:405); Hyperkinesis (2; MPI); Hysteria (f; DEP; KAB; NAD; SUW); +Infection (1; X749414); Inafl mmation (f; KAB; PH2); Insanity (f; BIB); Insomnia (f1; HH2; MPI; +PH2; X580202); Ischemia (1; X12479970); Jaundice (f; DEP; NAD; PH2); Kidney stone (f; NAD); +Leprosy (f; KAB; MPI; NAD); Lumbago (f; KAB); Madness (f; MPI); Malaria (f; DAA); Meno- +pause (f; NAD; PH2); Mycosis (1; KAP; MPI; X749414); Nausea (f1; MPI; PH2); Nephrosis (f; JLH; +KAB; NAD; PH2); Neurasthenia (1; MPI); Neurosis (f; NAD; PH2; ZOH); Obesity (1; X3215683); +Ophthalmia (f; KAB; PH2); Pain (f; KAB; PH2); Palpitation (f1; DEP; KAB; MPI; NAB; WOI); +Phymata (f; JLH); Proctosis (f; JLH); Respirosis (f; DEP); Rhinosis (f; SKJ); Salmonella (1; MPI); +Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Smallpox (f; MPI; SKJ; EB24:259); Snakebite (f; KAB); Sore +(f; KAB; MPI; EB24:259); Sore Throat (f; KAB); Spasm (f; BIB); Spermatorrhea (f; NAD); Spleno- +sis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; MPI); Sting (f; KAP; NAD); Stomachache (f; NAD; PH2); Stone (f; +NAD); Streptococcus (1; MPI); Stress (f1; KAP; MPI; X580202); Syncope (f; EB24:259); Tachyca-r +dia (1; MPI; WOI); Tuberculosis (f; NAD; EB24:259); Tumor (f; BIB; JLH); Ulcer (1; HH2; PH2); +Uterosis (f; PH2); Vaginosis (f; JLH); Worm (f1; MPI); Wound (f; KAB); Yeast (1; MPI). +8202_C001.indd 288 11/12/07 2:41:06 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d osages (Jatama Nsi): +FNFF = X +No food references uncovered. 10–20 grains powdered root (DEP; HH2); 14–56 ml ufl id extract +(KAP); 28–56 ml infusion (KAP); 28–56 ml decoction (KAP); 1–1.5 g powdered herb (KAP). +0.6–1.3 g drug as single dose (PH2). 5 g root 3 ×/day (PH2). Wine glass full 3 x/daily (1:10 tincture +or 1:40 infusion with 2 g max per single dose) (PH2). +• Asian Indians suggest 10 to 20 grains or 1 to 2 oz root in tea for chorea, atfl ulence, heart +palpitations, and hysteria (DEP; NAD). +• Ayurvedics, viewing the roots alexipharmic, antipyretic, depurative, fattening, and tonic; +suggest it for the complexion, and biliousness, blood disorders, dermatosis, erysipelas, +leprosy, sores, and throat problems (KAB). +• Chinese suggest the plant for chorea, colic, coronary palpitations, hysteria, and malaria +(DAA). +• Indochinese use the rhizome for epilepsy and hysteria (KAB). +• Iranians use the root tea for cardiac and nervous disorders (BIB). +• Nepalese suggest pasting the rhizome onto hemorrhoids (NPM). +• Santals use the plant for bronchitis, cholera, convulsions, cough, epilepsy, madness, +smallpox, ulcers, and unconsciousness after childbirth (MPI). +• Unani, viewing the root as carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, orexigenic, pectoral, +stimulant, stomachic, and tonic, recommend it for baldness, chest pain, cough, enteritis, +gleet, gray hair, lumbago, nephrosis, and wounds (KAB). +d ow Nsides (Jatama Nsi): +Class 2b. Emmenagogue/uterine stimulant (AHP). No health hazards or side effects known with +proper therapeutic dosages (PH2). Contraindicated during pregnancy (PH2). Lethal doses cause +convulsions and death within a few hours (BIB; DAA). +extra Cts (Jatama Nsi): +LD50 of jatamansone (ipr mus) 350 mg/kg, vs. 900 mg/kg for the whole essential oil. (MPI). EO +hypotensive in dogs, dosages for hypotensive humans, less than lab animal dosage (MPI). Prelim-i +nary clinical trials of jatamansone exhibited reduced aggressiveness, restlessness, stubbornness, +as well as less insomnia (MPI). With 28 hyperkinetic children, jatamansone and placebo were +compared for 11 months with D-amphetamine and chlorpromazine. Jatamansone and especially +amphetamine signicafi ntly improved behavior, amphetamine better helping aggressiveness and +restlessness. Mentally retarded children showed little response to any of the drugs. Jatamansone +had fewer side effects than the pharmaceuticals. Amphetamine exacerbated symptoms early on and +caused insomnia in one patient (MPI). +Salim et al. (2003) demonstrated neuroprotective effects in rodent models of acute cerebral +ischemia, probably via antioxidant activity (X12479970). +WAte RCRess ( nA stu r tium officin Al e R. BRo WN) ++ BRAss ICACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Baeumeria nasturtium Gaertn., Cardamine fontana Lam., Cardamine nasturtium Moench, Nastur- +tium fontanum (Lam.) Asch., Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) H. Karst. nom inval., Radic- +ula nasturtium Cav. nom. illeg., Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Rendle & Britten, Rorippa +nasturtium Beck. nom. illeg., Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek, Sisymbrium nasturtium +Thunb. nom. illeg., Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum L. fide HH2 and POR. +8202_C001.indd 289 11/12/07 2:41:06 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Watercress (Nasturtium officinale ). Source: Regina Hughes in Reed (1970). +Notes (w ater Cress ): +The fourteenth day of the second month at even they shall keep it, and eat it with unleavened +bread and bitter herbs. +Numbers 9:11 (KJV) +In the second month on the fourteenth day in the evening they shall keep it; they shall eat it with +unleavened bread and bitter herbs. +Numbers 9:11 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 290 11/12/07 2:41:10 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +In the second month on the fourteenth day between the two evenings, they should prepare it. +Together with unfermented cakes and bitter greens they should eat it. +Numbers 9:11 (NWT) +Watercress is considered by some non-Israeli writers to be one of the bitter herbs of the Passover +(with chicory, endive, and lettuce); but frankly, I think horseradish is more important in modern +times. Israeli botanist Michael Zohary does not even mention watercress in his Plants of the Bible, +but he does list it in the Flora of Palestine (FP1), as pluriregional, tropical, and temperate, in brooks +and streams. Even I think of it as more pleasingly pungent than bitter, so I will not argue that it is +the best candidate for the long list of bitter herbs. It is, however, my favorite among the many cand-i +dates, and possibly one of the healthiest (although often harboring human parasites when harvested +wild). As a salad, it is said to promote the appetite. As a cosmetic, its bruised leaves are said to clear +up facial blemishes, blotches, and spots. The juice, mixed with egg whites is said to help carcinoma. +Made into snuff, it is a “cure” for polyps (JLH). Cress in vinegar is one remedy for anthrax. It is +believed by some to interfere with implantation of the ovum or gestation. In small quantities, it is +thought to act as an oral contraceptive and produce temporary sterility. +Commo N Names (w ater Cress ): +Agretto (It.; AVP; KAB); Agrião (Mad.; Por.; EFS; POR); Agrião da Fonte (Por.; AVP); Agrião das Horias +(Por.; AVP); Anandrano (Hova; KAB); Bachkresse (Ger.; HH2); Berra (Sp.; EFS); Berro (Peru; Sp.; EFS; +EGG; HH2; VAD; VOD); Berro Cruz (Ma.; JFM); Berro de Agua (Sp.; EFS); Biolar (Irish.; KAB); Bran- +cuta (Rom.; KAB); Braunkersch (Ger.; KAB); Brown Cress (Eng.; EFS); Brønnkarse (Nor.; POR); Brun- +nenkresse (Ger.; HH2; KAB; MAD; POR); Cailli (Fr.; KAB); Cardam de Izfor (Rom.; KAB); Chijchi +(Peru; EGG); Creiso (Provenzal; KAB); Creixans (Cat.; KAB); Crescione (It.; KAB; POR); Crescione +Acquatico (It.; POR); Crescione de Fonte (It.; EFS); Cresciune (Malta; KAB); Creson (Ma.; JFM); Cre-s +sione (It. HH2); Cressione Aquatico (It. HH2); Cresson (Fr.; Haiti; AVP; KAB); Cresson aquatique (Fr.; +KAB); Cresson D’eau (Fr.; AVP; HH2; POR); Cresson de Fontaine (Fr.; EFS; HH2; POR); Cresson de +Ruisseau (Fr.; KAB); Cresson Ofcfi inal (Fr.; KAB); Creixns (Cat.; KAB); Dou Ban Cai (China; POR); +Gemeine Brunnerkresse (Ger.; HH2); Grabenkresse (Ger.; HH2); Gredas (Cat.; KAB); Grundkresse +(Ger.; HH2); Horf el Ma (Arab.; AVP); Hrenita (Rom.; KAB); Kiaelkrasse (Swe.; KAB); Kioelkarssa +(Swe.; AVP); Kersch (Ger.; KAB); Kowhiti-Whiti (Nz.; KAB); Kreson (Creole; Haiti; Rus.; POR; VOD); +Kressa (Rus.; KAB); Kzezucha (Pol.; AVP); Lutpuriah (Dec.; KAB); Mastuerzo Acuatico (Sp.; HH2; +KAB); Mizu Garashi (Japan; POR); Mul Naeng Ee (Korea; POR); Nasitord (Fr.; KAB); Nasturel (Rom.; +KAB); Nasturzio (It.; EFS; HH2); Nasturzio Acquatico (It.; EFS; POR); Occoruro (Peru; EGG); Oranda +Garashi (Japan; POR; TAN); Phàk Kàat Náam (Thai; POR); Piriya-Halim (Him.; Kum.; KAB; NAD); +Quell Ranke (Ger.; KAB); Rechad (Tunis; AVP); Rukiew Wodna (Pol.; POR); Salat-Brunnenkresse +(Ger.; EFS); Sante du Corps (Fr.; KAB); Selada Air (Indonesia; POR); Shahat (Iran; POR); Shamrock +(Eng.; KAB); Shui Han Cai (China; POR); Shui Tian Jie (China; POR); Sija (Malta; KAB); Simsaag +(Nepal; POR); Sisimbrio (It.; KAB); Sisimbrio acquatico (It.; POR); Sisymbrion (Greek; KAB); Sisimbro +(It.; KAB); Stertion (Eng.; KAB); Suteresi (Tur.; EFS); Ting-Li (China; EFS); Ugas-Potocarka (Yug.; +AVP); Wasserhanf (Ger.; EFS); Wasserkraute (Ger.; KAB); Wasserkresse (Ger.; EFS; HH2); Watercress +(Eng.; CR2; EFS; VOD); Water Crishies (Ma.; JFM); Water Kers (Dutch; AVP); Water Cushie (Ma.; +JFM); Weind Kresse (Den.; AVP); Wiesenkresse (Ger.; KAB); Witte Waterkers (Dutch; EFS); Xi Yang +Cai Gan (Pin.; DAA); Zorret el Ma (Arab.; AVP); Nscn. +a Ctivities (w ater Cress ): +Abortifacient (f; BIB); Antidote (Nicotine) (f; BIB); Antihistaminic (1; X10746164); Antiimplantation (f; +BIB); Antiinafl mmatory (1; X15917216); Antimitotic (1; HH2); Antiproliferant (1; X15016658); Antisar - +comic (1; HH2); Antiseptic (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Antitumor (1; BGB; PH2; X15016658); Antitussive (f; +8202_C001.indd 291 11/12/07 2:41:11 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +VAD); Aperitif (f; PHR); Aphrodisiac (f; AHL); Apoptotic (1; X15016658; X15668997); Bactericide (1; +BGB; WOI); Bitter (1; PHR); Chemopreventive (1; BGB; X12716290; X8634661); Cholagogue (1; APA; +BGB); Cicatrizant (f; AHL; VOD); Contraceptive (f; BIB); COX-2 Inhibitor (1; X15917216); Cyanogenic +(f; BIB); Cytoprotective (1; X15016658); Decongestant (1; APA); Depurative (f; APA; BGB; FAD; JFM; +MAD); Detoxicant (1; JNU); Digestive (1; APA; PH2); Diuretic (f1; APA; FAD; MAD; PH2; VOD); +Emmenagogue (f; MAD); Expectorant (f; AHL; BGB; EFS; MAD); Goitrogenic (1; WO2); Hypoglyce- +mic (f; VAD); iNOS Inhibitor (1; X15917216); Laxative (f; BIB); NF-kappa-B Inhibitor (1; X15917216); +Orexigenic (f1; APA; BIB; DEP; EFS; NAD; PH2); Propecic (f; AHL); Rubefacient (f; VAD); Sterilant (f; +BIB); Stimulant (f; EFS; KAB); Tonic (1; APA); Vermifuge (f; EFS; MAD); Vulnerary (f; MAD; VOD). +iNdi Catio Ns (w ater Cress ): +Acne (f; BIB; MAD); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Alopecia (f; JNU; VAD); Anemia (f; JFM; VAD); Anorexia +(f; DEP; PHR; VAD); Anthrax (f; BIB); Arthrosis (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Ascites (f; MAD); Asthenia (f; +BGB; VOD); Asthma (f; BIB; WOI); Bacteria (1; WOI); Blemish (f; BGB); Boil (f; JLH); Bronchosis +(f12; AHL; FAD; PHR; VOD); Cancer (f1; APA; JLH); Cancer, breast (f1; APA; JLH); Cancer, colore-c +tal (f1; X12716290); Cancer, esophagus (f1; JNU); Cancer, face (f1; APA; JLH); Cancer, gland (f1; +APA; JLH); Cancer, lung (f1; APA; JNU; X8634661); Cancer, nose (f1; APA; JLH); Cancer, prostate +(f1; X15016658); Cardiopathy (f; BIB; FAD); Catarrh (f12; BGB; KOM; PH2; VOD); Cold (f1; BIB; +FNF); Colic (f; X15878246); Congestion (2; APA; KOM); Cough (2; APA; DAA; MAD; PHR); Cys- +tosis (f; MAD); Debility (f; VOD); Dermatosis (f; BIB; EGG; JFM; JNU); Diabetes (f; MAD; VAD); +Dropsy (f; MAD); Dyscrasia (f; MAD); Dyskinesia (f; VAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; BIB); Dyspepsia (f; +APA; MAD); Earache (f; MAD); Eczema (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; EGG); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever +(f; MAD); Flu (f; BIB); Freckle (f; BIB); Gallstone (f; HNI); Gastrosis (f; DAA); Gingivosis (f; MAD; +VOD); Glossosis (f; MAD); Goiter (f; BIB; FAD; WOI); Gout (f; MAD; VAD); Gravel (f; MAD); Head +cold (f; BIB; MAD); Hepatoma (1; X15668997); Hepatosis (f; EGG; JFM; MAD; X15878246); Herpes +(f; MAD); High Blood Pressure (f; VAD); Hyperazotemia (f; VAD); Impetigo (f; BIB); Impotence (f; +AHL); Infection (f; MAD); Inflammation (2; APA); Insomnia (f; BIB; MAD; NAD); Ischia (f; MAD); +Jaundice (f; MAD); Kidney stone (f; MAD); Laryngitis (f; VAD); Leprosy (f; BIB); Lethargy (f; FAD); +Liver Fluke (f; BGB); Liver Spot (f; BIB); Mucosis (KOM); Nephrosis (f; BIB; X15878246); Nervous- +ness (f; APA); Obesity (f; VAD); Odontosis (f; VAD); Pertussis (f; BIB); Pharyngitis (f; VAD); Phthisis +(f; AHL); Polyp (f; BIB; JLH; WOI); Pulmonosis (f; BIB; KAB; MAD; VOD); Respirosis (f12; APA; +BGB; KOM; PH2; VAD); Rheumatism (f; FAD; MAD; PHR); Rhinosis (f; BIB; JLH; WOI); Scabies +(f; BIB); Sciatica (f; BIB); Scrofula (f; MAD); Scurvy (f123; FAD); Seborrhea (f; VAD); Sore (f; MAD); +Sore Throat (f; WOI); Splenosis (f; MAD); Staphylococcus (1; HH2); Stomatosis (f; DAA; MAD); +Stone (f; MAD; VAD); Strangury (f; WOI); Swelling (f; HH2); Tonsilosis (f; EGG); Toothache (f; JNU; +MAD); Tuberculosis (f; BIB; JFM; MAD); Tumor (f1; BIB); Urethrosis (f; VAD); UTIs (f1; BGB; BIB; +PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Wen (f; JLH); Worm (f; BIB; MAD); Wound (f; AHL; VOD). +d osage (w ater Cress ): +FNFF = !!! +Watercress is grown for the pungent leaves and young stems, and is used widely for garnishing +meats, salads, and other dishes, even biscuits. The pungent afl vor is due to gluconasturtin. Whole +plant consumed as salad or vegetable. Seeds used like mustard (BIB; FAC; TAN); 2 g fresh herb/ +cup tea (APA); 20–30 g fresh herb/day (APA; KOM); 60–150 g freshly pressed juice (APA; KOM); +20–30 g fresh herb 3x to 150 g/day (HH2); 4–6 g dry herb/day (KOM); 2–3 cups preprandial tea (2 g +(1–2 tsp) steeped 10–15 minutes in 150 ml boiled water) (PH2). +• Africans use chopped watercress, covered with honey overnight, as cough syrup (BIB). +• Chinese use the plant for asthma (BIB). +8202_C001.indd 292 11/12/07 2:41:12 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• Haitians apply chopped or crushed leaves as cicatrizant or vulnerary (VOD). +• Haitians consume leafy stems as depurative, diuretic, for bronchitis and pulmonary +catarrh (VOD). +• Haitians take the leaf broth or decoction for asthenia or weakness (VOD). +• Haitians use chopped leafy stems to treat gum disease (VOD). +• Lebanese use seeds as alterative and depurative, applying the herb in yogurt to acne +(BIB; HJP). +• Native Americans consumed watercress to alleviate gallstones (HNI). +• Panamanians believe this a sure cure for anemia (JFM). +• Peruvians eat the plant as depurative, diuretic for bronchitis and worms (EGG). +• Peruvians gargle the macerated plant for tonsilitis (EGG). +• Salvadorans steep the ofl wering plant in wine as an antiscorbutic, depurative, and tonic +(JFM). +• Venezuelans use cress juice for tuberculosis, poulticing the leaves on dermatosis (JFM). +• Venezuelans use 4 Tbsp fresh plant juice with cold Guazuma bark tea (like slippery elm +bark) with 4 Tbsp red wine, 2 to 3 ×/day for hepatosis (JFM). +• Western Europeans consider the plant ecbolic in large doses, emmenagogue in smaller +doses (BIB). +d ow Nsides (w ater Cress ): +Class 2b, 2d (AHP, 1997). No health hazards or contraindications reported with proper administ-ra +tion of suggested therapeutic dosages (PH2). KOM and PH2 report contraindications: peptic ulcer, +nephrosis; not to be used by children younger than 4 years; adverse effects: GI complaints (rarely). +Since viewed as emmenagogue and uterocontractant, contraindicated in pregnancy. Irritation of +gastric mucosa may develop following chronic ingestion of large quantities. (AEH). I suspect that +much of what is said here could be said about horseradish, wasabi, and even the milder crucifers +such as broccoli, etc. (JAD). VAD cautions against use with gastritis, ulcers, UTIs (although also +listed as an indication), and hypothyroidism. Be careful to clean watercress thoroughly as it may +harbor dangerous aquatic microbes (VAD). +Natural History (w ater Cress ): +Bees and flies are the chief pollinators. According to Eastman, the only pest is the caddisyfl , Lim- +nephilus lunatus, an aquatic case-making larva, like the cress native to Europe. Eating above water +are such species as bean aphids A(phis rumicis; blackish sapsuckers clustered under leaves) and +watercress leaf beetles (Pheodon aeruginosa bronze-black oval chrysomelids). Pierid buttery fl cat- +erpillars, called whites, feed on many mustard species. The diamondback moth caterpillar P(lutella +xylostella) eats holes in the lower leaf surface, pupating in mesh-like cocoons. Underwater, the +plant may provide food all year. There may be amphipods (Gammarus), which feed on yellowed +leaves, the fresh leaves toxic to them, and water sowbugs A( sellus). Trout consume young leaves and +attached animals. The plants are fairly high in vitamins, minerals, and protein. The leaves are eaten +by ducks, muskrats, and deer, and serve as shelter for small aquatic animal life. Regrettably, the +plant accumulates heavy metals. There goes another healthy human food, spoiled by humans, like +the Maine fish, polluted by the lumber industry, canaries in the aquatic microcosm. +extra Cts (w ater Cress ): +Rose et al. (2005) (X15917216) showed that beta-phenylethyl- and 8-methylsulphinyloctyl isothio- +cyanates suppress nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Both have known chemopreventive properties. +Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGE) are associated with pathological +8202_C001.indd 293 11/12/07 2:41:12 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +conditions (e.g., inafl mmation and cancer). The reduction in both iNOS and COX-2 expression were +associated with inactivation of nuclear factor-kappaB and stabilization of IkappaBalpha (X15917216). +Plants become bitter in ofl wering, better for medicine, worse for food (JFM). Watercress is the rich - +est source of phenethylisothiocyanate, which also occurs in bok choy, turnips, and turnip greens +(JNU). Singling out watercress, Chiao et al. (2003) (X15016658) note that consumption of an iso- +thiocyanate metabolite inhibits growth of human prostate cancer cell xenografts by apoptosis and +cell cycle arrest. Epidemiology indicates that crucifer consumption is inversely related to prostate +cancer incidence. The N-acetylcysteine (NAC) conjugate of phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC-NAC), +abundant in watercress, inhibited proliferation and tumorigenesis. The supplemented diet group (8 +µM/g) showed signicafi nt reductions in tumor size in 100% of the mice (X15016658). Linking this +study to an earlier Maori study seems to suggest this bitter herb be included in your diet if you fear +colon or prostate, or any, cancer. Thompson and Shaw (X12716290) noted that New Zealanders +have a high rate of colorectal cancer, but the Maori have a lower incidence than non-Maori New +Zealanders (22.2 and 43.7 per 100,000, respectively). “Maori eat more in total, eat more red meat, +drink more alcohol, consume more saturated fat, have a higher prevalence of obesity, and have a +lower proportion of individuals consuming a given level of fruit and vegetables per day.” Sonchus +and Nasturtium officinale are foods with plausible cancer protective properties and are components +of the Maori, but not the non-Maori diet (X12716290). All this tells me that if you must eat, drink, +and be merry, include some bitter herb — especially watercress — in your fare. +o LeANDeR (n eriu m ole Ander L.) x Apo CyNACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Nerium indicum Mill.; Nerium latifolium Mill.; Nerium odorum Soland. (Treated separately in +HH2; aggregated here and in AH2.) +Notes (o lea Nder ): +Hearken unto me, ye holy children, and bud forth as a rose growing by the brook of the field. +Ecclesiasticus 39:13 (KJV) +Back in 1985, I postulated, along with other writers, that the rose of Ecclesiaticus waNs erium. But +not Zohary, who renders the rose of Ecclesiasticus as the genus Rosa. Zohary does include oleander +in his Plants of the Bible, equating it with the place name Ardat (II Esdras 9:26), which he deems +cognate with ardaf, the Hebrew name for oleander, and close kin to Armenian ardab. According +to other students of the Scriptures, the oleander is the “rose of the waterbrooks” — the “rhododen- +dron” or “rose tree” of the Greeks. Either way, oleander is clearly a medicinal and poisonous orn-a +mental common in Israel. To the Spanish, oleander is known as laurel, and is their favorite shrub for +parks and gardens. As an evergreen summer favorite, it is termed “tough and attractive,” and does +well in almost any soil. In Greece, India, and Italy, it is a funeral plant. It is used to decorate Hindu +temples. Zohary notes that oleander is common on riverbanks in Israel. Palestinians secure from it +a very active cardiac glucoside used in pharmacy. It is used as a rat poison in Europe. Honey from +the ofl wers may even be poisonous. It is widely planted as an ornamental in tropical and subtropi- +cal countries. Some suggest that it is the “willow of the brook” of Leviticus used for constructing +booths for the Feast of Tabernacles. Some view it as the Jericho rose because on the eastern side of +Jordan, it becomes a tree 25 feet tall. With a copious folk repertoire of anticancer activity, oleander +will probably be found to contain more proven anticancer agents than just the rutin and ursolic acid. +Leaves are dangerously applied to cutaneous eruptions; the decoction is used to destroy maggots in +wounds. In Lebanon, as perhaps elsewhere, informants contradict, consider it calming yet irrit-at +ing, a cause yet a cure for sore eyes, a medicine yet a poison. Such contradictions fan the afl mes of +homeopathy (BIB). +8202_C001.indd 294 11/12/07 2:41:13 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Oleander (Nerium oleander). +Commo N Names (o lea Nder ): +Adelfa (Sp.; EGG; HH3; RAR; USN); Adelfa Laurel (Peru; EGG); Alari (Mal.; DEP); Alelí (Pr.; +LWW); Alelí Extranjero (Pr.; LWW); Alhelí (Pr.; LWW); Alili (Ber.; BOU); Amancayo (Peru; +RAR); Anini (Ber.; BOU); Arali (Tam.; SKJ); Aralivayr (Tam.; DEP); Ardab (Arm.; ZOH); Ardaf +(Heb.; ZOH); Ariri (Ber.; BOU); Azuceno de la Habana (Col.; LWW); Baladre (Sp.; EFS); Balandre +(Sp.; USN); Barhamase (Nepal; SUW); Bau Swan (Newari; NPM); Beijos (Por.; AVP); Belladonna +(Fr.; AVP); Ceylon Rose (Eng.; EFS); Chu Au (China; EFS); Delfa (Arab.; AVP; BOU); Dephali +(Iran; EFS; NAD); Dhavekanera (Kon.; NAD); Diafl (Arab.; ZOH); Diafl h (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Duf- +tender Oleander (Ger.; HH3); Espirradeira (Por.; AVP); Flor del Perú (Dr.; Peru; AHL; AVP); Franse +8202_C001.indd 295 11/12/07 2:41:42 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Bloem (Dwi.; LWW); Gandeli (BAL; KAB); Ganderai (Pushtu; DEP); Ganhira (Pun.; DEP); Ganira +(Bom.; DEP); Gheneru (Tel.; DEP); Haban (Arab. GHA); Hamancay (Que.; RAR); Harduf (Heb.; +ZOH); Indian Oleander (Eng.; SKJ); Jaur (Bal.; DEP); Jiia Zhu Tao (Pin.; AH2); Jowari (Bal.; KAB); +Kagaer (Guj.; SKJ); Kanagale (Kan.; DEP); Kanagilu (Kan.; NAD); Kanaveeram (Tam.; NAD); +Kaner (Hindi; Nepal; EFS; NPM); Kanera (Guj.; Mah.; DEP; NAD); Kaneri (Mar.; DEP); Kanero +(Orissa; SKJ); Kanher (Guj.; NAD); Kaniha-Swaa (Nepal); Kanirkejur (Dec.; DEP); Kanyur (Kum.; +DEP); Karabi (Beng.; India; DEP; EFS; NAD); Karavira (Ayu.; Sanskrit; AH2; DEP; EFS); Karber +(Hindi; NAD); Karbir (Nepal; NPM); Kasturipatte (Tel.; NAD); Kharazahra (Arab.; EFS; NAD); +Khar Sahrah (Iran; DEP); Kiah (China; EFS); Kuruvira (Hindi; DEP); Kyochiku-to (Japan; USN); +Laurel (Peru; RAR); Laurel Blanco (Sp.; LWW); Laurel Colorado (Sp.; LWW); Laurelles (Fr.; AVP); +Laurel Rosa (Bol.; Peru; Sp.; DLZ; EGG; USN); Laurel Rosado (Ecu.; LWW); Laurier (Fr.; Haiti; +AHL); Laurier Blanc (Haiti; AHL); Laurier des Jardins (Haiti; AVP); Laurier Rose (Fr.; Haiti; BOU; +EFS; HH3; LWW; USN); Laurier Tropical (Haiti; AHL); Laurose (Fr.; Gaud.; AVP); Lawrin (Bol.; +Callawaya; DLZ); Leandro (It.; EFS); Loandro (Por.; AVP); Loendro (Por.; EFS; HH3); Lorbe-er +rose (Ger.; EFS); Loryé Rose (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Loryé Wos (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Loureiro Rosa +(Por.; AVP; HH3); Loyee (Haiti; TRA); Martinica (Dr.; His.; Peru; AHL; AVP; LWW); Massa di S. +Giovanni (It.; EFS); Massa di S. Giuseppe (It.; EFS); Naranjillo (Peru; EGG; RAR); Narciso (Cr.; +Cuba; Hon.; LWW; TRA); Narciso Rosado (Sal.; LWW); Nérier à Fles (Fr.; AVP); Nérion (Fr.; AVP); +Oleander (Eng.; Dwi.; Scn.; AH2; BOU; VOD); Oléandre (Fr.; BOU; EFS; USN); Oleandro (It.; EFS; +HH3); Pascua (Sp.; USN); Pirulí (Dr.; His.; AHL); Rajabaka (San.; SKJ); Rajbaka (San.; DEP); R-ho +dodendron (Eng.; AVP); Rhododendron de Pline (Fr.; AVP); Rosa de Berberiá (Sp.; Ven.; EFS; LWW); +Rosa del Perú (Dr.; AHL); Rosa Francesa (Cuba; Peru; RAR; RyM; TRA); Rosage (Fr.; AVP; EFS); +Rose (Eng.; BIB); Rose Bay (Eng.; CR2; SKJ; RAR); Roseberry Spurge (Eng.; EFS; NAD); Rose Lau- +rel (Eng.; CR2; HH3; VOD); Rosen Lorbeer (Ger.; EFS; HH3); Sevadilha (Por.; EFS); South Sea Rose +(Eng.; EFS; HH3); Sum el Himar (Arab.; DEP); Sumala Himara (Arab.; EFS); Svetapushpa (Sanskrit; +EFS); Sweet-scented Oleander (Eng.; EFS; NAD); Ward el Hhimar (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Ward el- +homar (Arab.; BOU); Welriekende Oleander (Dutch; EFS); Wohlriechende (Ger.; NAD); Wohlriec-h +ende Oleander (Ger.; EFS; HH3); Zabb el Hhimar (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Zakkum (Tur.; EFS). +a Ctivities (o lea Nder ): +Abortifacient (f1; BOU; HH2; WWB); Adaptogenic (1; KAP); Analgesic (f1; KAP; MPI); Antica-n +cer (f1; CRC; MPI; X14609747; X15730243); Antiedemic (f; MPI; X14522443); Antiinafl mmatory +(f1; KAP; MPI; TRA; X14609747; X15730243); Antinociceptive (1; X14522443); Antiseptic (f1; +JFM; WBB); Antistress (1; MPI); Antiulcer (1; MPI); Antiviral (1; TRA); Aphrodisiac (f1; KAB); +Apoptotic (1; X14609747); Bactericide (1; WBB; WOI); Bradycardic (1; MPI); Cardiac (1; BIB; +CRC); Cardioactive (1; X3086679); Cardiotonic (1; AHL; BIB; CRC; KAP; LWW; WOI); CNS +Depressant (1; KAP); Cyanogenic (1; BIB; CRC); Diuretic (f1; BIB; CRC; EFS; KAP; WOI); Emetic +(f1; CRC; MPI); Emmenagogue (f1; BIB; CRC; HH2; MAD); Febrifuge (f1; BOU; KAP; MPI); Fun- +gicide (f1; MPI); Insecticide (f1; BOU; CRC; NPM); Insectifuge (f; BIB; CRC); Lachrymatory (f; +KAP; WOI); Larvicide (f; BIB); Negative Chronotropic (1; PH2); Neuroprotective (1; X15492866); +Paralytic (f; BOU); Parasiticide (f; BIB; CRC); Poison (f1; CRC; DEP; SUW); Positive Inotropic (1; +PH2); Larvicide (f; WOI); Neurogenic (1; X12542335); Pediculicide (f; FEL); Piscicide (f1; WBB; +X14505708); Purgative (f; BIB; CRC; JFM); Rodenticide (f1; CRC; LWW); Spasmogenic (f; KAP; +MPI); Sternutatory (f; BIB; CRC; JFM); Stimulant (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC; EFS); Toxic (f; EFS); +Uterotonic (1; TRA); Vermifuge (f; JFM); Vulnerary (f; TRA). +iNdi Catio Ns (o lea Nder ): +Alopecia (f; BOU); Angina (f; MAD); Apoplexy (f; MAD); Aposteme (f; CRC); Arrhythmia (f1; +MAD; TRA); Arthrosis (f; KAB; MAD); Asthma (f; CRC); Atheroma (f; CRC); Bacteria (1; TRA; +WBB); Bronchosis (f; GHA); Cancer (f; BOU); Carcinoma (f; CRC); Cardiopathy (f1; BIB; BOU; +8202_C001.indd 296 11/12/07 2:41:42 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +PH2; TRA); Chancre (f; KAB; MPI; NAD; SUW; WOI); Circulosis (1; TRA); Conjunctivosis (f; +CRC); Corn (f; CRC; JLH); Cough (f; GHA); Dermatosis (f; CRC; DEP; NPM; PH2; SKJ; SUW; +WOI); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; WBB); Dyspnea (f; FEL); Eczema (f; CRC; MAD); Edema (f; FEL); +Epilepsy (f; CRC; FEL; WBB); Epithelioma (f; CRC; JLH); Fungus (f; NPM); Furuncle (f; HH2); +Gingivosis (f; BIB; BOU); Headache (f; KAP; MAD); Hemorrhoid (f; KAP; MPI; PH2); Herpes (f; +CRC; NPM); High Blood Pressure (f; BIB); Impetigo (f; BIB); Impotence (f; KAB); Induration (f; +JLH); Infection (f1; JFM; WBB); Inafl mmation (f1; KAB; MPI; TRA); Insomnia (f; MAD); Itch +(f; BOU; KAB); Leprosy (f; BIB; DEP; HJP; SUW); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Lice (f; FEL); Lum- +bago (f; KAB); Maggot (f; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC; MAD; WBB); Mange (f; DLZ; VOD); Myalgia +(f; KAB); Mycosis (f1; MPI; NPM); Myocardosis (f; MAD); Neurosis (1; X15492866); Odontosis +(f; BIB; BOU); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; KAP; NAD; PH2); Pain (f1; KAB; X14522443); Paralysis (f; +MAD); Parasite (f; AHL; JFM); Pediculosis (f; VOD); Psoriasis (f; CRC; SUW; X15613134); Resp-i +rosis (f; TRA); Rhinosis (f; BIB); Ringworm (f; BIB; CRC; NPM); Salmonella (1; TRA); Scabies (f; +CRC; MAD; PH2; WBB); Sinusosis (f; CRC; GHA; JFM); Snakebite (f; CRC; HH2; NAD; NPM; +WBB); Sore (f; CRC; SUW; VOD; WOI); Staphylococcus (1; WBB); Sting (f; NAD); Stomatosis (f; +BIB); Stress (f1; KAP); Swelling (f1; DEP; JFM; KAP; NAD; SUW; X14522443); Syphilis (f; BOU; +NAD); Tachycardia (f; MAD); Tinea (f; DLZ); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); Urethrosis (f; KAB); Venereal +Disease (f; BIB; BOU; JFM); Vertigo (f; MAD); Virus (1; TRA); Wart (f; BIB); Worm (f; KAB); +Wound (f; KAB). +d osages (o lea Nder ): +FNFF = X +Equivalent to 1–3 grains fresh bark or dried fruit (FEL); 50 mg leaf (MAD). +• Algerians gargle leaf decoction to strengthen gums and teeth, use it as nose drops (BOU), +and use leaves as a fumigant for fever (HJP). +• Asian Indians apply a paste of ground root in water to chancres and sores on the penis +(NAD). +• Ayurvedics use the plant for bronchosis, conjunctivosis, dermatosis, fever, hemorrhoids, +itch, leukoderma, urethrosis, worms, and wounds (KAB). +• Bolivians suggest the powdered dried leaves as a powerful sternutatory, or in lard, or +decocted in oil for mange and tinea (DLZ). +• Curacaons boil the ofl wers and gargle the decoction, and bathe dermatitic children in the +leaf decoction (JFM). +• Dominicans infuse the leaves in oil to alleviate dermatosis and parasites, rubbing the +leaves on lice (AHL; TRA). +• Ethiopians dress skin diseases on the head with the leaves (BIB). +• Haitians use the vinegar leaf macerate for head lice and sores (VOD). +• Lebanese suggest the plant as a dangerous antiedemic, antiitch, cardiotonic, hypotensive, +the decoction useful for impetigo and ringworm, root extracts for amenorrhea, leprosy. +and venereal disease (HJP). +• Mohammedans suggest the leaf decoction to reduce swelling, and oil with root bark +(external only) for dermatosis and leprosy (KAB). +• Munda use the seeds to poison jackals and pigs (KAB). +• Nepalese use a root bark paste for dermatoses, herpes, and ringworm (NPM). +• Ukranians use the plant as an abortifacient (HJP). +• Unani suggest the ofl wers for arthralgia, headache, impotence, inafl mmation, lumbago, +myalgia, scabies, and the dangerous root for pain in the abdomen and joints (KAB). +• Venezuelans suggest inhaling the steam from boiled shoots for sinusitis (JFM). +• Venezuelans use the latex to repel flies (AHL) +8202_C001.indd 297 11/12/07 2:41:43 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d ow Nsides (o lea Nder ): +No health hazards or contraindications reported with proper administration of suggested the-ra +peutic dosages (PH2) (but PH2 designates no dosage!; JAD). Commission E reports accidental +and therapeutic use of leaf has resulted in partially fatal poisonings (AEH). Overdoses may cause +arrhythmia, bradycardia, cardiodepression, confusion, cyanosis, diarrhea, headache, hyperkalemia, +nausea, neurodepression, stupor, and vomiting (BRU; DEP; MAD; PH2). More than 100 years ago +we read that “Several cases are on record of fatal results from the internal administration” (DEP). +Over a 6-year period (1989–1995), 142 bovines died in California (BRU). During the Persian ca-m +paign, Alexander’s army lost horses that had fed on the shrub, and some soldiers died who had +grilled their meat on skewers made from the wood (WBB). 15–20 g fresh leaf can kill a horse, +10–20 a cow, 1–5 a sheep. Children have died after ingesting a handful of flowers (JFM). +extra Cts (o lea Nder ): +Leaves, ofl wers, and stem bark possess cardiotonic properties, especially the leaves. Cornerine has +proved effective against cardiac ailments in clinical trials, particularly improving the heart muscle +functions. Oleandrin is diuretic and stimulates the heart. The afl vonal glycosides inufl ence vascular +permeability and possess diuretic properties (BIB). +BLACK CUMIN (n igell A sAtiv A L.) ++ RANUNCULACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Nigella indica Roxb.; Nigella truncata Viv. +Notes (bla Ck Cumi N): +For the fitches are not threshed with a threshing instrument, neither is a cart wheel turned about +upon the cummin; but the fitches are beaten out with a staff, and the cummin with a rod. +Isaiah 28:27 (KJV) +Dill is not threshed with a threshing sledge, nor is a cart wheel rolled over cummin; but dill is +beaten out with a stick, and cummin with a rod. +Isaiah 28:27 (RSV) +For it is not with a threshing instrument that black cumin is given a treading; and upon cumin +no wheel of a wagon is turned. For it is with a rod that black cumin is generally beaten out, and +cumin with a staff. +Isaiah 28:27 (NWT) +Here the three versions differ in the translation of the Hebrew ketzah, and I frankly like the NWT +version best. Of the three, only the NWT renders it black cumin (Nigella of the Ranunculaceae), +which is not taxonomically related to cumin or cummin (Cuminum of the Apiaceae). The KJV +renders it tfi ches, which is Nigella. Zohary adds that the identity of the Hebrew ketzah with “black +cummin” or “nutmeg ofl wer” is not only linguistically supported but attested by the postbiblical +custom of sprinkling the seeds over bread and cake and of afl voring dishes with them. The Arabic +and Aramaic name is kazha (ZOH). This herb may be even more important to the Muslims than to +the Christians and Jews. According to an Arab proverb, “in the black seed is the medicine for every +disease except death.” Nearly a millennium ago, Rhineland abbess Hildegard von Bingen (1098– +1179), described by translator Throop as artist, Benedictine abbess, healer, linguist, musician, +8202_C001.indd 298 11/12/07 2:41:43 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Black Cumin (Nigella sativa). +mystic, playwright, poet, preacher, spiritual counselor, theologian, and visionary, published her +Physica. She suggested pounding the seed with honey as y fl paper, streaking it where you wish to +attract the flies, which, on tasting, will sicken and die (HIL). +Commo N Names (bla Ck Cumi N): +Agenuz (Sp.; POR); Agenuz Comun (Sp.; POR); Ajenuz (Sp.; USN); Araignee (Fr.; BOU); Ara- +ñuel (Sp.; USN); Aranyajeeraka (Sanskrit; NAD); Bashpika (Sanskrit; KAB); Black Caraway (Eng.; +USN); Black Cumin (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; CR2; KAB; USN); Chernushka Posevnaia (Rus.; POR); +Cinnamonea (It.; KAB); Cominho-Negro (Por.; USN); Çöreg Otu (Tur.; POR); Çörek Otu (Tur.; +POR); Corekotu (Tur.; EFS); Cumin Noir (Fr.; EFS; KAB; NAD; POR); Cuminella (It.; KAB; POR); +Czarnuszka Siewna (Pol.; POR); Dill (Eng.; ZOH); Erbe Spezie (It.; KAB; POR); Faux Cumin +8202_C001.indd 299 11/12/07 2:42:05 PM +00 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(Fr.; KAB); Fennel Flower (Eng.; HJP); Fitch (Eng.; BIB, HJP); Gandana (Iran; KAP); Gemeiner +SchwartzKuemmel (Ger.; KAB); Gith (Fr.; EFS; KAB); Gitono (It.; EFS); Gittaione (It.; POR); Haba +Saoda (Arab.; Yemen; X15890471); Habba Sooda (Arab.; GHA); Habba Suda (Arab.; BOU); Hab- ba +toussouda (Arab.; DEP); Habbatussuda (Arab.; KAB); Habbet -eblarakah (Arab.; BOU); Hubsindee +(Egypt; KAB); Jintan Hitam (Malaya; EFS; POR); Kadujeeru (Guj.; NAD); Kalajaji (Sanskrit; KAB); +Kala Jira (Hindi; India; DEP; EFS; KAB); Kalanji (Hindi); Kalenjira (Bom.; KAB); Kalenjire (Bom.; +DEP; NAD); Kalijeeri (Gwalior; KAB); Kalijira (Beng.; KAB; NAD); Kalonji (Bom.; Hindi; KAB); +Kalonjijirum (Guj.; KAB); Kaluduru (Sin.; KAB; NAD); Kalzira (Beng.; KAB); Kammun Aswad +(Arab.; BOU); Kammun el Akhal (Arab.; BOU); Kamûn Awad (Arab.; Syria; HJP; POR); Kamune +Asvad (Arabic; EFS; NAD); Kamuneavad (Arab.; KAB); Karamuk (Tur.; POR); Karava (Sanskrit; +KAB); Karavi (Sanskrit; KAB); Karejirage (Kan.; KAB); Karijirigay (Kan.; KAB; POR); Karijirige +(Kan.; KAB); Karimsiragam (Kan.; DEP; KAB); Karinchirakam (Mal.; NAD); Karunchirakam +(Mal.; DEP; KAB); Karunjirajam (Tam.; KAB); Karunjirakam (Mal.; POR); Karunshiragam (Mal.; +Tam.; DEP; KAB); Karunshirogam (Tam.; NAD); Kazha (Arab.; Aramaic; ZOH); Kelanji (Bom.; +NAD); Kemun (Arab.; Libya; POR); Ketzah (Heb.; ZOH); Kommen (Den.; EFS); Krishnajira (Mah.; +KAB); Krishna-jiraka (Ayu.; Sanskit; AH2; DEP; KAB); Kulanjan (Dec.; Urdu; KAB; POR); Ku-n +chi (Sanskrit; KAB); Kunchika (Sanskrit; KAB); Kunjika (Sanskrit; KAB); Kurras (Arab.; KAP); +Kusheng (Chinese; Malaya; EFS; KAB); Love in a Mist (Eng.; RFS); Melanthion (Greek; NAD); +Melanzio Domestico (It.; POR); Mugrela (Beng.; Hindi; DEP; KAB; NAD); Mugrelo (Nepal; KAP; +SUW); Mungrela (Beng.; KAB); Musavi (Sanskrit; KAB); Nallajilakara (Tel.; DEP; NAD); N-al +lajirakara (Tel.; POR); Neguilla (Sp. EFS; POR); Nellajeelakaira (Tel.; KAB); Nielle de Crete (Fr.; +KAB); Nielle Romaine (Fr.; KAB); Nigela (Mad.; Por.; POR); Nigella (Eng.; Scn.; AH2); Nigelle +cultivee (Fr.; KAB); Nigelle de Crète (Fr.; USN); Nigelle Romaine (Fr.; KAB); Nigera (Japan; KAP); +Nullajilakara (Tel.; KAB); Nutmeg Flower (Eng.; KAB; ZOH); Pei Hei Zhong Cao (China; POR); +Prathvika (Sanskrit; KAB); Prithvi (Sanskrit; KAB); Prithu (Sanskrit; KAB); Prithuka (Sanskrit; +KAB); Qahta Sauda (Yemen; GHA); Quatre Epice (Fr.; BOU); Quesah (Heb.; KAB); Roman Cor-i +ander (Eng.; HOS; USN); Romische Schwartz Kuemmel (Ger.; KAB); Samonne (Burma; KAB); +Samon-ne (Burma; DEP; NAD); Sanoudj (Arab.; BOU); Satmung (Burma; NAD); Schwartz Kum- +mel (Ger.; EFS; KAB); Sehniz (Tur.; POR); Shanaza (Syria; HJP); Shewadaru (Afg.; DEP; KAB); +Shouniz (Arab.; NAD); Shûnîz (Arab.; Iran; KAB; POR); Siyahbiranj (Iran; KAB); Siyahdanah +(Iran; EFS; KAB; NAD); Siyahdaru (Afg.; KAB; NAD); Small Fennel (Eng.; DEP; KAB; NAD); +Sthulajiraka (Sanskrit; KAB); Sushavi (Sanskrit; KAB); Svartkummin (Swe.; POR); Tchernushka +(Mal.; KAB); Tikammin (Ber.; BOU); Toute Épice (Fr.; BOU; USN); Tukhmigandha (Kas.; DEP; +KAB; NAD); Upakunchika (Ayu.; Sanskrit; AH2; KAP); Upakunchiraka (Sanskrit; KAB); Zerara +(Ber.; BOU); Zwarte Komijn (Dutch; EFS; POR); Zwarte Kummel (Dutch; EFS). +a Ctivities (bla Ck Cumi N): +Abortifacient (f; BIB; DEP; KAP); Amebicide (1; MPI); Analgesic (f1; X10552840); Anesthetic (f1; +NAD); Anorectic (1; X15325727); Anthelmintic (f; BIB; DEP; KAP); Antiamphetamine (f; MPI); +Antibilious (f; BIB; EFS); Anticancer (f1; FNF); Anticonvulsant (f1; X15795687); Antidiabetic (f1; +X15589481); Antidote (Hg) (f; SKJ); Antiedemic (f1; X10552840); Antiepileptic (1; X15795687); +Antibfi rinolytic (1; X15693715); Antibfi rosarcomic (1; X11531013); Antihistaminic (1; HAD; HHB; +WOI); Antihypertensive (1; FNF); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; BOW; X10552840); Antileukemic (1; +X1270717); Antileukotriene (1; X15648658); Antimetastatic (1; X15693715); Antinephrotic (1; +X10755708); Antinociceptive (f1; HAD); Antioxidant (1; X10925395); Antioxytocic (1; FNF); Ant-i +peroxidant (1; X15785320); Antiproteinuric (1; X10755708); Antiradicular (1; PR14:323); Antisep- +tic (f1; WOI; X10548758); Antispasmodic (f1; BOU; HAD; HHB; WOI); Antitumor (colon) (f1; +X15375533); Antitussive (f; X15890471); Antiulcer (1; HOS); Antiviral (1; HAD); Apoptotic (1; +X15375533); Bactericide (1; HAD; HHB; WOI); Bronchodilator (f1; HAD); Calcium Antagonist (1; +X11381824); Candidicide (1; FNF); Cardiodepressant (1; MPI); Cardioprotective (1; X9700580); +8202_C001.indd 300 11/12/07 2:42:06 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +Carminative (f1; BOU; DEP; HHB; MAD; SKJ; SUW; WOI); Chemopreventive (1; X11531013; +Choleretic (1; HHB); Cholecomimetic (1; MPI); CNS Depressant (1; MPI); Contraceptive (f; +HAD); Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor (1; FNF); Cytotoxic (1; X1270717); Detoxicant (1; X11531013); +Diaphoretic (f; BIB); Digestive (f; BIB; DEP); Diuretic (f1; BIB; BOU; EFS; HHB; MAD; SUW; +WOI; X10967716); Emmenagogue (f; BIB; BOU; DEP; EFS; MAD; SUW; WOI); Fungicide (1; +MPI); Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Inhibitor (1; X15785320); Glutathiogenic (1; X11531013; +X15785320); Gram(+)-icide (1; YAB); Gram(-)-icide (1; YAB); Hepatoprotective (f1; X10883736); +Histaminergic (1; X8270170); Hyperthermic (1; DEP); Hypoglycemic (1; X11744291); Hypolipid - +emic (1; X10755708); Hypotensive (1; MPI); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; X5326549); Hypouricemic +(1; HHB); Immunostimulant (1; HAD); iNOS Inhibitor (1; X15589481); Insecticide (f1; HIL; MPI); +Insectifuge (1; WOI); Insulinogenic (1; X15482373); Interferogenic (1; FNF); Lactagogue (f1; BIB; +BOU; DEP; EFS; HAD; HHB; KAB; MAD; SUW; WOI); Laxative (f; BOW); 5-Lipoxygenase +Inhibitor (1; FNF); Lipolytic (f1; X15325727); Nephroprotective (1; X5326549); NO Inhibitor (1; +X15589481); Orexigenic (f; BIB; HAD); Pediculicide (f; DEP); Phagocytotic (1; HAD); Plasmino- +gen Activator (1; X15830841); Protein Kinase Inhibitor (1; X15589481); Protisticide (1; MPI); Pu-r +gative (f; BIB; EFS); Quinone Reductase Inducer (1; X11531013); Respirostimulant (f1; X8270170); +Secretagogue (f; DEP); Stimulant (f; EFS); Stomachic (f; DEP; EFS); Taenicide (f1; BOU; MPI); +Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (t-PA) Inhibitor (1; X15693715); Tonic (f; EFS); Toxic (1; HHB); +Uterocontractant (f; KAP); Uterotonic (f; BOW); Vermifuge (f; BIB; BOU; DEP; HAD; MAD); +Xanthine-Oxidase Inhibitor (1; X15785320). +iNdi Catio Ns (bla Ck Cumi N): +Achylia (f; MAD); Allergy (f; HAD); Ameba (1; MPI); Amenorrhea (f; BOU; KAP); Anorexia (f1; +BOU; HAD); Arthrosis (f1; HAD); Ascites (f; BIB); Asthma (f1; BOU; GHA; HAD; HHB; MAD; +SKJ; WOI); Bacillus (1; X10548758); Bacteria (1; HAD); Biliousness (f; KAP); Bite (f; HAD); +Bronchosis (f1; BOU; HAD; HHB; WOI); Bronchospasms (f1; WOI); Cachexia (f; SKJ); Callus +(f; BIB; JLH); Cancer (f1; FNF; BIB; HAD); Cancer, abdomen (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, colon (f1; +FNF; JLH); Cancer, eye (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f1; JLH; X15785320); Cancer, liver (f1; +FNF; JLH); Cancer, nose (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f1; FNF; JLH); Candidiasis (1; FNF); +Cardiopathy (1; X8270171); Catarrh (f; DEP; HHB); Chest (f; GHA); Childbirth (f; GHA; SUW); +Cholera (1; MPI); Cold (f; DEP); Colic (f; BIB); Congestion (f; GHA); Conjunctivosis (f; GHA); +Constipation (f; GHA; SKJ); Convulsion (1; X15795687); Corn (f; BIB; JLH); Cough (f1; BOU; +SKJ; WOI; X15890471); Cramp (f1; HHB; MAD); Dermatophyte (1; X15908151); Dermatosis (f1; +HAD; SUW; WOI; X15908151); Diabetes (f1; HAD; X11744291; X5326549); Diarrhea (f1; MAD; +X11381824); Dysentery (f; HHB; SKJ); Dysmenorrhea (f; BOU; DEP; KAP); Dyspepsia (f; BIB); +Dyspnea (f1; GHA; NAD); Eczema (f; DEP; NAD); Emaciation (f; SKJ); Enterosis (f; BIB; BOU; +MAD); Epilepsy (1; X15795687); Eruptions (f; BIB); Escherichia (1; KAP; MPI); Fever (f1; BIB; +MAD; SUW; WOI); Fibrosarcoma (1; X11531013); Flu (f; BIB; BOU; HJP); Fungus (1; X10548758; +X15908151); Gas (f; BOU; MAD); Gout (1; HHB); Halitosis (f; NAD); Headache (f; BIB; BOU; +HJP); Hemorrhoid (f; BIB; BOU; GHA; KAB); Hepatosis (f1; BIB; JLH; MAD; X10883736); High +Blood Pressure (1; MPI; X8270171); High Cholesterol (1; HAD); High Triglycerides (1; X5326549); +HIV (1; HAD); Hydrophobia (f; BIB); Hyperlipidemia (1; X10755708); Induration (f; JLH; MAD); +Infection (f1; HAD; X15908151); Inafl mmation (f1; X10552840); Jaundice (f; BIB; HHB; MAD); +Leprosy (f; BOU; SKJ); Leukemia (1; X1270717); Leukorrhea (f; MAD); Lice (f; DEP); Malaria +(f; KAP; NAD); Migraine (f; BOU); Mycosis (1; X10548758); Myrmecia (f; BIB); Nephrosis (1; +X10755708; X5326549); Obesity (f1; FNF); Ophthalmia (f; HAD; KAB); Orchosis (f; BIB); Pain +(f1; HAD; NAD); Paralysis (f; BIB); Parasite (f1; BOU; HAD); Pityriasis (f; DEP; NAD); PMS (f1; +HAD; KAP); Polio (f; GHA); Proctosis (f; SKJ); Prolapse (f; SKJ); Proteinuria (1; X10755708); +Pityriasis (f; DEP); Puerperium (f1; KAB; WOI); Pulmonosis (f; HAD; HHB; MAD); Respirosis (f; +BOU); Rheumatism (f; PR14:323; X15890471); Rhinosis (f; BIB; JLH; NAD); Salmonella (1; HAD); +8202_C001.indd 301 11/12/07 2:42:06 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Sclerosis (f; BIB); Sinusosis (f; BOU); Smallpox (f; SKJ); Snakebite (f; BIB); Snifefl s (f; MAD); +Splenosis (f; MAD); Staphylococcus (1; HAD; MPI); Sting (f; HAD; SUW); Stomachache (f; BIB; +MAD); Stomatosis (f; HAD); Swelling (f; BIB; NAD); Syphilis (f; SKJ); Taenia (f1; BOU; MPI); +Thrombosis (1; X15830841); Toothache (f; BOU; MAD); Tumor (f; BIB; HAD); Ulcer (f1; HOS); +Uterosis (f; JLH); Vibrio (1; MPI); Virus (1; HAD); Worm (f; BOU; MAD); Wound (f; HAD); Yeast +(1; X10548758). +d osages (bla Ck Cumi N): +FNFF = !! +Seeds eaten as spice; mixed in bread in Europe; used whole or ground as a afl voring, especially in +oriental cookery (BIB; TAN). Whole seeds used in Russian rye and Turkish breads; sprinkled on +food or mixed with pepper. Seed oil also used culinarily. Arabs mix the seed with honey as a co-n +fectionary. Ethiopians add them to Capsicum pepper sauces, or use with Aframomum, Piper, and +Zingiber in local alcoholic beverages (BIB). 1–5 g seed (KAP); 10–20 g for amenorrhea, dysmeno-r +rhea (KAP); 0.6–1.2 g seed (HHB; MAD); 1 tsp seed in hot tea (MAD). +• Algerians take the roasted seeds with butter for cough, and with honey for colic (BIB, HJP). +• Arabians rub crushed seed with Rhazya leaf, Teucrium, Zingiber, and oil onto polio +(GHA). +• Arabians use seed as lactagogue, soaking in rose oil as eyedrops for eye infections (BIB; +GHA). +• Asian Indians use bruised and fried seeds, in muslim (via inhalation), for catarrh and +cold (NAD), +• Asian Indians use the seed tincture for anorexia, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and fever (KAP).; +• Asian Indians use seed oil or powdered seed in sesame oil for dermatosis (KAB; KAP). +• Ayurvedics consider the herb anthelmintic, carminative, emmenagogue, and stimulant +(KAB). +• Ethiopians mix seed with melted butter, wrap in cloth, and sniff for headache (BIB). +• Indonesians add seeds to astringent medicines for abdominal disorders (BIB). +• Lebanese take seed extract for liver ailments (BIB). +• Malayans poultice seeds onto abscesses, headache, nasal ulcers, orchitis, and rheumatism +(BIB). +• North Africans mix seed with honey for morning aperitif (BOU). +• One Pakistani B’hai was very impressed with how the plant lowered recalcitrant high +triglycerides (JAD). +• Unani, considering the plant abortifacient, anthelmintic, diuretic, and emmenagogue, use +it for cough, fever, hydrophobia, jaundice, paralysis, pulmonosis, and sore eyes (KAB). +• Yemeni use the seeds for hemorrhoids (GHA). +d ow Nsides (bla Ck Cumi N): +Seeds poisonous to man in high doses (BOU). +extra Cts (bla Ck Cumi N): +The Prophet Mohammed reportedly recommended black cumin as a cure-all to his associates in +Arabia 1400 years ago. It remains one of the most famous medicinal herbs in the Moslem world. +Nigellone protects guinea pigs from histamine-induced bronchospasms (WOI), suggesting one +rationale behind its use in asthma, bronchitis, and cough. The lipid portion of the ether extract of +the seeds has shown lactagogue activity in rats, verifying its folk usage as a lactagogue. In large +quantities, the seeds are also used to induce abortion. LD50 alcoholic extract is 540–580 mg/kg ipr +8202_C001.indd 302 11/12/07 2:42:07 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +mus MPI. The seed oil produces a concentration-dependent inhibition of tissue-type plasminogen +activator (-tPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor +type 1 (PAI-1). The seed oil decreases the bfi rinolytic potential of human bfi rosarcoma cells in vitro, +possibly slowing local tumor invasion and metastasis (X15693715). Khan and Sultana (2005) show +inhibition of renal carcinogenesis, oxidative damage, and hyperproliferation bNy igella sativa. Rats +treated orally with 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight showed decreased gamm-aglutamyl transpepti- +dase, lipid peroxidation, xanthine oxidase, HO generation, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, +2 2 +renal ODC activity, DNA synthesis (P < 0.001), and the incidences of tumors, and glutathione and +antioxidant enzymes were increased signicafi ntly. In rats, Nigella could be a potent chemopreven- +tive agent suppressing oxidative stress, hyperproliferative responses, and renal carcinogenesis in +rats (X15785320). Hosseinzadeh et al. (2005) showed that intracerebroventricular administration of +thymoquinone suppresses epileptic seizures in rats. Thymoquinone is anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and +muscle relaxant and alters motor coordination and locomotor activity (X15795687). Alpha-spin-as +terol signicafi ntly (circa 1000 x simvastin, a coenzyme-A inhibitor) modulates development and/or +progression of diabetic nephropathy. It reduced signicafi ntly attendant increases of serum triglyce-r +ides, renal weight, and urinary protein excretion in diabetic mice (X13526549). +Wh Ite WAte RLILy (n ymp h AeA Alb A L.) +++ NyMph AeACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Castalia alba (L.) Woodv. & Wood; Castalia minoriflora Simonk; Castalia speciosa Salisb.; Leu- +conymphaea alba (L.) Kuntze; Nymphaea alba f. csepelensis Soó; Nymphaea alba f. limosa Soó; +Nymphaea alba var. melocarpa Casp.; Nymphaea alba subsp. occidentalis (Ostenf.) Hyl.; Nym- +phaea erythrocarpa Hentze; Nymphaea exumbonata Rupr.; Nymphaea melocarpa (Casp.) Asch. +& Graebn.; Nymphaea minoriflora (Simonk.) E. D. Wissjul.; Nymphaea occidentalis (Ostenf.) +Moss; Nymphaea officinalis Gaterau; Nymphaea parviflora Hentze; Nymphaea polystigma E. H. +L. Krause; Nymphaea rotundifolia Hentze; Nymphaea splendens Hentze; Nymphaea suaveolens +Dumort.; Nymphaea urceolata Hentze; Nymphaea venusta Hentze +Notes (w Hite w aterlily ): +And the chapiters that were upon the top of the pillars were of lily work in the porch, four cubits. +I Kings 7:19 (KJV) +Numerous sculptured representations in ancient Egyptian tombs show their concern with waterli-l +ies, probably N. alba or N. lotus. Zohary reports N. alba as the only white-ofl wered waterlily in +Israel. UPW lists Nelumbo lotus as the Egyptian waterlily. As UPW notes, the common names used +in Africa (see UPW entries below, ascribed to the closely related Nymphaea lotus) could apply to +any white-ofl wered waterlily. The ofl wers are still admired by Egyptians, whose belles often wear +them in their headdresses. The ofl wer was sacred to Egyptians more than 4000 years ago. Waterli-l +ies prevail in such distant cultures as Mexico, Japan, India, and China. Even ancient Greeks had a +legend that a beautiful nymph, deserted by Hercules, ufl ng herself into the Nile to be transformed +into a white lotus. It is the national ofl wer of Thailand. Some suspect waterlilies of being narcotic. +Rhizomes are used for tanning. There was, in Homer’s Odyssey, a mythical nation where the people +subsisted wholly on lotus, and lived in dreamy indolence induced by the diet. In later stories, these +people became the North African lotophagi or “Homeric lotus eaters.” Osinis, the great Egyptian +God of the Underworld, and Judge of the Dead, is represented as wearing a crown of sacred lotus +ofl wers. Horus, the God of Silence, sits, like Buddha, on a lotus with a finger to his lip, commanding +silence (BIB). Regarded as an aphrodisiac, astringent, diaphoretic, hemostat, narcotic, and sedative, +this species has reportedly served as a folk remedy for cancer, diarrhea, spasms, and tumors (e.g., +of the testes). +8202_C001.indd 303 11/12/07 2:42:08 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +8202_C001.indd 304 11/12/07 2:42:28 PM +FIGURe . White Waterlily (Nymphaea alba). +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +Commo N Names (w Hite w aterlily ): +Alga Palustris (?; JLH); Bach Lieu Tu (Ic.; KAB); Bado (Hausa; KAB); Beyaz Nilüfer (Tur.; EFS); +Bhash es Samak (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Bishine (Nig.; UPW); Bololol (Upper Volta; UPW); Bondai +(Niger; UPW); Brimposh (Kas.; DEP; NAD); Cacabus Veneris (?; JLH); Carfano (It.; EFS; KAB); +Cobetenas (Sp.; EFS); Duilleoghuidhebhaitighe (Irish; KAB); European White Waterlily (Eng.; +Ocn.; AH2); Flatterdock (Eng.; TAN); Golfão Branco (Por.; EFS); Grzybienie (Pol.; KAB); Hung +Pai (China; KAB); Jaberri Faro (Gambia; UPW); Kamud (Kas.; DEP); Kien Thiet (Vn.; KAB); +Kubishka (Rus.; KAB); Kumuda (Ayu.; Sanskrit; AH2; NAD); Lis Blanc des Étangs (Fr.; EFS); Lis +d’Eau (Fr.; KAB); Lotus Lily (Eng.; KAB); Ndairi (Arab.; Sen.; UPW); Nénuphar Blanc (Fr.; EFS); +Nénuphar Blanco (Sp.; EFS); Nilofar (Kas.; DEP); Nilufar (Arab.; KAB); Nimphea Branca (Por.; +KAB); Ninfea Bianca (It.; EFS); Ninfea Blanca (Sp.; KAB); Ntanowa (Ghana; UPW); Nttanowa +(Akwapim; KAB); Nungu (Guinea; UPW); Nymphéa Blanc (Fr.; USN); Pandharenkamal (Bom.; +KAB); Papaver Palustre (?; JLH); Papeo (It.; EFS); Platos (Sp.; EFS); Pluta (Rom.; KAB); Rosa de +Amor (Sp.; EFS); Sasa (Sierra Leone; UPW); Sebluomen (?; JLH); Sidi (Greek; KAB); Sjoeblad +(Swe.; KAB); Soeblomster (Den.; KAB); Sórose (Den.; EFS); Tchingalir (Guinea-Bissau; UPW); +Tertermantrer (Ga.; KAB); Ul Haudhan (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Water Rose (Eng.; KAB); Weisse Se-e +blume (Ger.; KAB); Weisse Seerose (Ger.; EFS; USN); Weisse Teichrose (Ger.; EFS); White Pon- +dlily (Eng.; EFS); White Waterlily (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; EFS; USN); Witte Plomp (Dutch; EFS); Witte +Waterlelie (Dutch; EFS); Yi a Kwe (Liberia; UPW). +a Ctivities (w Hite w aterlily ): +Anaphrodisiac (f; DEP; EFS); Anodyne (f; HJP); Antiinafl mmatory (f; GAZ); Antioxidant (1; +X15881650); Antiperoxidant (1; X15881650); Antiproliferant (1; X15881650); Antispasmodic (f1; +EFS; WOI); Astringent (f; DEP; EFS); Chemopreventive (1; X15881650); Demulcent (f; NAD); Dig - +italic (1; WOI); Diaphoretic (f; DEP); Diuretic (1; MPI); Glutathiogenic (1; X15881650); Hemostat +(f; EFS; HJP); Narcotic (f; DEP; EFS); Nephroprotective (1; X15881650); Paralytic (f1; WOI); Sed-a +tive (f1; WOI); Vulnerary (f; HJP); Xanthine-Oxidase Inhibitor (1; X15881650). +iNdi Catio Ns (w Hite w aterlily ): +Bleeding (f; HJP); Boil (f; HJP); Cancer (f1; HJP; JLH; X15881650); Cancer, kidney (1; X15881650); +Cancer, testes (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; HJP); Cramp (f; EFS); Diarrhea (f; DEP; EFS; KAB); Dy-s +entery (f; DEP; KAB; HJP); Gastrosis (f; HJP); Inafl mmation (f; GAZ); Insomnia (f; GAZ); Leukor - +rhea (f; GAZ); Nephrosis (1; X15881650); Nymphomania (f; GAZ); Orchosis (f; JLH); Pain (f; HJP); +Pharyngosis (f; GAZ); Parasite (f; HJP); Stomatosis (f; GAZ); Ulcer (f; HJP); Vaginosis (f; GAZ); +Venereal Disease (f; HJP). +d osages (w Hite w aterlily ): +FNFF = !! +Seeds, roots, and stalks are common foodstuffs in Egypt. The seeds are ground into ofl ur for bread, or +are roasted and eaten like a nut. Rhizomes are boiled before consumption. Rootstocks and seeds also +eaten elswehere; starch-rich roots are a source of starch; fermented to make a French beer (BIB; DEP). +• Gabonese eat stewed leaves in pregnancy, applying leaves to itch (N. lotus) (UPW). +• Hausa use seed (N. lotus) for eruptive fevers (UPW). +• Iranians take ofl wers, often mixed with sugar, Adiantum, Viola, Ziziphus, and “oxtongue,” +for chest ailments and fevers (BIB). +• Ivory Coastals use decoction for bronchitis and cough (N. lotus) (UPW). +• Lebanese slice and boil dried or powdered roots for boils, dysentery, parasites, ulcers, +and venereal disease (HJP). +8202_C001.indd 305 11/12/07 2:42:29 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Nigerians take leaf decoction (N. lotus) as anodyne and to prevent abortion (UPW). +• Nigerians use seed (N. lotus) for skin diseases (UPW). +• Pennsylvanians apply the root to tumors (JLH). +• Senegalese attribute (N. lotus) antiemetic, sedative, and vermifugal properties (UPW). +• Tanganyikans sprinkle fruit ashes on burns, using root decoction for insanity N(. lotus) +(UPW). +d ow Nsides (w Hite w aterlily ): +None reported (GAZ). +extra Cts (w Hite w aterlily ): +Roots contain gallic acids. The alkaloid nymphaeine is present in all parts of the plant, except +the seeds. Toxic to frogs, it produces tetanus-like symptoms. Alcoholic extracts of the rhizome +(containing the alkaloid) are mildly sedative and spasmolytic; they do not signicafi ntly depress the +heart; in large doses, they paralyze the medulla. A glycoside nymphalin with digital-ilsike action +occurs in the ofl wers (BIB). Khan and Sultana (2005) showed anticarcinogenic effects against o-xi +dative damage, hyperproliferative response, and renal carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. Treatment with +100 and 200 mg/kg body weight signicafi ntly decreased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, lipid per- +oxidation, xanthine oxidase, HO generation, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, renal ODC +2 2 +activity, DNA synthesis, and incidence of tumors. Renal glutathione also recovered (X15881650). +o LIve (o le A europe A L.) ++ o LeACeAe +Notes (o live ): +His branches shall spread, and his beauty shall be as the olive tree, and his smell as Lebanon. +Hosea 14:6 (KJV) +His shoots shall spread out; his beauty shall be like the olive, and his fragrance like Lebanon. +Hosea 14:6 (RSV) +His twigs will go forth, and his dignity will become like that of the olive tree, and his fragrance +will be like that of Lebanon. +Hosea 14:6 (NWT) +Olive is mentioned in 33 works of the KJV, including, for example, 5 citations in Deuteronomy. +As one of the most valuable of Holy Land trees, small wonder that it is also one of the most fr-e +quently mentioned. Even my best African resource book (UPW), naming many antimalarial plants +in Africa, notes that it is not only oft mentioned in the Old Testament, but it also features prom-i +nently in Greek mythology. “It has become symbolic of peace, plenty, prosperity, and achievment” +(UPW), and let me add health and the Mediterranean diet. Romans thought it the idyllic status sy-m +bol to have juice of the grape, alias wine, inside, and oil of the olive, alias olive oil, outside (UPW). +And that oil was olive oil, one of our better sources of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Bib-li +cal passages, where the word anoint appears, usually mean anoint with olive oil, often used as the +carrier for perfumes. One scholar has said that no tree is more closely associated with the history of man +and development of civilization than the olive. An Arabic proverb has it that gardens are folly while +olives are kings. Olive oil was the base of the perfumed ointments sold in classic Athens and Rome. It is +8202_C001.indd 306 11/12/07 2:42:29 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +also used in the textile industry in wool combing. Olive pomace, the residue after milling, is used in +animal feeds. The stones (seeds) are used in the manufacture of molded products and plastics. The +bitter glucoside, oleuropein, of green olives is usually neutralized with lye or caustic soda before +pickling. Wood is hard, beautifully grained, used in turnery and cabinet making. In Italy, an olive +branch is hung over the door to keep out evil spirits (BIB). +Commo N Names (o live ): +Aceituno (Peru; Sp.; KAB); Amil (Ber.; BOU); Amourgha (Arab.; BOU); Arbre Eternel (Fr.; EFS); +Azeboudj (Ber.; BOU); Azemmour (Ber.; BOU); Bouttaillaou (Lan.; KAB); Elaia (Greek; KAB); +Itm (Arab.; GHA); Jaituni (Fula; Nig.; UPW); Jirjir (Arab.; Malaya; IHB); Julipe (Kan.; KAB); +Karazeytin (Tur.; EB51:195); Man Zaitun (Hausa; UPW); Maslin (Rom.; KAB); Mitan (Dho.; Oman; +GHA); Ölbaum (Ger.; HH2); Oleastro (It.; EFS); Olijfboom (Dutch; EFS); Oliva (Rus.; KAB); Olive +(Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2); Oliveira (Por.; EFS); Oliveira Brava (Por.; UPW); Oliven Ölbaum (Ger.; +EFS); Olivenbaum (Ger.; HH2); Olivera (Cat.; KAB); Olivier (Fr.; BOU); Olivier Sauvage (Fr.; +BOU); Olivio (Sp.; EFS); Olivo (It.; Peru; Sp.; EFS; HH2; KAB; ROE); Olivo Selvatico (It.; EFS); +Oliwa Drzewo (Pol.; KAB); Oljetroee (Den.; KAB); Oljetroeed (Swe.; KAB); Saisun (Tam.; KAB); +Tahatimt (Tamachek; MALI); Tazbboujt (Ber.; BOU); Thatimt (Ber.; BOU); Tsi T’un (China; TAN; +UPW); Tzetta (Ber.; BOU); Ulivo (It.; KAB; HH2; UPW); Zait (Arab.; Malaya; IHB); Zaitun (Arab.; +Malaya; IHB); Zayit (Heb.; KAB); Zaytoun (Arab.; BOU); Zebboudj (Arab.; BOU); Zebbour (Arab.; +BOU); Zebbug (Malta; KAB); Zeytin (Tur.; EB49:406); Zeytin Agaci (Tur.; EFS); Zeytun (Arab.; +Malaya; Mali; IHB; UPW); Zzit (Ber.; BOU). +a Ctivities (o live ): +ACE Inhibitor (1; VVG); Antiadrenergic (1.× 1507016);1 Antiarrhythmic (1; PHR; PH2; X15070161); +Antiatherosclerotic (1; X12648829); Antidysrhythmic (1; X15070161); Antihypertensive (1; APA; +X12648829); Antiischemic (1; X15070161); Antioxidant (1; APA); Antipyretic (f; VVG); Antiscle- +rotic (f; ZUL); Antiseptic (f; EFS); Antispasmodic (1; PHR; PH2; ZUL); Astringent (f1; EFS; KAB; +ZUL); Bactericide (f1; BIB; BOU); Beta-Adrenergic Antagonist (1; X15070161); Beta-Blocker (1; +X15070161); Cardioprotective (1; X15070161); Cardiotonic (1; X15070161); Cholagogue (f; BIB; BOU; +EFS); Collyrium (f; ZUL); Depurative (f; ZUL); Diuretic (f1; APA; BOU; PHR; VVG; X12648829); +Dromotropic (1; X15070161); Febrifuge (f; EFS); Hypocholesterolemic (1; HH2); Hypoglycemic (1; +APA; BIB; BOU; HH2; VVG); Hypotensive (f1; APA; BIB; BOU; PH2; SKJ; VVG; ZUL; X15070161); +Hypouricemic (1; ZUL); Lactogogue (f; NMH); Lipoxygenase Inhibitor (1; X15086818); Mollusci- +cide (1; HH2); Myorelaxant (1; ZUL); Nephrotonic (f; VVG); Pectoral (f; BIB); Positive Inotropic (1; +X15070161); Tonic (f; VVG); Vasodepressor (1; X15070161); Vasodilator (1; ZUL). +iNdi Catio Ns (o live l ea F): +Aphtha (f; BOU); Arrhythmia (1; PH2); Atherosclerosis (1; HH2; X12648829); Bacteria (f1; BIB; +BOU; ROE); Boil (f; GHA); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, gum (f; JLH); Ca-r +diopathy (1; APA; PH2; X15070161); Cataract (f; GHA); Colic (f; VVG; ZUL); Condyloma (f; BIB; +JLH); Constipation (f; GHA); Corns (f; ZUL); Cough (f; BOU); Cystosis (f; ZUL); Dermatosis (f; +GHA); Diabetes (f1; APA; BIB; BOU; HH2; ROE); Diarrhea (f; UPW; VVG); Diptheria (f; ZUL); +Dysrhythmia (1; X15070161); Fever (f; APA; HH2; UPW; VVG); Fracture (f; GHA); Gingivosis (f; +GHA; JLH); Gout (f; HH2; ROE); Headache (f; ZUL); Hemorrhoid (f; EB51:195); Hepatosis (f; BIB); +High Blood Pressure (1; APA; PH2; ROE; X15070161); High Cholesterol (1; HH2); Hypertonia (1; +PHR); Malaria (f; FEL; KAB; ZUL); Mastosis (f; JLH); Ophthalmia (f; UPW; VVG; ZUL); Pain +(f; EB51:195); Rheumatism (f; HH2; ZUL); Schistosomiasis (1; HH2); Scrofula (f; EFS; ZUL); Sore +(f; UPW); Sore Throat (f; UPW; VVG; ZUL); Sprain (f; EB51:195); Stenocardia (1; X15070161); +Stomatosis (f; BOU); Swelling (f; EB51:195); UTIs (f; ZUL); Venereal Disease (f; JLH); Virus (1; +X15869811); Wart (f; BIB; JLH); Wounds (f; APA). +8202_C001.indd 307 11/12/07 2:42:30 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Olive Leaf (Olea europea). +d osages (o live ): +FNFF = !!! +Although processed olives are a mainstay in American culture, it takes a lot of processing to make +them edible. The relatively inedible fruits are pickled or cured with brine, lye, oil, salt and/or water. +They can be sun-cured and eaten as relish. Leaves of the African variety are used as a condiment. +(FAC). Leaves are capable of exuding manna (UPW): 7–8 g dry leaf in 150 ml water, 3–4 ×/day +(that totals to an ounce of leaf (APA); 2 tsp leaf in hot water and steep 30 minutes (PHR). +8202_C001.indd 308 11/12/07 2:42:40 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +• Algerians chew the leaves for toothache and oral sores caused by excess tobacco (HJP). +• Dhofari apply pounded leaves to boils, dermatoses, and itch, and apply burnt leaf ashes +to blisters and sores (GHA). +• Dhofari take bark decoction or macerate for constipation (GHA). +• Eclectics suggest a “wineglass” of leaf decoction every 3 hours for malaria (FEL). +• Levant citizenry boil a handful in a quart of water until reduced to a pint, and drink for +obstinate fevers (GMH). +• North Africans use leaves or their extracts as an antibacterial, antidiabetic, cholagogue, +diuretic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, and pectoral, the wood decoction for aphtha and +stomatitis (BOU). +• Peruvians suggest the diuretic leaf decoction for high blood pressure (EGG). +• Saudis use the stems as toothbrushes to keep the gums healthy (GHA). +d ow Nsides (o live ): +None known at proper dosage (PHR). +Natural History (o live ): +Beta-sitosterol, more so than beta-sitosteryl-D-glucoside, stimulated feeding of the olive weevil +(Dyscerus perforatus) (X12872942). (-)-Olivil and (+)-1-acetoxypinoresinol, minor lignans, were +signicafi ntly higher feeding attractants for the female than for the male weevil (X12729011). +extra Cts (o live ): +From extra-virgin olive oil, Beauchamp et al. (2005) describe a new antiinafl mmatory COX-2- +inhibiting phytochemical, oleocanthal, comparable, they say, to ibuprofen, even in pungency +(X16136122). Micol et al. (2005) demonstrated antiviral activity against viral haemorrhagic s-ep +ticaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV), a salmonid rhabdovirus, for leaf extracts and oleuropein, reducing +viral infectivity 10 to 30%, respectively (X15869811). Somova et al. (2004) demonstrated cardi-o +tonic and antidysrhythmic activities of oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, methyl maslinate, and uvaol, +all of which showed low toxicity on brine shrimp. Oleanolic acid and methyl maslinate displayed +a signicafi nt, dose-related vasodepressor effect on sinus bradycardia, acting as beta-adrenergic +antagonists, blocking the effect of adrenaline and isoprenaline. They also exhibited positive in-o +tropic and dromotropic effects (X15070161). Here is a suite of compounds acting on cardiopathy at +many levels: antiarrhythmic, antidysrhythmic; anti-ischemic; beta-blocker; cardioprotective; ca- r +diotonic; dromotropic, hypotensive, positive-inotropic; and vasopressor. LD50 = 1300 mg/lg ipr +mus; >3000 mg/kg orl mus. +o LIve o IL (o le A europe A L.) +++ +Notes (o live o il ): +The Mediterranean diet (high in olive oil, vegetables, fruit, sfi h, and lean meat) signicfi antly +reduces recurrence of adenoma, and may reduce the recurrence of colorectal adenomas, at least in +women (X15677892). +a Ctivities (o live o il ): +Adaptogenic (1; X15566625); Antiaggregant (1; APA); Antiatherosclerotic (1; X15585759); Antidote +(f; BOU); Antidote (lead) (f; FEL); Antiinafl mmatory (1; X15665734); Apoptotic (1; X15642702); +Cardioprotective (1; APA); Chemopreventive (1; X15677892; X15642702); Cholagogue (f; BOU); +Demulcent (f; KAB; WOI); Emollient (f1; APA; KAB; WOI); Enteroprotective (1; APA; X15677892); +8202_C001.indd 309 11/12/07 2:42:41 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Gastroprotective (f1; APA); Hypercholesterolemic (1; APA; X15572303); Hypoglycemic (1; APA); +Laxative (f1; APA; KAB; WOI); Orexigenic (f; BOU); Purgative (f; BOU); Vulnerary (f; KAB). +iNdi Catio Ns (o live o il ): +Abscess (f; BOU); Adenoma (1; X15677892); Anorexia (f; BOU); Antidote (poison) (f; GMH); +Arthrosis (f; GMH; ROE); Asthenia (f; BOU); Atherosclerosis (1; X15585759); Biliousness (f; +ROE); Bite (f; FEL); Blister (f; GHA); Boil (f; BOU); Bruise (f; FEL); Burn (f; FEL); Calculus +(f; ROE); Callus (f; JLH; X15677892); Cancer (f1; JLH; X15677892); Cancer, breast (f1; JLH; +X15677892; X15642702); Cancer, colon (f1; JLH; X15677892); Cancer, liver (f1; JLH; X15677892); +Cancer, neck (f1; JLH; X15677892); Cancer, spleen (f1; JLH; X15677892); Cancer, stomach (f1; +JLH; X15677892); Cardiopathy (1; APA); Cholecocystosis (1; PHR); Colic (f; ROE); Constipation +(f; BOU; ROE); Corns (f; ZUL); Dermatosis (f; GHA; GMH); Diabetes (1; APA); Dropsy (f; GMH); +Earache (f; FEL); Earwax (f1; APA); Endotoxic Shock (1; X15665734); Enterosis (f1; APA; GMH); +Exanthema (f; FEL); Gallstone (f; GMH); Gastrosis (f1; APA; JLH); Hepatosis (f; BOU; JLH; ROE); +High Cholesterol (1; APA); Induration (f; JLH; X15677892); Inafl mmation (1; X15665734); Itch (f; +GMH); Mastosis (f; FEL); Myalgia (f; GMH); Ophthalmia (f; GHA; JLH); Phthisis (f; FEL); Plague +(f; FEL; GMH); Proctosis (f; FEL); Pulmonosis (f; GMH); Rheumatism (f; ROE); Scarlatina (f; +FEL; GMH); Shock (1; X15665734); Sore (f; GHA); Splenosis (f; JLH); Sting (f; ROE); Stone (f; +FEL; ROE); Stress (1; X15566625); Typhoid (f; GMH); Worm (f; FEL; GMH); Wound (f; FEL). +d osages (o live o il ): +FNFF = !!! +Romans thought it an idyllic status symbol to have juice of the grape, alias wine, inside, and oil of +the olive, alias olive oil, outside. Olive oil has been deemed one of the best MUFA oils. As early as +1931 we read that it is best for cooking, and a valuable article of diet for both sick and healthy of all +ages. Delicate babies absorb its nourishing properties through the skin (GMH). 1–2 oz olive oil as a +laxative (APA); 1 Tbsp olive oil in the morning to protect the GI tract linings (APA); 1 oz as purge +(FEL); 15–60 ml olive oil (PNC). +• Algerians use for baldness, cough, earache, fractures, gonorrhea, hemorrhage, hernia, +impotence, liver congestion, skin diseases, sprains and stones (HJP). +• Arabs apply fruit juice around the eyes to soothe (GHA). +• Arabs mix powdered fruits with dates and salt to paste on fractures (GHA). +• Dutch East Indians apply olive oil or fruits to cancers (JLH). +• Germans and North Americans apply olive oil poultice to breast cancer (JLH). +• Latinos rub arthritic areas with olive oil (JAD). +• Peruvians treat cancer with olive oilP/lumbago salve (JLH). +d ow Nsides (o live o il ): +Class 1 (JAD). Commission E reports the oil should not be used in patients with gall- or bile stones +because of the risk that a biliary colic is induced. Topical application rarely results in allergic skin +reactions (AEH). +extra Cts (o live o il ): +Olive oil contains 0.05–1% phenolics (3–11 ppm p-hydroxyphenylethanol; 1.4–5.5 ppm 3,4-dihydroxy- +phenylethanol; 0.8–3.2 ppm protocatechuic acid; 0.9–3.5 ppm p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 0.5–2.2 ppm +vanilic acid; 0.4–1.8 ppm syringic acid, 0.3–1.1 ppm cinnamic acid, 0.3–1.2 ppm p-coumaric acid, 0.3– +1.2 ppm o-coumarinic acid, 0.4–11.7 ppm caffeic-acid); 0 0.0125–0.75% carbohydrates, 0.125–0.25% +8202_C001.indd 310 11/12/07 2:42:41 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +sterols, 500 ppm triterpenealcohol and hydroxytriterpene acids, 175–200 ppm tocopherol, 40–135 phos- +pholipids, 3–13 ppm carotenoids, 1–10 ppm chlorophyll, and 0.2–20 ppm phaeophytine. The oil contains +1310 ppm beta-sitosterol, 58 ppm delta-7-stigmasterol, 29 ppm delta-5-avenasterol, 28 ppm campesterol, +and 14 ppm stigmasterol. Obied et al. (2005) reported the following chemicals and activities in olive mill +wastes, estimating recovery of 98% of the biophenols; that suggests to me that one would be 49 times +better off eating the residues as the olive, at least as far as biophenols are concerned (e.g., caffeic acid +(antiatherogenic, antidepressant, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiseptic, chemopreventive); catechol +(antioxidant, antiseptic, antitumor, carcinogenic, herbicide); -pcoumaric acid (antioxidant, antiseptic, +chemopreventive); elenoic acid (antiseptic, antiviral); hydroxytyrosol (antiatherogenic, antiinflamma- +tory, antioxidant, antiseptic, atheroprotective, cardioprotective, chemopreventive, whitener); oleur-o +pein (antiatherogenic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiseptic, antiviral, cardioactive, hypoglycemic); +rutin (antiatherogenic, antiinafl mmaory, antioxidant, cardioactive, cytostatic, thyrostimulant); tyrosol +(antiatherogenic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, cardioactive, cytostatic, thyrostimulant); vanillic acid +(antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiseptic); and verbascoside (antiatherogenic, antiinflammatory, +antioxidant, chemopreventive) (FNF; X15712986). It is thus another recitation of the same old story +— the unprocessed food is an order of magnitude better than the processed. Our paleolithic foods were +better than that brought to us by our USDA and food processing industry. +LeBANese o ReGANo ( o r ig Anum syri Ac um L.) +++ LAMIACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Amaracus syriacus (L.) Stokes; Marjorana crassa Moench.; Marjorana crassifolia Benth Raf.; +Marjorana maru (L.) Brig.; Marjorana nervosa Benth.; Marjorana scutellifolia Stokes; Marjorana +syriacum (L.) Raf.; Origanum crassa (Moench.) Chev.; Origanum maru L.; Origanum pseudo- +onites Lindberg fide HH2 +Notes (l eba Nese o rega No ): +Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean: wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow. +Psalms 51:7 (KJV) +Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean; wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow. +Psalms 51:7 (RSV) +May you purify me from sin with hyssop, that I may be clean; may you wash me, that I may +become whiter even than the snow. +Psalms 51:7 (NWT) +This is the first time I remember both the KJV and the RSV reading exactly alike, in these two in +the imperative. And the meaning is pretty much the same in the NWT. As almost always, at least +in my limited purview, the NWT takes more space to say the same thing. However, it is difcfi ult +to simplify a Psalm such as this one. Recent scholars suggest that the hyssop of the Old Testament +is most probably Origanum syriacum, not Origanum maru, as I concluded in my 1985 book. The +herb more usually called hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis , does not even grow in Israel or Sinai (ZOH). +Tucker and DeBaggio, like Zohary, refer bibliophiles to Origanum syriacum as the plant name for +hyssop in the Bible. This species is abundant in the Holy Land, usually among dwarf shrubs on +stony grounds. Alternatively, many scholars tend to agree that the hyssop of the Crucifixion is a sor- +ghum. The common oregano (O. vulgare), herb of the year in 2005, so well known in gardens, grows +8202_C001.indd 311 11/12/07 2:42:42 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +to the north of the biblical settings, while O. syriacum abounds throughout the central hills. An +aromatic substance is obtained from the crushed and dried leaves. The “hyssop” of the Scriptures +was used to sprinkle the doorposts of the Israelites in Egypt with the blood of the Paschal Lamb so +that the angel of death would pass by that house. It was employed in the puricatfi ion of lepers and +leprous houses, suggesting the Psalmists purge. +Commo N Names (l eba Nese o rega No ): +Biblical Hyssop (Eng.; TAD); Echter Staudenmajoran (Ger.; HH2); Egyptian Marjoram (Eng.; BIB); +Ezov (Heb.; TAD; ZOH); Hyssop (Eng.; BIB; TAD); Lebanese Oregano (Eng.; TAD; USN); Syrian +Hyssop (Eng.; TAD; ZOH); Syrian Majoram (Eng.; HH2); White Oregano (Eng.; TAD); Wild Ma-r +joram (Eng.; X12009988); Ysop (Eng.; HH2); Za’atar (Arab.; TAD; ZOH). One author mentioned +more than fifty species in six plant families going under the confusing common name “oregano” +(EB42:232). Nscn. +a Ctivities (l eba Nese o rega No ): +Analgesic (f; HH2); Antiacetylcholinesterase (1; X15652288); Antioxidant (1; X14969528); Antir-a +dicular (1; X14969528); Antispasmodic (f; BIB); Diuretic (f; BIB); Emmenagogue (f; BIB); Fungi- +cide (1; TAD); Insecticide (1; HH2); Iron Chelator (1; X14969528); Laxative (f; BIB); Purgative (f; +BIB); Stimulant (f; BIB); Sudoric (fi f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (l eba Nese o rega No ): +Cancer (f; JLH); Cardialgia (f; HH2); Cardiopathy (f; HH2); Cold (f; BIB); Colic (f; BIB); Cons-ti +pation (f; BIB); Cough (f; HH2); Debility (f; HH2); Dermatosis (f; BIB); Dysmenorrhea (f; HH2); +Fibroid (f; BIB); Fungus (1; TAD); Infection (1; TAD); Leprosy (f; BIB); Mycosis (1; TAD); Pain (f; +HH2); Paralysis (f; BIB); Polyp (f; BIB); Rheumatism (f; BIB); Sprain (f; BIB); Swelling (f; BIB); +Toothache (f; HH2); Tumor (f; JLH); Uterosis (f; JLH). +d osages (l eba Nese o rega No ): +FNFF = !! +Fruits of Sicilian sumac are crushed with Origanum syriacum to constitute main ingredients of the +Middle Eastern spice mixture called za’atar (FAC; TAD). Arabs use it in teas and cook it in baked +foods. Sold in the markets, it is a popular Arab spice (ZOH). The uses of the Syrian marjoram, if in +fact it is specicafi lly distinct, are not expected to differ from those of the true marjoram (BIB). +• Lebanese apply leaves to rheumatic sprains and swellings (BIB). +• Lebanese take tea of Origanum maru for childrens colds and colic (HPP) +extra Cts (l eba Nese o rega No ): +As theoretically one of the richest sources of carvacrol in my USDA database (up to 5% essential +oil; up to 80% of which can be carvacrol), this plant probably shares many of the biological activ-i +ties of carvacrol. +st AR o F Bet h Lehe M (o rnith o g Allum umbe l l Atum L.) + LILIACeAe +Notes (star o F bet HleHem ): +And there was a great famine in Samaria: and, behold, they besieged it, until an ass’s head was sold +for fourscore pieces of silver, and the fourth part of a cab of dove’s dung for vfi e pieces of silver. +2 Kings 6:25 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 312 11/12/07 2:42:43 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Star of Bethlehem (Ornithogallum umbellatum). +8202_C001.indd 313 11/12/07 2:43:07 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +And there was a great famine in Sama’ria, as they besieged it, until an ass’s head was sold for +eighty shekels of silver, and the fourth part of a kab of dove’s dung for five shekels of silver. +2 Kings 6:25 (RSV) +In time a great famine arose in Sama’ria, and look! they were besieging it until an ass’s head got +to be worth eighty silver pieces, and the fourth of a cab measure of dove’s dung was worth vfi e +silver pieces. +2 Kings 6:25 (NWT) +Whether in the KJV, the RSV, or the NWT, in 2 Kings 6:25 it is consistently “dove’s dung,” appar- +ently a famine food that commanded good money during a famine in Samaria. To this day, I still +think of it only as famine food. And yet Zohary neither indexes Ornithogalum nor “dove’s dung,” +nor the more euphonious “Star of Bethlehem,” alluding to the six white points of the ofl wer. So be it. +Bulbs were used for food in Syria. In Dioscorides’ day, the bulbs were commonly gathered, ground +into meal, and mixed with ofl ur to make bread. Modern Italians in time of scarcity eat the bulb. +As Moldenke and Moldenke (1952) note, “These apparently authentic reports are remarkable since +chemical analysis shows that the entire plant is intensely poisonous. Grazing animals avoid it, or, if +they do eat of it are poisoned … the bulbs are edible only after being thoroughly roasted or boiled.” +Having read such alarming notes, I ventured out one March morning and boiled a few of the bulbs +from the dark green weedy patches in my lawn. I boiled the tubers vigorously, without salt, and then +cautiously consumed one. It had a saponaceous quality, suggesting to me that I might be consum- +ing a hemolytic saponin from a dangerous family. There was a bitter aftertaste. Then I salted the +bulb, which was a bit more palatable. I would need to be near starvation to consume more of these. I +experienced a shortness-of-breath following the ingestion of only two bulbs. Philips (HJP) said that +Egyptians and Syrians stored the bulbs for their pilgrimages to Mecca. My favorite foraging book +for use in the efi ld, Edible Wild Plants of Eastern North America, also treats them as edible, while +my favorite poisonous plants text reports that the bulbs have caused death in cattle in the United +States. Because the pretty stars open rather late in the day, they have been called “Sleepy Dick” +or “Eleven O’Clock Lady.” They marked 11:00 a.m. in Linnaeus’s ofl ral clock. I find that even as a +ofl ral clock species, it is not very timely. Specimens pulled during the day and left under ufl orescent +bulbs until 11:00 p.m. never close; hence, they do not open the next day. However, similar batches +of specimens placed on a table in the unlit gazebo of the Green Farmacy Garden do close, early on +dark days, later on bright days, to reopen with the morning light (BIB). +Commo N Names (star o F bet HleHem ): +Aglio Florido (It.; HHB); Bath Asparagus (Eng.; GMH); Bella d’Undici Ore (Fr.; EFS); Belle d’Onze +Heures (Fr.; EFS); Bogelmelk (Dutch; EFS); Cipollone Bianco (It.; HHB); Dame d’Onze Heures +(Fr.; EFS); Dolden Milchstern (Ger.; USN); Doldiger Milchstern (Ger.; HH2); Dove’s Dung (Eng.; +GMH); Ebenstraussige (Ger.; HHB); Great Arabic Star Flower (Eng.; GMH); Leche de Gallina (Sp.; +EFS); Leite de Galinha (Por.; EFS); Lesser Spanish Star (Eng.; GMH); Milchstern (Ger.; EFS); Nap +at Noon (Eng.; HOC; USN); Ornitagalo (Sp.; EFS); Ornithogalum (Greek; GMH); Sleepy Dick +(Eng.; USN); Snowdrop (Eng.; HHB; HOC); Star of Bethlehem (Eng.; CR2; EFS); Star of Hungary +(Eng.; GMH); Stern von Bethlehem (Ger.; USN); Tükrükotu (Tur.; EFS); Vogelmilch (Ger.; EFS; +HHB); White Field Onion (Eng.; GMH); Nscn. +a Ctivities (star o F bet HleHem ): +Cardiotonic (1; HOC); Digitalic (1; HOC); Emollient (f; HHB; HOC); Poison (f; CRC). +8202_C001.indd 314 11/12/07 2:43:07 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +iNdi Catio Ns (star o F bet HleHem ): +Adenopathy (f; CRC; HJP); Cancer (f; GMH); Cardiopathy (1; HOC); Debility (f; CRC; HJP); Lym- +phosis (f; CRC). Bulbs of other eastern species were used for cachexia, infections, parotitis, scabs, +ulcers, and wasting disease. +d osages (star o F bet HleHem ): +FNFF = ? +Although EFS defines it as nutritive, and FAC, GMH, HOW, and TAN, and even Dioscorides, say +that bulbs are edible, raw or cooked, I no longer feel safe with these bulbs as food. Facciola says the +ofl wers are eaten baked in bread (FAC). +• Lebanese used the bulb for lymphatic ailments and recommended them in diets for debi-l +ity (HJP). +d ow Nsides (star o F bet HleHem ): +For a change, I should like to mention Peggy Duke, who illustrated Steve Hill’s and Peggy Duke’s +1985 100 Poisonous Plants of Maryland. “The bulbs contain toxic alkaloids that have killed sheep +and cattle. There have been heavy losses in Maryland, where more than 1000 sheep were lost in a +single year after eating bulbs that were brought to the surface by frost heaves. Apparently the leaves +are not poisonous” (Hill and Duke, 1985). +extra Cts (star o F bet HleHem ): +Although early reports of the gout medicine colchicine have been extricated from the credible liter-a +ture, there are still reports of other toxins (e.g., convallotoxin, convalloside, and strophanthidin) in +Ornithogalum. +Ch RIst ’s tho RN (pAliuris spin A-christi MILL.) + Rh AMNACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Paliurus aculeatus Lam.; Paliurus australis Gaertn.; Rhamnus paliurus L. +Notes (CHrist ’s t Hor N): +And when they had platted a crown of thorns, they put it upon his head, and a reed in his right +hand: and they bowed the knee before him, and mocked him, saying, Hail, King of the Jews! +Matthew 27:29 (KJV) +And plaiting a crown of thorns they put it on his head, and put a reed in his right hand. And +kneeling before him they mocked him, saying, “Hail, King of the Jews!” +Matthew 27:29 (RSV) +And they braided a crown out of thorns and put it on his head, and a reed in his right hand. And +kneeling before him they made fun of him, saying, “Good day, you King of the Jews!” +Matthew 27:29 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 315 11/12/07 2:43:08 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +To my surprise, there are two Rhamnaceous crown of thorns: one in the genus Paliurus, and the other +is Ziziphus. Paliurus has a dry afl ttened, probably inedible fruit with a wing-like margin; Ziziphus +has a efl shy globular edible fruit. Pliny the elder reported it useful for inafl med tumors (JLH). +Commo N Names (CHrist ’s t Hor N): +Christ’s-thorn (Eng.; USN); Farah Joli (Tur.; GEP); Paliure (Sp.; VAD); Samur (Arab.; Syria; GEP); +Nscn. +a Ctivities (CHrist ’s t Hor N): +Anticathartic (f; FP2); Antiinafl mmatory (f; JLH); Astringent (f; FP2); Diuretic (f; FP2; VAD); +Hypocholesterolemic (f; VAD); Hypotensive (f; VAD); Tonic (f; FP2). +iNdi Catio Ns (CHrist ’s t Hor N): +Arteriosclerosis (f; VAD); Cancer (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; VAD); High Blood Pressure (f; VAD); +High Cholesterol (f; VAD); Inafl mmation (f; JLH); Oliguria (f; VAD); Stone (f; VAD); Tumor (f; +JLH); Urolithiasis (f; VAD). +d osages (CHrist ’s t Hor N): +FNFF= ? +Facciola erroneously equates this species with the edible Ziziphus spinus-christi. Otherwise, I find +no reference to this species being edible. 30g/l in tea, 3 to 4 cups a day (VAD); 30 drops ufl id extract +(1:1) 3 ×/day (VAD); 50–100 drops tincture (1:5) 1–3 ×/day (VAD). +seA DAFFo DIL (pAncr Atium m Aritimum L.) + AMARyLLIDACeAe +Notes (s ea d a FFodil ): +The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them; and the desert shall rejoice, and +blossom as the rose. +Isaiah 35:1 (KJV) +The wilderness and the dry land shall be glad, the desert shall rejoice and blossom; like the crocus. +Isaiah 35:1 (RSV) +The wilderness and the waterless region will exult, and the desert plain will be joyful and blossom +as the saffron. +Isaiah 35:1 (RSV) +Like Panax, the name Pancratium implies all powerful, alluding to its healing potential (Greek pan += all; krotion = power). Widely cultivated as an ornamental, the plant also volunteers along tropical +seashores, sometimes reaching higher latitudes. Zohary is skeptical about this representing either +the biblical lily or the biblical rose, as some non-Israeli writers had suggested. Looks like RSV and +NWT identiefi d it with the saffron crocus. +Commo N Names (s ea d a FFodil ): +Busayl (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Qa’bul (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Qu’bul (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Sanbak Bahari +(Arab.; Syria; HJP); Sand Lily (Eng.; HJP); Sea Daffodil (Eng.; FAC; TAN; ZOH); Shoshan (Heb.; +8202_C001.indd 316 11/12/07 2:43:09 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +ZOH); Soosan (Arab.; Egypt; X9617056, 1998); Susan (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Susan al Bahr (Arab,; +ZOH); Nscn. +a Ctivities (s ea d a FFodil ): +Acaricide (1; X9617056); Anticancer (1; X15909123); Antimalarial (f; X14669261); Antinociceptive +(1; X9379365); Aphrodisiac (f; HJP); Apoptotic (1; X15909123); Emetic (f; DAW); Larvicide (1; +X9617056); Mosquitocide (1; X9617056); Poison (f; HJP); Purgative (f; DAW). +iNdi Catio Ns (s ea d a FFodil ): +Impotence (f; HJP); Malaria (f; X14669261); Pain (1; X9379365); Sore (f; HJP); Splenosis (f; DAW); +Venereal Disease (f; HJP); Wound (f; HJP). +d osages (s ea d a FFodil ): +FNFF = ! +“Bulbs may be edible” (TAN). Edible bulbs exhibited with other foods at the International Exhib-i +tion of 1862 (FAC; TAN). Seeds apparently eaten in ancient Greece (GAC). +d ow Nsides (s ea d a FFodil ): +As of July 2004, the FDA Poisonous Plant Database listed titles alluding to toxicity of this species. +Natural History (s ea d a FFodil ): +The sea daffodil is regarded as a herald of rain in Israel. Flowering late in summer in the Holy Land, +the leaves develop later. Flowers, like the evening primrose, open late in the afternoon, and are po-l +linated by nocturnal hawk moths — during their “one night stand.” The plant, growing on unstable +beaches and shorelines, has contractive roots that pull exposed roots deeper into the ground (ZOH). +MILLet ( pAnicum mili Aceum L.) ++ po ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Panicum asperimum L.; Panicum effusum R. Br.; Panicum miliaceum L. convar. effusum Alef.; Pani- +cum miliaceum L. var. effusum Alef.; Panicum miliaceum L. var. ruderale Kitagawa;P anicum milium +Pers.; Panicum ruderale fide DEP and POR (Kitag.) Chang;P anicum spontaneum Lysov ex Zuk +Notes (millet ): +Take thou also unto thee wheat, and barley, and beans, and lentiles, and millet and fitches, and +put them in one vessel, and make thee bread thereof, according to the number of the days that +thou shalt lie upon thy side, three hundred and ninety days shalt thou eat thereof. +Ezekiel 4:9 (KJV) +And you, take wheat and barley, beans and lentils, millet and spelt, and put them into a single +vessel, and make bread of them. During the number of days that you lie upon your side, three +hundred and ninety days, you shall eat it. +Ezekiel 4:9 (RSV) +And as for you, take for yourself wheat and barley, and broad beans and lentils, and millet and +spelt, and you must put them in one utensil, and make them into bread for you, for the number of +days that you are lying upon your side, three hundred and ninety days you shall eat it. +Ezekiel 4:9 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 317 11/12/07 2:43:09 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Millet (Panicum miliaceum). +Ezekiel is said to have received an order from God to make bread with wheat, barley, beans, lentils, +and pannag (millet), (and spelt or tfi ches, depending on the version). The mixture was moistened with +camel’s milk, oil, or butter. It was the main food that the common people ate. And as I stated prev-i +ously, it certainly sounds healthier than some of today’s breads — even the fortiefi d breads. Zohary +notes that millet or dohan was mentioned only once in the scriptures, suggesting that it may have +8202_C001.indd 318 11/12/07 2:43:18 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +become more popular after biblical times. He suggests that it derived from Ethiopian Panicum cal- +losum. Relics are found in Mesopotamia as early as 3000b .c., but no traces have been found in Israel, +where it requires irrigation. Some writers suggest that pannag may be etymologically related to the +Greek panexia, meaning a universal medicine or panacea, considered by Greek physicians as the cure +for many ailments. It is eaten, often cooked unground like rice, during the religious fasts of Hindus. +Proso millet is grown mainly in the United States as a grain crop, but may occasionally be grown for +forage, but as forage the stems are coarse, hairy, and unpalatable. The seeds are chewed and the juice +is applied to children’s sores. Decoction is used as an antidote tMo omordica poisoning (BIB). +Commo N Names (millet pa NiC): +Acte hirse (Ger.; NAD); Ægte Hirse (Den.; POR); Akdari (Tur.; EFS); Anne (Pun.; DEP); Anu (San- +skrit; DEP); Arzan (Iran; DEP); Azhaum (Ashkobi; KAB); Azhdan (Kila Saifulla; KAB); Azhdun +(Tobu; KAB); Bansi (Bundel.; KAB); Barag (Mar.; KAB); Baragu (Kan.; NAD; WOI); Bili Baragu +(Kan.; DEP); Borona de Filipinas (Sp.; EFS); Bread Millet (Eng.; HHB); Broomcorn Millet (Eng.; +Ocn.; AH2; NPM); Cavers (Tur.; POR); Chabor (Shoran; KAB); Cheena (Beng.; WOI); Chenaa +(Hindi; Pun.; POR); Cheno (Mah.; NAD); Chi (China; EFS); Chin (Hindi; DEP; KAB); China (Beng.; +Hindi; Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Chinh (Bihar; DEP); Chino (Dec.; Mah.; Sindh; NAD); Chinu (Sin.; +DEP; KAB); Chinwa (Kas.; DEP; KAB); Ciinaa (Guj.; POR); Cino (Nepal; POR); Cinu (Nepal; POR); +Common Millet (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; DEP; NPM); Dhengali (Mah.; NAD); Dhengli (Mah.; NAD); +Dhurah Hhamrâ’ (Arab.; POR); Dick Hirse (Ger.; EFS; HHB); Dohan (Heb.; ZOH); Dohna (Arab.; +ZOH); Dokhu (Arab.; DEP); Dudha Vari (Mah.; NAD); Duhn (Arab.; ZOH); Dukhn (Arab.; POR); +Echte Hirse (Ger.; EFS; HHB); Flatter Hirse (Ger.; EFS; HHB); Gadio (Guj.; NAD); Gamh (Quetta; +KAB); Gemeiner Hirse (Ger.; EFS); Gewöhnliche Rispenhirse (Ger.; POR); Ghoti Savi (Mah.; NAD); +Hairy Millet (Eng.; POR); Harilik Hirss (Estonia; POR); Hirs (Swe.; POR); Hirse (Den.; POR); Hirssi +(Fin.; POR); Hog Millet (Eng.; NPM); Indian Buffalo Grass (S. Afr.; KAB); Indian Millet (Eng.; +POR); Ji (China; POR); Kadukanni (Tam.; WOI); Katakanai (Tam.; DEP); Khra ma (Tibet; NPM); +Kibi (Japan; POR); Klumpe Hirse (Ger.; EFS; HHB); Köles (Hun.; EFS); Kuri (Guj.; Nwp.; DEP; +NAD); Mainairi (Sin.; DEP; POR); Miglio (It.; EFS); Miglio Nostrale (It.; EFS); Miglio Nostrano +(It.; Swiss; POR); Mijo (Sp,; USN); Mijo Común (Sp.; EFS); Mijo Mayor (Sp.; EFS); Mil (Fr.; POR); +Mil en Branches (Fr.; KAB); Milho Miudo (Por.; EFS); Milho Painço (Por.; POR); Millet (Eng.; Scn.; +AH2); Millet Commun (Fr.; EFS); Millet d’Inde (Fr.; EFS); Millet Panic (Eng.; USN); Millet Paniculé +(Fr.; EFS); Millet Rond (Fr.; NAD); Milocorn (Eng.; HHB); Panico Coltivato (It.; Swiss; POR); Panico +Miglio (It.; POR); Panivaragu (Tam.; POR); Phikai (Bundel.; DEP); Pliumgierst (Dutch; EFS); Plu-i +mgierst (Dutch; POR); Proso Millet (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; NPM); Proso Obyknovennoe (Rus.; POR); +Proso Posevnoe (Rus.; POR); Proso Sornoe (Rus.; POR); Proso Zwyczajne (Pol.; POR); Rad (San- +skrit; DEP); KRalle (Mah.; NAD); Rispenhirse (Ger.; POR); Russian Millet (Eng.; HHB); Salar (Pun.; +KAB); Sama (Bom.; KAB); Samli (Guj.; DEP; KAB); San Zhi Ji (China; POR); Sava (India; EFS); +Save (Kan.; KAB; NAD); Sawan Chaitwa (Nwp.; DEP); Sawanjethwa (Nwp.; KAB); Shamakh (Dec.; +DEP); Shu (China; DEP; POR); Small Millet (Eng.; NAD); Thulo Kaguno (Nepal; POR); Trosgierst +(Dutch; POR); True Millet (Eng.; POR); Tzedze (Ladak; DEP; KAB); Vara (Mah.; NAD); Varagu +(Tam.; KAB; POR); Varaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Vari (Bom.; Dec.; Mah.; Sindh; DEP; NAD); Variga +(Tel.; WOI); Varo (Mar.; WOI); Viljahirssi (Fin.; POR); Vogelgierst (Dutch; POR); Waaraagaalu (Tel.; +POR); Wadi (Bom.; DEP); Wari (Dec.; KAB); Wild Millet (Eng.; POR); Wild Proso Millet (Eng.; +POR); Wilde Rispenhirse (Ger.; POR); Worga (Tel.; DEP; KAB); Worglo (Arab.; KAB); Ye Sheng Ji +(China; POR); Ye Sheng Ji Cao (China; POR). +a Ctivities (millet pa NiC): +Antidote (Cinnabar) (f; DAW); Antidote M( omordica) (f; DAW); Demulcent (f; DAW; EFS; NAD); +Diuretic (f; DAW; EFS); Intoxicant (f; DAW); Pectoral (f; DAW; EFS); Refrigerant (f; BIB; DAW). +8202_C001.indd 319 11/12/07 2:43:18 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +iNdi Catio Ns (millet pa NiC): +Abscess (f; DAA; DAW); Bleeding (f; DAW); Boil (f; DAW); Cancer (f; DAA); Cancer, breast (f; DAW); +Childbirth (f; DAW); Cough (f; DAW); Dermatosis (f; DAA); Diarrhea (f; NAD); Fever (f; DAW); Gon- +orrhea (f; KAB); Hematuria (f; DAW); Mastosis (f; BIB); Sore (f; DAA; DAW); Venereal Disease (f; +DAW). +d osages (millet pa NiC): +FNFF = !!! +As human food, millet is used as meal for making bread and other baked foods, as a paste from +pounded wet seeds or as a boiled gruel. Prepared with milk and sugar, it is frequent at Indian +marriage ceremonies. In Bihar, it is boiled and parched to make markha. In eastern Europe, the +Balkans, Caucasus, and Asia, it is used to make an alcoholic beverage. The grain is eaten readily +by livestock (mainly hogs, cattle, and poultry), but is not suited for horses. It is also grown for com- +mercial birdfeed. It should be ground for livestock feed, equal to or superior in food value to oats +(BIB; DEP; NPM). +• Baluchistanis use the plant to treat gonorrhea (KAB). +• Germans paste powdered seeds onto mammary cancers, (it was even tried at Memorial +Hospital in New York) (JLH). +op IUM poppy ( pApAve r somniferum L.) (+++ +seeDs) (xxx o pIUM) pApAve RACeAe +Notes (o pium poppy ): +They gave him vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof he would not drink. +Matthew 27:34 (KJV) +They offered him wine to drink, mingled with gall; but when he tasted it, he would not drink it. +Matthew 27:34 (RSV) +They gave him wine mixed with gall to drink; but after tasting it, he refused to drink. +Matthew 27:34 (RSV) +Unlike Zohary (ZOH), I am still inclined to believe that the biblical gall was opium. First I quote +from my 1985 book, now out of print: “Walker equates this gall with Papaver somniferum while +Moldenke and Moldenke equate it with Citrullus colocynthis, not even considering the opium +poppy.” The gall added to the vinegar and offered to Jesus was the juice of the opium poppy, a +ofl wer thriving in the Holy Land. The plant provides a narcotic that induces a heavy sleep. When the +Roman soldiers at Golgatha took pity on their prisoner on the cross, they added poppy juice to the +sour wine. Opium is the air-dried milky exudation obtained from excised unripe fruits. Egyptians +claim to become more cheerful, talkative, and industrious following the eating of opium. When fal-l +ing asleep, they have visions of orchards and pleasure gardens embellished with many trees, herbs, +and various ofl wers (BIB). Jewish authorities maintain that the plant and its stupefacience were well +known among the Hebrews more than 2000 years ago. The Jerushalmi warns against opium eating +(BIB). Perhaps the following from Associated Press will strengthen my case: Researchers uncovered +evidence of a thriving Bronze Age drug trade which supplied narcotics to ancient Mediterranean +8202_C001.indd 320 11/12/07 2:43:19 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum). +8202_C001.indd 321 11/12/07 2:43:39 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +cultures to ease pain of childbirth and disease. Ancient ceramic pots, most nearly identical in shape +and about vfi e inches long, found in settlements throughout the Middle East, date as far back as +1400 BC, according to Joe Zias, anthropologist, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. If turned upside +down, the thin-necked vessels with rounded bases each resemble a poppy pod. The Mycenaean +ceramics, analyzed with gas chromatography, turned up traces of opium. (Associated Press, August +8, 2002). And now there is new evidence as to why this plant has been a balm (and bane) to mankind +for at least 5 millennia. +Commo N Names (o pium poppy ): +Abin (Sin.; DEP; NAD); Abini (Tam.; Tel.; DEP; NAD); Abkini (Tel.; DEP); Abou en Noum (Arab.; +BOU); Abunom (Arab.; DEP); Adormidero (Sp.; EFS); Afim (Dec.; Hindi; Kasahmir; Nepal; Pun.; +DEP; KAB; NAD); Aofi un (Arab.; BOU); Afu (Mah.; NAD); Afyun (Arab.; Hindi; GHA; KAB); +Agria (Greek; KAB); Ahiphena (Sanskrit; DEP; NAD; WOI); Amapola (Peru; Sp.; EGG); Anão fi +(Por.; POR); A Phien (Ic.; KAB); Aphim (Bom.; Guj.; Mah.; Nepal; NAD; POR); Aphina (Guj.; +DEP); Aphioni (Greek; POR); Aphu (Mar.; DEP; KAB); Aphukam (Sanskrit; POR); Apkim (Nepal; +DEP; KAB); Appo (Bom.; DEP; KAB); Balewort (Eng.; KAB); Bhain (Burma; DEP); Bhainzi +(Burma; KAB); Bhinbin (Burma; NAD); Bilgasgase (Kan.; KAB; WOI); Birkes (Den.; POR); Biz- +rulkhashkhash (Arab.; KAB); Blauwmaanzaad (Dutch; POR); Bou en Noum (Arab.; BOU); Boudi +(Arab.; BOU); Boundi (Arab.; BOU); Bungapion (Malaya; KAB); Cascall (Cat.; KAB); Chosa (S-an +skrit; KAB); Doda (Kachhi; Pun.; DEP; KAB); Dormideira (Por.; EFS); Dormidera (Sp.; KAB); +Gartenmohn (Ger.; EFS); Gasagasala (Tel.; KAB); Gasagase (Kan.; DEP); Gasalu (Tel.; WOI); +Gashagasha (Tam.; NAD); Harir Igran (Arab.; BOU); Hashas (Tur.; EFS); Hashash (Tur.; KAB); +Heul (Dutch; KAB); Hishas (Arab.; GHA); Kasakase (Kan.; Kon.; NAD); Kaskakasha (Mal.; KAB); +Keshi (Japan; POR); Khas Khas (Sanskrit; EFS); Khashkhash Aswad (Arab.; Iran; BOU; DEP; +KAB); Khashkhashsufaid (Urdu; KAB); Kheskkhash (Arab.; BOU); Khuskhus (Guj.; Mar.; WOI); +Koknar (Iran; KAB); Kuru (Mal.; DEP); Maankop (Dutch; EFS; POR); Maanzaad (Dutch; POR); +Mák (Hun.; EFS); Mak Lekarski (Pol.; POR); Mak Opiinyi (Rus; POR); Mak Opijnyj (Rus.; POR); +Mák Sety (Czech; POR); Mak Snotvornyi (Rus.; KAB; POR); Oeillette (Fr.; POR); Oopiumiunikko +(Fin.; POR); Opievallmo (Swe.; POR); Opium Poppy (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2); Opiumvallmo (Swe.; +POR); Opiumvalmue (Den.; Nor.; POR); Papavero (It.; EFS); Papavero da Oppio (It.; POR); Papoula +Branca (Por.; KAB); Parag Tarbuti (Heb.; POR); Pasto (Beng.; KAB); Pavot (Fr.; BOU); Pavot So-m +nifére (Fr.; EFS); Peony Poppy (Eng.; KAB); Pest (Hindi; KAB); Pianta da Oppio (Malta; KAB); +Pikincha (Sa.; ROE); Pioniunikko (Fin.; POR); Pionvallmo (Swe.; POR); Posht (Kum.; DEP); Post +(Beng.; Hindi; DEP); Posta (Oudh; DEP); Postaka (Tam.; KAB; WOI); Posta Katol (Tel.; NAD); +Posto Dheri (Beng.; NAD); Saphenaka (Sanskrit; NAD); Schlafmohn (Ger.; EFS); Slaapbol (Dutch; +EFS; POR); Slaappapaver (Dutch; POR); Somnisor (Rom.; KAB); Sufeed Srah (Hindi; NAD); +Tilidout (Ber.; BOU); Uniko (Fin.; POR); Vallmo (Swe.; KAB); Valmúafræ (Iceland; EFS); Valmue +(Den.; Nor.; EFS; POR); Valmue Frø (Den.; POR); Vrtni Mak (Croatia; POR); Yang Gwi Bi (Korea; +POR); Yanko Maiwa (Sa.; ROE); Ya Pin (China; NAD); Ying Su (Pin.; DAA); Ying Tzu Shu (China; +EFS); Za Zang (Laos; POR). +a Ctivities (o pium poppy ): +Abortifacient (f; SKJ); Analgesic (f1; APA; CRC; PHR); Anaphrodisiac (f1; FEL); Anodyne (f1; +CRC; KAP); Anorectic (1; PR14:401); Antidiarrheal (f; PNC); Antidote (Atropine) (f; FEL); Ant-i +dote (Physostigmine) (f; FEL); Antidote (Strychnine) (f; FEL); Antiinafl mmatory (f; DEP); Antino - +ciceptive (f1; PR14:401); Antispasmodic (f1; APA; DEM; DEP; FEL; PNC); Antitussive (f1; APA; +PHR; PNC); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC; KAB); Astringent (f1; CRC; DAA; KAB); Bactericide (1; BIB); +Bradycardic (1; PR14:401); Calmative (f1; CRC); Carminative (f; BIB; CRC); Cerebrostimulant (1; +KAP; FEL); Chemopreventive (1; JAC7:405); Constipative (f1; PR14:401); Decongestant (1; CRC); +8202_C001.indd 322 11/12/07 2:43:40 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Deliriant (f; KAB); Demulcent (f; BIB; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; FEL; PNC); Diuretic (f; KAB); +Emmenaogue (f; BOU); Emollient (f; CRC); Euphoric (f1; APA); Expectorant (f; CRC; ROE); Feb - +rifuge (f1; FEL); Glutathiogenic (1; JAC7:405); Hemostat (f; CRC; KAB); Hypotensive (f; BIB; +CRC); Hypnotic (1; APA); Intoxicant (f1; CRC); Lipogenic (f; KAB); Myorelaxant (f1; APA; FEL); +Narcotic (f1; APA; CRC; SUW); Nervine (f; BIB; CRC; EFS); Refrigerant (f; KAB); Sedative (f1; +APA; CRC; KAP); Spinostimulant (f; FEL); Stimulant (1; APA); Sudoric fi (f; CRC); Tonic (f; BIB; +CRC); Tranquilizer (f; DEM); Vasodilator (1; CRC). +iNdi Catio Ns (o pium poppy ): +Abscess (f; NAD); Amenorrhea (f; BOU); Anemia (f; KAB); Angina (1; DAA); Anxiety (f1; APA); +Asthma (1; APA; CRC; FEL); Bleeding (f; KAB); Boil (f; BIB; CRC); Bronchosis (f; KAP; PHR); +Bruise (f; CRC); Calculus (f1; FEL; NAD); Cancer (f1; CRC; FNF; JAC7:405); Cancer, bladder (f1; +JLH); Cancer, breast (f1; JLH); Cancer, colon (f1; JLH); Cancer, ear (f1; JLH); Cancer, esophagus +(f1; JAC7:405); Cancer, eye (f1; JLH); Cancer, liver (f1; JLH); Cancer, nose (f1; JLH); Cancer, skin +(f1; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f1; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f1; JLH); Cancer, throat (f1; JLH); Cancer, +tongue (f1; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f1; JLH); Cancer, uvula (f1; JLH); Cancer, vagina (f1; JLH); C-ar +buncle (f; NAD); Cardiopathy (f; NAD; WOI); Catarrh (f; CRC; FEL; ROE); Childbirth (f1; FEL); +Cholecocystosis (f; PHR); Cholera (f; DEP; FEL; NAD); Cold (f; CRC); Colic (f; DEP; PHR; PH2); +Condyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC; FEL; NAD; PH2); Convulsion (f; KAP); Cough (f1; +APA; FEL; PHR; PNC; ROE); Cramp (f1; APA; BOU; DEM; PH2); Cystosis (f1; BIB; CRC; DEP; +PH2); Delirium (f; DEP; FEL); Depression (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; FEL; JLH; ROE); Diabetes +(f; NAD); Diarrhea (f1; APA; BOU; CRC; FEL; PH2); Duodenitis (f; WOI); Dysentery (f1; CRC; +DEP; FEL; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; DEP); Dyspepsia (f; FEL; NAD); Earache (f; NAD); +Eclampsia (1; FEL); Embolism (1; WOI); Enterosis (f1; APA; BOU; CRC; FEL; PH2); Epistaxis +(f; BIB); Erysipelas (f; FEL); Fever (f; CRC; DEP; PH2); Flu (f; ROE; WOI); Flux (f; CRC); Gall- +stone (f; PH2); Gangrene (f; DEP); Gastrosis (f1; APA; DEP); Gonorrhea (f; FEL); Gout (1; FEL); +Headache (f; CRC; DAA); Hemicrania (f; BIB; CRC; NAD); Hemorrhoid (f; FEL; NAD); Hepatosis +(f; DEP; JLH); Hernia (f; NAD); High Blood Pressure (f; CRC); Hyperacidity (f; WOI); Hypochon- +dria (f; CRC); Hysteria (f; CRC; FEL); Induration (f; JLH); Inafl mmation (f; CRC; EGG; PH2); +Inhibition (1; APA); Insomnia (f1; APA; CRC; GHA); Itch (f; BIB); Kidney stone (f; PH2); Labor (f; +NAD); Leprosy (f; NAD); Leukorrhea (f; CRC; DAA); Lumbago (f; NAD); Malaria (f; CRC; NAD); +Mania (f; BIB; CRC); Mastosis (f; JLH); Melancholy (f; CRC); Menorrhagia (f; DEP); Metritis +(f; NAD); Mucososis (f; FEL); Myocardosis (f; WOI); Nausea (f; CRC; FEL); Nephrosis (f; DEP; +FEL); Neuralgia (f; CRC; FEL); Neurosis (f; DEP; GHA); Ophthalmia (f; DEP; PH2); Otosis (f; +CRC); Pain (f1; APA; BOU; FEL); Peritonosis (f; DEP; FEL); Pertussis (f; CRC; WOI); Phthisis (f; +DEP; FEL); Polyp (f; JLH); Proctosis (f; CRC; FEL; PH2); Prolapse (f; CRC; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; +FEL; ROE); Raynaud’s (1; WOI); Respirosis (f1; APA; FEL); Rheumatism (f; CRC; DEP); Scirrhus +(f; JLH); Scrofula (f; NAD); Smallpox (f; NAD); Snakebite (f; CRC; NAD); Sore Throat (f; EGG; +JLH); Spasm (f1; PHR); Spermatorrhea (f; CRC; DAA); Splenosis (f; JLH); Sprain (f; BIB; CRC); +Stomachache (f1; APA; BIB; CRC); Stomatosis (f; EGG); Sunstroke (f; NAD); Swelling (f; CRC); +Tenesmus (f; FEL; NAD); Tetanus (f; DEP; FEL; NAD); Toothache (f; CRC; DAA); Tuberculosis (f; +PH2; WOI); Tumor (f; CRC); Typhoid (f; FEL); Typhus (f; NAD; PH2); Ulcer (f; CRC; PH2; WOI); +Urethrosis (f; NAD); Urogenitosis (f1; BOU; PHR); Uterosis (f; DEP; FEL; JLH; NAD); Uvulosis (f; +JLH); Vaginosis (f; JLH); Vomiting (f; DAA); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Wound (f1; PHR). +d osages (o pium poppy ): +FNFF = !!! +Seeds widely eaten or used as oil seed. Seeds contain no opium, and are used extensively in ba- k +ing and sprinkling on rolls and bread. Although the seeds contain no narcotic alkaloids, urinalysis +8202_C001.indd 323 11/12/07 2:43:40 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +following their ingestion may suggest morphine or heroin use. Leaves not so widely eaten as potherb +or salad (BIB; DEP). Prescription only (for opiates). I do not believe I would recommend the dosage +in KAP that is, 30–125 mg). +• Algerians tamp opium into tooth cavities (BIB). +• Ayurvedics, consider seeds aphrodisiac, constipating, and tonic, the fruit antitussive, +binding, cooling, deliriant, excitant, and intoxicant, yet anaphrodisiac if freely indulged, +the plant aphrodisiac, astringent, fattening, stimulant, tonic, and good for the complexion +(KAB). +• Chinese use poppy heads for diarrhea, dysentery, and fluxes (KAB). +• Iranians use the seeds for epistaxis; applying a paste made from Linum, Malva, and +Papaver to boils (BIB). +• Lebanese use opium wisely, to quiet excitable people, to relieve toothache, headache, +incurable pain and for boils, coughs, dysentery, and itches (HJP). +• Peruvians suggest decoction of white flowers for flu, with milk for cough (ROE). +• Peruvians suggest floral or capsular tea for oral inafl mmation (EGG). +• Unani medicine suggests the fruit for anemia, chest pains, dysentery, fever. Deemed hyp- +notic, narcotic, and perhaps harmful to the brain (KAB). +d ow Nsides (o pium poppy ): +Seeds Class 1 (AHP, 1997). Not indexed in Commission E. Opium overdoses can cause cold clammy +skin, fast weak pulse, ufl id in the lungs, cyanosis, pupil constriction, and possible death from circu- +latory and respiratory failure. Opium addicts can reportedly tolerate 2000 mg over 4 hours, but 300 +mg will kill many naive subjects. Opiates have been detected in urine of poppy seed eaters as much +as 48 hours after ingestion. +Natural History (o pium poppy ): +Although some self-pollination occurs before the ofl wers open, cross-pollination by insects also +occurs. Some of the fungi attacking opium poppy include the following species: Alternaria bras- +sicae var. somniferi, Cladosporium herbarum, Erysiphe polygoni, Fusarium scirpi var. caudatum, +Heterosporium echinulatum, Macrosporium papaveris, M. bresdolae, Mucor mucedo, Ophiobolus +sativus, Oidium erysiphoides, Peronospora arborescens, P. papaveracea, Rhizoctonia solani, +Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Trichothecium roseum. Plants are also attacked by the bacteriBa acil- +lus (Erwinia) papaveri, causing bacterial blight, and Xanthomonas papavericola. The following +nematodes have been isolated from the opium poppy: Ditylenchus dipsaci, Longidorus maximus, +Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus crenatus, P. penetrans, and P. pratensis. Insect pests include Aphis +papaveris, Ceutorhynchus abbreviatus, C. albovittatus, C. maculaalba, Cynips minor, Dasynevra +papaveris, C. callida, Lestodiplosis callida, Mamestra brassicae, Phytomiza albiceps, Sciophila +wahlbomiana, and Stenocarus fuliginosus (HOE). +extra Cts (o pium poppy ): +Like ginkgo, it “increases blood ofl w to the brain” (APA). But there is more. Poeaknapo (2005) +reports de novo formation of morphine in human cells. Morphine, the major alkaloid of opium of +Papaver somniferum, is one of the strongest analgesics known. “Endogenous morphine” has been +long isolated and authenticated by mass spectrometry in trace amounts from specicfi animal and +human tissue or ufl ids. The most widely accepted explanation presently is that morphine detected +in human and animal tissues is of exogenous sources (e.g., dietary origin). Poeaknapo concludes +that morphine, reticuline, and norlaudanosoline are unequivocally biosynthesized by cultured +8202_C001.indd 324 11/12/07 2:43:41 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +human cells, the precursors conclusively shown to be oxygen, tyramine, reticuline, and thebaine +(X15874902). Phillips et al. (2005) quantiefi d the phytosterols in poppy seed: delta-5-avenasterol, +177 ppm; delta-7-avenasterol; campestanol, 26 ppm; campesterol, 290 ppm; phytosterols, +1850 ppm; poriferasta-7,25-dienol, 89 ppm; poriferasta-7,22,25-dienol; sitostanol, <13 ppm seed; +beta-sitosterol, 1093 ppm; spinasterol; stigmastanol; delta-7-stigmastenol and stigmasterol, 68 ppm +(X16302759). +DAte p ALM (phoenix d Actylifer A L.) +++ AReCACeAe +Notes (d ate palm ): +And the greater house he cieled with fir tree, which he overlaid with fine gold, and set thereon +palm trees and chains. +2 Chronicles 3:5 (KJV) +The nave he lined with cypress, and covered it with fine gold, and made palms and chains on it. +2 Chronicles 3:5 (RSV) +And the great house he covered with juniper wood, after which he covered it with good gold, and +then he brought up upon it palm tree figures and chains. +2 Chronicles 3:5 (NWT) +The versions are consistent with the palm, but the ceiling was fir in KJV, cypress in RSV, and juni- +per in NWT. Zohary says the date palm is one of the Holy Land’s most ancient fruit trees (cultivated +remains found in Chalcolithic [circa 3700 b.c.] and Ubaidian [circa 4000 b.c.] strata at several +sites in the Near East). In Judges 4:5, Deborah sat under the palm tree, poetic symbol of justice, +righteousness, and upright stature. It continues to symbolize holiness and resurrection in Christian +worship. Jericho was described as the “city of palm trees” (Deuteronomy 34:3). Date palm has long +been associated with Palestine, even being the symbol on its coinage. Arabs say that there are as +many uses for dates as there are days in the year. There is an Arab adage: “its head should be in fire +(sunshine) and its feet in water.” And Psalmists say “the righteous shall ofl urish like the palm tree.” +There is sap in the palm tree that, after fermentation, is used as a liquor. This may be some of the +strong drink or wine of the Bible (BIB; ZOH). +Commo N Names (d ate palm ): +Abdandan (Kej.; KAB); Agjjuf (Ber.; BOU); Arabian Date (Eng.; KAB); Balah (Arab.; Nig.; Syria; +AVP; BOU; HJP; UPW); Begamjangi (Panjgur; KAB); Blah (Arab.; BOU); Chhomer (Heb.; KAB); +Chohoraa (Nepal; POR); Chhuharra (Bom.; NAD); Chuara (Bom.; DEP); Chuhara (India; EFS); +Curmal (Rom.; KAB); Dabino (Gambia; UPW); Dabinos (Sudan; AVP); Daddel (Den.; Nor.; POR); +Daddelpalme (Den.; Nor.; POR); Dadelpalm (Dutch; EFS); Dadels (Dutch; AVP); Daktyle (Pol.; +AVP); Daktylowiec (Pol.; POR); Date (Eng.; USN); Date Palm (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2); Dátil (Cuba; +Peru; Sp.; AVP; EGG); Datilero (Col.; Peru; Sp.; AVP; EGG); Datte (Fr.; Haiti; AVP); Dattel (Ger.; +AVP); Dattelpalm (Ger.; EFS); Dattelpalme (Ger.; POR); Datteri (It.; AVP); Dattero (It.; EFS); Dattier +(Fr.; Haiti; AVP; BOU; EFS); Dattier Commun (Fr.; POR); Dipya (Sanskrit; KAB); Dvash (Heb.; ZOH); +Dwane (Ivo.; UPW); Echte Dadelpalm (Dutch; POR); Echte El-nakheil (Arab.; BOU); Edible Date +8202_C001.indd 325 11/12/07 2:43:42 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe .0 Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera). +(Eng.; NAD); Finikovaia Pal’ma (Rus.; POR); Gajjira (Badaga; KAB); Gewone Dadelpalm (Dutch; +POR); Gharar Khejur (Beng.; NAD); Gijjira Hannu (Kan.; NAD); Hai Zao (China; POR); Hazdacht +(Ber.; BOU); Hurma Agaci (Tur.; EFS); Ichu (Tam.; KAB); Indi (Singh.; DEP; KAB); Inthaphalam +ˆ +(Thai; POR); Isgaren (Ber.; BOU); Ita (Tel.; KAB); Itta (Mal.; KAB); Ittappazham (Mal.; WOI); +8202_C001.indd 326 11/12/07 2:43:52 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Kajura (Kan.; Nwp.; Pushtu; DEP; KAB); Karchuram (Tam.; POR); Karek (Guj.; DEP; KAB); +Kerjura Kaya (Tel.; NAD); Karmah (Tur.; DEP); Kasser (Bhutan; DEP); Khaji (Hindi; Pun.; KAB; +POR); Khajur (Beng.; Guj.; Hindi; Mar.; Kon.; Pun.; Sharig; KAB; NAD; POR; WOI); Kharakia +(Guj.; NAD); Kharchuram (Tam.; WOI); Kharik (Mah.; NAD); Kharjjuraha (Sanskrit; DEP); Kh-ar +jur (Mar.; KAB); Kharjura (Ayu.; Kan.; AH2; DEP; WOI); Kharjuramu (Tel.; WOI); Khorjjuri +(Oriya; KAB; WOI); Khourma (Tur.; AVP); Khurma (India; Nasiribad; Urdu; EFS; KAB); Khu-r +mae Yabis (Arab.; DEP); Khurmal Kshusk (Iran; EFS; NAD); Khurmal Yabis (Arab.; EFS; NAD); +Kurma (Sin.; DEP); Mach (Kohhaja; KAB); Mtende (Swahili; POR); Nakhel (Arab.; GHA); Nakhl +(Arab.; Iran; Syria; BOU; DEP; GHA; HJP); Nakhleh (Arab.; KAB); Natchla (Arab.; Mali; UPW); +Natsuma yashi (Japan; TAN); Natsume Yashi (Japan; POR); Nekhla (Arab.; BOU); Ntamaro (West +Cameroons; UPW); Palma (It.; Malta; KAB); Palma Datil (Sp.; EFS); Palma Datilifera (Sp.; EFS); +Pal’ma Finikovaia (Rus.; POR); Palmeira (Por.; KAB); Palmera (Sp.; AVP); Palmera Datilera (Sp.; +POR); Palmier Dattier (Fr.; BOU; USN); Palmera de Dátiles (Sp.; POR); Palmizio (It.; POR); Palm- +trae (Swe.; KAB); Perichchankay (Tam.; DEP; NAD; POR); Perita (Tel.; DEP); Phinikovoe Dyerevo +(Rus.; KAB); Phoinix (Greek; KAB); Pinda Kharjura (Sanskrit; NAD); Pindakhejur (Hindi; India; +EFS; NAD); Salma (Hindi; POR); Sendhi (Hindi; POR); Sunbalun (Burma; KAB); Swonpalwon +(Burma; DEP); Taatelipalmu (Fin.; POR); Tafinaout (Ber.; BOU); Tamalo (Sierra Leone; UPW); +Tamar (Arab.; Heb.; POR; ZOH); Tamara (Por.; AVP); Tamareira (Por.; Mad.; AVP); Tamaruy +(Sen.; UPW); Tambaroohi (Upper Volta; UPW); Tammar (Arab.; GHA); Tammr (Arab.; BOU; +GHA); Tanekht (Ber.; BOU); Tar (Sin.; KAB); Tayniyut (Ber.; BOU); Tazdait (Ber.; BOU); Te-e +ney (Niger; UPW); Temer (Arab.; POR); Tenitta (Mal.; WOI); Tiyni (Ber.; BOU); Tomer (Heb.; +KAB); Ton Inthaphalam (Thai; POR); Ttmer (Arab.; BOU); Uttatti (Kan.; NAD); Vrai Dattier (Fr.; +UPW); Wu Lou Zi (Pin.; DAA; EFS; KAB); Ye Zao (China; POR); Zao Ye (China; POR); Zao Ye +Zi (China; POR). +a Ctivities (d ate ): +Allergenic (1; X1485659); Antihistaminic (1; X15814265); Antiinafl mmatory (f; KAB); Antimuta - +genic (1; X11804538); Antioxidant (1; X15814265); Antiradicular (1; X11804538); Aphrodisiac (f; +BIB; BOU; DEP; EFS; GHA); Candidicide (1; FNF); Contraceptive (f; BIB); Demulcent (f; BIB; +DEP); Deobstruent (f; HJP); Depurative (f; KAB); Diuretic (f; BIB; EFS); Emollient (f; BIB); Estro- +genic (1; BIB; FNF); Expectorant (f; BIB); Fungicide (1; FNF); Gastroprotective (1; X15814265); +Hepatotonic (f; KAB); Immunostimulant (1; X10904150); Laxative (f; BIB); Nephrotonic (f; KAB); +Pectoral (f; BIB); Purgative (f; BIB); Refrigerant (f; BIB); Tonic (f; BOU; EFS; GHA). +iNdi Catio Ns (d ate ): +Adenopathy (f; JLH); Ague (f; BIB); Anemia (f; BIB); Asthma (f; BIB; KAB); Bleeding (f; BOU); +Blepharosis (f; BOU); Bronchosis (f; BIB; PH2); Bruise (f; GHA); Cancer (f; BIB); Cancer, abdomen +(f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Cancer, parotid (f; +JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, testes (f; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; +JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cancer, vagina (f; JLH); Candida (1; FNF); Catarrh (f; BIB); Chest (f; +BIB); Coma (f; KAB); Condylomata (f; BIB); Cornea (f; NAD); Cough (f; BIB; BOU; KAB); Dia-r +rhea (f; BIB; BOU; DEP); Enterosis (f; KAB); Fatigue (f; BIB); Fever (f; BIB); Flu (f; BIB); Gastro- +sis (f1; JLH; PH2; X15814265); Gonorrhea (f; BIB; KAB); Halitosis (f; DEP); Hangover (f; NAD); +Headache (f; GHA; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Impotence (f; BIB); Induration +(f; BIB; JLH); Infertility (f; BIB; BOU; UPW); Inafl mation (f; PH2); Intoxication (f; NAD); Jaundice +(f; BOU); Keratitis (f; DEP); Leprosy (f; KAB); Longevity (f; BIB); Malaria (f; NAD); Mastosis (f; +HHB); Mycosis (1; FNF); Nausea (f; KAB); Nephrosis (f; PH2); Opacity (f; NAD); Ophthalmia +(f; BIB; NAD; PH2); Orchosis (f; JLH); Paralysis (f; KAB); Parotosis (f; JLH); Pterygia (f; BIB); +Pulmonosis (f; KAB); Smallpox (f; NAD); Sore (f; BOU); Sore Throat (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; BIB; +8202_C001.indd 327 11/12/07 2:43:52 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +JLH); Sterility (f; BIB); Stomachache (f; BIB); Stomatosis (f; JLH); Thirst (f; BIB; BOU); Toothache +(f; BIB); Tuberculosis (f; BIB); Ulcer (f1; X15814265); Unconsciousness (f; KAB); Urogenitosis (f; +BIB); Uterosis (f; JLH); Vaginosis (f; BIB); Wart (f; BIB); Whitlow (f; BIB); Wound (f; PH2); Yeast +(1; FNF). +d osages (d ate ): +FNFF = !!! +Fruits widely eaten; green fruits pickled and eaten; spathes soaked in water and chewed; male in-ofl +rescence (with estrone-containing pollen) eaten; pollen eaten; seeds occasionally eaten; pressed +for edible oil; sap tapped for sugar or fermented. In some areas, 95% of the people survive on +dates 9 months of the year. Fruits often preserved by drying or pressing them together into large +cakes. Other products include date “honey” (bees are mentioned only four times in the Bible, while +“honey” is mentioned 49 times), made from the juice of fresh fruit; date sugar; date sap, often made +into a fermented beverage; date palm ofl ur, made from pith of tree; oil from seeds; the kernels are +ground up or soaked in water for days and used for animal food; both wine and honey are derived +from the date; Nigerians feed dates with bran and Sterculia to immature young heifers to make +them more prolic (fi BIB; FAC; TAN). +• Algerians smoke the seed powder for fever (HJP). +• Arabians consider the estrogen-containing pollen aphrodisiac and tonic (GHA). +• Arabians paste fruit on head and eyes for headache, salted fruits on bruises (GHA). +• Arabians use dates folklorically for gastric ulcers, and they work (X15814265). +• Arabians use green fruits as an astringent for hemorrhoids, applying powdered seeds or +directing their smoke onto any affliction (BIB). +• Ayurvedics, viewing fruits as alexiteric, aphrodisiac, and tonic, use them for asthma, bro-n +chosis, enterosis, fatigue, fever, leprosy, thirst, tuberculosis, and unconsciousness (KAB). +• Hausa add dates with hot peppers to native beer to make it less intoxicating (BIB). +• Lebanese believe the sugar from the fruits helps hepatitis (HJP). +• North Africans use fruit in vaginal pessary with other herbs to improve fertility (BOU). +• North Africans plaster powdered seeds on genital sores (BOU). +• North Africans ingest terminal bud for diarrhea, internal bleeding, and jaundice (BOU). +• North Africans use seed ashes in ophthalmic collyria (BIB). +• Unani consider the leaves aphrodisiac, hepatotonic; the ofl wers depurative, expectorant, +febrifuge; the fruits aphrodisiac, nephrotonic, used for paralysis and pulmonosis; they +apply the antiinafl mmatory seed to wounds (KAB). +d ow Nsides (d ate ): +No health hazards or contraindications reported with proper administration of suggested therap-eu +tic dosages (PH2) (but PH2 designates no dosage!; JAD). +Natural History (d ate ): +The Agriculture Handbook No. 165 lists the following diseases affecting the date palmA: lternaria +sp. (leaf spot), Alternaria citri (brown spot of fruit), Alternaria stemphylioides (fruit spoilage), +Aspergillus niger (calyx-end rot), Auerswaldia palmicola (on leaves), Catenularia fuliginea (fruit +rot), Ceratostomella radicicola (root rot), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (on leaves), Diplodia +phoenicum (leafstalk rot, shoot blight, fruit rot), Endoconidiophora paradoxa (black scorch, heart +bud rot), Fusarium spp. (inofl rescence blight, fruit rot), Graphiola phoenicis (leaf spot, false smut), +Meliola furcata (black mildew), Meloidogyne spp. (root knot nematodes), Omphalia pigmentata +(decline disease), Omphalia tralucida (decline disease), Penicillum roseum (fruit rot), Pestalotia +8202_C001.indd 328 11/12/07 2:43:53 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +sp. (leaf spot), Phomopsis phoenicola (fruit rot), Phymatotrichum omnivorum (on roots), Pleospora +herbarum (fruit rot, mold), and Poria spp. (wood rot). Popenoe (1920) assesses the percent damage +caused by some of the major insect pests. Tackholm and Drar (1969–1973) give a good account of +Egyptian diseases and pests. +extra Cts (d ate ): +A 5% date extract showed better growth inhibition on C. albicans as compared to amphotericin +B. The date extract caused a leakage of cytoplasmic contents from the yeast cells (Sallal, El-Teen, +and Abderrahman, 1998). Al-Qarawi et al. (2005) demonstrated ameliorative effects of dates on +ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Aqueous extracts of the fruit demonstrated potent antioxidant +and antimutagenic properties (X11804538). The ethanolic undialyzed extract was more effective +than other extracts tried (X15814265). Vayalil (2002) demonstrated potent antioxidant and antim- u +tagenic properties of the aqueous extracts of the fruits (X11804538). +Co MMo N ReeD (phr Agmites Austr Alis (CAv.) t RIN. ex ste AD.) ++ po ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Arundo phragmites L.; Arundo vulgaris Lam.; Phragmites communis Trin.; Phragmites communis +var. longivalvis (Steud.) Miq.; Phragmites longivalvis Steud.; Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) Crép.; +Phragmites vulgaris var. longivalvis (Steud.) W. Wight +Notes (Commo N r eed): +For the LORD shall smite Israel, as a reed is shaken in the water, and he shall root up Israel out +of this good land, which he gave to their fathers, and shall scatter them beyond the river, because +they have made their groves, provoking the LORD to anger. +1 Kings 14:15 (KJV) +Zohary adduces evidence for identifying kaneh with “reed,” in analogies with the reed pen that +I mentioned in my first Bible book (III John 13), the broken reed of a staff (II Kings 18:21; mea - +sures of length, Ezekiel 40:5), and the shaft of the lamp stand (Exodus 25:31). During the biblical +period, reeds were extensively grown and used for efi ld hedges, ufl tes, housing, mats, pens, scales, +and walking scales (ZOH). Extensively used in Mediterranean regions and elsewhere for building +dwellings, lattices, fences, arrows by Indians, and for weaving mats and carrying nets. A variegated +form is used as an ornamental grass. The reed is useful in the manufacture of pulps for rayon and +paper. It contains more than 50% cellulose and has a bfi er 0.8 to 3.0 mm long and 5.0 to 30.5 µm +in diameter. It is also useful in the production of homogeneous boards of good strength. It can be +processed into a fine bfi rous material suitable as a filling material in upholstery. Flowering stalks +yield a bfi er suitable for rope making. It is also used for thatching and for making partitions, fences, +coarse mats, baskets, sandals, etc. Panicles are used for making brooms and for decoration. Pens for +writing on parchment were cut and fashioned from this reed, and the stems were used as a linear +measuring device. Bedouins use the stem to make ufl tes. Chinese commonly use the stem for fuel. +Common reed provides high-quality, warm-season forage and is readily eaten by cattle and horses. +However, it becomes tough and unpalatable after maturity. Animals grazing this grass during the +winter should be fed a protein concentrate (BIB). +Commo N Names (Commo N r eed): +Aqraban (Arab.; GHA); Aranim (Ber.; BOU); Ashi (Japan; TAN); Bog Reed (Eng.; EFS); Bous +(Arab.; BOU); Bus (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Cana (Sp.; TAN); Cañeta (Sp.; EFS); Caniço (Por.; EFS); +8202_C001.indd 329 11/12/07 2:43:53 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Common Reed ( Phragmites australis). +Canna da Spazzole (It.; EFS); Canna di Palude (It.; EFS); Cannuchia (It.; EFS); Carrizo (Sp.; EFS); +Common Reed (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; BOU; CR2; WOI); Common Reed Grass (Eng.; TAN); Dila (Pun.; +DEP); Ditch Reed (Eng.; BOU); Djaboub (Ber.; BOU); Ghab (Arab.; BOU; HJP); Hagna (Arab.; +BOU); Hajna (Bahrain; Sausi; GHA); Heish Moddeid (Arab.; BOU); Ilili (Ber.; BOU); Jonc à +8202_C001.indd 330 11/12/07 2:44:14 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Balais (Fr.; BOU); Kamis (Tur.; EB54:155); Kaneh (Heb.; ZOH); Kasab (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kita +Yoshi (Japan; TAN); Lang Ku Ten (China; EFS); Lu Gen (Pin.; AH2; DAA); Lu Jing (China; AH2); +Lu Ti Ken (China; EFS); Lu Wei (China; AH2; EFS); Phragmites (Scn.; AH2); Qasba (Arab.; BOU); +Reed (Eng.; BUR); Riet (Dutch; EFS); Roseau (Fr.; BOU); Roseau Balais (Fr.; EFS; BOU); Roseau +Commun (Fr.; BOU); Roseau de Maris (Fr.; BOU); Sazkamisi (Tur.; EFS); Schilfrohr (Ger.; EFS); +Sokarik Otu (Tur.; EB54:155); Tagasiba (Ber.; BOU); Tebu Salah (Malaya; EFS); Tiouli (Ber.; BOU); +Tiranimine (Ber.; BOU); Tissendjelt (Ber.; BOU); Tra’a (Arab.; BOU); Wild Broomcorn (Eng.; +FAC). +a Ctivities (Commo N r eed): +Alexiteric (f; BIB); Antiemetic (f; BOU; GHA; WOI); Depurative (f; BUR); Diaphoretic (f; BOU; +HHB; JFM; PH2; WOI); Diuretic (f; BOU; BUR; EFS; HHB; JFM; PH2); Emetic (f; DEM); Expec- +torant (f; DEM); Febrifuge (f; BIB; BOU); Litholytic (f; JFM); Sialogogue (f; BIB); Stomachic (f; +BIB; BOU); Sudoric (fi f; EFS). +iNdi Catio Ns (Commo N r eed): +Abscess (f; BOU); Arthrosis (f; BOU); Bite (f; PH2); Bleeding (f; BIB); Boil (f; DEM); Bronchosis +(f; BIB); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH; PH2); Carbuncle (f; DEM); Cholera (f; BIB); +Condyloma (f; BIB); Cough (f; AAH); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Diabetes (f; HHB; PH2; WOI); Diar- +rhea (f; DEM); Dropsy (f; EFS); Dysuria (f; BIB); Earache (f; BIB); Fever (f; BIB; BOU); Food +Poisoning (f; BOU); Fracture (f; DEM; HJP; WOI); Gastrosis (f; BIB; DEM; HJP); Gout (f; EFS); +Hematuria (f; BIB); Hiccup (f; BIB); Induration (f; JLH); Jaundice (f; BOU); Kidney stones (f; +JFM); Leukemia (f; HHB; JLH; PH2); Mastosis (f; BIB; JLH); Measles (f; BIB); Nausea (f; BIB); +Pain (f; BIB); Pneumonia (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; BOU; DEM); Rheumatism (f; EFS; WOI); Sore +(f; BIB); Sore Throat (f; BIB); Sunstroke (f; BIB); Thirst (f; BIB); Toothache (f; BIB); Typhoid +(f; BIB). +d osages (Commo N r eed): +FNFF = ! +Young shoots sometimes eaten like bamboo shoots; grain edible; partly unfolded leaves eaten as a +vegetable; young leaves of var. longivalvis are dried, ground, and made into dumplings with cereal +ofl ur; rhizomes sometimes cooked and eaten like potatoes; sugar extracted from rhizome; scorched +plant used as coffee substitute. In Russia, they are harvested and processed into starch. Stalks exude +a manna-like gum, which is eaten. (BIB; EFS; FAC; HHB; TAN; EB54:155). +• Arabians make a cooling and antiemetic beverage from the plant (GHA). +• Chinese use the plant for leukemia (JLH). +• Africans use the sugary exudate for chest pain and pneumonia (BIB). +• Cape Africans apply powdered seed to burns (BIB). +• Chinese used as a remedy for hiccups and poisoning from eating stale seafood (BIB). +• East Asians use the plant for rheumatic ailments (WOI). +• Hebrides inhabitants make a cough medicine from reed and stinging nettle (AH2). +• Lebanese pack fractures with broken reeds (HJP). +• Orientals make a packing of reeds as a splint for fractures (BIB). +d ow Nsides (Commo N r eed): +No health hazards or contraindications reported with proper administration of suggested therap-eu +tic dosages (PH2) (but PH2 designates no dosage!; JAD). +8202_C001.indd 331 11/12/07 2:44:14 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +CALABRIAN pINe (pinus bruti A t eN.) +++ pINACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Pinus brutia subsp. eldarica (Medw.); Pinus brutia var. pendulifolia Frankis.; Pinus brutia var. +pityusa (Steven) Silba; Pinus brutia var. stankewiczii (Sukaczev) Frankis.; Pinus halepensis subsp. +brutia (Ten.) Holmboe; Pinus halepensis var. brutia (Ten.) A. Henry; Pinus halepensis var. brutia +(Ten.) Elwes et Henry; Pinus halepensis subsp. brutia (Tenore) Holmboe; Pinus persica Strangw.; +Pinus pityusa Steven fide CJE and USN +Notes (Calabria N piNe): +And that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, Go forth +unto the mount, and fetch olive branches, and pine branches, and myrtle branches, and palm +branches, and branches of thick trees, to make booths, as it is written. +Nehemiah 8:15 (KJV) +And that they should publish and proclaim in all their towns and in Jerusalem, “Go out to the +hills and bring branches of olive, wild olive, myrtle, palm, and other leafy trees to make booths, +as it is written.” +Nehemiah 8:15 (RSV) +And that they should make proclamation and cause a call to pass throughout all their cities and +throughout Jerusalem, saying “Go out to the mountainous region and bring in olive leaves, and +the leaves of oil trees and myrtle leaves and palm leaves and the leaves of branchy trees to make +booths, according to what is written.” +Nehemiah 8:15 (NWT) +Zohary, working with the RSV, comments that pine forests were once copious in the Holy Land. +The Hebrew word for pine today (oren) meant laurel in biblical times. But etz shemen occurs vfi e +times side by side with the olive and should be rendered “pine tree” and not “olive wood” or “wild +olive” as in the RSV. Jewish villages in North Kurdistan, where Pinus brutia forms natural forests, +preserve the name etz shemen, probably since the Babylonian exile. This is very closely related +to the Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis, which see), and probably shares many phytochemcials and +medicinal indications. Zohary prefers the Aleppo pine to the Calabrian pine. I include accounts +for both, not knowing who is correct. Quite candidly, I would be as happy to consider this “wild +olive” following olive in the RSV to be the Elaeagnus, which see. After Nehemiah, the word “pine” +is said not to reoccur in the Bible, but about 500 years later it is mentioned by Josephus, who says +Solomon had pine wood brought in ships from Ophir, which was used for pillars and support to the +King’s temple and palace, and partly for musical instruments (e.g., cymbals, harps, and psalteries), +for the gloricatfi ion of God by the Levites. Some writers equate the pine branch of Nehemiah with +Elaeagnus and the thick trees with Pinus brutia, whose boughs might have been used to make +booths for the Feast of the Tabernacles (Moldenke and Moldenke, 1952). Whether or noPit nus bru- +tia is properly identiefi d as the biblical pine branch, the turpentine was doubtless used for medicine, +like other turpentines. This one certainly is close to Pinus halepensis. I have not assigned all the +medicinal virtues of generic turpentine or other pine extracts, but I frankly suspect they can be used +interchangeably. The substance burasu, common in the herbals of ancient Assyria, was prepared by +soaking some pine wood in water. It was applied externally to muscles and ligaments as an embr-o +cation. Internally, it was taken for kidney or liver ailments (BIB). +8202_C001.indd 332 11/12/07 2:44:15 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia). +Commo N Names (Calabria N piNe): +Calabrian Pine (Eng.; CJE; USN; X14987727); Etz Shemen (Heb.; KJV; ZOH); Kizilççam (= Red +pine) (Tur.; CJE); Oren (Heb.; KJV; ZOH); Pitys (Greek; CJE); Turkish Pine (Eng.; CJE; USN); +Türkische Kiefer (Ger.; USN); Wild Olive (Eng.; KJV; ZOH); Nscn. +a Ctivities (Calabria N piNe): +Antiseptic (1; X10548751); Bactericide (1; X10548751). +8202_C001.indd 333 11/12/07 2:44:36 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +iNdi Catio Ns (Calabria N piNe): +Bacillus (1; X10548751); Bacteria (1; X10548751); Enterobacter (f; X10548751); Escherichia (f; +X10548751); Infection (f; X10548751); Klebsiella (f; X10548751); Listeria (f; X10548751); Myco- +bacterium (f; X10548751); Pneumonia (f; X10548751); Proteus (f; X10548751); Pseudomonas (f; +X10548751); Staphylococcus (f; X10548751). +Natural History (Calabria N piNe): +This is reportedly the most important forest tree in the northeastern Mediterranean area. A sap- +sucking insect, Marchalina hellenica, produces large amounts of honey-dew, harvested by honey- +bees and sold as “pine honey” (CJE). +ALeppo p INe (pinus h Alepensis MILL.) ++ ABIet ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Pinus abasica Carr.; P. alepensis Poir. in Lamarck; Pinus arabica Sieber ex Spreng.; Pinus carica D. +Don in Fellows; Pinus ceciliae Llorens et L. Llorens; Pinus genuensis S.E. Cook; Pinus halepensis +Mill. var. abasica (Carr.) Carr.; Pinus halepensis Mill. var. carica (D. Don) Carr.; Pinus halepen- +sis Mill. var. ceciliae (Llorens et L. Llorens) Rosello et al.; Pinus halepensis Mill. var. genuensis +(S.E. Cook) Antoine; Pinus halepensis Mill. var. minor Antoine; Pinus hispanica J. Cook; Pinus +loiseleuriana Carr.; Pinus maritima Mill.; Pinus maritima Aiton non Mill.; Pinus parolinii Vis.; +Pinus penicillus Lepeyr.; Pinus pseudohalepensis Denhardt ex Carr.; Pinus x saportae Rouy; Pinus +sylvestris L. var. maritima Aiton fide CJE +Notes (a leppo piNe): +As for the stork, the fir trees are her house. +Psalms 104 (KJV) +Source of Greek turpentine, the Aleppo “pine” is a handsome tree. Most of the “fir tree” refer - +ences in the Bible are now believed to refer to the Aleppo pine, Pinus halepensis. The Bible tells +us the timber is quite useful; it is used for construction (doors, homes, rafters, ships) and musical +instruments. The bark contains up to 20% tannin, and is used for tanning. Zohary tells us that pine +forests were once widespread in the Holy Land, but Aleppo pine is much scarcer now, due to abuse +throughout the years. There are still a few stands in Mediterranean parts of Israel, some atta-in +ing 20 m tall and living 150 years. The Hebrew etz shemen, which occurs in the Bible vfi e times, +should be rendered pine, not olive wood. The modern Hebrew word for pine, oren, was in biblical +times used for laurel (ZOH). The myriad uses of “turpentine” from any species of pine might as +well accrue to Pinus halepensis turpentine as well. “Turpentine” is loosely defined as the oleoresin +obtained from longleaf and slash pines and other pines that yield exclusively terpene oils, or the +essential oil obtained from the oleoresin. Turpentine from one species or another has been used +for catarrh, cough, dysuria, dyschezia, gonorrhea, leucorrhea, and rheumatism. Unquestionably, +turpentine has antiseptic, counterirritant, and rubefacient properties; and it is apparently also al-ler +genic and tumorigenic, causing albuminuria, coma, cough, erythema, hematuria, headache, inso-m +nia, nausea, and urticaria. The rosin from various pine species has been used for abscesses, boils, +and cancers. Pine tar has been used in expectorant cough syrups for bronchitis, catarrh, colds, etc. +Rosin has also been used for skin diseases such as psoriasis, ringworm, and toothache. In Russia, +steroids have been extracted from pine pulp. In Dioscorides’ day, the seeds were used for cough, and +the cones for stomach ailments (BIB). And I suspect that the pine bark will also be well endowed +with OPCs (oligomeric procyanidins), like the French Maritime Pine, whose bark and OPCs and +pycnogenol gets so much praise. +8202_C001.indd 334 11/12/07 2:44:37 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Commo N Names (aleppo piNe): +Aleppo Pine (Eng.; USN); Amelzi (Ber.; BOU); Etz Shemen (Heb.; ZOH); Hab Krash (Arab.; Syria; +HJP); Igengen (Ber.; BOU); Jerusalem pine (Eng.; USN); Oren (Heb.; ZOH); Ouazouri (Ber.; BOU); +Pin Blanc (Fr.; BOU); Pin d’Alep (Fr.; BOU); Pin de Jérusalem (Fr.; BOU); Pinheiro Francês (Mad.; +JAD); Pinheiro do Alepo (Mad.; JAD); Pino Carrasco (Sp.; USN); Sanawbar (Arab.; BOU; HJP); +Sanawbar Hhlab (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Senouber (Arab.; BOU); Seekiefer (Ger,; USN); Snawbar Barri +(Arab.; Syria; HJP); Snouber (Arab.; BOU); Taida (Ber.; BOU); Zgougou (Arab.; BOU); Nscn. +a Ctivities (a leppo piNe): +Analgesic (f; HJP); Antioxidant (1; X10694042); Antiseptic (f; BOU; HJP); Astringent (f; BOU); +Diaphoretic (f; HJP); Diuretic (f; HJP); Spermagenic (f; BOU); Vulnerary (f; BOU). +iNdi Catio Ns (a leppo piNe): +Chafing (f; HJP); Cold (f; HJP); Cough (f; HJP); Dermatosis (f; BOU; HJP); Gastrosis (f; HJP); +Hemorrhoid (f; HJP); Impetigo (f; HJP); Infection (f; BOU; HJP); Infertility (f; BOU); Pain (f; HJP); +Sore (f; HJP); Toothache (f; HJP); Venereal Disease (f; HJP); Wound (f; BOU). +d osages (a leppo piNe): +FNFF = !! +Thin-shelled seeds are prized by animals and humans. North Africans add them to festive cakes, +and mix with sorghum to make a Ramadan beverage. Ground seeds are sprinkled over Tunisian +pastries. Resin is used in fermenting wines (FAC). +• Lebanese scrape resinous exudates to make pills and suppositories (HJP). +• Lebanese use crude sap, called pitch or tar, internally for colds and coughs, externally for +sores and venereal ailments (HJP). +• North Africans apply astringent powdered bark to wounds and use the tar as antiseptic +(BOU). +• North Africans eat the seeds in honey first thing in the morning to augment sperm (BOU). +d ow Nsides (a leppo piNe): +As of July 2004, the FDA Poisonous Plant Database listed titles alluding to toxicity of this species. +Natural History (a leppo piNe): +Common crossbills ( Loxia curvirostra) feed on seeds of Aleppo pine, as do European red squirrels +(Sciurus vulgaris). On the Iberian Peninsula, Sciurus exerted directional selection favoring larger +cones with larger scales, which has caused cones there to be larger than in the Balearic Islands +where Sciurus are absent (X15715841). +sto Ne pINe (pinus pine A L.) + ABIet ACeAe +Notes (sto Ne piNe): +He heweth him down cedars, and taketh the cypress and the oak, which he strengtheneth for +himself among the trees of the forest: he planteth an ash, and the rain doth nourish it. +Isaiah 44:14 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 335 11/12/07 2:44:37 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +He cuts down cedars; or he chooses a holm tree or an oak and lets it grow strong among the trees +of the forest; he plants a cedar and the rain nourishes it. +Isaiah 44:14 (RSV) +There is one whose business is to cut down cedars; and he takes a certain species of tree, even a +massive tree, and he lets it become strong for himself among the trees of the forest. He planted the +laurel tree, and the pouring rain itself keeps making it get big. +Isaiah 44:14 (NWT) +There is much ambiguity between the versions above, and you will not find “pine” in any of them, +although you will find cedar in all three passage versions. Working with the RSV, which translated +“holm” rather than the underlined “cypress” above, Zohary notes that this is the only place where +the Hebrew word tirzah occurs in the scriptures. He notes that this may have led Saadia Gaon, +translator of the Bible into its first Arabic version (10th century), to render tirzah as “stone pine.” +Indeed, in Arabic, as in many languages, the names of several conifers include the radical rz or arz. +Jewish villages in north Kurdistan, where closely relatedP inus brutia forms natural stands, have +probably preserved the name etz shemen for that pine, perhaps since the Babylonian exile. That was +partly why I included Pinus brutia in my first biblical book. Meanwhile, stone pine was reportedly +common in the coastal plain of Palestine, forming extensive forests during the last century. Groves +of stone pine at Yarka on the coastal plain of Galilee and on Mt. Carmel may represent remnants of +extensive old groves, planted or spontaneous. At one time, the nuts were exported as pignolia nuts +(ZOH). More than just edible, the nuts are considered aphrodisiac. The Roman poet Ovid (born in +the 1st century b.c.), in his The Art of Love, lists aphrodisiacs including pine nuts. The Greek phys-i +cian Galen (2nd centurya .d.) suggests pine seeds, honey, and almonds, taken before bedtime three +nights in a row, to increase potency. Apicius, a Roman celebrity, recommended pine nuts, cooked +onions, white mustard, and pepper as an aphrodisiac. Some Arabian sources suggest popularly 20 +almonds and 100 pine nuts with a glassful of thick honey three nights before bedtime (CJE). +Commo N Names (sto Ne piNe): +Cypress (Eng.; ZOH); Holm (Eng.; ZOH); Italian Stone Pine (Eng.; FAC; USN); Nuces de Pino +(JLH); Parasol Pine (Eng.; USN); Pignolia-nut Pine (Eng.; USN); Pin Parasol (Fr.; USN); Pin Pignon +(Fr.; USN); Pinheiro Manso (Mad.; Por.; JAD); Pinie (Ger.; USN); Schirmkiefer (Ger.; USN); Stone +Pine (Eng.; HJP; USN; ZOH); Tirzah (Heb.; ZOH); Umbrella Pine (Eng.; USN); Nscn. +a Ctivities (sto Ne piNe): +Acaricide (1; X12137480); Allergenic (1; X12911512); Antiseptic (f; HJP); Aphrodisiac (f; CJE); +Culicide (1; X15662650); Fungicide (f; HJP); Hemostat (f; HJP); Insecticide (1; X15662650); Insec- +tifuge (1; X15662650); Larvicide (1; X15662650); Purgative (f; HJP). +iNdi Catio Ns (sto Ne piNe): +Arteriosclerosis (f1; HOC); Arthrosis (f; JLH); Bleeding (f; HJP); Burn (f; HJP); Callus (f; JLH); +Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, +liver (f; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Condyloma (f; JLH); Constipation +(f; HJP); Cystosis (f; JLH); Fungus (f; HJP); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Impotence (f; CJE); Induration (f; +JLH); Infection (f; HJP); Mastosis (f; JLH); Mycosis (f; HJP); Nephrosis (f; JLH); Phymata (f; JLH); +Ringworm (f; HJP); Tumor (f; JLH); Uterosis (f; JLH); Worm (f; HJP). +8202_C001.indd 336 11/12/07 2:44:38 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d osages (sto Ne piNe): +FNFF = !!! +One of the best of edible pine seeds, eaten raw or roasted or used in cakes, cookies, dolmas, pesto, +picada, pilaf, sauces, soups. Romanians grind up whole green pine cones as a spice for game dishes. +Gourmet oils produced from seeds in France (BIB; FAC). +• Druse apply the oil and resin to circumcision wounds (HJP). +• Early Greeks and Romans suggested almonds, honey, and pine nuts for aphrodisia (CJE). +• Lebanese use the sap or oil (called “priest’s oil”) as a purgative and an emollient for burns +(HJP). +d ow Nsides (sto Ne piNe): +Several abstracts refer to anaphylactic reactions to these nuts. +extra Cts (sto Ne piNe): +Macchioni et al. (2002), “studying essential oils of four pine species”, found thaPt . pinea oil and its +two constituents (1,8-cineole and limonene) were most effective, showing 100% acaricidal activity +at 6 and 8 µl, respectively (X12137480). Traboulsi et al. (2005) found extracts against fourth-instar +larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus and some repelled mosquito bites. Terpineol and +1,8-cineole were the most effective at preventing bites, offering complete protection for 1.6 and 2 h, +respectively (X15662650). Fortunately for nut-lovers, Phillips et al. (2005) quantiefi d the phytoster - +ols in vfi e accesions of nuts. Such phytosterols are medicinally important, for example, in BPH and in +high cholesterol (X16302759). The phytosterols in pine nuts (not necessarily P. pinea) based on vfi e +accessions were as follows: delta-5-avenasterol, 139–403 ppm; campestanol, 26—38 ppm; campes- +terol, 137–198 ppm; phytosterols 1470–2370 ppm; poriferasta -7,25-dienol, 66–177 ppm; sitostanol, +<17–59 ppm; beta-sitosterol, 1044–1320 ppm; and stigmasterol, <17 ppm (X16302759). +Mo UNt A t LAs MAst IC (pist Aci A Atl Antic A DesF.) ++ ANACARDIACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Pistacia atlantica var. latifolia DC.; Pistacia mutica Fisch & Mey +Notes (mou Nt a tlas masti C): +Although less common than the other Pistacias in Palestine, this handsome long-lived species +was probably adored and even deiefi d by the ancients (FP2). Like oaks, terebinths were de-i +efi d and revered by early Hebrews and other peoples. The Hebrew name elah, like that of the +oak, stems from the Hebrew el (God), associated with strength and sturdiness. Zohary notes +that “many translators and exegetes, unacquainted with the local ofl ra, and embarrassed by the +frequent occurrence in the Bible of elah, elon, el, alah, and allon, have seriously misunderstood +these names. There are too many variations in the translations of different authors, and (as in the +RSV) much inconsistency even within any given translation.” (ZOH) Zohary concludes that, in +general, allon and elon should be rendered oak, andel ah and alah should be rendered terebinth. +Terebinth stands often served as places of worship and incense burning, and even as revered burial +sites. Terebinths feature in many biblical quotations. Saul and sons were buried under a terebinth +(I Chronicles 10:12). Jacob buried idols under a terebinth (Genesis 35:4). An angel appeared to +8202_C001.indd 337 11/12/07 2:44:38 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Gideon under a terebinth (Judges 6:11). David slew Goliath in the Valley of Elah (which is Hebrew +for terebinth) (I Samuel 17:2). David’s son perished when his hair was caught in terebinth branches +(II Samuel 18:9) (ZOH). Of the vfi e species of Pistacia native to Israel and/or Sinai and Edom, +the terebinth could have been either of the deciduous species, according to Zohary, who suspects +the Atlantic terebinth more likely. While not mentioning it as a biblical species, Zohary does +note that Pistacia lentiscus is co-dominant with carob in an evergreen scrub forest that grows in +the foothills west of the mountain range, from Judea to the Lebanese border, as well as some of +the eastern slopes of the mountains of Galilee and Samaria. SoP, . lentiscus must be considered +a potential biblical species as well. Hence, I have included the following species as biblical, with +some redundancy, while Zohary may not have: +• Deciduous trees: (Pistacia vera is also deciduous): +• —Leaf rhachis winged; leaefl ts obtuse, muticous: P. atlantica +• — Leaf rhachis not winged; leaefl ts acute to acuminate: P. palaestina +• Evergreen shrub or tree: +• — P. lentiscus (FP2) +Commo N Names (mou Nt a tlas masti C): +Alah (Heb.; ZOH); Alk el Anbat (Arab.; BOU); Atlantic Pistacio (Eng.; BOU); Atlantic Terebinth +(Eng.; ZOH); Betoum (Fr.; BOU); Botoum (Arab.; BOU); Elah (Heb.; ZOH); Gatouf (Arab.; BOU); +Gueddain (Ber.; BOU); Hwadja (Arab.; BOU); Idj (Ber.; BOU); Iqq (Ber.; BOU); Khathiri (Arab.; +BOU); Lggt (Ber.; BOU); Liez ou Illeg (Ber.; BOU); Mt. Atlas Mastictree (Eng.; USN); Pistachier +de l’Atlas (Fr.; USN); Tecemlall (Ber.; BOU); Terebinth (Eng.; ZOH); Nscn. +a Ctivities (mou Nt a tlas masti C): +Allergenic (1; X3608141); Alpha-Amylase Inhibitor (1; X15182916); Hypoglycemic (f; X15182916). +iNdi Catio Ns (mou Nt a tlas masti C): +Diabetes (f; X15182916); Scrofula (f; BOU). +d osages (mou Nt a tlas masti C): +FNFF = !! +Acid fruits edible; sold in markets; used to season dates. Kernel used in pastries. Ripe fruits P(. +palaestina) used in mideastern Zaatar, a mix of aromatic and food plants (BOU; FP2; X14759150). +• Jordanian herbalists recommend the species for hypoglycemic activity, which did not +prove out in laboratory tests (X15182916). +• North Africans plaster leaves for scrofula (BOU). +Natural History (mou Nt a tlas masti C): +In planted groves in Lahav Forest, Israel, scientists measured bird microhabitat selection in fruit- +manipulated trees, trapping a total of 2357 birds. Sylviids exhibited a higher frugivory level than +turdids. Sylviids selected densely foliated trees, while turdids were randomly distributed. Both +species groups selected fruit-rich stopover habitats before further migration. Predation avoidance +explains the sylviids’ microhabitat selection; the migrants used foliage cover to reduce bird dete-ct +ability by raptors (X15455207). Leaf galls produced by Baizongia pistaciae, on Pistacia palaestina +(X14759150). +8202_C001.indd 338 11/12/07 2:44:39 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +MAst IC (pist Aci A lentiscus L.) ++ ANACARDIACeAe +Notes (masti C): +As the turpentine tree I stretched out my branches, and my branches are the branches of honour +and grace. +Sirach (Apocrypha) 24:15 (KJV) +Like a terebinth I spread out my branches, and my branches are glorious and graceful. +Sirach (Apocrypha) 24:15 (RSV) +The mastic is a tree of spreading habit, with a thick trunk. The wood is hard and white. Its foliage +is dense enough to cast a heavy shade on the deserts heated in the sun. When the bark is cut, Chian +turpentine ofl ws out; this has an agreeable perfume, not unlike jessamine, and is mild to the taste. +Exposure to the air solidiefi s it to a transparent gum. This Gilead turpentine probably formed part of +the spicery carried into Egypt from Gilead by the Ishmaelites as mentioned in Genesis 37:25. Bark +and leaves are a source of tannin. The astringent leaves are also used for dyeing. The gum is used +to sweeten the breath (e.g., in Tehran). Few resins have a greater “repertoire” in anticancer folklore +than this plant, used for ascites, calluses, cancers (of the breast, face, lip, liver, medullary, pylorus, +rectum, spleen, testicle, tongue, uterus, vagina), carcinoma, corn, cysts, epithelioma, excrescences, +fungoids, inafl mmation, melanosis, polyps, sclerosis (breast, liver), skin ailments, and tumors (espe - +cially of the spleen) (JLH). With tannins, sitosterol, and shikimic acid reported, perhaps this cancer +“repertoire” is justiefi d. The gum is similar to “Chian turpentine which was recommended about +fifty years ago as a remedy for cancer.” (BIB) Leaves are used as an emmenagogue and for alb-u +minuria and diarrhea. Lebanese infuse the leaves for diarrhea and fever. Dioscorides suggested that +terebinth or turpentine was antidotal, aphrodisiac, diuretic, and expectorant (BIB). +Commo N Names (masti C): +Almecegueira (Por.; USN); Arbre au Mastic (Fr.; USN); Battoum (Arab.; BOU); Chios Mastictree +(Eng.; USN); Darw (Arab.; Dhou (Ber.; BOU); Dirw (Arab.; BOU); Dro (Arab.; BOU); Drw (Arab.; +BOU); Fadhiss (Ber.; BOU); Fethies (Ber.; BOU); Fustuq Sharqi (Arab.; BOU; HJP); Goudhim +(Ber.; BOU); Goudhoum (Ber.; BOU); Gueddain (Ber.; BOU); Imidek (Ber.; BOU); Kinnah (Iran; +EFS); Kinneh (Iran; DEP); Kinnoli (Iran; DEP); Kundari (Iran; NAD); Kundurumi (Beng.; Hindi; +DEP; TAN); Lentisco (It.; Sp.; EFS; USN); Lentisk (Eng.; BOU; EFS; FAC); Lentisk Pistache (Eng.; +FAC; UPH); Lentisque (Fr.; BOU; EFS; USN); Mastaka i Rumi (Iran; DEP); Mastic (Eng.; Fr.; CR2; +EFS; USN); Mastiche (Eng.; NAD); Mastic tree (Eng.; BOU); Mastik (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Mast-ik +boom (Dutch; EFS); Mastiki (Hindi; DEP); Mastixbaum (Ger.; EFS; USN); Mistaka (Arab.; GHA); +Moesstakim (Malaya; EFS); Mustagi Rumi (India; EFS); Mustaka Sultani (Arab.; GHA); Mustiva +(Arab.; GHA); Mustoka (Arab.; DEP); Rumi Mastaki (India; EFS); Rumi Mastungi (Beng.; DEP; +SKJ); Rumi Mustiki (Hindi; SKJ); Sakir Rumi (Iran; NAD); Sakiz Agaci (Tur.; EFS); Saris (Arab.; +Syria; HJP); Shagar el Mastika (Arab.; BOU; HJP); Sondro (It.; EFS); Tadist (Ber.; BOU); Tantarik +(Pun.; DEP); Terebinth (Eng.; BIB; RSV); Tidekst (Ber.; BOU); Tidekt (Ber.; BOU); Turpentine +(Eng.; BIB; KJV); Uluk Bagh Dame (Arab.; EFS); Uluk Baghdani (Arab.; DEP). +a Ctivities (masti C): +Allergenic (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; BIB; BOU; CRC); Antiatherogenic (1; X15136059); Antiox-i +dant (1; X15848018); Antiperoxidant (1; X15848018); Antisarcomic (1; HH3); Antisecretory (1; +X3724207); Antiseptic (1; HH3); Antitumor (1; HH3); Antitussive (f; BIB; BOU; CRC); Antiulcer +(f1; GAZ; HH3; PH2; X3724207); Aphrodisiac (f; CRC; DEP; EFS; IHB); Apopotic (1; X15796160); +Astringent (f1; EFS; PHR; PH2); Bactericide (1; HH3); Candidicide (1; HH3); Cardioprotective +8202_C001.indd 339 11/12/07 2:44:40 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(1; X15136059); Carminative (f; CRC; UPH); Cathartic (f; CRC; FDA); Corroborant (f; DEP); Culicide +(1; X11997977); Depilatory (f; BIB; BOU); Diuretic (f; CRC; DEP; EFS; HH3); Emmenagogue (f; +BOU); Expectorant (f; BOU; CRC; EFS); Fungicide (f; HH3); Hemostat (f; CRC; EFS); Hepatopro- +tective (f1; X12413719); Hypotensive (1; HH3; X1409845); Insecticide (1; X11997977); Larvicide +(1; X11997977); Masticatory (1; CRC; BIB); Orexigenic (f; CRC); Sedative (f; BOU); Stimulant (f; +DEP; EFS; HH3; UPH); Stomachic (f; CRC; EFS); Sudoric (fi f; CRC; EFS). +iNdi Catio Ns (masti C): +Adenopathy (f; JLH); Amenorrhea (f; BOU); Aphthae (f; NAD); Aposteme (f; CRC; JLH); Athero- +sclerosis (1; X15136059); Bacteria (1; X8808717); Bleeding (f; CRC; ERS); Blenorrhea (f; CRC); +Boil (f; BIB; BOU; CRC); Bronchosis (f; FEL; NAD); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, anus (f; CRC; +JLH); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, colon (1; X15796160); Cancer, intestine (f1; BIB; JLH; +X15796160); Cancer, liver (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, parotid (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; CRC; +JLH); Cancer, stomach) (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; CRC; JLH); +Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; HH3; X8808717); Canker (f; BIB; CRC); Carbuncle (f; +BOU; CRC); Cardiopathy (f; BOU); Caries (f; CRC; FEL); Catarrh (f; CRC; FEL; HH3; NAD); +Childbirth (f; BOU); Cholecocystosis (f; BIB; CRC; HJP); Cirrhosis (f; CRC; HH3); Condyloma (f; +CRC; JLH); Cough (f; BIB; BOU; GHA); Cystosis (f; GAZ); Debility (f; CRC; NAD); Dermatosis +(f; GHA); Diarrhea (f; CRC; HH3; HJP); Dysentery (f; CRC; HH3); Enterosis (f; GAZ); Escherichia +(1; HH3); Fever (1; GHA); Fracture (f; HJP); Fungus (1; HH3; X8808717; X126288418); Gastrosis (f; +BIB; BOU; CRC); Gingivosis (f1; FEL; PHR; PH2); Glossosis (f; NAD); Gonorrhea (f; CRC; HH3); +Gout (f; HH3); Halitosis (f; BIB; BOU; CRC; DEP; FEL; PHR); Heart (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f1; BIB; +CRC; HH3; X12413719); High Blood Pressure (1; HH3; X1409845); Impotence (f; DEP); Induration +(f; CRC; JLH); Infection (1; X8808717); Inafl mmation (f; JLH); Itch (f; BIB; BOU); Jaundice (f1; +X12413719); Leukorrhea (f; CRC; HH3); Mastosis (f; BOU; CRC); Mucososis (f; CRC; UPH); Myco- +sis (1; HH3; X8808717; X126288418); Myosis (f; BOW); Nephrosis (f; FEL); Pain (f; BOU; CRC; +GHA); Phymata (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; GHA); Respirosis (f; NAD); Rheumatism +(f; BIB; BOU; HH3); Ringworm (f; BOW); Scirrhus (f; CRC; JLH); Sclerosis (f; CRC); Sore (f; HH3); +Spermatorrhea (f; NAD); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; HH3); Stomatosis (f; GAZ; NAD); +Throat (f; BOU); Toothache (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (f1; BOU; PH2; X3724207); Venereal +Disease (f; CRC; HH3); Urethrosis (f; GAZ); Wound (1; GHA); Yeast (1; HH3; X8808717). +d osages (masti C): +FNFF = !! +Mastic widely chewed; Romans used fruits as spice; seed kernels yield the edible shina oil of Cyprus; +bark used as spice; wood used to smoke meat. Turks use in preparing the liqueur raki (DEP; FAC; +TAN). 150 ml 10% aqueous resin decoction per day (HH3). +• Arabians chew the resin to enhance appetite and improve breath (GHA). +• Asian Indians suggest the tincture to stop leech bites (NAD). +• Jordanians treat jaundice with aqueous extract (both boiled and non-boiled), which +showed antihepatotoxic activity (X12413719). +• Lebanese take the resin tincture with lemon for cholecocystosis, diarrhea, and hepatosis +(HJP). +• Mohammeden physicians consider it aphrodisiac, diuretic, and stimulant (DEP). +• North Africans use oil from peeled nuts for itch and rheumatism (BOU). +• North Africans boil resin in milk for throat troubles (BOU). +• North Africans take root decoction for cough (BOU). +• North Africans take 1 tsp mastic pounded with 1 tsp honey each morning for 3 weeks +for ulcer (BOU). +8202_C001.indd 340 11/12/07 2:44:41 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d ow Nsides (masti C): +No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2) (PH2 designates no +dosage!; JAD). +extra Cts (masti C): +Ethanolic extracts antiseptic, bactericidal at 1 g/l, candidicidal at >1 g/l. Decoction kCilals ndida +parapsilopsis, Escherichia, Sarcina, and Staphylococcus at 312 mg/l; Candida albicans and Cryp- +tococcus at 625 mg/l (HH3). Lyophilized aqueous extracts hypotensive in normotensive rats as 25 +mg/kg orally. Tannins, especially ellagitannins, arrested tumor growth (5–10 mg/kg ipr mus (HH3); +LD50 of the lyophilized aqueous extract is 680–1120 mg/kg ipr mus (HH3). Extracts or essential +oil effective against Culex larvae (LC50 = 70 mg/l) (X11997977); Dedoussis et al. (2004) demon- +strated cardioprotectrive antiatherogenic effects of the resinous exudate resin (used culinarily in +some Mediterranean diets (X15136059). Balan et al. (2005) note that Chios mastic extracts induce +apoptosis in human colon cancer (X15796160). +te ReBINth ( pist Aci A terebinthus L.) ++ ANACARDIACeAe +Notes (t erebi Nt H): +I like the DEP account better than most because it seems to lump all the potential biblical species +under this catchall species. My accounts of the mastic and the terebinth are very similar. The sp-e +cies and their folklore have been confused for centuries. Over a hundred years ago, DEP fingered +var. mutica as the biblical alah of the Old Testament. DEP notes that it is the true primitive turpen- +tine celebrated as the finest, superior to pine resins and mastic. Yet, DEP states that “The resin of +var. mutica sesembles that of P. lentiscus and is used in the East as a substitute for mastic.” Variety +mutica also carries the same vernacular names and is considered identical with the resin Piof sta- +cia vera. NAD followed DEP in treating P. cabulica, P. khinjuk, and P. mutica as synonyms. USN +keeps them all separate. So, although starting to view them as all separate as I started working on +P. atlantica, I evolved to think of them as one great taxon, with a great overlap in common names +and uses. But I keep them distinct for now, more for the readers’ convenience than for science. +These turpentines, like pine turpentines, share many chemicals, activities, and indications. KAB +treated only one species, not this one. When the bark is cut, Chian turpentine ofl ws out; this has an +agreeable perfume, not unlike jessamine, and is mild to the taste. Exposure to the air solidiefi s it to +a transparent gum. This Gilead turpentine probably formed part of the spicery carried into Egypt +from Gilead by the Ishmaelites as mentioned in Genesis 37:25. Few resins have a greater “repe-r +toire” in anticancer folklore than this plant, used for ascites, calluses, cancers (of the breast, face, lip, +liver, medullary, pylorus, rectum, spleen, testicle, tongue, uterus, vagina), carcinoma, corn, cysts, +epithelioma, excrescences, fungoids, inafl mmation, melanosis, polyps, sclerosis (breast, liver), skin +ailments, and tumors (especially of the spleen) (JLH). With tannins, sitosterol, and shikimic acid +reported, perhaps this cancer “repertoire” is justiefi d. According to Hooper, the gum is similar to +“Chian turpentine, which was recommended about 50 years ago as a remedy for cancer.” Leaves are +used as an emmenagogue and for albuminuria and diarrhea. Dioscorides suggested that terebinth or +turpentine was antidotal, aphrodisiac, diuretic, and expectorant (BIB). +Commo N Names (t erebi Nt H): +Ban (Bal.; DEP); Bargabana (Iran; DEP); Baume de Cypres (Fr.; EFS); Bombay Mastiche (Eng.; +NAD); Butz (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Butz Saqis (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Buzaganja (Bom.; NAD); Chian +Turpentine (Eng.; BIB; EFS); Chios Terpentijn Boom (Dutch; EFS); Chios Terpentinbaum (Ger.; +EFS); Cornalheiro (Por.; EFS); Cornicabra (Sp.; EFS); Cyprian Turpentine (Eng.; EFS); Cyprischer +Chio (It.; EFS); Cyprus Turpentine (Eng.; SKJ; USN); East Indian Mastiche (Eng.; NAD); Guli +8202_C001.indd 341 11/12/07 2:44:42 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Pistah (Hindi; Iran; NAD); Gwan (Bal.; DEP); Habba Khadhra (Algiers; Arab.; JLH); Kabuli M-us +taki (Bom.; Hindi; NAD; SKJ); Kanjak (Afg.; DEP); Khinjak (Pun.; DEP); Kinjad (Iran; DEP); +Kunjad (Iran; DEP); Mastaki (Bom.; Hindi; DEP); Menengiç (Tur.; EFS); Pistachier Térébinthe +(Fr.; USN); Qalafournis (Egypt; JLH); Scornobecco (It.; EFS); Terpentinbaum (Ger.; EFS); Ter- +ebinth (Eng.; HJP; NAD; USN); Terebinthe de Chio (Fr.; EFS); Terebinto (Por.; Sp.; EFS); Terebinto +di Chio (It.; EFS); Wan (Bal.; DEP); Nscn. +a Ctivities (t erebi Nt H): +Antidote (f; HJP); Antiinafl mmatory (f; X11988853); Antiseptic (1; X126288418); Antitussive (f; +HJP); Aphrodisiac (f; DEP; HJP); Astringent (f; HJP; SKJ); Deodorant (f; HJP); Digestive (f; HJP); +Diuretic (f; HJP); Emmenagogue (f; BIB); Expectorant (f; HJP); Febrifuge (f; HJP); Fungicide (1; +X126288418); Hemostat (f; DEP); Sedative (f; DEP); Stimulant (f; DEP; HJP); Stomachic (f; DEP); +Vulnerary (f; DEP). +iNdi Catio Ns (t erebi Nt H): +Adenopathy (f; JLH); Albuminuria (f; BIB; HOC); Amenorrhea (f; BIB); Arthrosis (f; JLH); Ascites (f; +DAW); Bite (f; HJP); Bleeding (f; DEP); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f; DEP; HJP); Cancer, brain (f; JLH); +Cancer, breast (f; HJP); Cancer, diaphragm (f; HJP); Cancer, face (f; HJP); Cancer, lip (f; HJP); Cancer, +liver (f; HJP); Cancer, medullary (f; HJP); Cancer, pylorus (f; HJP); Cancer, rectum (f; HJP); Cancer, +spleen (f; HJP); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f; HJP); Cancer, tongue (f; HJP); Cancer, uterus +(f; HJP); Cancer, vagina (f; HJP); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Caries (f; EFS); Cheilosis (f; JLH); Colic (f; DEP); +Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; HJP); Cyst (f; JLH); Dermatosis (f; HOC; JLH); Diarrhea (f; BIB); Diaphragmo- +sis (f; HJP); Dyspepsia (f; DEP; HJP); Encephalosis (f; JLH); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Excrescences (f; JLH); +Fever (f; HJP); Fungus (f; X126288418); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Glossosis (f; JLH); Gout (f; HOC); Halitosis +(f; HJP); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Impotence (f; HJP); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; X126288418); Inafl m - +mation (f1; HJP; X11988853); Mastosis (f; JLH); Melanosis (f; JLH); Mycosis (1; X126288418); Nausea (f; +DEP); Orchosis (f; JLH); Parotosis (f; JLH); Polyp (f; JLH); Proctosis (f; JLH); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Scirrhus +(f; JLH); Scleroma (f; JLH); Sore (f; JLH); Splenosis (f; JLH); Swelling (f; JLH); Tophus (f; JLH); Uterosis +(f; DEP; HOC); Vaginosis (f; JLH); Vomiting (f; DEP); Wound (f; DEP). +d osages (t erebi Nt H): +FNFF = ! +Iranians use the resin as a chewing gum (HJP); Southern Afghans and Baluchistani eat the fruits +(shiné); kernel oil eaten with bread and relish (DEP). +• Algerians used the seeds in liniments for tumors (JLH). +• Americans, Australians, and Europeans used the Chian turpentine for scores of types of +cancer (JLH) +• Asian Indians suggest 5 to 10 grains for cancer (NAD). +• Egyptians use the plant to treat excrescences (JLH). +• Iranians chew the gum to sweeten the breath (BIB). +• Iranians use the turpentine with pomade of cinnabar for cancers (JLH). +• Lebanese chew the resin to sweeten breath and improve digestion (HJP). +• Lebanese infuse the leaves for diarrhea and fever (BIB). +• Syrians use the “Cyprus turpentine” for cancer “cures and indurations of the liver” (HJP). +Natural History (t erebi Nt H): +Pinkish galls (khinjak in Punjab) on the leaves, with aroma of turpentine, appear to be caused by an +Aphis. Leaves eaten by camels, goats, and sheep (DEP). +8202_C001.indd 342 11/12/07 2:44:44 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +pIst ACh Io (pist Aci A ver A L.) +++ ANACARDIACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Pistacia narbonensis L.; Pistacia nigricans Crantz.; Pistacia officinarum Ait.; Pistacia reticulata +Willd.; Pistacia terebinthis Mill. non L.; Pistacia trifolia L.; Pistacia variifolia Salisb. fide HH3 +Notes (pista CHio ): +And their father Israel said unto them, If it must be so now, do this; take of the best fruits in the +land in your vessels, and carry down the man a present, a little balm, and a little honey, spices, +and myrrh, nuts, and almonds. +Genesis 43:11 (KJV) +Then their father Israel said to them, “If it must be so, then do this: take some of the choice fruits +of the land in your bags, and carry down to the man a present, a little balm and a little honey, +gum, myrrh, pistachio nuts, and almonds.” +Genesis 43:11 (RSV) +Most commentators agree that the “nuts” of Jacob were pistachio nuts. And the RSV edition and +NWT available to me on computer even specify pistachio nuts. Over a hundred years ago, DEP +noted that the tree was extensively cultivated in Palestine, Persia, and Syria, and introduced in Italy +and Spain. Zohary notes that it is mentioned only once in the Bible. The tree has long been cul-ti +vated in Israel. Nuts are found in the late Neolithic strata in Greece. They are imported to India as +dyeing and tanning agents. Pistacio kernels yield circa 50% of a low-melting fatty oil used to a small +extent in confectionery as spice oil and in medicine (BIB). +Commo N Names (pista CHio ): +Alfóncigo (Sp.; EFS; USN); Alhócigo (Sp.; EFS); Botnim (Arab.; Heb.; ZOH); Butm (Arab.; ZOH); +Buzaganja (Bom.; Hindi; NAD); Echte Pistazie (Ger.; HH3); Elah (Heb.; ZOH); Fistuk Baladi (Arab.; +Syria; HJP); Fistuk Karmidi (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Fustuk (Arab.; Syria; HH3; HJP); Green Almond +(Eng.; HH3); Grüner Mandelbaum (Ger.; EFS); Guli Pistah (Bom.; Hindi; NAD); Hu Chên Tzu (China; +EFS); It Dirsegi (Tur.; EB54:155); O Yüeh Chün Tzu (China; EFS); Pimpernuss (Ger.; HH3); Pipernuss +(Ger.; HH3); Pista (Afg.; Beng.; Bom.; Hindi; India; Iran; EFS); Pistaccio Vero (It.; EFS); Pistache Noot +(Dutch; Fr.; EFS); Pistachero (Sp.; USN); Pistachier (Fr.; EFS); Pistachier Cultivé (Fr.; USN); Pistachio +(Eng.; Scn.; AH2; EFS); Pistacho (Sp.; EFS); Pistakinuss (Ger.; HH3); Pistakion (Greek; JLH); Pistazie +(Ger.; EFS; USN); Pistazienbaum (Ger.; USN); Pistazier (Den.; EFS); Piste (Iran; HH3); Pisteh (Iran; +NAD); Pisutachio (Japan; USN); samsfi tigi Agaci (Tur.; EFS); Wu Ming Tzu (China; EFS). +a Ctivities (pista CHio ): +Allergenic (1; X9140524); Anodyne (f; DAW); Antiseptic (1; X15881833); Antiviral (1; X15881833); +Aphrodisiac (f; DEP); Astringent (f1; NAD); Decoagulant (f; DAW); Demulcent (f; DEP); Digestive +(f; BIB; DEP); Fungicide (1; X15881833); Phytoalexin (1; X15941348); Sedative (f; BIB; DEP; NAD; +SKJ); Tonic (f; BIB; DEP; NAD; SKJ). +iNdi Catio Ns (pista CHio ): +Abscess (f; DAW); Amenorrhea (f; DAW); Anodyne (f; DAW); Bacteria (1; X15186116); Bruise (f; +DAW); Cancer, breast (1; X15941348); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Chest (f; DAW); Circulation (f; DAW); +Cough (f; BIB); Debility (f; NAD); Dermatosis (f; DAW); Dysentery (f; BIB; DAW); Dysmenorrhea +(f; DAW); Dyspepsia (f; DEP); Enterosis (f; DAW); Fungus (1; X15881833; X126288418); Gastrosis +(f; NAD); Gynecopathy (f; DAW); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Impotence (f; HJP); Infection (1; X15881833); +8202_C001.indd 343 11/12/07 2:44:44 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Pistachio (Pistacia vera). +Infertility (f; HJP); Mycosis (1; X15881833; X126288418); Nausea (f; DEP); Pain (f; DAW); Pruritis +(f; DAW); Rheumatism (f; DAW); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; DAW); Trauma (f; DAW); Virus (1; +X15881833); Vomiting (f; DEP); Wound (f; HJP); Yeast (1; X15186116). +d osages (pista CHio ): +FNFF = !!! +Nuts widely eaten. Pista kernels have a delicious nutty afl vor and are much used as ingredients of +sweetmeats, confectionery, and ice creams. Pista is also eaten as a dessert; salted and roasted, it is much +relished. Fruit husks are reported to be made into marmalade in Iran (BIB; FAC; TAN; EB54:155). +8202_C001.indd 344 11/12/07 2:44:55 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• Algerians used the powdered root in oil for children’s cough (BIB). +• Asians use the expressed oil for stomach problems (NAD). +• Iranians infused the fruit’s outer husks for dysentery (BIB). +• Middle Easterners consider the nut a “hot food” (GHA). +• Lebanese apply the resin to cuts (HJP). +• Lebanese compress the leaves (BIB; HJP). +• Lebanese think the nuts enhance fertility and virility (BIB; HJP). +d ow Nsides (pista CHio ): +Pistacia pollen is a major source of allergy (X9140524). +Natural History (pista CHio ): +Nuts favored by squirrels, blue jays, and red-headed woodpeckers (NUT). Camels, goats, and sheep feed +on the leaves, hence the name of the gallsb oz ghanj. One common name for the galls translates as “goat’s +sore” (DEP). The leaves of P. vera bear small, irregularly spheroid galls (Bokhara galls), which have been +reported to be imported into India for dyeing and tanning purposes; galls contain 50% tannins (WOI). +extra Cts (pista CHio ): +Fortunately for nut lovers, Phillips et al. (2005) quantiefi d the phytosterols in four accessions of +pistachio nuts. Pistachio was the richest of the biblical nuts in total phytosterols (cf. sunofl wer in +the American nuts). Such phytosterols could be medicinally important (X16302759). Phytosterols +in pistachio nuts (four accessions): delta-5-avenasterol (262 ppm); delta-7-avenasterol; campestanol +(50 ppm); campesterol (101 ppm); phytosterols (2740–2870 ppm); poriferasta-7,25-dienol (126 +ppm); poriferasta-7,22,25-dienol; sitostanol (12 ppm); beta-sitosterol (2098 ppm); spinasterol; stig - +mastanol; and stigmasterol (23 ppm) (X16302759). Ozcelik et al. (2005) demonstrated antibacterial, +antifungal, and antiviral activities for lipophilic extracts of various parts of the plant (leaf, branch, +stem, kernel, shell skins, seeds) e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus +faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis, Herpes simplex (DNA), +and Parainufl enza viruses (RNA). The extracts showed antifungal but little antibacterial activity +at 128 to 256 µg/ml. Kernel and seed extracts showed signicafi nt antiviral activity (X15881833). +Alma et al. (2004) found that the essential oil contained alpha-pinene (75.6%), beta-pinene (9.5%), +trans-verbenol (3.0%), camphene (1.4%), trans-pinocarveol (circa 1.20%), and limonene (1.0%). The +antimicrobial results showed that the oil inhibited nine of thirteen bacteria and all three yeasts st-ud +ied. The essential oil of the gum was better than Nystatin against yeast, but weaker than ampicillin +sodium, and streptomycine sulfate against bacteria (X15186116). Tokusoglu et al. found traces of +resveratrol, comparable to levels in peanuts, in Turkish pistachios, 0.09–1.67 µg/g (av = 1.15 µg); cf. +0.03–7.17 µg/g in grapes and wines. There was more cis-transveratrol in pistachios than peanuts. +In peanut, if not pistachio, resveratrol increases after biotic or abiotic stress. “Trans-resveratrol is a +chemopreventive agent against human breast cancer” (X15941348). +o RIeNt AL pLANe t Ree (pl At Anus orient Alis L.) ++ pLAt ANACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Platanus vulgaris Sah. fide DEP +Notes (o rie Ntal pla Ne t ree): +And Jacob took him rods of green poplar, and of the hazel and chestnut tree; and pilled white +strakes in them, and made the white appear which was in the rods. +Genesis 30:37 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 345 11/12/07 2:44:56 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Oriental Plane Tree (Platanus orientalis). +8202_C001.indd 346 11/12/07 2:45:18 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Then Jacob took fresh rods of poplar and almond and plane, and peeled white streaks in them, +exposing the white of the rods. +Genesis 30:37 (RSV) +Then Jacob took for his use staffs still moist of the storax tree and of the almond tree and of the +plane tree and peeled in them white peeled spots by laying bare white places which were upon +the staffs. +Genesis 30:37 (NWT) +Here the KJV version renders the Hebrew armon to chestnut while the RSV more properly renders +it to plane tree. (I will puzzle over the hazel in the KJV as opposed to almond elsewhere, but I do not +remember the hazel being biblical. And then I will puzzle over the storax in the NWT as opposed to +the poplar in the KJV and RSV). Life gets complicated. The plane tree is oft cultivated and highly +valued as an ornamental tree. It is said to be the tree under which Socrates enthralled his students. +It has a short trunk, a roundish spreading crown, and is mostly grown for shade in parks and on +roadsides. Seldom felled, it is allowed to grow to large dimensions. The wood is white, tinged with +yellow or red; heartwood not distinct, fine -grained, moderately hard and heavy (weight circa 657 +kg/cu. m), but strong. It warps during seasoning and is durable only under cover. It is easy to saw +and presents a decorative gfi ure when quarter sawn. It can be finished to a smooth surface that takes +a beautiful polish. In Kashmir, the wood is mostly used for small boxes, trays, and similar articles +that are lacquered and painted. In western Asia and Europe, it is used for cabinet making, furniture, +veneers, carving, coach building, general turnery, and for wood pulp. It has been reported to be +suitable for boot lasts (BIB). +Commo N Names (o rie Ntal pla Ne t ree): +Aramon (f; KAB); Armon (Heb.; ZOH); Asiatische Platane (Ger.; EFS); Bhunj (Kas.; KAB); Boin +(Kas.; DEP; KAB); Bonin (Kas.; DEP; KAB); Buin (India; Kas.; EFS; KAB; NAD); Buna (Kas.; +DEP; KAB); Chanar (Pun.; DEP; KAB); Chinar (Chaman; Eng.; Iran; Pishin; Pun.; Quetta; Rus.; +Urdu; EFS; DEP; KAB); Chintar (Pushtu; DEP; KAB); Çinar (Tur.; EFS); Dilba (Arab.; Aramaic; +ZOH); Dulah (Iran; KAB); Jing Tu Shu (China; USN); Morgenländische Platane (Ger.; EFS); +Oosterse Plataan (Dutch; EFS); Oriental Plane Tree (Eng.; EFS; USN; ZOH); Plataan (Dutch; +KAB); Platan (Rom.; KAB); Platane (Fr.; Ger.; KAB); Platane d’Oreint (Fr.; EFS); Platano (It.; +Por.; EFS; KAB); Plátano de Levante (Sp.; EFS); Plátano de Sombre (Sp.; EFS); Plátano do Oriente +(Por.; EFS); Nscn. +a Ctivities (o rie Ntal pla Ne t ree): +Antirheumatic (f; EFS); Antiscorbutic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (1; X8302950); Bactericide (1; X8302950); +Cyanogenic (1; EB30:402); Cytotoxic (1; X10712831); Gram(+)-icide (1; X8302950); Gram(-)-icide +(1; X8302950); Tonic (f; EFS); Vulnerary (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (o rie Ntal pla Ne t ree): +Bacteria (1; X8302950); Bite (f; KAB); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Cancer (f1; JLH; X10712831); Carc-i +noma (f; BIB); Diarrhea (f; DEP; NAD; WOI); Dysentery (f; WOI); Hernia (f; BIB); Infection (1; +X8302950); Inafl mmation (f; BIB); Leukemia (1; X10712831); Leukorrhea (f; KAB); Nephrosis (f; +KAB); Ophthalmia (f; DEP; EFS; NAD); Pharyngosis (f; KAB); Pulmonosis (f; KAB); Rheumatism +(f; EFS); Scurvy (f; EFS); Sore Throat (f; KAB); Toothache (f; BIB); Tumor (f; BIB); Voice (f; KAB); +Wound (f; KAB). +8202_C001.indd 347 11/12/07 2:45:18 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d osages (o rie Ntal pla Ne t ree): +FNFF = ? +• Asian Indians suggest applying bruised leaves to the eye in ophthalmia (DEP; KAB). +• Asian Indians suggest bark, boiled in vinegar, for diarrhea, dysentery, hernia, and too-th +ache (DEP; KAB). +• Unani use the bark for animal bites and leucoderma, the fruits and leaves for lacrym- a +tion, leucoderma, ophthalmia, toothache, and wounds, and disorders of the kidney, lungs, +throat, and voice (KAB). +Natural History (o rie Ntal pla Ne t ree): +Affected by the leaf spot disease caused by Stigmina platani and S. visianica. Dead wood attacked +by beetles Aeolesthes sarta, Batocera rufomaculata, and Capnoidis miliaris (WOI). +extra Cts (o rie Ntal pla Ne t ree): +Contains active allantoin and asparagine (EFS). +Demetzos et al. (2000) isolated antileukemic cytotoxic compounds (platanoside and tilirioside) +from methanolic bud extracts (X10712831). Mitrokotsa et al. (1993) studied antimicrobial activity +against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (X8302950). +Wh Ite pop LAR (populus A lb A L.) ++ sALICACeAe +Notes (w Hite poplar ): +And Jacob took him rods of green poplar, and of the hazel and chestnut tree; and pilled white +strakes in them, and made the white appear which was in the rods. +Genesis 30:37 (KJV) +Then Jacob took fresh rods of poplar and almond and plane, and peeled white streaks in them, +exposing the white of the rods. +Genesis 30:37 (RSV) +Then Jacob took for his use staffs still moist of the storax tree and of the almond tree and of the +plane tree and peeled in them white peeled spots by laying bare white places which were upon +the staffs. +Genesis 30:37 (NWT) +Zohary, like Moldenke and Moldenke, concluded that water sprouts oPf opulus alba are the most +likely interpretation of Jacob’s poplar rods. The NWT translates it as storax but Zohary rules that +out on a phytogeographic basis. Native to Syria and Lebanon; for example, the white poplar thrives +along water courses. Whether it is native to northern Israel is questionable. The young buds are co-v +ered with a resinous varnish with a balsamic aroma in the spring. Bruised buds produce a fragrant +resin that may have been the incense burned by Ephraim in the groves of poplars. Because it casts +a dense shade, white poplar has been extensively cultivated in the Holy Land. Bitten by a poisonous +snake, Hercules found a mythical antidote in poplar leaves. The tonic bark is used for strangury and +blood and skin diseases (BIB). +8202_C001.indd 348 11/12/07 2:45:19 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . White Poplar (Populus alba). +Commo N Names (w Hite poplar ): +Abbey (Eng.; EFS); Abele (Eng.; EFS; USN); Able (Eng.; DEP); Ak Kavak (Tur.; EFS); Álamo +Bianco (Por.; EFS); Álamo Blanco (Sp.; EFS; USN); Alberaccio (Malta; KAB); Alberbaum (Ger.; +KAB); Alberello (It.; EFS); Aouba (Lan.; KAB); Aspen (Eng.; BUR); Baid (Pun.; DEP); Blanc de +Hollande (Fr.; KAB); Chanuni (Pun.; DEP); Chita Bagnu (Pun.; DEP; KAB); Chittabagun (Him-a +laya; KAB); Chopo (Sp.; EFS); Choupo Branco (Por.; EFS); European White Poplar (Eng.; BUR); +Fras (Kas.; Pun.; DEP; KAB); Gattice (It.; EFS); Gin Doro (Japan; USN); Great Aspen (Eng.; +HOC); Hakuyo (Japan; USN); Ilba (Cat.; KAB); Ispedar (Jhalawan; KAB); Jangli Frast (Pun.; +DEP); Livneh (Heb.; ZOH); Mal (Pun.; DEP); Nyárfarügy (Hun.; EFS); Pai Yang (China; EFS); +Peuplier Blanc (Fr.; EFS; USN); Pobo (Sp.; EFS); Popolo Bianco (It.; EFS); Prasti (Pun.; DEP); Prist +(Pun.; DEP); Rikkan (Pun.; DEP); Safeda (Pun.; DEP); Sannan (Pun.; DEP); Silber Pappel (Ger.; +EFS; USN); Silver-leaf Poplar (Eng.; UPH; USN); Speda (Afg.; DEP); Spedar (Chaman; Quetta; +KAB); Spelda (Afg.; DEP); Sperdor (Afg.; DEP); Sufeda (Nasiribad; Sharig; Sibi; KAB); Topol +8202_C001.indd 349 11/12/07 2:45:28 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(Rus.; KAB); Urajiro Hako Yanagi (Japan; USN); Weiss Pappel (Ger.; EFS); White Asp (Eng.; +EFS); White Poplar (Eng.; USN); Witte Abeel (Dutch; EFS); Witte Populier (Dutch; EFS); Xin Bai +Yang (China; USN); Nscn. +a Ctivities (w Hite poplar ): +Antiperiodic (1; WOI); Antiseptic (f; DAW); Astringent (f; DAW); Bitter (f; DAW); Depurative (f; DEP); +Diaphoretic (f; AAH); Diuretic (f; DAW; EFS); Febrifuge (f1; DAW; EFS; ZOH); Insectifuge (1; WOI); +Revulsive (f; DAW); Stimulant (f; DAW; EFS); Tonic (f; DEP; EFS; ZOH); Uricosuric (1; WOI). +iNdi Catio Ns (w Hite poplar ): +Bone (f; DAW); Caries (f; DAW); Cold (f; DAW); Colic (f; DAW); Complexion (f; DAW); Coryza (1; +WOI); Cystosis (f; HOC); Dermatosis (f; DAW; DEP); Dyspepsia (f; AAH); Fever (f; DAW); Flux (f; +DAW); Goiter (f; DAW); Hematochezia (f; DAW); Hemorrhage (f; DAW); Herpes (f; DAW); Malaria +(1; DAW; WOI); Necrosis (f; HOC); Neuraglia (1; WOI); Night Sweats (f; AAH); Osteosis (f; HOC); +Rheumatism (f1; DAW); Sciatica (f; HOC); Splenomegaly (f; DAW); Strangury (f; DAW; DEP). +d osages (w Hite poplar ): +FNFF = ! +Inner bark used as a flour substitute in survival breadstuffs (TAN). +• Chinese use leaf decoction for bone necrosis and tooth decay (HOC). +• Somerset British use bark infusion for dyspepsia, fever, and night sweats (AAH). +Natural History (w Hite poplar ): +A rust, Melampsora rostrupii, and a powdery mildew, Uncinula salicis, affect the leaves. Defolia- +tors and borers are reported from the tree (WOI). +extra Cts (w Hite poplar ): +Bark contains populnin and salicin, both of which can help eliminate uric acid (WOI). +eUph RAtes pop LAR (populus euphr Atic A oLI v.) ++ s ALICACeAe +Notes (eup Hrates poplar ): +He took also of the seed of the land, and planted it in a fruitful field; he placed it by great waters, +and set it as a willow tree. And it grew, and became a spreading vine of low stature, whose branches +turned toward him, and the roots thereof were under him: so it became a vine, and brought forth +branches, and shot forth sprigs. +Ezekiel 17:5–6 (KJV) +Who would confuse a willow with a poplar? This Euphrates poplar has narrower, more willow-like +leaves on younger shoots, but broader, poplar-like leaves on older shoots. Zohary notes that the +Euphrates poplar grows characteristically on river banks along the Jordan, often coexisting with the +wild date along brackish water courses. And like the Moldenkes, Zohary believes that the “willows” +(Psalms 137:1–3) on which the Jews hung their harps were, in fact, the Euphrates poplar. Some +versions of the Bible even say poplars instead of willow. Early Christian legendry, assuming that +Jesus’s cross was made of aspen (= poplar), has it that aspen trees everywhere started shuddering +8202_C001.indd 350 11/12/07 2:45:29 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Euphrates Poplar (Populus euphratica). Source: KAB +when nails were driven into the wood and have trembled ever since. Judas was said to have hanged +himself on Populus, but some suggest instead Cercis, or Ficus, or Pistacia (BIB; ZOH). +Commo N Names (eup Hrates poplar ): +Aspen (Eng.; BIB); Bahan (Bom.; Pun.; Pushtu; Sin.; KAB); Bahanr (Las Bela; KAB); Bahun +(Shah Bilawul; Sibi; KAB); Ban (Bom.; KAB); Benti (Pun.; KAB); Bhakaim (Heb.; KAB); Bhan +(Pun.; Sin. KAB); Bhani (Pun.; KAB); Euphrates Aspen (Eng.; BIB); Euphrates Poplar (Eng.; BIB); +Gharab (Arab.; Iraq; ZOH); Hodung (Ladak; KAB); Hotung (Ladak; KAB); Hu Yang (China; +USN); Junglibenti (Pun.; KAB); Labhan (Pun.; KAB); Pada (Afg.; Pishin; Quetta; KAB); Padak +(Afg.; KAB); Padar (Bal..; KAB); Patk (Jhalawan; Kharan; Sarawan; KAB); Patki (Brahui; KAB); +8202_C001.indd 351 11/12/07 2:45:33 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Poplar (Eng.; BIB; ZOH); Putki Gundava; KAB); Safeda (Sin.; KAB); Safedar (Pun.; KAB); Safsaf +(Arab.; Egypt; ZOH); Safsaf el Abiad (Arab.; Egypt; ZOH); Spana (Kohlu; KAB); Sperawan (Pun.; +KAB); Spina (Kila Saifulla; Nasirabad; Sibi; KAB); Tzaftzafah (Heb.; ZOH); Nscn. +a Ctivities (eup Hrates poplar ): +Dentifrice (f; WOI); Vermifuge (f; KAB). +iNdi Catio Ns (eup Hrates poplar ): +Odontosis (f; WOI); Worm (f; KAB). +d osages (eup Hrates poplar ): +FNFF = ? +I have no reports on this one being used for food. The inner bark of other poplar species serves as a +ofl ur substitute; a few have sprouts that are eaten as greens and salads; the sap can serve as a source +of sugar, possibly fermentable (FAC; TAN). +ApRICot ( prunus A rmeni Ac A L.) ++ Ros ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Armeniaca vulgaris Lamarck fide AH2 +Notes (a pri Cot ): +A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in pictures of silver. +Proverbs 25:11 (KJV) +A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in a setting of silver. +Proverbs 25:11 (RSV) +As apples of gold in silver carving is a word spoken at the right time for it. +Proverbs 25:11 (NWT) +An apple a day keeps the doctor away. An apricot (without sultfi es) a day keeps the undertaker +away. In biblical days, Solomon said, “comfort me with apples for I am sick.” Could he have meant +apricots? Some maintain that Abraham used dried apricot pulp on his journey from Ur (HJP). I do +not know whether the apple or apricot, or even possibly the pomegranate, was intended in the above +passages. Apple, apricot, and pomegranate, all possible, are good health foods, and all have been +proposed as the apple of the Bible. Perhaps all are! Hunzas reportedly live well into old age, free +of cancer and cardiopathy. Was it fresh air and glacial pure water, was it apricot, or was it the real +apple? One visitor described the Hunza four meals a day as atfl bread with fresh or boiled apricots +for breakfast, ditto plus vegetables for lunch, apricot soup for dinner, and vegetables and fruit for +late dinner (no mention of yogurt) (JNU). Could they have meant apricot pits in the Garden of Eden? +Zohary does not even mention Prunus in his discussion of the biblical apple, believing that apples +(Malus domestica) had been introduced into the Holy Land by 4000 b.c. As Milton says, “The fruit +of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste brought death into the world, and all our woe.” The seeds +of both (and many other rose relatives) do contain laetril-elike compounds that can cure or kill, +8202_C001.indd 352 11/12/07 2:45:34 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +depending on dosage. Were it my Garden of Eden, or even my Garden of Solomon, I would have +wanted both, and all other edible members of the Prunus and Malus genera. Bitter apricot kernel is +highly toxic because of the potential cyanide levels. Expressed oil, known as Persic oil or apricot oil, +is used as a pharmaceutical vehicle; it is obtained by the same process as bitter almond oil. Pit shells +have been used to prepare activated charcoal, via destructive distillation. Perhaps the tyle-nHolCN +connection accomplished more to discourage laetrile than did NCI (BIB; ZOH). +Commo N Names (a pri Cot ): +Abricoquer (Cat.; KAB); Abricotier (Fr.; EFS; KAB); Abrikoosboom (Dutch; EFS; KAB); Abrikos +(Den.; EFS); Abrikosovoi Dyerevo (Rus.; KAB); Albaricoque (Mex.; KAB); Albaricoquero (Sp.; +KAB; VAD); Albercocco (It.; KAB); Albercooque (Sp.; EFS); Alberge (Sp.; EFS); Albergero (Sp.; +EFS); Albicocco (Malta; KAB); Albricoquiero (Por.; EFS); Alperciero (Por.; EFS); Alperchiero +(Por.; EFS); Alukashmiri (Pun.; KAB); Anzu (Japan; TAN); Apricot (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2; KAB); +Aprikose (Ger.; HHB); Aprikosenbaum (Ger.; KAB); Binkook Tuffa Armina (Arab.; India; EFS; +NAD); Binkuk (Arab.; KAB); Cais (Rom.; KAB); Cherkish (Kas.; KAB); Chhappuh (Heb.; KAB); +Chilu (Hindi; KAB); Chinaru (India; EFS; NAD); Chinaru (India; NAD); Chinese Bitter Almond +(Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Chola (Kum.; KAB); Chuari (Hindi; DEP; WOI); Chuaru (Kum.; NAD); Chuli +(Bhoti; Ladak; Pun.; DEP; KAB; WOI); Chulu (India; NAD); Ciruela (Sp.; EFS); Damasco (Por.; +Sp.; KAB; USN); Damasquiero (Mad.; Por.; EFS; JAD); Damasquino (Sp.; USN); Galdam (Tibet; +DEP; KAB); Gardali (Pun.; NAD); Gurdalu (Kas.; DEP); Gurdlu (Pun.; MPI; NAD; SKJ); Hanh +(Ic.; KAB); Hari (Hazara; Pun.; DEP; KAB; WOI); Hing (China; TAN); Hsing (China; EFS; KAB); +Iser (Kas.; NAD); Jaldaru (Sutlej; NAD); Jardal (Kon.; KAB); Jardalu (Hindi; Pushtu; NAD); Kayisi +(Tur.; EB54:155); Kayisi Agaci (Tur.; EFS); Kham Bu (Tibet; NPM); Khista (Pushtu; DEP); Kho-r +pani (Newari; NPM); Khubani (Hindi; Pushtu; Urdu; KAB; NAD; WOI); Khurpani (Nepal; NPM); +Ku Xing Ren (Pin.; AH2); Kushm Aru (Kum.; DEP); Kushmiaru (Hindi; WOI); Mandata (Pun.; +Pushtu; DEP; KAB); Marille (Ger.; HHB; USN); Meliaco (It.; EFS); Mishmis (Iran; NAD); Mish- +mish (Arab.; Iran; Syria; DEP; HJP); Moon of the Faithful (Eng.; DEP); Mushmush (Arab.; Syria; +HJP); Pak Hang (Malaya; KAB); Pating (Bhote; DEP); Salkunamu (Korea; TAN); Sargabarackfa +(Hun.; KAB); Sari (Pun.; WOI); Shiran (Pun.; NAD); Siberian Apricot (Eng.; USN); T’ien Mei +(China; EFS); Tuffa Urmena (Arab.; DEP); Urumaana (Sanskrit; MPI); Xing (Pin.; AH2); Xing Ren +(Pin.; DAA); Zardalu (Afg.; Iran; Kohlu; Quetta; Sharig; KAB). +a Ctivities (a pri Cot ): +Analgesic (1; X15744067); Anthelmintic (f; CRC; KAB); Antidote (f; CRC; DAA); Antiinafl mma - +tory (1; X15744067); Antioxidant (1; X15723750); Antiprostaglandin (1; X15744067); Antispa-s +modic (f; CRC; EFS); Antithyroid (1; AKT); Antitumor (f; APA), Antitussive (f; CRC); Aphrodisiac +(f; CRC; EFS); COX-2 Inhibitor (1; X15744067); Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor (1; X15744067); Cya- +nogenic (f; CRC); Demulcent (f1; CRC; VAD); Emetic (f; KAB); Emollient (f; CRC; VAD); Expec - +torant (f; BIB; CRC); Hemostat (f; BIB); iNOS Inhibitor (1; X15744067); Laxative (f1; HJP; NAD; +VAD); NO Inhibitor (1; X15744067); Pectoral (f; CRC; EFS); Peristaltic (1; VAD); Poison (f1; CRC); +Refrigerant (f; NAD); Sedative (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Vermifuge (f; CRC); Vulnerary (f; CRC). +iNdi Catio Ns (a pri Cot ): +Aging (f1; VAD); Anemia (f; CRC; EFS); Asthma (f; APA; CRC; DAA); Bleeding (f; BIB; CRC); +Bronchosis (f12; APA; CRC; DAA); Cancer (f1; APA; CAN; JLH); Catarrh (f; CRC; DAA); Child- +birth (f; CRC); Cold (f; CRC; DAA); Congestion (f; APA), Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Constipation +(f; APA; CRC); Cough (f; APA; CRC); Deafness (f; KAB); Dermatosis (1; VAD); Diarrhea (f; +KAB); Earache (f; KAB); Fever (f; CRC; KAB); Heart (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Hepatosis +(f; KAB); Ichthyosis (f1; VAD); Infertility (f; BIB; CRC); Inafl mmation (f1; CRC; X15744067); Itch +8202_C001.indd 353 11/12/07 2:45:35 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(f; APA); Laryngitis (f; CRC); Meningitis (f1; HHB); Mucosis (f1; VAD); Ophthalmia (f; BIB); Oto- +sis (f; KAB); Pachymeningitis (f1; HHB); Pain (1; X15744067); Puerperium (f; BIB); Rheumatism +(f; CRC); Snakebites (f; APA), Sore (f; APA; JLH); Sore Throat (f; BIB; CRC); Soroche (f; BIB; +NAD); Spasm (f; CRC); Swelling (f; CRC; JLH); Thirst (f; CRC); Toothache (f; APA); Trichomo- +niasis (2; APA); Tumor (f; APA; CRC; JLH); Ulcer (f; JLH); Vaginosis (2; APA); Vulvosis (2; APA); +Worm (f; DAA); Wound (f; DAA); Xeroderma (f1; VAD). +d osages (a pri Cot ): +FNFF = !!! +Ripe fruits widely eaten, fresh, preserved, or converted to juice, brandy, liqueurs; unripe fruits +made into preserves and syrups; seeds, especially the bitter seeds, more medicinal, but eaten, like +those of the almond and peach; bitter kernels used in macaroons called Ameretti di Saronno and +liqueurs called Amaretto di Saronno; seed oil sometimes extracted. Kernels produce a sweet edible +oil sometimes used as substitute for almond oil. Chinese almonds are the seed kernels of several +sweet varieties of apricot, used for almond cookies, eaten salted and blanched, or made into gruel +or flour. Afghans also use the seeds as almonds (FAC; TAN; EB54:155). +• Afghans use dried fruits as laxative and refrigerant in fevers (DEP; KAB). +• Chinese use fruits for asthma, bronchosis, cancer, cardiopathy, cold, cough, insomnia, +worms, wounds, seeds for asthma, bronchosis, catarrh, cough, considering roots an-ti +dotal to seeds (DAA). +• Koreans use the expectorant kernel to treat dry throat (BIB). +• Malayans used dried fruits to quench thirst and allay fever (KAB). +• Tibetans apply fruits, after chewing them, in ophthalmia (DEP). +• Unani use the tonic seed for deafness, earache, hepatitis, piles, and worms, the fruit for +diarrhea, fever, and thirst (KAB). +d ow Nsides (a pri Cot ): +Class 3 (AHP). Also known as bitter almond. One of the products apricot seed components break +down into in the human body is highly toxic prussic acid. Fifty to sixty kernels of apricot seed can +kill adults; 7 to ten kernels can be fatal in children. My CRC handbook says that a “double kernel +is said to be enough to kill a man” (CRC). I think that is overkill. Headache and nausea occurred +in some patients being treated for chronic bronchosis with a paste of apricot seed and sugar. Po- s +sible adverse interaction when taken with astragalus, skullcap, or kudzu root (TMA, 1996). Do +not use, says APA, probably referring to the cyanogenic seed. Newall, Anderson, and Phillipson +(1996) warn that the cyanogenetic glycosides in the seed can cause cyanide poisoning. Because of +cyanide toxicity, apricot use in pregnancy and lactation should be avoided. Kernels may cause c-on +tact dermatosis. Avoid in pregnancy; ingestion of cyanogenic substances may be teratogenic. More +than 20 deaths have been reported from laetrile and apricot kernel ingestion (CAN). Symptoms +of acute intoxication include convulsions, dizziness, drowsiness, dyspnea, headache, hypotension, +nausea, paralysis, coma, and then death. Death may occur from 1 to 15 minutes after ingestion. +Antidotes for cyanide poisoning include aminophenol, cobalt edetate, hydroxocobalamin, nitrite, +and thiosulphate. Symptoms of chronic intoxication (from HCN, cyanogenic foods, or drugs such +as laetrile) include ataxia, blindness, cretinism, goiter, hypertonia, increased blood thiocyanate, +lesions of the optic nerve, mental retardation, and thyroid cancer. Demyelinating lesions and other +neuromyopathies may occur secondary to chronic cyanide exposure, including long-term laetrile +therapy. Agranulocytosis has also been attributed to long-term laetrile therapy. Laetrile spelled +with a capital “L” signiefi s a synthetic patented in 1961 but never sold in the United States. Spelled +with a small “l,” laetrile is, for lay purposes, synonymous with amygdalin. After making this +8202_C001.indd 354 11/12/07 2:45:35 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +distinction, APA spells it with a small “l” except, of course, at the beginning of a sentence where +they say, “Laetrile consists of 6% cyanide (prussic or hydrocyanic acid), a highly poisonous s-ub +stance that can kill by depriving the brain of oxygen.” Then they unleash a hyperbolic error I +presume, “the laetrile content of apricot pits varies from as much as 8% in some apricot varieties +to twenty times that amount in wild varieties.” Krebs marketed laetrile with a small “l” as vitamin +B-17 (AHA). +extra Cts (a pri Cot ): +Among 37 varieties, total carotenoid content ranged from 15 to 165 mg kg (edible portion); beta- +carotene led, followed by beta-cryptoxanthin and gamma-carotene, with less phytoene, phytoufl ene, +gamma-carotene, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lutein (X16076120). I am not surprised by the +antioxidant capacities reported by Scalzo et al. (2005) for wild strawberry, six varieties of cultivated +strawberry, and vfi e varieties of apple and with apricot and peach grafts. Wild strawberries >> cul-ti +vated strawberries >> kiwifruit = apples = apricots = peaches. This tells me that the American wild +strawberry, as I would have predicted, was better than the cultivated strawberry, apple, or apricot +(X15723750). A retrospective analysis of laetrile in cancer patients showed slight activity. A su-b +sequent clinical trial concluded that laetrile was ineffective in cancer treatment. Claims for laetrile +were based on three different theories. Theory (1) claimed that cancerous cells contained copious +beta-glucosidases, which release HCN from laetrile via hydrolysis. Normal cells were reportedly +unaffected because they contained low concentrations of beta-glucosidases and high concen-tra +tions of rhodanese, which converts HCN to the less toxic thiocyanate. Later, however, it was shown +that both cancerous and normal cells contain only trace amounts of beta-glucosidases, and similar +amounts of rhodanese. Also, it was thought that amygdalin was not absorbed intact from the g-as +trointestinal tract (CAN). Theory (2) proposed that after ingestion, amygdalin was hydrolyzed to +mandelonitrile, transported intact to the liver, and converted to a beta-glucuronide complex, which +was then carried to the cancerous cells, hydrolyzed by beta-glucuronidases to release mandelo-ni +trile and then HCN. This was believed an untenable theory. Theory (3), calling laetrile vitamin +B-17, proposed that cancer results from B-17 decfi iency. It postulated that chronic administration +of laetrile would prevent cancer. No evidence was adduced to substantiate this hypothesis. Furthe- r +more, it was even claimed that patients taking laetrile reduced their life expectancy, both through a +lack of proper medical care and chronic cyanide poisoning. To reduce potential risks to the general +public, amygdalin was made a prescription-only medicine in 1984 (CAN). +ALMo ND (prunus dulcis ( MILL.) D.A. WeBB) ++ Ros ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Amygdalus communis L.; Amygdalus dulcis Mill.; Prunus amygdalus Stock +Notes (a lmo Nd): +And their father Israel said unto them, If it must be so now, do this; take of the best fruits in the +land in your vessels, and carry down the man a present, a little balm, and a little honey, spices, +and myrrh, nuts, and almonds. +Genesis 43:11 (KJV) +Then their father Israel said to them, “If it must be so, then do this: take some of the choice fruits +of the land in your bags, and carry down to the man a present, a little balm and a little honey, +gum, myrrh, pistachio nuts, and almonds. +Genesis 43:11 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 355 11/12/07 2:45:36 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +So Israel their father said to them, “If, then, that is the case, do this: Take the finest products of +the land in your receptacles, and carry them down to the man as a gift, a little balsam, and a little +honey, labdanum and resinous bark, pistachio nuts, and almonds. +Genesis 43:11 (NWT) +Historically, some have argued that almond did not grow naturally in Egypt, because Jacob’s sons +took almonds to Joseph. (We often take almonds on trips although they are available at either end +of our trip.) Zohary states, “Flowering almonds are not found in the Sinai today,” (ZOH) but infers +that they may have been there historically, as they do occur in the Negev Hills. Possibly related +trees such as the Sinai Hawthorn were used as a substitute for almond in the ofl ral candelabrum. +Nowadays, the almond is widespread in the Holy Land, one of the earliest trees to ofl wer. In Tus- +cany, almond branches were reportedly used as divining rods to locate hidden treasure. There is the +legendary story of Charlemagne’s troops’ spears (almond) sprouting in the ground overnight and +shading the tents the next day. Almonds are also valued for their ornamental ofl wers, one of the +first trees to ofl wer in the Palestinian spring. Because of their association with spring, the ofl wer is +associated with life after death or immortality. Modern English Jews carry ofl wering branches into +the synagogue on spring festival days, as a herald of spring in Israel (BIB; ZOH). +Commo N Names (a lmo Nd): +Acibadem Agaci (Tur.; EFS); Allozo (Sp.; EFS); Almendro (Peru; Sp.; Spain; EFS; EGG; USN; VAD); +ˆ +Almond (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2; USN); Amendi (Kon.; KAB); Amygdalia (Greek; KAB); Anande +(Fr.; EFS); Amandelboom (Dutch; EFS); Amandier (Fr.; EFS; USN); Amandier Commun (Fr.; USN); +Amendo (Japan; USN); Amendoeira (Por.; EFS; KAB); Amendosu (Japan; TAN); Amendoeira (Por.; +USN); Ametlle (Cat.; KAB); Archin (Pab; KAB); Badam (Bom.; Dec.; Guj.; Hindi; Iran; Mal.; Mar.; +Nepal; Pun.; Surab; Tur.; DEP; EFS; KAB; SUW); Badama (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Badamamu (Tel.; +KAB); Badami (Kan.; DEP; KAB); Badamitte (Sanskrit; DEP); Badamo (Oriya; KAB); Badams-hi +rin (Urdu; KAB); Badamu (Kan.; NAD); Badamvittilu (Tel.; DEP); Badan (Burma; DEP; KAB); +Bademi (Tur.; EB54:155); Bilatibadam (Beng.; DEP; KAB; NAD); Bitter Almond (Eng.; USN); Bi-t +termandelbaum (Ger.; USN); Emmellié (Fr.; KAB); Hadankyo (Japan; TAN); Kahero (Wad; KAB); +Karamomo (Japan; TAN); Lauz (Arab.; GHA); Lawz (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Lawz Myrr (Arab.; Syria; +HJP); Louz (Arab.; DEP); Louza (Arab.; EFS; NAD); Loz (Arab.; GHA); Lujaalhulu (Arab.; KAB); +Luz (Arab.; Aramaic; Heb.; ZOH); Mandelbaum (Ger.; EFS; USN); Mandorlo (It.; EFS; KAB); Ma-n +dulafa (Hun.; KAB); Migdal (Pol.; Rom.; KAB); Mindalnoi Dyerevo (Rus.; KAB); Pa Tan Hsing +(China; KAB); Parsivadumai (Tam.; KAB); Rattokotamba (Sih.; KAB); Shaged (Heb.; KAB); Shaked +(Heb.; ZOH); Sweet Almond (Eng.; USN); Tatlibadem Agaci (Tur.; EFS); Vadamkottai (Tam.; DEP); +Vadumai (Tam.; SKJ); Vatamkotta (Mal.; DEP); Vatavairi (Sanskrit; KAB). Many countries rec-og +nize a sweet (low cyanide) var.d ulcis and a bitter (high cyanide) vara. mara, appending their adjec- +tive for bitter or sweet to their word for almond. AH2 used bitter almond and sweet almond as other +common names for the standardized common name “almond.” +a Ctivities (a lmo Nd): +Allergenic (1; JAF49:2131); Alterative (f; BIB); Antifeedant (1; X11902971); Antiinafl mmatory, +Antispasmodic (f1; BOW; FNF; VAD); Antitussive (f1; FNF; VAD); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB; GHA); +Astringent (f; BIB; DEP); Bactericide (1; APA; MPI); Carminative (f; BIB); Cerebrotonic (f; NAD); +Cyanogenic (f; BIB); Demulcent (f1; APA; BIB; EFS; PH2); Deobstruent (f; DEP); Discutient +(f; BIB; WOI); Diuretic (f; BIB; DEP); Emollient (f1; APA; BIB; EFS); Expectorant (f1; FNF; VAD); +Hepatoprotective (f; VAD); Hypocholesterolemic (1; X15746835); Hypotensive (f; VAD); Laxative +(f1; APA; BIB; VAD); Insectifuge (1; X11902971); Lipolytic (1; X15746835); Litholytic (f; BIB; +DEP; WOI); Memorigenic (f; GHA); Nervine (f; BIB; SUW; WOI); Pectoral (f; VAD); Pediculicide +8202_C001.indd 356 11/12/07 2:45:36 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Almond (Prunus dulcis). Source: KAB +(f; DEP); Sedative (f; BIB); Spermatogenic (f; NAD); Stimulant (f; BIB); Sudoric fi (f; VAD); Tonic +(f; BIB); Vermifuge (f; GHA); Vulnerary (f; KAB). +iNdi Catio Ns (a lmo Nd): +Acne (f; BIB); Adenopathy (1; JLH); Ascites (f; BIB); Asthma (f; BIB); Biliousness (f; BIB; KAB); +Bronchosis (f; BIB; NAD); Burn (f; VAD); Callus (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer, +8202_C001.indd 357 11/12/07 2:45:41 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +bladder (f1; APA); Cancer, breast (f1; APA; JLH); Cancer, colon (f1; FNF); Cancer, gland (f1; FNF; +JLH); Cancer, liver (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f1; APA); Cancer, spleen (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, +stomach (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f1; FNF; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; APA; FNF; X15469659); +Chafing (f; GAZ); Cold (f; BIB; FNF); Colic (f; BIB); Condyloma (f; BIB; JLH); Constipation (f1; +APA); Corn (f; BIB; JLH); Cough (f1; BIB; DEP; FNF; GHA; PH2); Cramp (f; BIB); Cystosis (f; +BIB; JLH); Delirium (f; BIB); Dermatosis (f; BIB; PH2; WOI); Diabetes (f; DAA; NAD); Dysmen- +orrhea (f; DEP); Dyspnea (f; BIB; GHA); Dysuria (f; NAD); Earache (f; BIB); Enterosis (f; DEP); +Furuncle (f; BIB); Gallstone (f; BOW); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Gingivosis (f; BIB; DEP); Gleet (f; BIB; +KAB); Gravel (f; BIB); Headache (f; BIB; DEP); Heartburn (f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; BIB; DEP; JLH); +Herpes (f; GHA); High Blood Pressure (f; VAD); High Cholesterol (1; APA; X15746835); Hoarse- +ness (f; NAD); Hydrophobia (f; BIB); Ichthyosis (f; VAD); Impotence (f; BIB; GHA); Induration (f; +BIB; JLH); Infection (f; NAD); Inafl mmation (f; BIB; JLH); Itch (f; BIB; WOI); Kidney stone (f; +BOW); Leukoderma (f; BIB); Mastosis (f; JLH); Nausea (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; BIB; NAD); Neu- +ralgia (f; DEP; KAB); Obesity (1; X15746835); Ophthalmia (f; DEP); Pain (f; DEP; KAB); Pedic-u +losis (f; KAB); Polyuria (f; NAD); Psoriasis (f; VAD); Pulmonosis (f; BIB); Respirosis (f; EFS); +Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; BIB; JLH); Sore Throat (f; BIB; KAB); Splenosis (f; BIB; DEP; JLH); +Staphylococcus (1; MPI); Stomatosis (f; BIB; DEP; JLH); Stone (f; BOW); Streptococcus (1; MPI); +Swelling (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; JLH); Venereal Disease (f; BIB); Vomiting (f; PH2); +Worm (f; GHA). +d osages (a lmo Nd): +FNFF = !!! +Nuts widely eaten, raw or roasted; seeds can be blended into almond milk or almond butter; used in +baked goods and candies; seed oil quite delectable, used in afl voring baked goods, the bitter almond +oils ending up in confections such as Maraschino cherries and liqueurs such as amaretto. Benz-al +dehyde may be used for almond afl voring, usually being cheaper than almond oil (BIB; FAC; TAN; +EB54:155). 2–4 tsp oil as laxative (VAD). +• Arabians believe the seed kernels will improve sexual potency (GHA). +• Asian Indians suggest “almond nut cream” for “brain workers” (three almonds, two wa-l +nuts, two ounces of pine kernels crushed and steeped overnight in orange or lemon juice) +(NAD). +• Ayurvedics consider the fruit, the seed, and its oil aphrodisiac, using the oil for biliou-s +ness, headache, and the seed as a laxative (KAB). +• Icelanders take bitter almonds (imported I suppose) for hepatic and splenic indurations +(JLH). +• Iranians make an ointment from bitter almonds for furuncles (BIB). +• Lebanese believe that almonds and/or almond oil restore virility (HJP). +• Lebanese use the oil for skin trouble, including white leukoderma-like patches (HJP). +• Middle Easterners use the oil as an emollient to alleviate itching. Raw oil from the bitter +variety is used for acne. Almond and honey was given for cough. Thin almond paste was +added to wheat porridge to pass gravel or stone (BIB; DEP; HJP). +• Mohammedens recommend a plaster of bitter almonds with vinegar for neuralgia, with +starch and peppermint for cough (DEP). +• Pakistanis eat vfi e, seven, or eleven almonds before breakfast to improve the memory +(GHA). +• Unani use the seed for ascites, bronchitis, colic, cough, delirium, earache, gleet, hepatitis, +headache, hydrophobia, inafl mmation, renitis, skin ailments, sore throat, and weak eyes +(KAB). +8202_C001.indd 358 11/12/07 2:45:42 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d ow Nsides (a lmo Nd): +No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2) (PH2 designates no +dosage! JAD). Ten bitter almonds said to be fatal to children, 60 to an adult (PH2). 0.5% of United +States citizens show sensitivity to tree nuts, 0.6% to peanuts, and an additional 0.3% allergic to nuts +but not specifying or differentiating between tree nut and peanut allergy. +Natural History (a lmo Nd): +Prominent diseases in India include “shot hole” caused by Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) +Aderh., “white spongy rot” due to Fomes lividus K1, “brown patchy leaf rot” due to Phyllosticta +prunicola (Spiz) Sacc., “brown rot” due to Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lev., and a mosaic di-s +ease due to virus plague almond. The chrysomelid Mimastra cyanura Hope and the almond weevil +Myllocerus laetivirens Marshall feed on the leaves. The San Jose scalQe uadraspidiotus perniciosus +Comstock is a minor problem. The almond moth Ephestia cautella Wlk. infests shelled almonds +and dried apricot, currant, date, gfi , peach, and plum (HOE). Resistance to the buprestid beetle, +Capnoidis tenebrionis, may be proportional to the prunasin content of the roots (X11902971). +extra Cts (a lmo Nd): +Amandin (almond major protein) is a complex protein with at least 28 peptides and accounts for +circa 65% of total aqueous extractable almond protein (JAF49:2131). De Pascual et al. (1998) note +that green almond extracts contain two monomers — (+)-catechin and (--)epicatechin — and +15 oligomeric procyanidins (six dimers, seven trimers, and two tetramers) (J. Am. Diet. Assoc., +105(3):449–454, 2005). Almonds in the diet simultaneously improve plasma alpha-tocopherol con- +centrations and reduce plasma lipids (X15746835). The objective of this study was to assess the +dose-response effect of almond intake on plasma and red blood cell tocopherol concentrations in +healthy adults enrolled in a randomized, crossover feeding trial. Participants were 16 healthy men +and women, aged 41 ± 13 years. After a 2-week run-in period, participants were fed three diets +for 4 weeks each: a control diet, a low-almond diet, and a high-almond diet, in which almonds +contributed 0, 10, and 20% of total energy, respectively. Changes in blood tocopherol levels were +assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Incorporating almonds into the diet helped meet +the revised Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 15 mg/day alpha-tocopherol and increased +lipid-adjusted plasma and red blood cell alpha-tocopherol concentrations. A signicafi nt dose- +response effect was observed between percent energy in the diet from almonds and plasma ratio of +alpha-tocopherol to total cholesterol (X15746835). Those who know me have probably heard me +urging a Gatesian computerized approach, analyzing 1000 of the important food farmacy plants, for +1000 important phytochemicals, so we could then, via computer, determine which foods were best +for which malady of mankind. Phillips et al. (2005) certainly dampen my enthusiasm for such an +approach, showing that just the nuts present huge analytical challenges. My decades of compiling +have shown me what megavariation there is in the quantitation of phytochemicals within a single +species. I fear a megagatesian megacybernetic quandary. “The results of this study also illustrate +the complexity that can be involved in evaluating food phytochemical data. Determination of the +phytosterol composition of nuts and seeds is not amenable to ‘production-scale’ analysis of pred-e +termined components using existing standard values” (X16302759). What is the most efcafi cious +mix of the subinfinite combinations of the various phytosterols in a given nut, the phytosterols +alone or with all the other phytochemicals, or in a biblical seve-nnut/grain mixture, some possibly +synergic, some probably additive, some possibly even antagonistic? I still optimistically suspect that +all these sterols have been known to our genes for millions of years of co-evolution, and hence the +body homeostatically grabs those it needs from the sterol mix, if they are needed, excluding them +if unneeded. Fortunately for nut lovers, Phillips et al. (2005) quantiefi d the phytosterols in nuts and +8202_C001.indd 359 11/12/07 2:45:42 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +seeds commonly consumed in the United States. Such phytosterols are medicinally important, for +example, in BPH and in high cholesterol (X16302759). Here is what they found in almonds, based +on four accessions: delta5-avenasterol (197 ppm), campestanol (33 ppm), campesterol (49 ppm) phy - +tosterols (1930–2080 ppm), poriferasta-7,25-dienol (101 ppm), sitostanol (32 ppm), beta -sitosterol +(1434 ppm), and stigmastanol (50 ppm) (X16302759). +ReD sANDALWoo D (pteroc Arpus s Ant Alinu s L. F.) ++ FABACeAe +Notes (r ed sa Ndalwood ): +And the king made of the almug trees pillars for the house of the LORD, and for the king’s house, +harps also and psalteries for singers: there came no such almug trees, nor were seen unto this day. +I Kings 10:12 (KJV) +Many biblical scholars, including Zohary, believe the “almug” of Kings was the red sandalwood or +red saunders Pterocarpus santalinus L. Anyhow, it is consistently called almug in KJV, NWT, RSV; +and its hard and heavy wood, red to garnet colored, takes a good polish, well suited for Solomon’s +purposes. It was used in construction of the House of the Lord, and is still used for lyres and other +musical instruments (ZOH). The wood is extremely hard and resistant to termites. Recently, the +wood has been more important as a dye source, used for imprinting a red or pink color to calico, +cotton, or silk. Red sandalwood is well known in Europe as an ingredient of “French polish” (BIB). +JLH and IHB combined medicinal activities of P. indicus and P santalinus. +Commo N Names (r ed sa Ndalwood ): +Agaru Gandhamu (Ap.; SKJ); Algum (Eng.; Heb.; ZOH); Almug (Eng.; Heb.; BIB; ZOH); Atti (Tam- +ilnadu; SKJ); Buckum (Iran; DEP); Caliatur Wood Tree (Eng.; EFS); Chan Chandanam (Mal.; NAD); +Chandana (India; Sanskrit; EFS; JLH); Chandan Lal (Pun.; DEP); Chendana Dangi (Malaya; IHB); +Chendana Mera (Malaya; EFS); Dul Surkh (Iran; DEP); Dunkelroche (Ger.; NAD); Erra Chandanam +(Tel.; DEP); Erra Gandhapu-chekka (Tel.; DEP); Erra Gandhamu (Tel.; NAD); Flugal Frucht (Ger.; +NAD); Gerra Chandan (Tel.; DEP); Honne (Karnataka; SKJ); Kaliaturholzbaum (Ger.; EFS); Kirmizi +santal (Tur.; EFS); Kuchandana (Sanskrit; DEP); Kuchunduna (Beng.; DEP); Kuchandanam (Tel.; +DEP); Lal Chandan (Tel.; DEP); Lala Chandan (Hindi; SKJ); Lalachandana (Bom.; DEP); Lalc-han +dana (Hindi; NAD); Lenyo Caliatur (Sp.; EFS); Patrangan (Kerala; SKJ); Nasa-Ni (Burma; DEP); +Rachandana (Kon.; NAD); Rakta Chandan (Nepal; Sanskrit; SKJ; SUW); Rakta Chandana (India; +Sanskrit; DEP; EFS); Raktachandau (Nepal; SUW) Ratanjali (Guj.; SKJ); Sanders Tree (Eng.; EFS); +Ragat Chandan (Hindi; DEP); Rakta Chandan (Nepal; SUW); Rakta Chandana (Beng.; SUW); Rakta +Gandhamu (Tel.; NAD); Rakta Sandana (Beng.; Hindi; Kan.; Mah.; Sanskrit; NAD); Rangana (Beng.; +DEP); Ratanili (Bom.; Guj.; NAD); Ratanjli (Bom.; Guj.; DEP); Red Sandalwood (Eng.; CR2; EFS); +Red Sanders (Eng.; SKJ); Red Sanders Tree (Eng.; EFS); Red Sanders Wood (Eng.; SUW); Red Sau-n +ders (Eng.; USN; ZOH); Rod Sandel (Den.; EFS); Rood Sandelhoutboom (Dutch; EFS); Rotes San-d +elholz (Ger.; EFS); Sandaku (Burma; DEP); Sandale Ahmar (Arab.; DEP); Sandale Surkh (Iran; EFS; +NAD); Sandalia (Sp.; EFS); Sandalo (It.; EFS); Sandalo Rose (It.; DEP); Sandalo Vermelho (Por.; JLH); +Sandel Hout (Den.; DEP); Santal Rouge (Fr.; DEP; EFS; NAD); Seyapu Chandanum (Tam.; DEP); Shen +Chandanam (Tam.; NAD); Sun (Iran; DEP); Tilaparni (Beng.; DEP); Tambada Chandana (Mar.; DEP); +Tambada Gand-hacha-chekka (Mar.; DEP); Tilapari (Sanskrit; DEP); Tjendana Djenggi (Malaya; EFS); +Tzu T’an (China; EFS); Undum (Arab.; Hindi; Iran; DEP); Uruttah Chundanum (Mal.; DEP). +a Ctivities (r ed sa Ndalwood ): +Alexiteric (f; KAB); Allergenic (1; X8789238); Analgesic (f; HHB); Anthelmintic (f; KAB); Anti- +convulsant (1; HH3); Antidiabetic (1; PH2; X11137350); Antiexudative (1; PH2); Antihyperglycemic +8202_C001.indd 360 11/12/07 2:45:43 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(1; X12033810); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; SKJ; X12413723); Antiproliferant (1; X11217086); Antispas - +modic (1; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Astringent (f; SUW; WOI); Chemopreventive (1; X12413723); +COX-2 Inhibitor (1; X12413723); CNS Depressant (1; HH3; PH2); Collagenic (1; X15866805); +Depurative (f; EFS; KAB); Diaphoretic (f; SUW; WOI); Diuretic (f; BIB); Emetic (f; BIB); Expec- +torant (f; KAB); Febrifuge (f; KAB); Fungicide (1; WOI); Hemostat (1; NAD); Hypoglycemic (1; +HHB); Insecticide (1; PH2); Nematicide (1; HH3); Refrigerant (f; SUW); TNF-alpha Inhibitor +(1; X11217086); Tonic (f; NAD; SUW; WOI); Tranquilizer (1; HH3); Vulnerary (f1; X15866805; +X15866819). +iNdi Catio Ns (r ed sa Ndalwood ): +Biliousness (f; SUW; WOI); Bleeding (f; KAB); Blepharosis (f; BIB); Boil (f; BIB; DEP; IHB; +SUW); Burn (f1; X15866805); Cancer (f1; JLH; X12033810); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, +breast (f1; X12033810); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Cerebrosis (f; KAB); Cho- +lecocystosis (f; HH3; PH2); Conjunctivosis (f; NAD); Debility (f; HH3); Dermatosis (f; SUW; WOI); +Diabetes (1; PNC; X11137350); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Dysentery (f; DEP; KAB; SKJ; WOI); Enterosis +(f; JLH); Fever (f; DEP; HH3; PH2; SUW); Fungus (1; WOI); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Genitosis (f; +NAD); Headache (f; DEP; HHB; PH2; SUW; WOI); Hemicrania (f; KAB); Hemorrhoid (f; NAD); +Impotence (f; KAB); Inafl mmation (f1; SKJ; SUW; WOI; X12413723); Mastosis (f1; X12033810); +Metrorrhagia (f; KAB); Mycosis (1; WOI); Neck ache (f; KAB); Ophthalmia (f; DEP; PH2; SUW); +Prickly Heat (f; IHB); Snakebite (f; PH2); Sore (f; BIB; IHB); Sting (f; BIB); Stomatosis (f; IHB +JLH); Swelling (f; JLH; SUW); Syphilis (f; IHB); Thrush (1; IHB); Toothache (f; KAB; PH2); Ulcer +(f; PH2); Vaginosis (f; BIB); Venereal Disease (f; IHB); Vomiting (f; PH2); Wound (f1; X15866805; +X15866819). +d osages (r ed sa Ndalwood ): +FNFF = ! +Powdered redwood used as a red food dye in commercial spice mixes and sauces; in Old England, it +is used to dye gingerbread, jelly, pottages, etc. (FAC); 5 g tincture (200 parts powdered wood/1000 +parts ethanol, PH2). +• Asians use the plant in bolmes, enemas, ghees, or powders for abdominal tumors (JLH). +• Asian Indians use the wood, lathered up in water, to wash blepharitis and supercfi ial +excoriations of the genital organs (BIB). +• Ayurvedics, regarding the wood as alexiteric, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, and refrigerant, +use it for biliousness, blood disorders, eye ailments, fever, mental aberrations, and ulcers +(KAB). +• Indonesians consider it a secret remedy for poisoning (BIB). +• Iranians sells chips of the wood for use against dysentery (BIB). +• Unani use seeds for dysentery and urethral hemorrhage; applying the wood externally for +fever, headache, hemicrania, inafl mmation, neckache, and toothache (KAB). +d ow Nsides (r ed sa Ndalwood ): +Class 1. In the United States, allowable as afl vor in alcoholic beverages only (AHP). No health ha-z +ards or contraindications with proper administration of suggested therapeutic dosages (PH2). +extra Cts (r ed sa Ndalwood ): +Extracts potently inhibited COX-2 (IC >80% = 10 µg/ml) (X12413723). Compared with diabetic rats +treated with glibenclamide, the antihyperglycemic activity of ethanolic bark extract at 20 mg/kg was +8202_C001.indd 361 11/12/07 2:45:43 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +more effective (X11137350). Biswas et al. (2004) report a vulnerary ointment from the bark, effec- +tive and with no toxic effects (X15866819). +po MeGRANAte ( punic A gr An Atum L.) +++ pUNICACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Granatum punicum St.-Lag., Punica florida Salisb., Punica multiflora Hort. ex Siebold & Voss, +Punica nana L., Punica spinosa Lam. fide POR +Notes (pomegra Nate ): +I would cause thee to drink of spiced wine of the juice of my pomegranate +Song of Solomon 8:2 (KSV) +I would give you spiced wine to drink, the juice of my pomegranates. +Song of Solomon 8:2 (RSV) +I would give you a drink of spiced wine, the fresh juice of pomegranates. +Song of Solomon 8:2 (NWT) +It is nice to see near unanimity in the three versions of this rather sexy story in Song of Solomon. +“Pomegranate” literally means “apple with grains,” the reference being to the many clear, rub-ycol- +ored seeds, covered with a thin skin and full of juice, found in each fruit. Jewish legends suggest +that the pomegranate has about 613 seeds, the same number of laws God gave to Israel. I have come +to believe, unlike other scholars, including Zohary, that this estrogenic fertilit-ysymbolizing fruit +could well be the tree of knowledge. If you wish to read some of the sexiest passages in the Bible, +look up the verses mentioning the pomegranate in the Song of Solomon. Zohary clearly thinks it +important, if not the tree of knowledge. Commenting on some Solomon references, he says “the +woman’s beauty is likened to its beautiful shape, its many seeds symbolize fertility,” (ZOH) the +red juice is viewed as lover’s nectar, and the aromatic ofl wers stand for the beautiful awakening of +spring. I have one plant of this “yin” species that is hardy on my south-facing “yang” slope here +in the Green Farmacy Garden. Rinds are used for tanning Morocco leather, giving a yellow color. +Flowers give a red dye. Plants make a good ornamental hedge, especially in dry climates. Cut ofl w- +ers are long lasting in arrangements. Pomegranate is the national ofl wer emblem of Spain. Wood, +although scanty, is hard and can be used for small objects and for walking sticks. Flowers are used +by some women to give a red color to the teeth, and rind is used in Polynesia to give shining black +color to teeth. In some areas, nonfading ink is made from the rind. Dried rind, called Malicorium, +is sold in curved brittle fragments. In China, the pomegranate symbolizes fertility; women offer +pomegranates to the Goddess of Mercy in the hope of being blessed with children. Boulos reports +that the seed oil is estrogenic, perhaps providing a rationale for the Chinese beliefs (BIB). Other +scientists report human-identical estrone, some at levels such that one fruit would provide a 2-day +dosage of ERT (estrogen replacement therapy), but such quantities need to be veriefi d. Most impor - +tant is the specicfi ity of the root bark for tapeworm. +Commo N Names (pomegra Nate ): +Aboda (Ewe; KAB); Al Lufân (Arab.; Syria; HJP); An Shih Liu (China; EFS; KAB); An Thatch +Luu (Ic.; KAB); Anangani (Sinjawi; KAB); Anar (Bhojpuri; Dec.; Hindi; Kas.; Kotra; Lepcha; +Mooshar; Nepal; Nwp.; Tharu; KAB; MKK; NAD; NPM; SUW); Anar Dakum (Sin.; KAB); Anar +8202_C001.indd 362 11/12/07 2:45:44 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Pomegranate (Punica granatum). +ke per (Hindi; NAD); Anara (Bom.; KAB; NAD); Anarbedama (Quetta; KAB); Anardaru (Mun.; +KAB); Anarthamitha (Urdu; KAB); Apencoya (Peru; EGG); Apinhoya (Andes; ROE); Apongab-e +andanitra (Hova; KAB); Armoun (Ber.; BOU); Aroumane (Ber.; BOU); Balaaustier (Fr.; KAB); +Balustier (Fr.; EFS); Bijapura (Sanskrit; KAB); Carthagian Apple (Eng.; EFS); Cay Luu (Annam; +KAB); Daariim (Nepal; POR); Dadam (Guj.; KAB; WOI); Dadima (Ayu.; Sanskrit; Tel.; AH2; JLH; +NAD); Dadima Phalima (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Dadiman (Mal.; KAB); Dahrun (Sibi; KAB); Dalim +(Assam; Beng.; Dec.; KAB; NAD); Dalima (Java; Jolo; Malaya; IHB; KAB); Dalimba (Bom..; Tel.; +Kon.; Mah.; KAB); Dalimbay (Kan.; KAB); Dalimbu Hannu (Kan.; KAB); Dalimgachh (Beng.; +KAB); Dallimbini (Kon.; KAB); Danimma (Tel.; WOI); Danoi (Jaunsar; KAB); Darakhtenar (Iran; +KAB); Daraknar (Iran; KAB); Darim (Beng.; Danuwar; Dec.; Gurung; Magar; Nwp.; Sunwar; +Swe.; Tamang; AVP; KAB; NPM); Darimba (Sanskrit; NAD); Daru (Pun.; KAB); Datema (Rus.; +AVP); Delima (Bali; Malaya; Tag.; IHB; POR); Delumgaha (Sin.; NAD); Delungaha (Sin.; KAB); +Dhale (Nepal; Newari; NPM); Dhalim (Hindi; NAD); Dhaun (Kas.; NAD); Djolanar (Arab.; BOU); +Drzewo Granatowe (Pol.; KAB); Dulim (Iran; IHB); Dulima (Iran; IHB); Gemeiner Granatbaum +(Ger.; TAN); Gharnangoi (Pushtu; KAB); Graanatapfel (Ma.; Sur.; AVP; JFM); Granaatappel +(Dutch; POR); Granaatboom (Dutch; AVP); Granada (Sp.; Peru; Pi.; Pr.; KAB; DAV; LWW; ROE); +Granada Agria (Ma.; Sp.; JFM; ROE); Granada de China (Sp.; ROE); Granadero (Ma.; Pr.; JFM; +LWW); Granado de China (Mex.; KAB); Granado Enano (Ma.; JFM); Granat (Den.; Rus.; EFS; +8202_C001.indd 363 11/12/07 2:46:06 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +POR); Granatæle (Den.; POR); Granatappel (Dwi.; Ma.; JFM; LWW); Granatäpple (Swe.; POR); +Granatbaum (Ger.; AVP; NAD; MAD); Granatboom (Dutch; KAB); Granate (Ger.; AVP); Gran-at +nik (Rus.; AVP); Granátovník (Cze.; POR); Granatowiec (Pol.; AVP); Granatrad (Swe.; KAB); +Granattraee (Den.; KAB); Grenad (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Grenade (Fr.; Ma.; JFM; LWW); Gren-a +dier (Haiti; Ma.; AVP; JFM); Grenadier Comun (Fr.; TAN); Grenadier Cultive (Fr.; NAD); Gr-e +nadyé (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Gronuto (Potenza; KAB); Gulnar (Iran; EFS; KAB); Hanor (Kharan; +KAB); Jaman (Pun.; KAB); Kanthakasi (Rai; NPM); Karakamu (Tel.; KAB); Kok Mak Phi La +(Laos; POR); Komamanga (Swahili; POR); Kuchaphala (Sanskrit; EFS; KAB); Kudhumani (Sw-a +hili; POR); Lalimse (Limbu; NPM); Liépou Pi (China; AVP); Ma Ko (Thai; POR); Madala (Michi; +KAB); Madalai (Tam.; KAB); Madalam (Tam.; KAB); Madalangkai (Tam.; KAB); Madhubiija +(Sanskrit; POR); Madulai (Tam.; WOI); Madulam (Tam.; KAB); Magragnar (Verona; KAB); +Magraner (Cat.; KAB); Mangano (Sp.; USN); Mangrano (Sp.; EFS); Matalam (Mal.; KAB; POR; +WOI); Melagranato (It.; AVP; KAB); Melgarne (Romagna; KAB); Melograno (It.; EFS; KAB); +Migraine (Fr.; KAB); Miouganier (Fr.; EFS); Nar (Tur.; AVP); Nara Aci (Tur.; EFS; KAB); Na-r +gosa (Shahrig; KAB); Nârumschk (Arab.; JLH); Naspal (Hindi; Mah.; KAB); Oschnoe Derewoe +(Rus.; AVP); Pitligean (Rom.; KAB); Pomanzeira (Por.; EFS); Pomegranate (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; +CR2; JFM; NPM); Pomeira (Por.; EFS); Pyé Grenad (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Rannua (Arab.; AVP); +Rimani (Hausa; KAB); Rimaus (Heb.; KAB); Rimmon (Heb.; Isr.; ZOH); Roia (Greek; KAB); +Roma (Brazil; Ma.; JFM; KAB; POR); Roman (Por.; AVP); Romanzeira (Ma.; Por.; AVP; JFM; +KAB); Romãzeira (Mad.; JAD); Romeira (Ma.; Por.; AVP; JFM); Rommana (Tun.; AVP); Roum- +man (Arab.; AVP; BOU); Rum N (Arab.; GHA); Rummân (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Rummân Hamid +(Arab.; Syria; HJP); Rummien (Malta; KAB); Sale Bin (Burma; KAB); Se-Bru (Tibet; NPM); Seok +Ryu (Korea; POR); Shajratur Rumman (Arab.; EFS; KAB); Shak Liu (Malaya; KAB); Shih liu +(China; AH2; POR; TAN); Shi Liu Hua (Pin.; AH2); Shi Liu Pi (Pin.; AH2; DAA); Shi Liu Ye (Pin.; +AH2); Shi Liu Zi (Pin.; AH2); Shukadana (Sanskrit; NAD); Sor (Jhalawan; KAB); Tab Tin (Thai; +IHB); Talibin (Burma; KAB); Tarmint (Ber.; BOU); Taroumant (Ber.; BOU); Thap Thim (Thai; +POR); Yanuko (Ma.; JFM); Zakuro (Japan; TAN; USN). +a Ctivities (pomegra Nate ): +Abortifacient (f; PH2; WBB); ACE Inhibitor (2; X11500191); Alpha-amylase inhibitor (1; X11223231); +Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor (1; X15894133); Amebicide (1; HH2; PH2); Anodyne (f; BIB); Anthe-l +mintic (1; HH2; KAP; PH2; SUW; VVG; WBB); Antiaging (1; X12570329); Antiatherogenic (12; +X10799367; X12224378; X11500191); Antibiotic (1; VVG; WBB); Anticancer (1; X12002340); +Antieicosanoid (1; X14585180); Antienteric (1; X15476301); Antifertility (1; MPI); Antiherpetic +(1; X8679095; X15478204; JAF50:81); Antileukemic (1; X14585180); AntiMDR (1; X15882206); +Antimutagenic (1; X12570329); Antimycobacterial (1; PR14:303); Antioxidant (1; X10799367); +Antiprostaglandin (1; X14585180); Antiseptic (1; X10548758); Antispasmodic (f1; WOI); Antitu- +bercular (1; WOI); Antiulcer (1; PR14:581); Antiviral (1; VVG; WOI; X11788838); Apopotic (1; +X14585180); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB); Astringent (2; BIB; NPM; PH2; SUW; WBB); Bactericide (1; +BIB; VGG; WBB; X10548758); Bechic (f; BOU); Cardiotonic (f; BIB; SUW; VOD; WOI); Cat-a +lase-genic (1; X15752628); Chemopreventive (1; X12002340; X14585180); CNS Stimulant (1; PHR); +Collyrium (f; GHA; VOD); Contraceptive (f; JAF50:81); COX-2 Inhibitor (1; X14585180); Cytotoxic +(1; HH2); Diuretic (1; VVG); Fungicide (1; MPI; WOI); Emmenagogue (f; WBB); Estrogenic (1; +FNF; VOD); Febrifuge (1; HH2; NPM; SUW; VVG); Fungicide (1; MPI; WOI); Glutathione-perox- +idase-genic (1; X15752628); Hemolytic (1; WOI); Hemostat (1; BIB; GHA); Hepatotoxic (1; VOD); +Hypocholesterolemic (2; JNU); Hypoglycemic (1; HH2; VVG; X10837992; X15894133); Lipogenic +(f; KAB); Lipoxygenase Inhibitor (1; X14585180); Molluscicide (1; X11050667); Nematicide (f; +PH2); Orexigenic (f; KAB); Ornithine-Decarboxylase Inhibitor (1; X14585180); Paraoxonasigenic +(1; JNU); Parastiticide (f; BIB); Pectoral (f; BOU); Phospholipas-eA2 Inhibitor (1; X14585180); +Radioprotective (1; X12570329; X15493960); Refrigerant (f; BIB; EFS; NPM; SUW); SOD-genic +8202_C001.indd 364 11/12/07 2:46:07 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(1; X15752628); Stimulant (f; BIB); Stomachic (1; DEP; MPI; SUW; WOI); Taenicide (f1; BIB; +HH2; KAP; NAD; PH2; SUW; VOD); Uterorelaxant (f; BOU); Uterotonic (1; HH2; MPI); Vermi- +fuge (f; BIB; NPM; SUW; VOD). +iNdi Catio Ns (pomegra Nate ): +Abortion (f; SOU); Acne (1; JAF50:81); Ameba (1; X2131771); Amygdalosis (f; BIB); Anorexia (f; +KAB); Asthma (f; BIB; VOD); Atherosclerosis (12; JNU; X10799367; X12224378; X11500191); +Bacillus (1; X10548758); Bacteria (1; VVG; X2636992); Biliousness (f; BIB; KAB; NAD; ROE); +Bleeding (f1; BIB; DEP; FNF); Bronchosis (1; BIB; KAB; KAP; MPI; NPM; WOI); Burn (f; GHA; +NPM); Cancer (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, anus (1; FNF; JLH); Ca-n +cer, breast (1; X12002340); Cancer, colon (f1; JLH; X16448212); Cancer, ear (1; FNF; JLH); Ca-n +cer, genital (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, gum (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, mouth (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, neck +(1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, prostate (1; X15744587); Cancer, skin (1; X14585180); Cancer, stomach (1; +FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uvula (1; FNF; +JLH); Candida (1; X12801361); Cardiopathy (f12; BIB; KAB; VOD; WOI; X11500191); Cerebr-o +sis (f; BIB; KAB); Childbirth (f; JFM); Cholera (1; MPI; X8018898); Colic (f; BIB; KAB); Colitis +(1; KAB; WBB); Condyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; BIB; IHB; KAP; MPI); Consumption (f; +NAD); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; BIB; ROE); Cramp (f1; WOI); Dermatosis (f; GHA; IHB; ROE); +Diabetes (1; VVG; X10837992; X15894133); Diarrhea (f1; BIB; EGG; HH2; KAP; NPM; PHR; +PH2; SUW; VVG); Dysentery (f1; BIB; DEP; HH2; HJP; KAP; NPM; PHR; PH2; SUW; VVG); +Dysmenorrhea (f; BIB); Dyspepsia (1; DEP; KAB; MPI; WOI); Earache (f; BIB); Endometriosis (f; +MAD); Enterosis (f1; KAB; PH2; VOD; X15476301); Epistaxis (1; BIB; DEP; NAD; ROE); Esch- +erichia (1; X10548758); Fever (1; BIB; HH2; VVG); Folliculosis (1; JAF50:81); Fungus (1; KAP; +MPI; X2801361); Gall (f; JLH); Gastrosis (f; JLH; MPI; PH2); Gingivosis (f; JLH; KAB; VOD); +Gonorrhea (f; WBB); Heartburn (f; MPI); Hemophilia (f; DEP); Hematuria (f; KAP; MPI; NAD); +Hemoptysis (f; MPI; NAD); Hemorrhoid (f1; BIB; JLH; KAP; NAD; NPM; PHR; VOD); Hepatosis +(f; GHA; KAB); Herpes (1; JAF50:81); High Cholesterol (2; JNU); HIV (1; Herpes (1; X8679095); +Impotence (f; ROE); Infection (f1; MPI; VOD; X12636992); Infertility (f; JNU); Inafl mmation (f; +BIB; NPM; VOD; WBB); Jaundice (f; GHA); Keratosis (f; BIB); Leukemia (1; X14585180); Leuko-r +rhea (f; BIB; KAB; KAP; WBB); Malaria (f; BIB; KAB); Mastosis (f; BIB; JAF50:81); Melanoma +(1; HH2); Menopause (1; FNF); Menorrhagia (1; BIB); Metrorrhagia (1; BIB); Mycosis (1; MPI; +X12801361); Nausea (1; BIB); Nephrosis (f; KAB); Neurosis (f; MAD); Night sweats (f; BIB); Oph- +thalmia (f; BIB; KAB); Oxyuriasis (f; BIB); Pain (f; BIB; JFM); Paralysis (f; BIB); Pimple (f; BIB); +Plague (f; BOU); Pneumonia (1; MPI); Proctosis (f; JLH; KAP); Prolapse (f; BIB; KAP); Pterygia +(f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; JFM; KAB); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Ringworm (1; PH2); Salmonella (1; MPI; +X15476301); Scabies (f; BIB; KAB); Shigella (1; MPI); Snakebite (f; BIB); Sore (f; GHA; JFM; +WBB); Sore Throat (f1; BIB; DEP; PHR; PH2; VOD); Splenosis (f; BIB; KAB); Staphylococcus +(1; X2636992; X15882206); Stomachache (1; KAB; WBB; VVG); Stomatosis (1; BIB; JFM; KAB; +X12801361); Swelling (f; ROE); Tapeworm (1; BIB; PHR; VVG); Thirst (f; NPM); Throat (f; ROE); +Tonsilosis (f; VOD); Tuberculosis (f1; NAD; WOI; PR14:303); Tympanosis (f; JAF50:81); Ulcer (f1; +BOU; PR14:581); Urogenitosis (f; BIB); Uterosis (f; DEP; JLH; KAP); Uvulosis (f; JLH); Vagino- +sis (f; BOU; JAF50:81); Venereal Disease (1; JAF50:81); Vertigo (f; ROE); Virus (1; VVG; WOI; +JAF50:81); Vomiting (f; KAB; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (1; VVG); Whitlow (f; JLH); +Worm (f1; BIB; KAP; PH2; SUW; VOD); Wound (f; EGG); Yeast (1; X10548758). +d osages (pomegra Nate ): +FNFF = !!! +Fruits and cooked leaves food farmacy (FAC; JAD; TAN). The first sherbet may well have been a +preparation of pomegranate juice mixed with snow. The acid pulp surrounding the seeds is the edible +portion of the fruit, used as a salad or table fruit, or made into beverages or jellies. In Syria and Iran, +8202_C001.indd 365 11/12/07 2:46:07 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +fruit is cut open, seeded, strewn with sugar, and sprinkled with rose water. Wine is made from fruits, +and seeds are used in syrups, preserves, gelatin desserts, icings, puddings, and sauces. As fruits f-er +ment easily, they are used in Egypt to make a wine. Grenadine is a soft drink based on pomegranate, +and grenadine syrup is used to afl vor drinks (BIB). 1–2 g day (HHB). 7 g fl/300 cc water for inafl med +mouth and throat (JFM). 4–5 g powdered ofl wer (KAP). 1–3 g powdered root (KAP). 1–3 g powdered +stem bark (KAP). 4–8 g powdered fruit (KAP). 1 part pericarp, root, or stem bark to 5 parts water +(PH2). 250 parts powdered bark in 1500 parts water and boiled for 30 minutes (PH2). +• Asian Indians chew fruit rind with belleric for bronchosis and bronchorrhea (WOI). +• Ayurvedics use the fruit rind, appropriately enough, for diarrhea, dysentery, and worms; +the root for worms; the ofl wers for epistaxis; the bark and seeds for bronchitis; and the +ripe fruit, considered astringent, aphrodisiac and tonic, for biliousness, burning sens-a +tions, fever, heart disease, sore throat, and stomatitis (KAB). +• Cubans apply grated fruit rind to ulcers (JFM). +• Germans take 5–20 g bark as taenifuge (MAD). +• Haitians take the ofl wer tea for asthma, the root and stem decoction for intestinal worms, +and the rind infusion for diarrhea and dysentery (VOD). +• Iranians use powdered ofl wers with Nummulites sp. and Rhus coriaria for painful gums +(BIB). +• Latinos take 5–12 g bark (RB or SB) in 240 cc water boiled until 1/3 gone; in 3 hourly +doses on empty stomach 2 hours after taking 40 cc castor oil for tapeworms (JFM). +• Nepalese take 5 tsp rind juice 2 ×/day for diarrhea and dysentery (NPM). +• Peruvians take the bark tea as a genital tonic (EGG), using the fruit and bark for cancer +and nasal polyps (JLH). +• Filipinos gargle with the leaf decoction for mouth problems (BIB). +• Puerto Ricans take juice sacs with mashed seeds to expel worms (JFM). +• North Africans (Cairo; Rabat) use fruit rind for bleeding, dentifrice, diarrhea, ulcers, +with the decoction a specic vfi aginal plug for treating leukorrhea (BOU). +• Unani use the astringent bark for anal prolapse, colic, and piles; the ofl wers for bilious- +ness, hydrocele, nausea, sore eyes, and sore throat; the green fruit for inafl mmation and +keratitis; the ripe fruit for brain disorders, bronchitis, chest ailments, earache, scabies, +sore eyes, sore throat, splenitis, and thirst; the seeds for biliousness, bowel ailments, +hepatitis, liver ailments, nausea, scabies, and sore eyes (KAB). +d ow Nsides (pomegra Nate ): +Bark Class 3. Pericarp Class 2d. Contraindicated with diarrhea; not to be taken with fats or oils +when taken to kill parasites (AHP). Health hazards not known with proper administration of des-ig +nated therapeutic dosages (PH2). Strong doses emetic, nauseant, and vertigogenic (JFM). Stronger +doses (>80 g) may cause chills, collapse, dizziness, hematemesis, and visual disturbances, possibly +even amaurosis and death (MAD; PH2). Even Mauritians believe the bark should be contrain-di +cated in geriatrics, pediatrics, and pregnancy. +extra Cts (pomegra Nate ): +Bark extract (with casuarinin, ellagitannin, and punicortein C cytotoxic to melanoma (ED50 = +2-– µg/ml, cf. <0.01 µg/ml for actinomycin) HH2. Extracts of abortive male ofl wers are hypoglyce - +mic in diabetic rats (X10837992). Pomegranate juice has antiatherogenic effects in mice that may +be attributable to its antioxidative properties (X10799367). Antiaging ellagitannin mixtures slowed +aging-type mutations (X12570329). Huang et al. (2005) demonstrated that pomegranate ofl wer +extracts improve cardiac lipid metabolism in diabetic rat models (X15880139). Voravuthikunchai +8202_C001.indd 366 11/12/07 2:46:08 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +and Kitpipit (2005) (X15882206) found that ethanolic extracts inhibited all of 35 hospital isolates of +methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MIC = 200–400 mg/ml (X15882206). Sudheesh and +Vijayalakshmi (2005) demonstrated that afl vanoid-rich fruit fractions (10 mg/kg/day orl rat) had +antiperoxidative potential, decreasing liver levels of malondialdehyde, hydroperoxides, and c-on +jugated dienes, increasing activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione pero-xi +dase, and glutathione reductase. Tissue concentrations of glutathione also increased (X15752628). +Azadzoi et al. (2005), studying oxidative stress in arteriogenic erectile dysfunction (ED), found +pomegranate was the better free radical scavenger. The rabbit model of arteriogenic ED demo-n +strated decreased intracavernous blood ofl w, erectile dysfunction, loss of smooth muscle relaxation, +decreased endothelial NOS and neuronal NOS, increased inducible NOS expression, and diffused +cavernous bfi rosis. Long-term pomegranate juice intake increased intracavernous blood ofl w, and +improved erectile response and smooth muscle relaxation. Antioxidant therapy could help prevent +smooth muscle dysfunction and fibrosis in ED, Erectile Dysfunction (X15947695). +t ABo R o AK (q uercus ith Aburensis DeCNe) ++ FAGACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Quercus aegilops var. ithaburensis Decne +Notes (t abor o ak ): +They sacrifice upon the tops of the mountains, and burn incense upon the hills, under oaks and +poplars and elms, because the shadow thereof is good: therefore your daughters shall commit +whoredom, and your spouses shall commit adultery. +Hosea 4:13 (KJV) +They sacrifice on the tops of the mountains, and make offerings upon the hills, under oak, poplar, +and terebinth, because their shade is good. Therefore your daughters play the harlot, and your +brides commit adultery. +Hosea 4:13 (RSV) +On the tops of the mountain they sacrifice and on the hills they make sacrificial smoke, under +massive tree and storax tree and big tree because its shade is good. That is why your daughters +commit fornication and your own daughters in law commit adultery. +Hosea 4:13 (NWT) +Going with the ofl w in my first crack at Medicinal Plants of the Bible, I selected the three oak spe- +cies that other non-Israeli writers had selected as probably representing the oak of the Bible. Now +armed with Zohary’s Flora of Palestine (FP1, 1966) and Zohary’s Plants of the Bible (ZOH, 1992), +I will go with the Israeli ofl w. Zohary notes that of some 500 oak species worldwide, there are only +three species that occur in Israel. They can be keyed as follows: +• Leaves evergreen, 2–4 cm long, sometimes prickly: Q. calliprinos +• Leaves deciduous, 4–10 cm long, margin not prickly, although dentate: +• — Adult leaves glabrous on both sides; cupule circa 1 cm diameter: Q. boissieri +• — Adult leaves tomentose below; cupules broader than 1 cm diameter:Q . ithaburensis +Zohary favors the deciduous Tabor Oak Q(. ithaburensis) and the evergreen oak (Q. calliprinos) +as the rendition of the Hebrew allon and elon. The evergreen oak was discussed in my Medicinal +8202_C001.indd 367 11/12/07 2:46:09 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Plants of the Bible, under the name Quercus coccifera. Under good environmental conditions, both +can grow to huge trees, symbolic of longevity, power, pride, and splendor. They were often involved +in burials, offerings, and religious, reverent, and ritual customs and worship. And the wood had +many uses. Zohary notes that “many translators and exegetes, unacquainted with the ofl ra of the +Holy Land, and embarrassed by the frequent occurrence in the Bible oef lah, elon, el, alah, and +allon, have seriously misapplied these names…. There are too many variations in the translations +of different authors, and (as in the RSV) much inconsistency even within any given translation.” +(ZOH) Zohary concludes that in general allon and elon should be rendered as oak, and elah and +alah should be rendered as terebinth. +Commo N Names (t abor o ak ): +Allon (Heb.; ZOH); Elon (Heb.; ZOH); Tabor Oak (Eng.; ZOH). +a Ctivities (o t Her o aks ): +Anthelmintic (1; PH2); Antiinafl mmatory (2; KOM; SHT); Antiperspirant (1; APA; MAD); Anti - +septic (1; APA; PNC); Antitumor (1; FAD); Antiviral (1; SHT); Astringent (f1; APA; MAD; SHT; +VAD); Bactericide (1; BGB); Carcinogenic (1; FAD); Cicatrizant (f1; VAD); Diuretic (f1; VAD); +Emetic (f; PED); Expectorant (1; BGB); Hemostatic (f1; APA; PNC; VAD); Immunostimulant (1; +PHR); Litholytic (1; BGB); Vasoconstrictor (f1; VAD); Vulnerary (1; APA). +iNdi Catio Ns (o t Her o aks ): +Adenopathy (f; JLH); Albuminuria (f; MAD); Anemia (f; MAD); Angina (f; MAD); Apoplexy (f; +MAD); Asthma (f; MAD); Bacteria (1; VAD); Bleeding (f1; PH2; MAD; VAD); Blennorrhagia (f; +MAD); Blepharosis (f; VAD); Bronchosis (2; MAD; PHR; PH2); Bruise (1; APA); Burns (f; FAD; +HJP); Cacoethes (f; JLH); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f; FAD; JLH); Cancer, anus (f; JLH); Cancer, +brain (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, ear (f; JLH); Cancer, gum +(f; JLH); Cancer, intestine (f; JLH); Cancer, lip (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; +JLH); Cancer, neck (f; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, tonsil (f; +JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cancer, uvula (f; JLH); Carbuncle (f; MAD); Chilblain (f; VAD); +Chilblains (1; APA); Chlorosis (f; MAD); Cirrhosis (f; MAD); Cold (2; PHR); Colitis (f; VAD); +Consyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (1; APA; PH2; VAD); Cough (2; PHR; PH2); Cystosis (f; VAD); +Debility (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f12; BGB; KOM; PH2; SHT); Diarrhea (f12; APA; KOM; MAD; +PED; PH2; SHT; VAD); Dysentery (1; BBG; BIS; FAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; VAD); Dysuria (f; VAD); +Eczema (1; APA; MAD; PH2; VAD); Encephalosis (f; JLH); Enterocolitis (1; APA; BIS); Entero- +sis (1; APA; MAD; VAD); Enuresis (f; MAD); Epistaxis (f; VAD); Fever (f12; HJP; PHR; VAD); +Fibroma (f; JLH; MAD); Gastroenterosis (1; BIS); Gastrosis (f1; MAD; VAD); Genitalitis (2; APA; +KOM); Gingivosis (f1; APA; JLH); Gout (f; MAD); Hematuria (1; MAD); Hemoptysis (1; MAD); +Hemorrhage (1; BGB); Hemorrhoid (f1; APA; PED; PH2; PNC; VAD); Hepatosis (f; JLH; MAD); +Hyperhidrosis (f; PH2); Incontinence (f; VAD); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (12; APA; PHR); +Inafl mmation (12; BGB; VAD); Intertrigo (f; MAD; PH2); Itch (1; APA); Kidney stone (f; BGB); +Leukorrhea (1; BGB; MAD); Malaria (f; BGB); Marasmus (f; MAD); Mastosis (f; GAZ); Metro-r +rhagia (f; VAD); Mucososis (1; APA); Mumps (f; VAD); Nephrosis (f; MAD); Nipple (f; GAZ); Pain +(f; BGB; JLH); Periodontosis (f1; VAD); Pharyngosis (f12; KOM; PH2; VAD); Phthisis (f; MAD); +Poison Ivy (f; FAD); Polyp (f; JLH); Prolapse (f; MAD); Proctitis (f12; APA; JLH; KOM; MAD; +PH2); Psoriasis (f; MAD); Rheumatism (f; MAD); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; MAD); Sore (f1; +APA; HJP); Sore Throat (f1; APA; BGB; PNC; VAD); Splenosis (f; MAD); Stomatosis (f12; APA; +KOM; MAD; PH2; VAD); Stone (f; VAD); Swelling (f; JLH); Tonsilosis (f; JLH; MAD); Ulcer (f; +MAD); Urethrosis (f; VAD); Uterorrhagia (1; PH2); Uterosis (f; MAD; PH2); Uvulosis (f; JLH); +8202_C001.indd 368 11/12/07 2:46:09 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Vaginosis (1; BGB; VAD); Varicosities (1; APA; PH2); Virus (1; PH2); Wart (f; JLH); Whitlow (f; +JLH); Worm (f; PH2); Wound (f1; HJP). +d osages (o t Her o aks ): +FNFF = ! +Most people disdain acorns as food although they have been mainstays in some cultures. Acorn-fed +pork from Spain is world renowned. 1 tsp (circa 3 g) bark /cup water/day (APA); gargle with 2 tsp +bark/pt water (APA); 3 g dry bark (KOM); 1–1.5 tsp (˜4-6 g) bark/day in hot or cold tea (MAD). 5 g +bark/l water for baths; 20 g bark/l water for compresses; 2–4 Tbsp fresh bark (PED); 3–6 g dry bark +(PED); 4.5 g dry bark:22 ml alcohol in 23 ml water (PED); 0.5–5 ml liquid bark extract (PNC). +d ow Nsides (o t Her o aks ): +Class 2d. Contraindicated even for external use when skin is extensively damaged, especially with +weeping eczema, febrile and infectious disorders, and cardiac insufcfi iency states III and IV; hype-r +tonia stage IV (AHP, 1997). Uterosis (f; PH2); Commisson E reports for bark, interactions: reduced +absorption of alkaloids, and other basic substances (AEH). Should not be taken for more than 3 or +4 days (SHT). +Natural History (o t Her o aks ): +The oak from which the “scarlet” of the Old Testament derived was probably the evergreen shrub, +now known as Quercus calliprinos, or Kermes oak, attaining 10 to 20 feet. Its young shoots are +covered with white, soft down, the breeding grounds of the kermes insect, Chermes ilicis (Coccus +ilicis). These creatures yield a beautiful, rich, long-lasting dye. I would bet, but do not know, that +galls would contain more tannins and medicinally active anthocyanins. The scarlet was known +commercially as “grain” and “scarlet grain.” When the bark is steeped in boiling water, it can yield +a black dye, once used to dye hair. The Dyers Company of England selected three sprigs of this plant +for their heraldic crest, granted by charter in 1420 and perhaps still used by the company (BIB). +AsIAN BUtte RCUp (rA nunculus A si Aticus L.) + RANUNCULACeAe +Notes (a sia N butter Cup): +But go into a field of flowers, where no house is builded, and eat only the flowers of the field ; taste +no flesh, drink no wine, but eat flowers only. +2 Esdras 9:24 (KJV) +This is one of 18 species covered in the Flora of Palestine. Zohary says this is the most showy +crowfoot in all of Israel, and the one most likely to penetrate into arid areas. It is one of few with +crimson ofl wers, most being yellow, a few being white with yellow. He says it can be regarded as one +of the “ofl wers of the efi ld.” Although I have seen reference to eating some ofl wers in this family, I +consider that somewhat risky because of the almost universal presence of caustic or vesicant anem-o +nin or protoanemonin. I will not go with the edict in Esdras. Still, Tanaka mentions several “edible +species” in the genus Ranunculus, nowhere specifying ofl wers. Facciola mentions four species, +adding that ofl wers of Ranunculus bulbosus are pickled; ofl wer buds of Ranunculus ficaria (also in +Israel) make a good substitute for capers. I think of this more as an ornamental than a medicine, and +certainly not a food plant, even if the Bible recommends eating the “ofl wers of the efi ld.” There are +many other safer ofl wers in my efi lds. Finding no medicinal reports regarding this lovely species, I +append some generic information, derived from other species of the same genus, Ranunculus, after +the few common names I find reported for the Asian buttercup. +8202_C001.indd 369 11/12/07 2:46:10 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Commo N Names (a sia N butter Cup): +Asian buttercup (Eng.; USN); Persian Buttercup (Eng.; USN); Persian Crowfoot (Eng.; USN). +a Ctivities (o t Her butter Cups ): +Allergenic (1; FNF); Anodyne (f; WOI); Anticancer (f; DAA); Antiscorbutic (f1; EFS; FNF); Ant-i +septic (f1; PNC; WOI); Antispasmodic (f; WOI); Antiviral (1; WOI); Astringent (f; EFS; PNC); +Bactericide (1; WOI); Candidicide (1; WOI); Cyanogenic (f; EB30:403); Diuretic (f; WOI); Emme-n +agogue (f; EFS; SKJ); Fungicide (f1; PNC; WOI); Herbicide (f; GMH); Irritant (1; FNF); Lachrym-a +tory (1; WOI); Lactafuge (1; WOI); Lactagogue (f; EFS; SKJ); Poison (1; DEP; WOI); Rubefacient +(1; WOI); Sialogogue (1; PH2); Stimulant (f; DAW); Stomachic (f; WOI); Tonic (f; KAB; WOI); +Toxic (f; EFS); Trypanocide (1; FT73:569); Vasoconstrictor (1; WOI); Vermifuge (1; WOI); Vesicant +(1; WOI); Viricide (1; WOI). +iNdi Catio Ns (o t Her butter Cups ): +Abscess (f; DEM; GMH); Arthrosis (f; FAD; PH2); Asthma (f; WOI); Bacillus (1; DAA); Bacteria (1; +WOI); Bleeding (f; PH2); Blister (f; PH2); Boil (f; DEM; FAD); Bronchosis (f; HHB; PH2); Cancer (f; +JLH; MIC); Cancer, breast (f; AAH; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Candida +(1; WOI); Cold (f; DAA; DEM); Condyloma (f; DAW); Conjunctivitis (f; AAH; HHB; NPM); Con- +sumption (f; GMH); Corn (f; AAH; JLH); Cramp (f; WOI); CVI (f; BRU); Debility (f; DAA); Derma - +tosis (f; PH2); Diptheria (1; WOI); Dropsy (f; MAD); Dysuria (f; WOI); Escherichia (1; WOI); Flu (f; +WOI); Grippe (f; WOI); Fungus (f1; PNC; WOI); Gastrosis (f; NPM); Glossosis (f; MAD); Gingivosis +(f; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; HHB); Gout (f; HHB; MAD); Halitosis (f; WOI); Headache (f; MIC); Hemo-r +rhoid (f; AAH; BRU; HAD; MAD; PNC); Hemiplegia (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; MAD); Induration (f; +JLH); Infection (f1; PNC; WOI); Insomnia (1; WOI); Leukoderma (f; HHB; PH2); Mange (f; MAD); +Mastosis (f; JLH); Measles (f; AAH); Mucososis (f; HHB); Mycosis (f1; PNC; WOI); Myosis (f; HHB; +PH2); Nephrosis (f; KAB; MAD; WOI); Neuralgia (f; FAD; HHB; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; AAH); Pain +(f; WOI); Pancreatosis (f; MAD); Phobia (f; MIC); Pleurisy (f; KAB); Pleuritis (f; HHB); Pneumonia (f; +WOI); Rheumatism (f; FAD; HHB; PH2); Scabies (f; HHB; PH2); Sciatica (f; WOI); Scurvy (f1; FNF; +PH2); Snifefl s (f; MAD); Sore (f; JLH); Sore Throat (f; GMH); Spasm (f; WOI); Spermatorrhea (f; +DAA); Staphylococcus (1; WOI); Stitch (f; KAB); Stomatosis (f; JLH; MAD); Streptococcus (1; DAA); +Swelling (f; PH2); Thrush (f1; DEM; WOI); Tumor (1; DAA); Venereal Disease (f; HHB); Virus (1; +WOI); Wart (f; AAH; JLH); Wen (f; JLH); Worm (1; WOI); Wound (f; PH2); Yeast (1; WOI). +d osages (o t Her butter Cups ): +FNFF = ?! +Swedes sometimes ate the leaves as a boiled potherb (GMH). Young leaves of some are eaten raw in +salads and sandwiches or cooked as a potherb. Bleached stems are cooked and eaten. Bulbils, which +form in the leaf axils and roots, can be cooked. Flower buds even said to substitute for capers. I do not +recommend any member of the buttercup family for food, although others may do so. 2–5 g herb, or +in tea, 3 ×/day (CAN); 2–5 ml liquid herbal extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3× /day (CAN); 3% topical +ointment (CAN); 30% fresh pilewort in benzoinated lard (CAN). 2.5–5 ml liquid extract (PNC). +• British apply root decoction as hot compress or mild ointment to hemorrhoids (AAH). +• British from Kent use the leaves for cleaning teeth (AAH). +• British from Norfolk use the floral tea to treat sore eyes and measles (AAH). +• British Highlanders put the roots under the arms to treat breast cancer or nodules (AAH). +• British make oil, ointment, or salve of leaf or root decoction for hard wens or tumors (JLH). +• Europeans use the root for cancers of the mouth (JLH). +8202_C001.indd 370 11/12/07 2:46:10 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d ow Nsides (o t Her butter Cups ): +In view of the data, excessive use, especially during lactation and pregnancy, should be avoided. Not +recommended for internal consumption (CAN). Very acrid, causing burning of mouth and mucous +membranes; blistering skin. Avoid (FAD). +Natural History (o t Her butter Cups ): +Bright burnished petals have honey sacs at their base, but ofl wers may come out earlier in spring +than most bees; hence, few ofl wers get pollinated, at least in Britain. Where upper leaves (of R. bul- +bosus) meet the stem, one may find minute bulbular propagules the size of a grain of wheat, which +may ofl at away with rains (GMH). Some 250 years ago, Linnaeus advised farmers to eradicate the +weed because it was unattractive to cattle and because of its herbicidal activities. (Treating with +coal-ash or wood ash was said to destroy the plant.) Underground parts reportedly work against the +fungus Venturia inaequalis. A fungal plant pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum occurs at least in +Norwegian populations (X11742545). +extra Cts (o t Her butter Cups ): +Protoanemonin antibacterial (against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Candida, dip-the +ria toxin, Escherichia, Staphylococcus), antiviral, cytopathogenic, vesicant, and vermicide (WOI). +Closely related R. sceleratus contains the vasoconstrictor serotonin, with six other tryptamine +derivatives and “two unidentiefi d anti-5-hydroxytryptamine derivatives.” (ZOH) +Wh Ite BR oo M (r et AmA r Aet Am Fo RssK .) WeBB & BeRthe L.) + FABACeAe +Notes (w Hite broom ): +But he himself went a day’s journey into the wilderness, and came and sat down under a juniper +tree: and he requested for himself that he might die; and said, It is enough; now, O LORD, take +away my life; for I am not better than my fathers. +I Kings 19:4 (KJV) +But he himself went a day’s journey into the wilderness, and came and sat down under a broom +tree; and he asked that he might die, saying, “It is enough; now, O LORD, take away my life; for +I am no better than my fathers.” +I Kings 19:4 (KJV) +And he himself went into the wilderness a day’s journey into the wilderness, and at length came +and sat down under a certain broom tree. And he began to ask that his soul might die, and to say, +“It is enough; now, O Jehovah, take my soul away; for I am no better than my fore fathers.” +I Kings 19:4 (NWT) +It is called juniper in the KJV, broom in the RSV, a certain broom in the NWT, and white broom by +Zohary, who adds that it is a common tall shrub in the Arabian, Israeli, and Saharan deserts. Bedouins +indicate their respect for plants “by the life of the plant and our worshiped Lord.” Small wonder they +prohibit the felling of desert shrubs like Acacia, Pistacia, and Retama. In some places, Retama is the +only shade-casting tree on the desert. And it makes the nfi est charcoal, which burns with intense heat. +8202_C001.indd 371 11/12/07 2:46:11 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Arabs claim it holds its heat for a year. In the Cairo market, it fetches a much higher price than any +other fuel species. The expressions “coals of Juniper” used in Psalms 120, “burning coals,” “live brown +coals,” “coals of broom,” and “coals that lay waste” in biblical books indicate the popularity of the wood +for charcoal. One legend suggests that when Jesus was praying in Gethsemane, he was disturbed by the +cracking of the broom in the breeze. When nfi ally led off by the soldiers, he said to the broom: “May +you always burn with as much noise as you are making now.” Another legend has it that the crackling +of broom plants among which they hid almost revealed Mary and baby Jesus to Herod’s soldiers. The +branches are used in desert homes as coarse cords. At weddings and other ceremonies, Bedouins fasten +sprigs of green plants like white broom to the tent entrance. Green, the color of live plants, is a symbol +of life and vitality. The roots are used to insulate the handles of Bedouin coffee pots. Bedouins use the +plant to make pins that fasten their curtains and as pins for their camel saddles (BIB). +Commo N Names (w Hite broom ): +Aligo (Ber.; BOU); Alouga (Ber.; BOU); Besliga (Arab.; BOU); Retem (Arab.; BOU); Retem Behan +(Arab.; BOU); Rothem (Heb.; ZOH); Telit (Ber.; BOU); Tselgoust (Ber.; BOU); White Broom +(Eng.; ZOH). +a Ctivities (w Hite broom ): +Abortifacient (f; UPH); Anticarcinomic (1; X15305322); Antidiabetic (1; X15852497); Antioxidant +(1; X15305322); Cytotoxic (1; X15305322); Diuretic (1; X15848016); Ecbolic (f; BIB); Hypoglyce- +mic (1; X15852497); Lipolytic (1; X15013197); Poison (f; BIB); Purgative (f; BIB; UPH); Toxic (f; +BOU); Vermifuge (f; BIB; UPH); Vulnerary (f; BOU). +iNdi Catio Ns (w Hite broom ): +Amenorrhea (f; BIB; UPH); Carcinoma (1; X15305322); Constipation (f; BIB); Diabetes (1; +X15852497); Diarrhea (f; BOU); Obesity (1; X15013197); Ophthalmia (f; BOU); Worm (f; BOU); +Wound (f; BOU). +d osages (w Hite broom ): +FNFF = ? +• Bedouins grind and heat branches and green leaves over live coals until hot, place them +in a thin cloth, and apply to arthritic pain (BIB). +• Bedouins grind, powder, and apply the plant to wounds (BIB). +• North Africans use the root against diarrhea, the branches for fever and wounds (BOU). +• Palestinians make a collyrium from the branches to wash their eyes (BIB). +Natural History (w Hite broom ): +The pea-like ofl wers are pollinated by bees (ZOH). The exceedingly long roots enable the plant to +tap deep water sources, so it thrives in the dry season; the twigs are photosynthetic (ZOH). +extra Cts (w Hite broom ): +Moroccan scientists (Maghrani et al., 2005) demonstrated an acute diuretic effect of the aqueous +extract in rats. (5mg/kg/h ivn rat) Furosemide at 0.1mg/kg/h had similar effects (X15848016). Aqueous +extracts showed lipid-and body-weight-lowering activities in rats after repeated oral administration +at 20 mg/kg (X15013197). +8202_C001.indd 372 11/12/07 2:46:12 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +pALest INe BUCKtho RN (r h Amnus p Al Aestin A Bo Iss) + R h AMNACeAe +Notes (palesti Ne bu Ckt Hor N): +He that diggeth a pit shall fall into it; and whoso breaketh an hedge, a serpent shall bite him. +Ecclesiastes 10:8 (KJV) +He who digs a pit will fall into it; and a serpent will bite him who breaks through a wall. +Ecclesiastes 10:8 (RSV) +He that is digging a pit will himself fall right into it; and he that is breaking through a stone wall, +a serpent will bite him. +Ecclesiastes 10:8 (NWT) +There is no plant mentioned as such in the RSV and NWT, but that “hedge” mentioned in the KJV +version has been hinted to represent Rhamnus palaestina, a little-known shrub akin to the well- +known buckthorns and cascara sagradas, and probably sharing many of their chemicals and a-ctivi +ties. That has prompted me to do another generic compilation showing the activities and indications +attributed to other species of the genus Rhamnus. Like many other thorny shrubs of the Bible, this +one has been used as a fence to exclude grazing animals from gardens and orchards (BIB). +Commo N Names (palesti Ne bu Ckt Hor N): +Palestine Buckthorn (Eng.; BIB); Hedge (Eng.; BIB). Ncsn. +a Ctivities (o t Her r Ham Nus ): +Antiherpetic (1; APA; HH2); Antileukemic (1; APA); Antiseptic (1; APA; DEM); Antispasmodic (f; +PED); Antitumor (1; FNF; HOX; PNC); Antiviral (1; APA; HH2); Bactericide (1; HH2); Bitter (1; +PED); Cathartic (f12; APA; DEM; KOM; PED); Collyrium (f; DEM); Depurative (f; DEM; HHB; +MAD; PHR; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB; MAD; PHR; PH2); Emetic (f1; APA; DEM; EFS); +Fungicide (1; FNF); Hepatotonic (f; PED); Hydrogogue (1; PH2); Laxative (12; APA; EFS; HH2; +KOM; PNC; PH2; SKY); Peristaltic (f12; PHR; PNC); Poison (f; DEM); Prostaglandigenic (1; PH2); +Purgative (2; FNF); Sunscreen (f; APA); Tonic (f; DEM; PNC). +iNdi Catio Ns (o t Her r Ham Nus ): +Anemia (f; MAD); Appendicitis (f; MAD); Arthritis (f; DEM); Asthma (f; MAD); Bacteria (1; +HH2); Biliousness (f; DEM; FEL); Cachexia (f; MAD); Cancer (f1; APA; FNF; HOX; JLH; PNC); +Catarrh (f; FEL); Chickenpox (1; APA); Chlorosis (f; MAD); Colic (f; MAD); Constipation (2; +FEL; KOM; PHR; SKY); Diarrhea (f; MAD); Dropsy (f; MAD); Duodenosis (f; FEL); Dysentery +(f; DEM); Dyspepsia (1; FEL; PNC); Exanthema (f; MAD); Flu (1; APA); Gas (f; PED); Gastrosis +(f; DEM; FEL); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Gout (f; MAD); Headache (f; FEL); Hemorrhoids (12; KOM; +PHR; PH2; PNC); Hepatosis (f; DEM); Herpes (f1; APA; HH2; MAD); Infection (f; DEM); Itch (f; +DEM); Jaundice (f; FEL); Nausea (f; MAD); Obesity (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Proctosis +(f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; DEM; MAD); Ringworm (1; FNF); Sciatica (f; DEM); Shingles (1; APA); +Sore (f; DEM; MAD); Stomatosis (f; MAD); Swelling (f; DEM); Uremia (f; MAD); Venereal Dis- +ease (f; DEM); Virus (1; HH2); Water Retention (f; HH2); Worm (f; DEM); Wound (f; DEM). +8202_C001.indd 373 11/12/07 2:46:14 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d osages (o t Her r Ham Nus ): +FNFF = ? +One-half tsp powdered bark/cup water, morning and/or night, for short periods (APA); 1/2 tsp tinc- +ture (APA); 2–6 ml ufl id extract (APA); 2–5 ml liquid bark extract (CAN, PNC); 1 g bark (HHB). +Two 450-mg capsules at bedtime (NH); 1–3 g dry bark (PED); 2 g dry bark:10 mg alcohol/10 mg +water (PED); 1–2.5 g powdered bark (PNC); 100–300 mg dry bark extract (PNC); 1 ml (circa 10 +drops) StX (ufl id); 1–5 ml tincture (SKY). +d ow Nsides (o t Her r Ham Nus ): +Class 2b, 2c, 2d. Contraindicated in hemorrohoids and nephropathy (CAN), intestinal obstruction, +abdominal pain of unknown causes, any enteritis (appendicitis, colitis, Crohn’s disease, irritable +bowel syndrome), nephropathy, and menstruation (AHP, 1997). Not for children under 12 years +old. Do not use bark that has not been heat-treated or aged 1 year (AHP, 1997). Do not use if you +have abdominal pain or diarrhea. Consult a health care provider prior to use if pregnant or nu-rs +ing. Discontinue use in the event of diarrhea or watery stools. Do not exceed recommended dose. +Not for long-term use (AHP). While widely used, anthranoid-containing laxatives can be habit- +forming; some contain compounds suspected of being cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and even +tumorigenic; epidemiological studies in Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives have 3 +times higher rate of colon carcinoma (AEH, 115). Newall, Anderson, and Phillipson (1996) caution +that anthraquinones are purgative and an irritant to the GI tract. Because of the anthraquinones, +nonstandardized preparations should be avoided in pregnancy and lactation (CAN). “Some herbal +laxative preparations such as cascara and senna, for example, can cause an increase in the potency +of digoxin” (D’epiro, 1997). Chronic use may lead to hypokalemia, increasing efcafi cy, perhaps +dangerously, of cardiac glycosides, perhaps antiarrhythmics. Hypokalemia can be increased with +corticosteroids, diuretics, and licorice roots (KOM). +extra Cts (o t Her r Ham Nus ): +Cathartic cascarosides induce the large intestine to increased peristalsis, inducing bowel movement. +Clinical comparison of patients preparing for colonoscopy showed that GoLytely alone and Senna +alone with enema did better than a mix of GoLytely with Cascara. Cascara was the last choice as far +as cleanliness and quality of the exam (PH2.) +CAsto R (r icinus communis L.) + eUpho RBIACeAe +Notes (Castor ): +And the LORD God prepared a gourd, and made it to come up over Jonah, that it might be a +shadow over his head, to deliver him from his grief. So Jonah was exceeding glad of the gourd. +Jonah 4:6 (KJV) +And the LORD God appointed a plant, and made it come up over Jonah, that it might be a shade over +his head, to save him from his discomfort. So Jonah was exceedingly glad because of the plant. +Jonah 4:6 (RSV) +Accordingly Jehovah God appointed a bottle- gourd plant, that it should come up over Jonah, in +order to become a shade over his head, to deliver him from his calamitous state. And Jonah began +to rejoice greatly over the bottle gourd plant. +Jonah 4:6 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 374 11/12/07 2:46:15 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +8202_C001.indd 375 11/12/07 2:46:41 PM +FIGURe . Castor (Ricinus communis). + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +We may never know which version of Jonah 4:6 is botanically more accurate. Castor can become a big +shade tree; bottle gourds trained on a trellis can cast shade. Zohary thinks that castor is most likely. +The huge leaves of this plant are excellently adapted for producing ample shade when growing alon-g +side a bower, booth, or hut or overhanging a bench. Castor bean is cultivated for the seeds, which yield +a fast-drying, non-yellowing oil, used mainly in industry and medicines. Consistent with the classical +writers, including Strabo, Pliny, and Theophrastrus, Copley et al. (2005) found castor oil among the +lighting oils used in archaeological lamps from Egypt, along with animal, afl xseed, radish (or some +crucifer), and sesame oils (X15912234). The oil was extensively used also by Hebrews, as one of the +vfi e oils sanctioned by rabbinical tradition. Oil used in coating fabrics and other protective coverings, +in the manufacture of high-grade lubricants, transparent typewriter and printing inks, in textile dying +(when converted into sulfonated Castor Oil or TurRed Oil, for dying cotton fabrics with alizarine), in +leather preservation, and in the production of Rilson, a polyamide nylo-ntype befi r. Dehydrated oil is +an excellent drying agent that compares favorably with tung oil and is used in paints and varnishes. +Hydrogenated oil is utilized in the manufacture of waxes, polishes, carbon paper, candles, and cr-ay +ons. Blown oil is used for grinding lacquer paste colors; and when hydrogenated and sulfonated, it is +used for the preparation of ointments. South Africans mix castor oil with kerosene as a culicide; the +oil prevents tabanid flies from attacking camels. Castor oil pomace, the residue after crushing, is used +as a high-nitrogen fertilizer. The pomace is said to induce asthma among individuals who inhale it. +Although it is highly toxic due to the ricin, a method of detoxicating the meal has now been found, so +that it can safely be fed to livestock. Stems are made into paper and wallboard. Moldenke and M-old +enke remarked that neither the ancient Hebrews nor modern inhabitants of Palestine and Syria use it +for medicine (BIB). Egyptians speak of kaka as the plant source of the kiki oil, mentioned by Herodo- +tus as used for lighting. Castor has been found in 6000-year old Egyptian tombs. Zohary states that +“The Talmud sometimes refers to kikayon as a plant yielding the castor oil long known in medicine” +(ZOH). It has even worked its way into Vodou, associated with the deities Yemanjá and Omolu (Ab-al +uaiê) in the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé religion, wherein the seed oil is used as a purgative (VOD). +Wish my mother had read the warning — “not to be administered to children under 12 years” — and I +might still like orange juice; too early in life, my mother assumed that castor oil, cut with orange juice, +was a panacea. So to this day, I often imagine the taste of castor oil with my orange juice. Judi duC- el +lier, my secretary for three decades, once took some castor bean seeds home to poison some moles. +Judi’s grandson chewed on one of those seeds, but was given ipecac immediately after Judi called me +for advice that frightening Sunday morning. +Commo N Names (Castor ): +Aa Ma (Newari; NPM); Aaril (Nepal; NPM); Akhilwane (Ber.; BOU); Alama (Nepal; SUW); +Amanakkam-chedi (Tam.; NAD); Amanakku (Tam.; NAD; WOI); Amidamu (Tel.; NAD); Amudam +(Tel.; NAD); Amudamuchettu (Tel.; WOI); Ander (Nepal; SUW); Andela (Nepal; SUW); Andi (Dan-u +war; Mooshar; NPM); Arand (Pun.; NAD); Aranda (Beng.; NAD); Arash (Arab.; GHA); Arend (Nepal; +NPM); Arer (Nepal; NPM); Areth (Chepang; NPM); Ater (Chepang; NPM); Audla (Kan.; NAD); Av-a +nakku (Mal.; WOI); Avend (Nepal; SUW); Awrioun (Arab.; BOU); Ayrunkukri (Sin.; NAD); Bazanjir +(Afg; KAB); Bedanjir (Iran; NAD); Bheranda (Beng.; WOI); Bherenda (Beng.; NAD); Bi Ma (Pin.; +AH2); Bi Ma Gen (Pin.; AH2); Bi Ma Ye (Pin.; AH2); Bi Ma You (Pin.; AH2); Bi Ma Zi (Pin.; AH2; +DAA); Bois de Carapat (Fwi.; AVP); Buzanjir (Afg; KAB); Carapate (Guad.; AVP; TRA); Carrapa +(Sp.; AVP); Carrapateira (Mad.; Por.; AVP); Castor (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; AVP; VOD); Castor Bean (Eng.; +CR2; VOD); Castor Oil Plant (Eng.; AVP); Catapuzia Maggiore (It.; AVP); Causirro (Bol.; Chi-ri +guano; DLZ); Cawapat (Dom.; TRA); Chittamanakku (Tam.; NAD); Chittmani (Tam.; NAD); Coch +(Ma.; JFM); Daldo (Rai; NPM); Dandarobi (Tamang; NPM); Dan-khra (Tibet; NPM); Dar-ta (Tibet; +NPM); Diveli (Bom.; Guj.; NAD); Diveligo (Guj.; WOI); Djarak Malkarone; (Arab.; AVP); Endaru +(Sin.; NAD); Endi (Hindi; NAD); E-ra (Tibet; NPM); Eramudapu (Tel.; NAD); Eranda (Ayu.; Sanskrit; +AH2; NAD); Erandi (Hindi; Mar.; WOI); Erandthailam (Tel.; NAD); Erendi (Guj.; Mah.; NAD); Eri +8202_C001.indd 376 11/12/07 2:46:41 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(Assam; NAD); Feni (Ber.; BOU); Feuille Grain (Haiti; AVP); Feuille Mascriti (Haiti; AVP); Figo do +Inferno (Por.; AVP); Gab (Uriya; NAD); Gandharva Hastah (Sanskrit; NAD); Girgilla (Peru; SOU); +Gourd (Eng.; BIB); Haralu (Kan.; WOI); Hedera (Heb.; ZOH); Herani (Sin.; NAD); Higuera del Diablo +(Ma.; Sp.; JFM); Higuera Infernal (Mex.; Pan.; AVP; MPG); Higuerilla (Sp.; AVP; EGG); Higuerilla +de la Tierra (Ma.; JFM); Higuerilla Mexicana (Ma.; JFM); Higuerillo (Ecu.; Sp.; AVP; BEJ); Higu-e +rita (Sp.; AVP); Higuero (Sal.; AVP); Huile Mascriti (Haiti; AVP); Huiso Mero (Peru; Shipibo/Conibo; +EGG); Iguerilla (Ma.; JFM); Indeyo (Raute; NPM); Jambalin (Nic.; IED); Kaka (Arab.; Egypt; ZOH); +Kesusi (Burma; NAD); Kharvah (Tur.; AVP); Kharwah (Arab.; GHA); Kherwa’ (Arab.; BOU); Khirva +(Arab.; NAD); Khirwah (Arab.; GHA); Khurwa’a (Arab.; GHA); Kikayon (Heb.; ZOH); Koch (Ma.; +JFM); Kolukanti (Heb.; ZOH); Kottai Muthu (Tam.; WOI); Krank (Ber.; BOU); Krapata (Ma.; JFM); +Kukat (Chepang; NPM); Lidis (Chepang; NPM); Lirraiq (Ber.; BOU); Macoroco (Bol.; DLZ); Ma-d +hishe Aril (Majhi; NPM); Mamona (Por.; AVP; RAR); Mamoneira (Por.; AVP); Mascriti (Haiti; AVP); +Maskèti (Haiti; TRA); Maskriti (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Masquiti (Ma.; JFM); Mbaicibo (Chiriguano; +DLZ); Miniakjarah (Mal.; NAD); Oil Nut Tree (Jam.; AVP); Ourioura (Ber.; BOU); Palma Christi +(Col.; Eng.; Fr.; Haiti; Mart.; Ocn.; AH2; AVP; BOU; MPG; TRA); Panchangulam (Sanskrit; NAD); +Piojo del Diablo (Peru; EGG); Purgeer-Konr (Den.; AVP); Racznik (Pol.; AVP); Relajar (Col.; IED; +MPG); Reyar (Tharu; NPM); Ricin (Fr.; AVP; BOU); Ricino (It.; Pan.; Por.; Sp.; AVP; EGG; MPG); +Risen (Creole; Haiti; VOD); Ri’zinus (Ger.; AVP); Sabadillo (Sal.; AVP); Sadabherenda (Beng.; NAD); +Shemouga (Arab.; BOU); Soubagabanan (Sudan; AVP); Ta-Ma-Tze (China; AVP); Tapaniquich (C-hiq +uitano; DLZ); Tartago (Ven. AVP); Tartaku (Aym.; Bol.; DLZ); Thaturi (Tamang; NPM); Udu Kaju +(Akha; EB40:38); Unapalan (Ulwa; ULW); Undertroed (Swe.; AVP); Vatari (Sanskrit; NAD); Verenda +(Beng.; NAD); Wanderbaum (Dutch; AVP); Wunderbaum (Ger.; AVP); Yanyan (Gurung; NPM); Zait +(Arab.; GHA); Zourma (Sudan; AVP). +a Ctivities (Castor ): +Allergenic (1; BOU); Analgesic (f; BOU); Anodyne (f1; APA; BOU; CRC); Antiabsorptive (f; PH2); +Antiamebic (f; MPG); Anticholestatic (1; HH2); Anticoagulant (1; RCP7(3)); Anticonvulsant (f; +MPG); Antidiabetic (1; HH2); Antidote (f; CRC); Antiedemic (f; BOU); Antifertility (1; X12748988); +Antifilarial (1; MPG); AntiHIV (f; APA); Antiinafl mmaory (f; BOU); Antilactagogue (f; DEP); Anti - +leukemic (1; APA); Antiseptic (1; HH2; PH2; TRA); Antispermagenic (1; X12748988); Antitumor (1; +TRA); Antitussive (f; DAA); Antiviral (1; AAB; PHR); Aperient (f; CRC); Atticide (1; X15382509); +Bactericide (1; CRC; HH2; TRA); Candidicide (1; HH2); Cathartic (f1; APA; CRC); Collyrium (f; +GHA); Contraceptive (1; HH2; PH2); Culicide (f; BIB); Cyanogenic (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; JFM); +Discutient (f; CRC; DAA); Diuretic (f; TRA); Embryotoxic (1; MPG); Emetic (f1; BOU; CRC; FAD); +Emmenagogue (f; BOU; KAB; KAP); Emollient (f1; AAB; APA; BOU; PNC); Expectorant (f; CRC; +DAA); Febrifuge (f; ULW); Fungicide (1; HH2; X15382509); Hepatoprotective (1; HH2); Hypoglyce- +mic (f; MPG); Hypotensive (1; HH2); Immunostimulant (f; HH2); Insecticide (1; CRC; X14667057); +Lactagogue (f12; AAB; BIB; CRC; FAD; NMH; NPM); Larvicide (f; CRC); Laxative (f12; CRC; +FAD; PH2); Lipolytic (1; X11535138); Lymphocytogenic (f; HH2); Ovicide (1; X14667057); Parturi- +ent (f; FAD); Peristaltic (1; VVG); Piscicide (f; SUW); Poison (1; CRC); Purgative (f12; BOU; CRC; +EGG; FAD; SUW; VVG); Pyrogenic (1; HH2); Ribosome Inactivator (1; X12447536); Secretagogue +(1; PH2); Secretomotor (1; TRA); Spermicide (f; TRA); Tonic (f; CRC; JFM); Vermifuge (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (Castor ): +Abscess (f; APA; BOU; CRC; PHR; PH2); Adenopathy (f; DAA; JLH); Amenorrhea (f; BOU; DEP; +KAP); Anasarca (f; BIB; CRC); Arthrosis (f; BOU; CRC; HH2; JFM; PH2); Asthma (f; AHL; BOU; +CRC; TRA); Bacteria (1; HH2); Bite (f; CRC); Bleeding (f; DAA; HH2); Blenorrhea (f; EGG); Bli-s +ter (f; GHA); Boil (f; BOU; JFM; PHR; SUW; VVG); Bruise (f; DLZ; EGG); Bunion (f; BIB); Burn +(f; CRC; NPM); Cancer (f1; BOU; DAD; HH2; MPG); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; +JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Candida (1; HH2); Carbuncle (f; CRC; PH2); Caries (f; NPM; WOI); +8202_C001.indd 377 11/12/07 2:46:42 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Catarrh (f; AHL; BIB; CRC); Chancre (f; BIB; CRC); Childbirth (f; AAB; CRC; DAA; JFM; VOD); +Cholera (f; CRC); Cold (f; CRC; JFM); Colic (f; BOU; CRC; JFM; NAD; VOD); Congestion (f; AAB); +Conjunctivosis (f; GHA; NAD); Constipation (f1; APA; PH2; ULW); Convulsion (f; CRC); Corn (f; +CRC); Cramps (f; JFM); Craw-craw (f; CRC); Cyst (f; APA); Cystosis (f; BOU); Dandruff (f; FAD); +Deafness (f; CRC; DAA); Delirium (f; BIB; CRC); Dermatosis (f; BOU; CRC; EGG; FAD; JFM; PH2; +VOD; EB40:38); Diabetes (f; HH2); Diarrhea (f; BIB); Dislocation (f; VOD); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dysla-c +tea (f; BIB; EGG); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Dystonia (1; DAD); Dysuria (f; EGG; NAD); Eczema (f; MPG); +Edema (f; JFM); Elephantiasis (f; BIB); Enterosis (f; BOU; CRC; HH2; JFM; PH2); Epilepsy (f; BIB; +BOU; CRC; UPW); Erysipelas (f; BIB; CRC; JFM); Escherichia (1; HH2); Fever (f; AAB; CRC; +DAV; EGG; HH2; NPM; ULW); Flu (f; CRC); Fracture (f; BEJ); Fungus (1; HH2); Furuncle (f; PH2); +Ganglion (f; TRA) Gastrosis (f; BOU); Gingivosis (f; JFM); Gonorrhea (f; HH2; VOD); Gout (f; CRC; +DAA; NPM); Guinea worm (f; CRC); Halitosis (f; GHA); Headache (f; BOU; CRC; EGG; JFM; PH2; +SUW; VOD); Hematoma (f; VOD); Hemorrhoid (f; EGG; FAD; JFM); Hepatosis (f; NPM); Hernia (f; +DLZ); HIV (1; DAD); Hypothermia (f; BOU); Induration (f; CRC); Infection (1; TRA); Inafl mmation +(f; BOU; CRC; EGG; PH2); Ischia (f; HH2); Itch (f; AAB; FAD; VOD); Jaundice (f; BOU; NPM); +Leprosy (f; BIB; BOU; IED); Leukemia (1; MPG); Lichen (f; MAD); Lumbago (f; BOU; HH2; KAP); +Mastosis (f; BOU); Measles (f; AAB); Migraine (f; PHR); Mole (f; CRC); Myalgia (f; CRC; DAV); +Mycosis (1; HH2); Nephrosis (f; BOU); Neuralgia (f; EGG); Neurosis (f; BIB; BOU; CRC; NPM); +Ophthalmia (f; BOU; PNC); Osteomyelitis (f; BIB; CRC); Otitis (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Pain (f; GHA; +JFM; NPM; PH2; VOD); Palsy (f; CRC; DAA); Paralysis (f; PH2); Parasite (f; BOU; EGG); Parotitis (f; +MPG); Peritonitis (f; DLZ); Pharyngosis (f; BOU); Pleurodynia (f; DEP; NAD); Pneumonia (f; SKJ); +Proctosis (f; DAA); Prolapse (f; CRC; DAA); Prostatosis (f; JFM); Rash (f; BIB; CRC); Rheumatism +(f; BIB; CRC; JFM; KAP; NPM; VOD); Ringworm (f; BIB; FAD; NPM); Salmonella (1; TRA); Sca- +bies (f; NPM); Scald (f; CRC); Sciatica (f; BOU; DEP; NAD); Scrofula (f; CRC); Seborrhea (f; BIB; +CRC); Schistosomiasis (f; UPW); Sciatica (f; KAP); Shigella (1; TRA); Sinusitis (f; AAB); Sore (f; +APA; FAD; VVG); Sore Throat (f; PH2); Splenosis (f; EGG; VOD); Sprain (f; BEJ); Staphylococcus +(1; HH2; TRA); Sting (f; CRC; SUW); Stomachache (f; CRC; IED; VVG); Stomatosis (f;? Strabismus +(f; CRC; DAA); Sunstroke (f; KAB); Swelling (f; BIB; BOU; CRC; DAA; JFM; KAP; VOD); Tape- +worm (1; JFM); Thrombosis (1; RCP7(3)); Toothache (f; CRC; DAA; JFM; KAP); Tuberculosis (f; +BIB; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC; JFM); Tympanitis (f; DEP); Typhus (f; MAD); Ulcer (f; BIB); Urethrosis +(f; CRC; DAA; NAD); Uterosis (f; CRC; DAA); Vaginosis (f; AAB); Venereal Disease (f; BOU; CRC; +DAA; JFM; VOD); Vertigo (f; BOU); Virus (1; MPG); Wart (f; APA; CRC); Whitlow (f; CRC); Worm +(f1; BOU; CRC; PH2; TRA; VOD); Wound (f; BOU; CRC; DAA; NPM; VVG); Yeast (1; HH2). +d osages (Castor ): +FNFF = X +15–60 ml oil (APA); 5–28 ml castor oil (KAP). 9–15 g leaf paste (KAP). 3–6 g root paste (KAP). +Five 2-g or ten 1-g capsules (PHR); 5–20 ml oil (PNC). +• Algerians use castor oil with rabbit blood as a contraceptive (BIB). +• Ayurvedics use the root for ascites, asthma, bronchitis, eructation, fever, inafl mmation, +leprosy, and diseases of the head, glands, and rectum; the leaves for burns, dyslactea, e-ar +ache, nightblindness, strangury, and worms; ofl wers for anal troubles, glandular tumors, +and vaginalgia; fruit for hepatosis, pain, splenosis, and tumors; seed and/or oil for +amenorrhea, asthma, ascites, backache, boils, convulsions, dropsy, elephantiasis, fever, +hepatosis, inafl mmation, leprosy, lumbago, pain, paralysis, piles, rheumatism, ringworm, +tumors, and typhoid; the root bark for skin ailments (KAB). +• Bahamans crush and boil the seed to get the oil, which is taken for colds and as a child’s +and new mother’s tonic (JFM). +• Brazilians bathe hemorrhoids with the leaf decoction (JFM). +8202_C001.indd 378 11/12/07 2:46:43 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• Caribbeans use castor oil in a purgative tea after childbirth (VOD). +• Cubans suggest the root decoction as diuretic in prostatitis (JFM). +• Dominicans apply crushed seed to dislocation and hematomas (VOD). +• Dominicans use heated leaves for massaging the spleen, and for internal pain (VOD). +• Egyptian farmers poultice fresh leaves onto boils (BIB). +• Ghanans grind a cleaned root into a paste inserted in the nose for headache (UPW). +• Gurungs sometimes apply leaf juice to burns, taking it for diarrhea and dysentery (NPM). +• Haitians apply boiled leaves to swellings and wounds (VOD). +• Haitians use the seed oil as hair tonic, purgative and vermifuge, rubbing on burns, de-r +matosis, itch, and rheumatism, taking orally for respiratory ailments (VOD). +• Hausa in Africa use the root extract as a mouthwash for toothache (UPW). +• Lebanese use leaves and crushed beans as a topical dressing, not internally as a purgative +(HJP). +• Mexicans place scalded leaves on the breasts of nursing mothers to increase milk (JFM). +• Nepalese smash cotyledons and paste onto gout and scabies (NPM). +• Nigerians burn the stem with Calotropis for chancre (BIB). +• Peruvians suggest the crushed leaves on the face or forehead for neuralgia (EGG). +• Peruvians use leaves heated in olive oil to relieve hemorrhoids (SOU). +• South Africans use the root for toothache (BIB). +• Terai of Nepal take one cotyledon a day following menstruation for birth control (NPM). +• TRAMIL (Traditional Medicine in the Islands) Caribbeans use the oil (topically or orally) +for asthma, bronchoses, burns, earache, gangliosis, rheumatism, toothache, etc. (TRA). +• Zulus administer the leaves for stomachache, orally or rectally (BIB). +• In Guiana, the leaves are applied to the breast to augment the secretion of milk (BIB). +d ow Nsides (Castor ): +Class 2b, 2d. Contraindicated in intestinal obstruction and abdominal pain of unknown origin, +appendicitis, inafl mmatory bowel disease; do not use for more than 8 to 10 days (AHP, PHR). +No health hazards or side effects are known with proper administration of designated therapeutic +dosages of castor oil (PH2). Overdoses can cause colic, drastic diarrhea, gastralgia and gastrosis, +queasiness, and vomiting (PHR). The seeds contain 2.8 to 3% toxic substances, requiring 2.5 to 20 +seeds to kill a man (chewing a single seed may be fatal to a child), 4 to kill a rabbit, 5 a sheep, 6 an +ox, 6 a horse, 7 a pig, 11 a dog, but 80 for a cock or duck. The principal toxin is the albumin, ricin +(DAD). Although some recommend in pregnancy, others say no. Midwives sometimes use the oil to +induce labor (AHP, 1997). Refined oil contraindications: intestinal obstruction, unexplained stom- +achache; adverse effects include the following: frequent use produces electrolyte losses (interaction +with cardiac glycosides), also gastric irritation, and allergic skin reactions. Should not be used for +prolonged periods of time (AEH). Not for children under 12 years old (PHR). May induce derma- +tosis as well as cure it (FAD). +Natural History (Castor ): +Castor bean is both self- and cross-pollinated by wind, varying from 5 to 36%, depending on the +weather conditions. Pollen sheds readily between 26 and 29°C, with a relative humidity of 60%. +For single cross-hybrid seed production, strains giving a 1:1 ratio or pistillate and heterozygous +monoecious plants are used, the latter being rogued 1 to 5 days before ofl wering begins. Three-way +cross-hybrids can also be used. For open pollinated types, roguing of all off-types is done after +the last cultivation, and for pure seed production isolation necessity depends on the wind velo-c +ity. For hybrid and open pollinated types in the United States, stands are isolated 300 to 720 m; +but in areas of less wind velocity, less distance may be sufcfi ient. Fungi known to attack Castor +8202_C001.indd 379 11/12/07 2:46:44 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +bean plants include Alternaria compacta, A. ricini, A. tenuis, A. tenuissima, Aspergillus itaconi- +cus, A. niger, A. quercinus, Botrydiplodia manilensis, B. ricinicola, B. theobromae, Botryotinia +ricini, Botrysphaeria ribis, Botrytis cinerea (Gary mold), Cephalosporium curtipes, Cercospora +canescens, C. coffeae, C. ricinella, Cercosporella ricinella (Leaf spot), Cladosporium herbarum, +Clitocybe tabescens, Colletotrichum bakeri, C. erumpens, C. ricini, Corticium solani, Didymella +ricini, Diplodia natalensis, D. organicola, D. ricinella, D. ricini, Discosporella phaeochlorina, +Epicoccum nigrum, Erysiphe cichoracearum, Fusarium moniliforme, F. orthoceras, F. oxyspo- +rum, F. sambucinum, F. semitectum, Gibberella pulicarus, Glomerella cingulata, G. ricini, Hap- +losporella manilensis, Lecanidion atratum, Leveillula lanata, L. taurica, Macrophomina phaseoli, +Macrophoma phaseoli, Ph. ricini, Macrosporium cavarae, M. ricini, Melampsora euphorbiae, M. +ricini, Melampsorella ricini, Mecrostroma minimum, Mucor fragilis, Mycosporella ricinicola, M. +tulasnei, Myrothecium roridum, Oidiopsis taurica, Peniophora cinerea, Phoma macropyrena, Ph. +ricini, Phomopsis ricini, Ph. ricinella, Phyllosticta bosensis, Ph. ricini, Phymatotrichum omnivo- +rum (Root rot), Physalospora abdita, Ph. propinqua, Ph. rhodina, Ph. ricini, Ph. obtusa, Phytoph- +thora cactorum, Ph. cinnamomi, Ph. palmivora, Ph. parasitica, Pleospora herbarum, Pythium +aphanidermatum, P. debaryanum, P. gracile, P. intermedium, P. proliferum, P. ultimum, P. vexans, +Rhabdospora ricini, Rhizoctonia solani, Schiffnerula ricini, Schizophyllum commune, Sclerotinia +fuckeliana, S. minor, S. ricini, S. sclerotiorum, Scierotium rolfsii, and sphaceloma ricini. The fol- +lowing bacteria also cause disease sA:grobacterium tumefaciens, Bacterium lathyri, B. ricini, Pseu- +domonas solanacearum, Xanthomonas ricini, and X. ricinicola. Striga lutea parasitizes the plants. +Nematodes isolated from Castor bean includ eAphelenchoides asterocaudatus, A. bicaudatus, A. +subtenuis, Helicotylenchus cavenssi, H. pseudorobustus, H. schachtii, Meloidogyne arenaria and +var. thamesi, M. hapla, M. incognita, M. incognita acrita, M. javanica, M. thamesi, Merlinius +brevidens, Pratylenchus brachyurus, P. neglectus, P. pratensis, P. scribner, P. vulnus, P. zeae, +Radopholus similes, Scutellonema clathricaudatum, Tricephalobus longicaudatus, and Tylencho- +rhychus mashhoodi (Golden, 1984). Several insects are pests. In India, the Capsule borer D( ichocr- +ocis punctiferalis) bores into young and ripening capsules; and Castor semiloopers A( choea janata) +are the worst pests. In Tanganyika damage by capsid and myrid bugs are a limiting factor causing +immature fruit to drop. Green stinkbugs, leaf-hoppers, leaf-miners, and grasshoppers are pests that +feed on the leaves. Most insects can be controlled by insecticides. Because some of the varieties are +quite tall, wind storms are a potential hazard to a crop (HOE). +extra Cts (Castor ): +Ricin, the deadly poison, can be attached to monoclonal antibodies that only attack cancer cells, a +technique reportedly tried in 1000 cancer patients (DAD). The AIDS virus can infect an immune +cell by locking onto its cell receptor protein CD4. By genetically attaching the ricin to gene-ti +cally engineered CD4 proteins, one obtains CD4-ricin, which will lock onto the external viruses +of infected cells, 1000 times more often than onto healthy cells, possibly killing enough infected +cells to prevent the spread of the disease symptoms. Like the botulism toxin, ricin can be used to +kill overstimulated nerve endings in patients with dystonias (DAD). Ricinoleic acid has served in +contraceptive jellies (DAD). Bigi et al. (2004) reported activity of extracts (their fatty acids in p-ar +ticular) and ricinine against the leaf-cutting anAt tta sexdens rubropilosa and the symbiotic fungus +Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (X15382509). +Do G Rose ( r os A c Anin A L.) +++ Ros ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Rosa armata Stev. ex Besser; Rosa caucasica Pall.; Rosa frondosa Stev. ex Spreng; Rosa glauca +Schot. ex Besser; Rosa lutetiana Lem.; Rosa taurica M. Bieb. fide HH3 +8202_C001.indd 380 11/12/07 2:46:46 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe .0 Dog Rose (Rosa canina). +Notes (d og r ose ): +And as many fountains flowing with milk and honey, and seven mighty mountains, whereupon +there grow roses and lilies, whereby I will fill thy children with joy. +11 Esdras 2:19 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 381 11/12/07 2:47:07 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +And the same number of springs flowing with milk and honey, and seven mighty mountains on +which roses and lilies grow; by these I will fill your children with joy. +11 Esdras 2:19 (RSV) +A search of just the KJV turned up 42 sources, in which roses were cited (some as the past tense of +rise). Most were in Genesis (21 matches), Judges (16), 1 Maccabees (Apocrypha) (10), Exodus (10), +and Acts (9). However, there are almost as many interpretations of the word “rose.” In my earlier +Bible book (BIB), I cited Moldenke and Moldenke noting that crowning oneself with rosebud at +a feast is a purely Greek custom borrowed by the Romans. But clearly, rose gardens were and are +important in Israeli culture. A century or so later, Egyptians were growing roses under glass to send +to Rome for banquets. Zohary suggests that there were cultivated roses already in biblical times in +the Holy Land. But the Hebrew word vered is mentioned only in postbiblical times — for example, +several times in the Talmud. “No gardens and orchards should be established in Jerusalem, with the +exception of rose gardens that have existed there since the Early Prophets” While rose in the Bible +may mean many species (e.g., Cistus, Hibiscus, Nerium, Rosa), it is concluded that they meantR osa +in several biblical quotations. It is nice that our national capital has its “rose garden.” Would that +powerful faith-based individuals insist on a second garden, even closer to the White House, of our +wholesome biblical medicinal plants, often competitive with the unwholesome pharmaceuticals that +fewer and fewer of us can afford. Zohary lists only two species ofR osa in the Flora of Palestine +(FP2), but later mentions that four species are native to Israel (ZOH). +• — Inofl rescences few-ofl wered; styles free; ofl wers mostly pink; fruit 1 to 2 cm long, +scarlet, finally turning blackish crimson — Rosa canina +• — Inofl rescences many-ofl wered; styles united into a column; ofl wers white; fruit circa +1cm long, brick red — Rosa phoenicia +Zohary seems to favor Rosa phoenicia (Phoenician Rose (Eng.; ZOH); Vered (Hebrew; ZOH)) as +most likely in 1982 (ZOH). So did I in 1983 (BIB). But, in the intervening years, I encountered no +new information on that species, so I will discuss the much better Rosa canina as a very similar spe- +cies also present in the Holy Land and with a much bigger medicinal repertoire. Much of the German +literature refers to cynosbati, alluding to the fruits and seeds ofR osa canina, or a fungus thereon +(see EFS). While AH2 selected dog rose as the standardized common name, they also boldfacreo se +hips, saying it is an acceptable, and even preferable, Standardized Common Name (AH2). +Commo N Names (d og r ose ): +Achdirt (Ber.; BOU); Agabanzo (Sp.; EFS); Azenzou (Ber.; BOU); Bédégar (Fr.; EFS); Bou Soufa +(Arab.; BOU); Brier Rose (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Canker Flower (Eng.; BOU); Csipkebogyó Cynor- +rhodon (Fr.; EFS); Dog Brier (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Dog Rose (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2); Eglantier +(Fr.; BOU); Eglantine (Fr.; BOU); Escaramujo (Sp.; Chile; EFS); Galabardera (Sp.; EFS); Hag- +dorn (Ger.; HH3); Hagebuttenstrauch (Ger.; EFS); Hagrose (Ger.; HH3); Hekenrose (Ger.; EFS); +Heprose (Eng.; BOU); Hip Rose (Eng.; EFS); Hondsros (Dutch; EFS); Hundrose (Ger.; MAD); +Hybener (Den.; EFS); Kusbumu (Tur.; EFS); Monholinos (Sp.; EFS); Nab el Kalb (Arab.; BOU); +Nesri (Arab.; BOU); Nisrin (Arab.; BOU); Pepins de Rosier Sauvage (Fr.; HH3); Rosa Brava (Por.; +GEP); Rosa Canina (It.; HH3); Rosa de Cão (Por.; EFS); Rosa di Macchia (It.; EFS); Rosa Selvatica +(It.; EFS; HH3); Rosa Silvestre (Sp.; EFS); Rosal Silvestre (Spain; VAD); Rose des Haies (Fr.; HH3); +Rose Hips (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; CR2); Rose Sauvage (Fr.; BOU); Rosenschwamm (Ger.; EFS); Rozen- +bottelstruik (Dutch; EFS); Rosier des Chiens (Fr.; BOU); Rosier Sauvage (Fr.; BOU); Schlafapfel +(Ger.; EFS); Semance de Cynorrhodon (Fr.; HH3); Silva Macha (Por.; EFS); Tafrha (Ber.; BOU); +Tigourma (Ber.; BOU); Ward Barri (Arab.; Syria; BOU; HJP); Ward es Seni (Arab.; BOU; HJP); +8202_C001.indd 382 11/12/07 2:47:08 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Ward es Siyag (Arab.; BOU; HJP); Ward ez Zeroub (Arab.; BOU); Wild Brier (Eng.; EFS); Wildrose +(Ger.; HH3); Zarza Rosa (Sp.; EFS); Zaunrose (Ger.; HH3). +a Ctivities (d og r ose ): +Analgesic (12; X15330493); Antiarthritic (12; X15330493); Antidiarrheic (f; PNC); Antiinafl mma- +tory (12; X12880322; X15330493); Anti-MDR (1; X14734860); Antimycobacterial (1; PR14:303); +Antioxidant (1; HH3); Antiradicular (1; HH3); Antiscorbutic (f1; BOU); Antiseptic (f; PED); An-ti +spasmodic (f; PED); Antitubercular (1; PR14:303); Antiulcer (f1; X12902057); Astringent (f12; +APA; BOU; KOM; WAM); Bactericide (1; PR14:303); Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor (1; X14734860); +Cicatrizant (f1; VAD); Demulcent (f1; WAM); Diuretic (f1; APA; BOU; HH3; PED; PHR; PH2); +Gastroprotective (f1; X12902057); Hypoglycemic (1; HH3); Laxative (f1; APA; PHR; PH2); Lipox- +ygenase Inhibitor (1; HH3); Nervine (f1; WAM); Tonic (f; VAD); Vermifuge (f; HH3; MAD). +iNdi Catio Ns (d og r ose ): +Albuminuria (f; MAD); Arteriopathy (f; VAD); Arthrosis (f12; PHR; X15330493); Asthenia (f; +VAD); Bacteria (1; PR14:303; X14734860); Bleeding (f; HH3; PH2); Blepharosis (f; VAD); Burn +(f; MAD); Cancer (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, genital (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f1; FNF; JLH); +Cancer, mouth (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f1; FNF; JLH); +Capillary Fragility (f1; PED; VAD); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; HJP; MAD); Chills (f; PHR); +Cold (f; APA; PHR; PH2; VAD; JMF5:137); Conjunctivosis (f; VAD); Consumption (f; JEB79:57); +Cough (f1; HJP; WAM); Cystosis (f; VAD); Dermatosis (f; VAD); Diarrhea (f1; BOU; PED; WAM); +Dropsy (f; PHR); Dyspepsia (f; PH2; VAD); Dysuria (f; EFS; MAD; PHR; VAD); Edema (f; PH2; +VAD); Enterosis (f; MAD; PH2); Exanthema (f; MAD); Flu (f; APA; PHR; PH2; VAD); Gallstone +(f; MAD; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PED); Gonorrhea (f; MAD); Gout (f; PHR; PH2; VAD); Headache (f; +APA; MAD); Hematoptysis (f; JEB79:57); Hemorrhoid (f; VAD); Hepatosis (f; JLH); High Blood +Pressure (f; VAD); Hyperacidity (f; PH2); Hyperuricemia (f; VAD); Induration (f; JLH); Infection +(1; PED; PHR; PH2; PR14:303; X14734860); Inafl mmation (f12; JLH; X15330493); Ischia (f; HH3); +Kidney stone (f; MAD; PH2); Leukorrhea (f; PH2); Nausea (f1; WAM); Nephrosis (f; HJP; JLH; +PH2); Nervousness (1; WAM); Obesity (f; VAD); Oliguria (f; VAD); Ophthalmia (f; JLH; VAD); +Osteoarthrosis (12; X15330493); Pain (12; X15330493); Periodontosis (f; VAD); Rheumatism (f12; +HH3; PHR; PH2; X15330493); Scar (1; HH3); Sciatica (f; PHR); Sore (f; APA; VAD); Sore Throat +(f1; APA; WAM); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; X14734860); Stomatosis (f; APA; JLH); +Stone (f1; PH2; VAD); Stress (f; PED); Swelling (f; VAD); Thirst (f; APA); Tuberculosis (1; JEB79:57; +PR14:303); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f1; X12902057); Urethrosis (f; PH2; VAD); Uterosis (f; JLH); +Varicosity (f; VAD); Wart (f; JLH); Worm (1; HH3); Wrinkle (1; HH3); Wound (f; VAD). +d osages (d og r ose ): +FNFF = !! +Fruits are edible and vitamin rich. Seeds roasted as coffee substitute. Leaves used as tea substitute. +Petals used to make candies, sandwiches, teas, added to honey, liqueurs, vinegars (EFS; FAC). +0.75–3 tsp chopped fruit/cup water/1–3 ×/day (APA, JAD, WIC); 2–5 g in infusion (HH3). 1–2 g +dry fruit/cup water (PHR); 1/4–1/2 cup fresh fruit (PED); 6–12 g dry fruit (PED); 9 g dry fruit/cup +boiling water (PED). 2 g (PH2). 1 tsp leaf or flower per cup water; 3–4 cups/day (VAD). +• Chileans use the plant for kidney cancers (JLH). +• Lebanese Gypsies use fruits for catarrh, nephritis, and reproductive organs (HJP). +• Lebanese use young leaves in healthful teas (HJP). +• Turks use the fruits for ulcers, and they proved out in rats (X12902057). +• Ukranians use floral/foliar tea for cough (HJP). +8202_C001.indd 383 11/12/07 2:47:08 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d ow Nsides (d og r ose ): +Class 1 (AHP, 1997). No health hazards or contraindications reported with proper administration of +suggested therapeutic dosages (PH2). None known for the fruits (PHR; WAM). +extra Cts (d og r ose ): +Danish scientists (Rein et al., 2004) showed that powdered fruits (Hyben Vital) reduced joint pain +and improved well-being in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with osteoarth-ri +tis. No major side effects occurred. Hyben Vital reduces symptoms of osteoarthritis (X15330493). +Shiota et al. (2004) showed that tellimagrandin potentiated the activity of beta-lactams against +methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (X14734860). Gurbuz et al. (2003) found 100% anti- +ulcerogenic activity for the fruits in rats, comparable to misoprostol at 0.4 mg/kg (X12902057). +MADDeR (r ubi A tinctorium L.) x RUBIACeAe +Notes (madder ): +And after Abimelech there arose to defend Israel Tola the son of Puah, the son of Dodo, a man of +Issachar; and he dwelt in Shamir in mount Ephraim. +Judges 10:1 (KJV) +Strange that if madder was important in the Holy Land in biblical times that it would not have gotten +honorable mention as a plant in the Good Book. But it is mentioned only three times in the Bible, +and then only as a proper name, as above. Zohary says it was important as a dye, and cultivated in +all the Near East countries, in separate plots or intercropped with olive. Although early on, more +used as a dye, it later assumed some medicinal and symbolic virtues as well, mentioned by such +early greats as Pliny and Dioscorides (ZOH). Although important to early Greeks and Romans, it +is not mentioned by the Sanskrit. +Commo N Names (madder ): +Alizari (Arab.; Ger.; BOU; KAB); Aroubian (Ber., BOU); Bacho (India; Pun.; DEP; EFS; KAB); +Boyacikökü (Tur.; EFS); Dyer’s Madder (Eng.; BOU; CR2); Erythrodanon (Greek; DEP; KAB); +European Madder (Eng.; WOI); Färberröte (Ger.; EFS); Farberwete (Ger.; KAB); Fauwa (Arab.; +Yemen; GHA); Fowwa (Arab.; BOU); Fuah (Heb.; ZOH); Fuwwa (Arab.; ZOH); Fuwwah (Arab.; +Syria; HJP); Fuwwah es Sabbaghin (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Fuwwat as Sabbaghin (Arab.; BOU); +Garance (Fr.; BOU; EFS; KAB); Garance des Teinturiers (Fr.; BOU; KAB); Garence (Fr.; KAB); +Granza (Cat.; Sp.; EFS; KAB); Grapp (Ger.; KAB); Jên Ku Tan (China; EFS); Krap (Rus.; KAB); +Krapp (Dutch; Ger.; EFS; KAB); Krapprod (Den.; EFS); Madder (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; BOU; CR2); +Manyounth (India; EFS); Manyunth (Bom.; Sind; DEP; KAB; NAD); Marena (Rus.; KAB); Ma-ri +ona (Rus.; DEP; KAB); Mee (Dutch; DEP); Meekrap (Dutch; EFS; KAB); Oroug Sabbaghin (Arab.; +BOU); Ourouq Homor (Arab.; BOU); Parson (Syria?; JLH); Patachina (Rom.; KAB); Potha (Syria?; +JLH); Puah (Heb.; ZOH); Puvah (Heb.; ZOH); Red Purgative (Eng.; Leb.; HJP); Robbia (It.; DEP; +EFS); Rodan (Afg.; Iran; DEP; KAB); Rodang (Afg.; Iran; DEP; KAB); Rodea (Rom.; KAB); Roiba +(Rom.; KAB); Rubia (It.; Sp.; EFS; KAB); Tarioubia (Ber., BOU); Taroubent (Ber., BOU); Taroubia +(Ber., BOU); Tefthrion (Greek; KAB); Yin Khoot Tan (China; EFS). +a Ctivities (madder ): +Abortifacient (f; BOU; HJP); Antigenotoxic (1; JAF51:3334); Antimutagenic (1; JAF51:3334; +X10792014); Antiseptic (1; X15752641); Antispasmodic (f; GAZ); Aphrodisiac (f; BOU); Astringent +8202_C001.indd 384 11/12/07 2:47:09 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(f; WOI); Carcinogenic (1; FNF; GAZ; X1370725); Chemopreventive (1; JAF51:3334); Contracep- +tive (f; HJP); Depurative (f; BOU); Digestive (f; WOI); Diuretic (f; BOU; EFS; GAZ; HHB; WOI); +Emmenagogue (f; BOU; EFS; HJP; KAB); Expectorant (f; BOU); Fungicide (1; X15752641); Geno- +toxic (1; X1370725); Hydragogue (f; HJP); Hypotensive (f; BOU); Litholytic (f; GAZ; PH2; WOI); +Mutagenic (1; GAZ; PH2; X11301857); Orexigenic (f; BOU); Poison (1; PH2); Purgative (f; HJP); +Tonic (f; BOU; EFS; HHB); Vermifuge (f; BOU); Vulnerary (f; BOU). +iNdi Catio Ns (madder ): +Amenorrhea (f; HHB; MAD); Anemia (f; BOU; HHB; MAD); Anorexia (f; BOU); Arthrosis (f; +HHB; WOI); Bladderstone (f; HHB); Bruise (f; BOU; MAD); Calculus (f; WOI); Cancer (f; JLH); +Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, skin (f; JLH); +Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Childbirth (f; GHA); Chlorosis (f; MAD); Cho- +lecystosis (f; KAB; WOI); Constipation (f; HJP); Cystosis (f; HHB); Decubitis (f; WOI); Derma- +tosis (f; JLH); Diarrhea (f; BOU; HHB); Dropsy (f; JLH); Dysentery (f; MAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; +GHA; KAB; MAD; PNC); Dysuria (f; PNC); Enterosis (f; MAD); Enuresis (f; MAD); Fungus (1; +X15752641); Gastrosis (f; JLH; MAD); Gout (f; MAD); Gravel (f; HJP); Hepatosis (f; HHB; MAD; +PNC); High Blood Pressure (f; BOU); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; X15752641); Jaundice (f; +HJP; MAD; ZOH); Kidney stone (f; HJP; PH2); Lichen (f; MAD); Malaria (f; MAD); Mycosis (1; +X15752641); Nephrosis (f; JLH; HHB); Neurosis (f; NAD); Puerperium (f; GHA); Pyelonephrosis +(f; MAD); Scab (f; MAD); Sciatica (f; BOU); Scrofula (f; MAD); Sore (f; HHB); Splenosis (f; HHB; +JLH; KAB; MAD); Stone (f; HHB; WOI); Synovia (f; MAD); Tuberculosis (f; HHB; MAD); Utero- +sis (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; WOI); Worm (f; BOU); Wound (f; BOU; HHB). +d osages (madder ): +FNFF = X +Do not take (JAD; PH2). 30 grains root, 3–4 ×/day (FEL). 1 g powdered root/3 ×/day (MAD). +• Algerians use as emmenagogue, hydragogue, litholytic, as a poultice, and as an abort-ifa +cient and contraceptive (HJP). +• Asian Indians report its use for cholecocystosis, hepatosis, jaundice, splenosis (KAB). +• Asian Indians say it works on the nervous and uterine systems (NAD; SKJ). +• Lebanese immigrants in New York refer to it as the red purgative (HJP). +• Russians consider this an important litholytic herb (WOI). +• Syrians use the plant for indurations of the liver and spleen (JLH). +• Yemeni women use crushed roots in a tonic tea after childbirth (GHA). +• Yemeni women use roots with berries of Morus and Salvadora for irregular menstruation +(GHA). +d ow Nsides (madder ): +The court is still out on whether or not alizarin, lucidin, and purpurin from Rubia tinctorum exert +a disintegrating effect on the surface of bladder and kidney stones containing calcium. Because +extracts of the root are mutagenic and contain genotoxic and tumorigenic compounds, it is not to be +recommended (De Smet, 1993). Drug should not be administered (PH2). +Natural History (madder ): +Plant, perhaps dangerously, used as fodder. Camels are said to be fond of it. Bones of animals +ingesting the plant may turn red, as do claws and beaks of birds. +8202_C001.indd 385 11/12/07 2:47:09 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +BIBLICAL BRAMBLe (r ubus s Anctus sCh ReB.) +++ Ros ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Rubus sanguineus Friv. +Notes (bibli Cal bramble ): +For every tree is known by his own fruit. For of thorns men do not gather figs, nor of a bramble +bush gather they grapes. +Luke 6:44 (KJV) +Finding almost nothing on Rubus sanctus or its synonym R. sanguineus, including common names, +I, poetically licentious at times, have now denominated it the biblical bramble. Zohary called it the +true bramble, but with lower case, perhaps to distinguish it from many other thorny plants, common +in Israel, as in other arid areas. PubMed yielded one useful title on chemistry. Hussein, Ayoub, and +Nawwar (2003) isolated two new natural caffeoyl esters (3,6-di-O-caffeoyl-(alpha/beta)-glucose +and 1-O-caffeoyl-beta-xylose) and a new natural tannin (2,3-O-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-4,6-O-s-an +guisorboyl-(alpha/beta)-glucose) (X12895538). And there was one useful title on medicine. Tur-k +ish scientists (Erdemoglu, Kupeli, and Yesilada, 2003) demonstrated antinociceptive activities for +aerial parts and roots (X14522443). With no more than that to offer, I instead aggregate my CRC +(Edition 2) accounts of activities of other species of the Rubus genus, namely blackberries and rasp- +berries below (Other Rubus). +Commo N Names (bibli Cal bramble ): +Biblical Bramble (Eng.; JAD); Bramble (Eng.; ZOH); Bramble Bush (Eng.; KJV); Sina (Heb.; ZOH); +Sinaia (Heb.; ZOH); Sinim (Heb.; ZOH); Thorn (Eng.; BIB); True Bramble (Eng.; ZOH); Tzinim +(Heb.; ZOH); Tzininim (Heb.; ZOH). +a Ctivities (o t Her Rubus ): +Anticancer (1; JNU); Anticholinesterase (1; CAN); Antidote (f; DEM); Antiinafl mmatory (1; +APA; FAD); Antioxidant (1; JNU; JAF50:2926); Antiproliferative (1; JAF50:2926); Antiradicular +(1; X1332092); Antiseptic (f1; PED); Antispasmodic (1; APA; CAN; PED); Antitumor (f; APA); +Antiviral (1; CAN); Apoptotic (f; JNU); Astringent (f1; CAN; CEB; FAD; PH2); Bactericide (1; +MAD); Chemopreventive (1; FNF; X11799774; X11181460); Choleretic (f; KOM); Depurative (f; +APA; KOM; PH2); Detoxicant (1; JNU); Diaphoretic (f; KOM; MAD); Diuretic (f; DEM; EFS; +KOM); Febrifuge (f; EFS); Fungicide (f; MAD); Hemostat (1; APA); Hypocholesterolemic (1; JNU); +Myostimulant (1; CAN); NO Inhibitor (1; JAF50:850); Postparturient (f; CAN); Purgative (f; PH2); +Stimulant (f; DEM; PED); Tonic (f; APA; DEM; EFS); Uterorelaxant (1; APA; FAD; PNC); Utero- +tonic (1; APA; FAD); Xanthine-oxidase Inhibitor (1; X1332092). +iNdi Catio Ns (o t Her Rubus ): +Angina (f; MAD); Appendicitis (f; MAD); Bacteria (1; MAD); Biliousness (f; DEM); Bleeding +(f1; APA; DEM; FEL; MAD); Boil (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; CEB; MAD); Cancer (1; JLH; JNU; +X11799774); Cancer, colon (1; JLH); Cancer, mouth (1; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; JLH); Cancer, +throat (1; JLH); Canker (f; APA; MIC); Cardiopathy (f; PHR; PH2); Cataract (f; DEM); Catarrh (f; +DEM); Childbirth (f; CEB; DEM; FEL; PH2); Cholera (f; CEB; FEL); Cold (f1; DEM; MAD; SKY); +Condyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f1; APA; CAN; CEB; DEM; FNF); Constipation (f; DEM); +Cough (f; APA; CEB; DEM; MAD); Cramps (1; FAD); Dementia (1; JNU); Dentition (f; DEM); +Dermatosis (f; APA; KOM; MAD); Diabetes (f; KOM; MAD); Diarrhea (f12; APA; DEM; FAD; +8202_C001.indd 386 11/12/07 2:47:10 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +MIC; PH2; SKY); Dropsy (f; APA; MAD; PH2); Dysentery (f1; DEM; FAD); Dysmenorrhea (f1; +APA; CEB; DEM; FAD; MAD); Dysuria (f; DEM); Enterosis (1; APA; JLH; KOM; MAD; PH2); +Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f; DEM; FEL; MAD); Fever (f; CEB; EFS; KOM); Fever Blister (f; +APA); Flu (1; KOM; PED); Fungus (1; MAD); Gastrosis (f1; APA; DEM; JLH; KOM; PH2); Gleet +(f; FEL); Gonorrhea (f; CEB; DEM); Gravel (f; CEB); Headache (f; DEM); Heartburn (f; DEM); +Hematemesis (1; DEM; FNF); Hematuria (f; DEM); Hemoptysis (f; CEB); Hemorrhage (f1; APA; +DEM; FNF); Hemorrhoid (1; APA); High Blood Pressure (f; DEM); High Cholesterol (1; JNU); +Infection (f1; DEM; MAD); Inafl mmation (f1; APA; FAD; JLH); Lethargy (f; DEM); Leukorrhea (f; +FEL; MAD); Low Blood Pressure (f; DEM); Maculitis (1; FNF); Measles (f; DEM); Metrorrhagia +(f1; APA; MAD); Miscarriage (f; DEM); Morning Sickness (f; APA); Mycosis (1; MAD); Nausea +(f; DEM; PED); Nephrosis (f; DEM; MAD); Ophthalmia (f 1; CEB; DEM; FNF; JNU); Parturition +(1; FAD; PED); Pharyngosis (f12; APA; PHR; PH2); Phthisis (f; CEB); Pregnancy (f; APA; SKY); +Proctosis (f; FEL); Prolapse (f; FEL); Prostatosis (f; APA); Pulmonosis (f; CEB; DEM; KOM); Res- +pirosis (f; PHR; PH2); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Scab (f; MAD); Scabies (f; MAD); Sore (f1; DEM); +Sore Throat (f12; APA; CEB; KOM; MIC; PH2; SKY); Stomach (f; MIC); Stomachache (f; DEM); +Stomatosis (f12; APA; JLH; MAD; PHR; PH2; KOM; MIC); Stone (f; MAD); Swelling (f; APA); +Tonsilosis (f1; FAD; MAD); Toothache (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (1; DEM; FNF; MAD); Ulcers (f; +APA); Uterosis (f; CEB; FEL); Venereal Disease (f; CEB; DEM); Vomiting (f; DEM; FEL); Wart (f; +JLH); Water Retention (f; DEM); Wound (f1; APA). +d osages (o t Her Rubus ): +FNFF = !!! +Berries widely consumed and marketed. Leaves often used as tea substitute. 1–2 tsp crushed leaf/ +cup water, to 6 ×/day (APA); one to three 384-mg capsules 3 ×/day (APA); two 4–8 g dry leaf, or in +tea, 3 ×/day (CAN); 4–8 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN; SKY); 1/4–1/2 cup +fresh leaf (PED); 6–12 g dry leaf (PED); 9 g dry leaf:45 ml alcohol/45 ml water (PED); 1.5 g finely +cut leaf (PHR); 2–10 ml liquid leaf extract (PNC); 1–2 tsp crushed leaf/cup water, up to 6 ×/day +(SKY; WIC). +d ow Nsides (o t Her Rubus ): +Class 1 (AHP, 1997). Apparently speaking of the leaves, “Should not be used during pregnancy, +and, if taken during labor, should only be done under medical supervision.” Still, raspberry leaf is +“widely recommended to be taken during pregnancy to help facilitate easier parturition.” “Unsu-it +able to use as an herbal remedy to treat eye infections such as conjunctivitis” (Newall et al., 1996). +Natural History (o t Her Rubus ): +The insect-pollinated, bisexual ofl wer produces the blackberry. Bumblebees ( Bombus) are prob- +ably their most effective pollinators. Smaller solitary bees often gather pollen and aid fertilization. +Despite formidable thorns, browsing mammals nip the prickly canes, and numerous fruit eaters raid +the thickets. Berries are a staple in season to many birds, (bluebird, cardinal, catbird, chickadees, +crow, flicker, grosbeak, grouse, jay, magpie, mockingbird, oriole, pheasant, robin, solitaire, tanager, +thrasher, thrush, titmice, towhee, waxwing, woodpecker) and mammals (bear, beaver, chipmunk, +deer, elk, fox, hare, marmot, mice, moose, rat, sheep, skunk, squirrel). Rubus twigs are relished by +cottontail rabbits and white-tailed deer. Rabbits clip off the stems at an oblique angle; a ragged end +indicates deer browsing. Land turtles relish low-hanging fruits (eastern box turtle, wood turtle, and +Blanding’s turtle) (EAS; MZN). Bright orange spots on leaf undersides, together with bunched or +dwarfed shoots, indicate orange rust G(ymnoconia peckiana), a club fungus, is probably its most +serious disease. Gall-making insects, mostly tiny wasps (Diastrophus) and gnats (Lasioptera), cre- +ate characteristic swellings on stems and leaves. Curled, distorted leaves may indicate blackberry +8202_C001.indd 387 11/12/07 2:47:11 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +psyllids (Trioza ripuntata), common yellow-brown sucking insects also known as jumping plant +lice. Caterpillars of the large ruby tiger moth (Phragmatobia assimilans) feed on blackberry. The +blackberry looper caterpillar C( hlorochlamys chloroleucaria) forages on the fruits. A yfl -catching +wasp (Hypocrabro stirpicolus) tunnels into blackberry stems, constructing cells for eggs and stored +flies. Zipper-like scars on stems are egg scars of the black-horned tree cricket (Oecanthus nigricor- +nis) (EAS). +extra Cts (o t Her Rubus ): +Aqueous extracts anticholinesterase, myostimulant; uterotonic; fruit extracts with antiviral activity +(CAN). Extract appears to relax uterus only in pregnant rats and humans, inactive on non-pregnant +uterus (PNC). Anthocyanins and polyphenols in berries of several Ribes, Rubus, and Vaccinium +spp. have in vitro antiradical activity on chemically generated superoxide radicals. The extracts also +inhibit xanthine oxidase. All crude extracts active toward chemically generated superoxide radicals. +The tannins in the leaves make leaf tea competitive with green tea for cancer and cardiopathy. I +suspect that the wild strains of Rubus sanctus would be even better endowed with the anticancer and +cardioprotective polyphenols than the cultivated blackberries and raspberries. +sheep so RReL (r umex A cetosell A L.) ++ po LyGo NACeAe +Notes (s Heep s orrel ): +The fourteenth day of the second month at even they shall keep it, and eat it with unleavened +bread and bitter herbs. +Numbers 9:11 (KJV) +In the second month on the fourteenth day in the evening they shall keep it; they shall eat it with +unleavened bread and bitter herbs. +Numbers 9:11 (RSV) +In the second month on the fourteenth day between the two evenings, they should prepare it. +Together with unfermented cakes and bitter greens they should eat it. +Numbers 9:11 (NWT) +Like so many other tart and bitter herbs, or bitter greens in the NWT, this one has been identiefi d +by some scholars as a good candidate for one of the bitter herbs of the Bible. But Israeli botanist +Michael Zohary does not include it in his Plants of the Bible, nor is this one of more than a dozen +species of Rumex listed in his Flora of Palestine (FP1). It is not even bitter; it is pleasingly tart. I +have enjoyed sheep sorrel soup with unfermented corn bread on occasion. Scandinavians even add +it to bread. But I consider it very unlikely to be one embraced under the “bitter herb” concept in the +Bible (BIB, FP1; ZOH). Used interchangeably with Rumex acetosa (HHB), also not reported in the +Flora of Palestine. But, in one NWT passage, sorrel is mentioned: +And the cattle and the full- grown asses cultivating the ground will eat fodder seasoned with sorrel. +Isaiah 30:24 (NWT). +Many of the species of Rumex are pleasingly tart with oxalic acid. And some tart sorrels may be +among the more than a dozen species listed by Zohary in the Flora of Palestine (FP1). +8202_C001.indd 388 11/12/07 2:47:12 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Sheep Sorrel (Rumex acetosella). Source: Regina Hughes in Reed (1970); colored by Peggy +Duke. +Commo N Names (s Heep s orrel ): +Acederilla (Sp.; EFS); Acetosella (It.; EFS); Acidula (JLH); Agrelleta (Cat.; KAB); Aizon (JLH); +Azeda Miuda (Por.; AVP); Azedas de Ovella (Por.; AVP); Azedinha (Mad.; Por.; AVP; JAD); +Azedinha Alleluia (Por.; AVP); Bodilanyana (Suto; KAB); Boksuring (Afrikan; KAB); Bread and +8202_C001.indd 389 11/12/07 2:47:22 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Cheese (Eng.; KAB); Chuk (Hindi; NAD); Chuka (Hindi; SKJ); Chuka Palam (Beng.; India; EFS; +NAD); Chutrika (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Cizaña (Ven.; EFS); Common Sorrel (Eng.; BUR; EAS); +Cow Sorrel (Eng.; BUR); Cuckoo Bread (Eng.; EFS); Cuckoo’s Meat (Eng.; KAB); Feldsauramfer +(Ger.; NAD); Field Sorrel (Eng.; EAS; KAB); Flora Carol Sorrel (Eng.; BUR); Horse Sorrel (Eng.; +BUR); Hhummad Saghir (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kleiner Sauer Ampfer (Ger.; EFS); Losey (Dom.; +AVP); Mountain Sorrel (Eng.; BUR); Oseille (Fr.; AVP); Oseille des Brebis (Fr.; AVP; KAB); +Oseille Marron (Fr.; AVP); Oseillette (Fr.; AVP); Patience (Fr.; AVP); Petite Oseille (Fr.; Reunion; +EFS; KAB); Red Top Sorrel (Eng.; BUR); Red Weed (Eng.; BUR); Romasilla (Chile; AVP); Ruiba-r +billo (Cr.; AVP); Samhadh Caora (Irish; KAB); Sangre de Toro (Col.; AVP); Sarcille (Fr.; KAB); +Schapezuring (Dutch; EFS); Sheep Sorrel (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2; HJP; USN); Sorrel (Eng.; USN); +Sour Dock (Eng.; EAS); Sour Sorrel (Eng.; JLH); Sourgrass (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; EAS); Tángax Úqux +(Aleutians; JLH); Vinagrerita (Sp.; KAB); Wild Sorrel (Eng.; EAS); Wilde Zuring (Dutch; EFS); +Wood Sorrel (Eng.; BUR); Xiao Suan Mo (China; USN). +a Ctivities (s Heep s orrel ): +Allergenic (1; WOI); Antiinafl mmatory (f; BUR); Antitumor (1; FNF); Depurative (f; EFS); Dia - +phoretic (f; EFS; KAB; WOI); Diuretic (f; FAD; PNC; WOI); Febrifuge (f; EFS; KAB); Hemostat (f; +EFS); Laxative (1; APA); Peristaltic (f; APA); Poison (f; BIB; KAB); Purgative (f; EFS); Refrigerant +(f; FAD; KAB); Styptic (f; BIB); Sudoric (fi f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (s Heep s orrel ): +Bleeding (f; BIB); Bruise (f; DEM); Cancer (f1; BUR; FAD; JLH; SKJ; TOM; WOI); Cancer, colon +(f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, eye (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, face (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, hand (f1; FNF; +JLH); Cancer, skin (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat (f1; FNF; JLH); +Dermatosis (f; EFS; JLH); Diarrhea (f; FAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; FAD); Dyspepsia (f; BIB); Dysuria +(f; KAB; PNC); Epithelioma (1; FNF; JLH); Fever (f; FAD; KAB; NAD); Gastrosis (f; DEM); +Inafl mmation (f; BUR; FAD); Jaundice (f; HJP); Metrorrhagia (f; FAD); Nephrosis (f; HJP; KAB); +Pain (f; HJP); Scrofula (f; FEL); Scurvy (f1; BIB); Sore (f; BUR; DEM); Sore Throat (f; JLH; TOM); +Sunburn (f; HJP); Syphilis (f; FEL); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Tumor (f1; BUR; FNF; FAD; SKJ); +Wart (f; DEM; JLH); Wen (f; JLH). +d osages (s Heep s orrel ): +FNFF = !! +Foliage widely eaten, but not often marketed. Also used as vegetable rennet to curdle milk. Roots +said to be eaten (BIB; FAC; HJP). Native Americans ate the leaves, stems, seeds, even the roots, +of various species of Rumex. Anticosti, Bella Coola, Chehalis, Cherokee, Delaware, Hesquiat, Ir-o +quois, Miwok, Okanagan, Saanich, and Thompson Indians reportedly eat the plant (DEM). Iri-sh +men long ago made sorrel soup with milk. Scandinavians add it to bread. As a food pharmaceutical, +a USDA 100-g serving of fresh sorrel equates to about 10 g dry sorrel (HOW). +• Alabamians suggest gargling with a strong tea for sore throat (TOM). +• Aleutian Islanders apply steamed leaves to bruises and warts (DEM; JLH). +• Asian Indians suggest the expressed juice as antiscorbutic refrigerant (NAD). +• Cherokee poultice bruised leaves and flowers on old sores (DEM). +• Europeans use the plant for renal and urinary problems (KAB). +• Lebanese consider the tea diuretic and febrifuge (HJP). +• Lebanese take decoction for dyspepsia, jaundice, kidney pain, and sunburn (HJP). +• Mohegans chew fresh leaves to alleviate stomach problems (DEM). +• North Americans apply the juice as a salve to skin cancers (JLH). +8202_C001.indd 390 11/12/07 2:47:22 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• Squaxin Indians eat raw leaves for tuberculosis (DEM). +• Tasmanians use the plant for cancer of the throat (JLH). +d ow Nsides (s Heep s orrel ): +Class 2d (AHP). Those with kidney stones should avoid this plant. Oxalates should be avoided by +endometriosis and nephrosis patients. Oxalic acid levels may attain 10 to 35% of dry matter in some +species. The lowest lethal dose (LDlo) reported for humans is 700 mg/kg body weight. Weighing +100 kg, my LDlo would be 70,000 mg, or 70 g (more than 2 oz oxalic acid) (HOW). Schrader et al. +(2001) reported fatal intoxication of grazing animals due to sweet clover M(elilotus alba), sheep’s +sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), bracken (Pteridium aquilinum Kuhn), and St. John’s wort (Hypericum +perforatum L.) (X11413718). +Natural History (s Heep s orrel ): +A common fungal parasite is the leaf spot (Cercospora acetosella). This is the common winter host +for Botrytis cinerea (gray mold fungus), which spreads to lowbush blueberry ofl wers in spring, pro - +ducing blight and tip dieback. A major insect forager is the downy, slug-shaped, reddish or bright +green caterpillar of the American copper buttery fl ( Lycaena phlaeas). Adult males, showing black- +spotted, copper-colored forewings, defend small territories centered on sunny patches of sheep so-r +rel. Other Lycaena caterpillars may also feed. Ants frequently harvest mature seeds, dispersing +them to their mounds. Bumblebees, honeybees, and some smaller butterflies visit the male plants, +collecting pollen. Grouse, pheasants, prairie chickens, bobwhites, turkeys, and woodcocks consume +the seeds, as do horned larks, red-winged blackbirds, bobolinks, hoary redpolls, and many sp-ar +rows. Voles and mice also eat the seeds. Poultry, rabbits, and deer readily graze the plant (EAS). +Fruits are used as poultry feed. They are, like the foliage, on account of oxalic acid, reported to be +poisonous to horses and sheep (BIB). +extra Cts (s Heep s orrel ): +Polysaccharides show antitumor activity (ZUL). +BUt Che R’s BRoo M (r uscus A cule Atus L.) ++ RUsCACeAe +Notes (but CHer ’s broom ): +And there shall be no more a pricking brier unto the house of Israel, nor any grieving thorn of all +that are round about them, that despised them; and they shall know that I am the Lord GOD. +Ezekiel 28:24 (KJV) +And for the house of Israel there shall be no more a brier to prick or a thorn to hurt them among all +their neighbors who have treated them with contempt. Then they will know that I am the Lord GOD. +Ezekiel 28:24 (RSV) +And no more will there prove to be to the house of Israel a malignant prickle or a painful thorn +out of all those round about them. Those who are treating them with scorn; and people will have +to know that I am the Sovereign Lord Jehovah. +Ezekiel 28:24 (NWT) +In my first Bible Book, I accepted other authors’ suggestions that this is the pricking brier of Ezekiel. +So, on a nice spring day as I wrote this, I walked out to the Green Farmacy Garden to contemplate +8202_C001.indd 391 11/12/07 2:47:23 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Butcher’s Broom (Ruscus aculeatus). +the differences in the words “bramble,” “briar,” “brier,” “nettle,” “prickle,” “thorn,” many of which +connote a special thorn-like appendage. Thorny, nettle-like, and thistle-like species abound in arid +lands. My Ruscus is very prickly, the tips of the leaves being the offender, rather than some special +appendage. But there are hundreds of prickly species in the Flora of Palestine, and I can only say +that this could be one of them. It is not, however, mentioned by Zohary in his Flora of Palestine, nor +8202_C001.indd 392 11/12/07 2:47:47 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +his later Plants of the Bible. I feel condfi ent that this Mediterranean species has been introduced and +survived in Israel and would survive in most Mediterranean climates. Because it shows such great +promise in some of my maladies of old age, I think it belongs in any faith-based medicinal herb +treatise or biblical garden, whether or not it is the thorn or the brier of Ezekiel. +Commo N Names (but CHer ’s broom ): +Acebo Menor (Sp.; EFS); Asa Barri (Arab.; BOU); Atkizounn (Ber.; BOU); Box Holly (Eng.; Ocn.; +AH2; USN); Briar (Eng.; BIB); Bois Pointu (Fr.; BOU); Box Holly (Eng.; BOU; USN); Bruscolo +(It.; EFS); Brusco (Sp.; EFS); Butcher’s Broom (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; BOU; CR2; USN); Cobanpuskulu +(Tur..; EFS); Erva dos Vasculhos (Por.; EFS); Fragon (Fr.; BOU); Fragon Epineux (Fr.; EFS); Fragon +herisse (Fr.; EFS); Fragon Petit-houx (Fr.; EFS); Fragon Piquant (Fr.; BOU; USN); Gilbarbeira (Por.; +EFS); Gilbardeira (Por.; EFS); Houx Frelon (Fr.; BOU; EFS); Jusbarda (Sp.; EFS); Khizana (Arab.; +BOU); Kneeholm (Eng.; TAN); Knee Holly (Eng.; BIB; BOU); Muerdjel (Arab.; BOU); Myrte +epineux (Fr.; EFS); Petit Houx (Fr.; BOU; USN); Prickle (Eng.; NWT); Pungitopo (It.; EFS); Rabba +Bath (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Redradj (Ber.; BOU); Rusco (Sp.; Spain; EFS; VAD); Rusco Pungente +(It.; EFS); Senesaq (Arab.; BOU); Shurrabet er-ra’i (Arab.; BOU); Sicilian Asparagus (Eng.; FAC); +Sobhane Khallaku (Arab.; BOU); Stacheliger Mausedorn (Ger.; EFS); Stekelige Ruscus (Dutch; +EFS); Unnab Barri (Arab.; BOU); Verdenace (Sp.; EFS). +a Ctivities (but CHer ’s broom ): +Alpha-adrenergic (1; PNC); Alpha-adrenergic Agonist (1; X11152059); Antiaggregant (f; PED); +Antiedemic (1; VAD); Anti-inafl mmatory (12; KOM; PHR; PH2; SKY; VAD); Aperient (f; PNC); +Bitter (f; PED); Capillariprotective (1; PH2; SKY; VAD; X11152059); Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor +(1; X15364641); Deobstruent (f; EFS); Diaphoretic (f;. BOU; EFS; PNC); Diuretic (2; BOU; KOM; +PED; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; EFS); Expectorant (f; BIB); Febrifuge (f; BOU; EFS); Laxative (f; +APA; BGB; EFS); Orexigenic (f; BOU; EFS); Tonic (1; BOU; PH2); Vasoconstrictor (1; APA; PNC; +PED); Venoconstrictor (1; PNC; SKY; X11152059); Venotonic (f1; VAD; X11152059). +iNdi Catio Ns (but CHer ’s broom ): +Amenorrhea (f; EFS); Anorexia (f; BOU); Arthrosis (1; APA); Atherosclerosis (f; PED; SKY); Bronchosis +(f; HJP); Cancer, prostate (f; HHB; JLH); Capillary Fragility (1; PNC); Catarrh (f; BIB); Chilblain (f; BIB; +X15664457); Circulosis (1; YAH); Constipation (f; DAW); Cramps (1; APA; KOM; PH2); CVI (12; APA; +BGB; PH2; X14612852); Cystitis (f; VAD); Dropsy (f; BIB); Dyspnea (f; BIB); Dysuria (f; BIB); Edema (1; +VAD); Erythema (1; VAD); Fever (f; BOU; EFS); Fractures (f; APA; BGB); Fungus (1; X10680445); Gout +(f; VAD); Gravel (f; DAW); Hemorrhoid (12; APA; BOU; KOM; PH2; KOM; MAB; SKY); Hepatosis (f; +BIB); High Blood Pressure (f; VAD); Hyperazotemia (f; VAD); Hypertriglyceridemia (1; BGB); Hyperuri- +cemia (f; VAD); Infection (1; X10680445); Inafl mmation (f12; APA; KOM; VAD); Itch (1; APA; KOM; +PH2); Jaundice (f; BIB; EFS); Mycosis (1; X10680445); Nephrosis (f; BIB); Obesity (f; VAD); Orthostatic +Hypotension (1; X11152059); Oliguria (f; VAD); Pain (1; KOM); Phlebitis (1; PED); Pneumonia (f; HJP); +Prostatosis (f; DAW; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; EFS); Respirosis (f; BIB); Retinopathy (2; BGB); Rheumatism +(f; APA); Scrofula (f; BIB); Stone (f; VAD); Swelling (f1; APA; KOM; PH2; VAD); Thrombosis (1; HHB; +PED); Ulcus Cruris (f; HHB); Urethrosis (f; VAD); Uterosis (f; BGB); Varicosity (1; APA; BOU; MAB; +SKY; YAH); Venolymphosis (1; YAH); Water Retention (F12; BIB; BOU, PH2). +d osages (but CHer ’s broom ): +FNFF = ! +Young shoots cooked and eaten like asparagus, even called Sicilian Asparagus, and dressed with +olive oil and lemon juice, a nice health food methinks. Scorched seed used as coffee substitute +8202_C001.indd 393 11/12/07 2:47:48 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(EFS; FAC; GMH; TAN); 300 mg tablets (APA); 7–11 mg ruscogenin (or neoruscogenin + rusco- +genin)/day, or equivalent in raw extract (KOM; PH2); 1–2 Tbsp fresh root (PED); 1.5–3 g dry root +(PED); 2 g dry root:10 ml alcohol:10 ml water (PED); 1 g extract, 3 ×/day (SKY); StX (with 50–100 +mg ruscogenin)/day) (SKY). The VAD dosages are much higher, 60 g root/liter steeped 10 minutes; +3 cups/day; 40 g in decoction, boiled 10 minutes, 3 cups/day between meals. +• Italians treat chilblains (X15664457), perhaps self-afl gellating with thorny boughs (BIB). +• Lebanese use the rhizome, sliced and dried, in decoction for catarrh, diuresis, dropsy, +jaundice, kidney troubles, and respiratory difcfi ulties (HJP). +• Middle Easterners who use this folklorically showed that its extracts inhibiTt richophy- +ton violaceum (X10680445). +• North Africans use the plant for fever (BOU). +• Spanish writers hint that this may be the best of venotonic herbs (VAD). +d ow Nsides (but CHer ’s broom ): +Class 1 (AHP, 1997; SKY, 1998). No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic +dosages (PH2). Commission E reports rhizome permitted for oral use. No contraindications or inter- +actions. Adverse effects: rarely gastric complaints, nausea, queasiness (AEH; KOM; PHR; PH2). +extra Cts (but CHer ’s broom ): +Ruscogenin, first isolated from this plant, is identical with Sapogenin B, which could be used as a +starter material for steroids (BIB). Ruscogenins and neoruscogenins, similar to diosgenin, respo-n +sible for activities of decreasing inafl mmation and vascular permeability (SKY). Saponins are ant-i +aggregant, antiinafl mmatory, capillariforticafi nt, and diuretic (PED). +FRINGeD RUe (r ut A ch Alepensis L.) + RUt ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Ruta angustifolia Lowe; Ruta bracteosa DC.; Ruta chalepensis var. bracteosa (DC.) Boiss.; Ruta +graveolens var. angustifolia Lowe fide HH2 +Notes (Fri Nged r ue): +But woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of herbs, and pass over +judgment and the love of God: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone. +Luke 11:42 (KJV) +But woe to you Pharisees! for you tithe mint and rue and every herb, and neglect justice and the +love of God; these you ought to have done, without neglecting the others. +Luke 11:42 (RSV) +But woe to you Pharisees, because you give the tenth of the mint and the rue and of every[other] +vegetable, but you pass by the justice and the love of God! These things you were under obligation +to do, but those other things not to omit. +Luke 11:42 (NWT) +At least the three versions above agree on mint and rue being tithed. But which rue? In my Medici- +nal Plants of the Bible, I relied on my predecessors and assumed that the biblical rue was Ruta +8202_C001.indd 394 11/12/07 2:47:48 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Fringed Rue (Ruta chalepensis). +graveolens. Israeli botanist Michael Zohary, however, without even indexing or mentioning R. gra- +veolens, assigns it to Ruta chalepensis, the only species covered in the Flora of Palestine. Men- +tioned only once in the Bible, first under its Greek name peganon, most often post-biblically as +pigam, closely cognate with the Arabic fegam. Pliny mentions honeyed wine afl vored with rue, +as well as 84 remedies containing rue, but I cannot be sure which species of rue he mentioned +(FP2; ZOH). I feel rather certain that both could be grown in Israel but in this, my third botanical +trip through the Bible, I will follow Zohary and treat Ruta chalepensis. The more temperate Ruta +graveolens, thriving in Maryland in the United States, was discussed in my CRC Handbook of +Medicinal Herbs (Edition 2). +Commo N Names (Fri Nged r ue): +Afar (Eth.; HH2); Al Shathap (Arab.; HH2); Aleppo Rue (Eng.; BOU); Aourmi (Ber.; BOU); Arou- +vadam Chedi ((Tam.; HH2); Arruda (Mad.; Por.; JAD); Arvada (Tam.; HH2); Bou Ghans (Arab.; +BOU; HH2); Citronelle (Sp.; HH2); Citronelle Marron (Haiti; AVP); Common Rue (Eng.; ZOH); +Djell (Ber.; BOU); Eastern Rue (Eng.; HH2); Egyptian Rue (Eng.; FAC); Ermul (Beng.; HH2); Fegan +(Arab.; ZOH); Fidgel (Arab.; BOU; HH2); Fidjla (Arab.; BOU; HH2); Fringed Rue (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; +USN); Ispunol (Beng.; HH2); Issel (Ber.; BOU); Issin (Ber.; BOU); Peganon (Greek; ZOH); Pigam +8202_C001.indd 395 11/12/07 2:48:08 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(Heb.; ZOH); Pismarum (Hindi; HH2); Red d’Alep (Fr.; BOU); Rora (Ma.; JFM); Ruda (Cr.; Peru; +DAV; MDD); Ruda Antillana (Ma.; HH2; JFM); Ruda de España (Sp.; HH2); Ruda de la Tierra (Ma.; +JFM; HH2); Ruda de las Antilles (Ma.; HH2; JFM); Ruda d’Espanya (Ma.; JFM); Ruda Tropical +(Ma.; JFM); Rue (Eng.; Fr.; Pr.; AVP; BOU); Rue Ailee Fetide (Fr.; AVP); Rue d’Alep (Fr.; AVP); +Rue d’Antilles (Fr.; AVP); Rue d’Orient (Fr.; AVP); Rura (Ma.; JFM); Ruta (Arab.; BOU); Ruta +Sfangiata (It.; HH2); Rutsa (Arab.; BOU); Saadab (Arab.; ZOH); Sadab (Arab.; Hindi; GHA; HH2); +Sadhab (Arab.; BOU; GHA); Satari (Hindi; HH2); Shadhab (Arab.; GHA); Shathab (Oman; Saudi; +Yemen; GHA); Syrian Rue (Eng.; BOU; HH2); T’enadam (Arab.; HH2); Zent (Ber.; BOU). +a Ctivities (Fri Nged r ue): +Abortifacient (f; UPH); Analgesic (1; HH2); Antiedemic (1; JEB28(3):305); Antiendotoxemic (f; +JEB90:267); Antiexudative (1; HH2); Antifeedant (1; X11935899); Antifertility (1; X2748734); +Antiinafl mmatory (f1; HH2; JEB90:267; JEB28(3):305); Antiseptic (1; HH2); Antispasmodic (f; +SOU; ZOH); Aphrodisiac (f; GHA); Arachnifuge (f; BOU); Bactericide (1; X12423924); Candi-di +cide (1; HH2); Cardiotonic (f; DAV); CNS Depressant (f1; JEB28(3):305); CNS Depressant (f; JFM); +Decongestant (f; DAV; JFM); Digestive (f; DAV); Emetic (f; JFM); Embryotoxic (1; JEB69:93); +Emmenagogue (f; BOU; UPH); Febrifuge (1; HH2); Fungicide (1; X10680445); Immunomodulator +(f1; JEB90:267; X15013191); Insectifuge (1; PR17:202; X12672146); Molluscicide (1; FT71:308); +NO Inhibitor (1; X15013191); Oxytocic (f; SOU); Phototoxic (1; DAV); Rubefacient (f; JFM); Seda- +tive (f; BOU; DAV); Spasmodic (f; BOU); Stomachic (f; JFM); Sudoric fi (f; JFM); Vermifuge (f; +SOU; UPH); Vulnerary (f; BOU). +iNdi Catio Ns (Fri Nged r ue): +Amenorrhea (f; FP2); Arthrosis (f1; GHA; X2598777); Cold (f; BOU); Bacillus (1; X12423924); +Bacteria (1; X12423924); Bronchosis (f; AHL); Candida (1; HH2); Cardiopathy (f; JFM); Chi-ld +birth (f; JFM); Cold (f; HH2); Colic (f; GHA); Congestion (f; JFM); Cough (f; HH2); Cramp (f; +WOI); Dermatosis (1; X10680445); Dysmenorrhea (f; DAV; FP2; HH2); Earache (f; BOU; HH2; +JFM); Edema (1; JEB28(3):305); Endotoxemia (1; X15013191); Enterosis (f; BOU; GHA); Epilepsy +(f; SOU); Epistaxis (f; SOU); Escherichia (1; HH2); Fever (f1; BOU; HH2); Fungus (1; X10680445); +Gingivosis (f; JFM); Headache (f; GHA; HH2); Hysteria (f; DAV; FP2); Infection (1; X12423924; +HH2); Inafl mmation (1; HH2); Measles (f; JFM); Microsporium (1; X10680445); Myalgia (f; DAV); +Mycosis (1; X10680445); Nausea (f; BOU; HH2); Nervousness (f; BOU; HH2); Neurosis (f; HH2); +Ophthalmia (f; DAV; HH2; UPH); Otosis (f; DAV); Pain (f1; BOU; GHA; HH2); Palpitation (f; +SOU); Paralysis (f; HH2); Pediculosis (f; DAV); Pseudomonas (1; HH2); Pulmonosis (f; HH2); +Rheumatism (f1; BOU; FP2; X2598777); Rhinosis (f; BOU; HH2); Scarlet Fever (f; JFM); Shock +(f; HH2); Snakebite (f; GHA); Sore (f; BOU; UPH); Soroche (f; SOU); Staphylococcus (1; HH2); +Stomachache (f; GHA); Stroke (f; DAV); Swelling (f1; BOU; JEB28(3):305); Worm (f; FP2; UPH); +Wound (f; BOU; GHA); Yeast (1; HH2). +d osages (Fri Nged r ue): +FNFF = ! +Aromatic leaves esteemed as spice by North African Jews, added to lamb and beef sausagems e(r- +guez); also used in Tunisian omelettes (hajja) (FAC). +• Arabians rub leaves on arthritic or painful areas (GHA) (watch out for photodermatitis; +JAD). +• Dominicans mix juice with castor oil for bronchosis (AHL), +• Haitians use the plant as antiepileptic, emmenagogue, sudoricfi , vermifuge, and to treat +ulcerated gums (JFM). +8202_C001.indd 396 11/12/07 2:48:08 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +• Expressed juice heated and used as eardrop in earache (JFM). +• Venezuelans take the decoction to overcome shock or spasms (JFM). +• Yemeni chew leaves with sugar for stomachache (GHA). +• Vapors of the plant said to dispel eye fatigue (JFM). +d ow Nsides (Fri Nged r ue): +Although widely used in Latin America, Julia Morton described the tropical rue as causing cold +extremities, feeble slow pulse, gastroenterosis, salivation, swelling of the tongue, and vomiting +(when taken in large doses). Overdoses taken in attempted abortion have been fatal (JFM). +extra Cts (Fri Nged r ue): +Iauk et al. (2004) showed that the antiinafl mmatory biblical rue protected against murine endotox- +emia (gavage at 1 g/kg per day for 7 to 14 days before injecting 0.75 mg endotoxin), There was ev- i +dence of reduced nitric oxide production. Ruta chalepensis has immunopharmacological properties +counteracting the lethal effects of high doses of endotoxin (X15013191). Hadis et al. (2003) showed +that rue (50% in coconut oil) repelled Mansonia mosquitoes in western Ethiopia. At 50% concentra- +tion, protection was 91.6%, 87.0%, 96.0%, 97.9% for rue, neem, pyrethrum, and deet, respectively. +At 40% concentration deet, lemon eucalyptus and pyrethrum were signicafi ntly more effective than +rue and neem (X12672146). Mancebo et al. (2001) demonstrated a clear antifeedant activity for rue +extracts at a concentration of 0.32% (X11935899). +sUGARCANe (sAcch Arum officin Arum L.) +++ po ACeAe +Notes (s ugar Ca Ne): +Thou hast bought me no sweet cane with money, neither hast thou filled me with the fat of thy sac - +rifices: but thou hast made me to serve with thy sins, thou hast wearied me with thine iniquities. +Isaiah 43:24 (KJV) +You have not bought me sweet cane with money, or satisfied me with the fat of your sacrifices. But +you have burdened me with your sins, you have wearied me with your iniquities. +Isaiah 43:24 (RSV) +For me you have bought no [sweet] cane with any money, and with the fat of your sacrifices you +have not saturated me. In reality you have compelled me to serve because of your sins, you have +made me weary with your errors. +Isaiah 43:24 (NWT) +To what purpose cometh there to me incense from Sheba, and the sweet cane from a far country? +Your burnt offerings are not acceptable, nor your sacrifices sweet unto me. +Jeremiah 6:20 (KJV) +To what purpose does frankincense come to me from Sheba, or sweet cane from a distant land? +Your burnt offerings are not acceptable, nor your sacrifices pleasing to me. +Jeremiah 6:20 (RSV) +8202_C001.indd 397 11/12/07 2:48:09 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum ). Source: BIB. +What does this matter to me that you bring in even frankincense from She’ba, and the good cane +from the land far away? The whole burnt offerings of you people serve for no pleasure and your +very sacrifuces have not been gratifying to me. +Jeremiah 6:20 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 398 11/12/07 2:48:20 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Back before I read Zohary’s book, my other reading had led me to conclude that the sweet cane of +Isaiah was probably our sugarcane of today. But Zohary is inclined to believe that the sweet cane +was more probably an aromatic grass of the genus Cymbopogon, or maybe even calamus, and seems +to have ruled out the sugarcane and the vetiver. The sweet sugarcane is rather heavy to be carried +from afar and Cymbopogons, Calamus, and today even Vetiver are more precious ounce for ounce +than sugarcane. Still I leave sugarcane here, knowing it can be grown in Israel, as it can be in almost +all tropical and subtropical countries. I have also cited many abstracts from Cuba, where sugarcane +reigns supreme. I see a parallel between these good Cuban scientists trying to find more uses for +King Cane, like our good United States scientists are always looking for more uses for King So-y +bean. The residue, bagasse, used in building materials, insulation against temperatures and sound, +resins in phonograph records, mulch and litter, plastics, paper making, and in industrial chemicals, +and now from Cuba, polycosanol and D-003. As the cost of fossil fuels increases, it may assume +importance as an energy source. Sugarcane alcohol seems as promising as corn-based ethanol, +as the price of petroleum spirals upward. Yet I do not hear of any efforts in Cuba to convert to an +ethanol fuel economy. +Commo N Names (s ugar Ca Ne): +Adhipatra (Sanskrit; KAB); Afunu (Ada; KAB); Agbo (Cagayan; KAB); Ahleu (Korbo; KAB); Ahw-e +renkakraba (Fanti; KAB); Ahwereu (Twi; KAB); Ak (Beng.; KAB); Akali (Nepal; KAB); Akh (San..; +KAB); Aku (Uriya; KAB); Ampeou (Cam.; KAB); Ampon (Cam.; KAB); Angarigai (Tam.; KAB); +Ankhu (Majhi; NPM); Aos (Mar.; KAB); Ariva (Nc.; KAB); Arolam (Nc.; KAB); Arrake (Sokoto; +KAB); Arukanupulakranuga (Tel.; KAB); Asibattiragam (Tam.; KAB); Asipatra (Sanskrit; KAB); +Bhurirasa (Sanskrit; KAB); Bich (Sunwar; NPM); Bogleng (Ewe; Krebi; KAB); Boglengbiri (Krebi; +KAB); Boglengfe (Krebi; KAB); Boglengyibor (Krebi; KAB); Boiepe (Nc.; KAB); Boinlioua (Nc.; +KAB); Bu Ram (Tibet; NPM); Caña (Peru; Sp.; EGG); Caña de Azucar (Peru; Sp.; EGG); Cana de +Asucar (Por.; AVP); Cana Doce (Por.; AVP); Cana Dolsa (Cat.; KAB); Canamelle (Fr.; KAB); Canchi +(China; EFS); Canna (Brazil; KAB); Canna de Assucar (Por.; Brazil; AVP; KAB); Canna de Zucchero +(It.; AVP); Canna Doce (Por.; KAB); Cannamelle (Fr.; It.; AVP; KAB); Canne (Haiti, Reunion; AHL; +AVP; KAB); Canne a Sucre (Fr.; Haiti; AHL; AVP; EFS); Canne de Batavia (Fr.; KAB); Canne de +la Chine (Fr.; KAB); Canne d’Haiti (Fr.; KAB); Canne Indigene (Fr.; AHL); Canne Pays (Fr.; AHL); +Canya de Azucar (Dr.; Sp. AHL; EFS; IED); Canya Dulce (Sp.; EFS); Canya Miel (Sp.; EFS; KAB); +Canyaduzales (Sp.; AVP); Canyuzales (Sp.; AVP); Chaku (Nepal; KAB); Cheraku (Tel.; KAB); Ch-er +akubhedamu (Tel.; KAB); Darbheshu (Mal.; KAB); Delenole (Nc.; KAB); Dilou (Nc.; KAB); Di-r +ghachhada (Sanskrit; KAB); Dogangueni (Nc.; KAB); Echtes Zuckerrohr (Ger.; TAN); Fary (Hova; +Madagascar; KAB); Fisika (Sakalave; KAB); Fofungu (Awina; Ewe; KAB); Gadenadeboui (Nc.; +KAB); Gana (Urdu; KAB); Ganda (Dec.; Hindi; KAB); Gandida (Sanskrit; KAB); Ganna (India; +Nwp.; Pun.; EFS; KAN); Ghenru (Parbuttiah; KAB); Gol (Bom.; KAB); Goreate (Nc.; KAB); Gudada +(Sanskrit; KAB); Gudadaru (Sanskrit; KAB); Gudakashta (Sanskrit; KAB); Gudamula (Sanskrit; +KAB); Gudatrina (Sanskrit; KAB); Gura (Sanskrit; EFS); Gurdanda (Mun.; KAB); Gudodaru (Uriya; +KAB); Gurkatauri (Mun.; KAB); Gurkosear (Mun.; KAB); Gursing (Sherpa; NPM); Ik (Beng.; Hindi; +Nwp.; KAB); Ikhari (Nwp.; KAB); Ikhyu (Uriya; KAB); Ikku (Tam.; KAB); Ikshu (Kan.; Mal.; San- +skrit; San.; AH2; EFS; KAB); Ikshudanda (Kan.; KAB); Ikshupu (Tel.; KAB); Ikshura (Sanskrit; +KAB); Impuco (Antis; EGG; RAR; SOU); Ingolu (Kan.; KAB); Inju (Tel.; KAB); Itica (Cocama; +EGG; SAR); Jate (Nc.; KAB); Ka Ra (Tibet; NPM; TIB); Kabbo (Mar.; KAB); Kabbu (Kan.; KAB); +Kabopolenouen (Nc.; KAB); Kajuli (Beng.; KAB); Kalai (Tam.; KAB); Kamand (Pun.; Sin.; KAB); +Kan che (China; EFS; KAB); Kannal (Tam.; KAB); Kansia (Japan; KAB); Kantara (Kan.; Sanskrit; +KAB); Kantaraka (Kan.; Sanskrit KAB); Kantarakam (Mal.; KAB); Kantaramu (Tel.; KAB); K-an +thirikhu (Nwp.; KAB); Kanupulacheraku (Tel.; KAB); Karambu (Ceylon; KAB); Karansariki (Hausa; +KAB); Karimpu (Mal.; KAB); Karkotaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Karumbu (Tam.; Tulu; KAB); Kasabish-a +kar (Arab.; KAB); Kasibshakar (Arab.; KAB); Katari (Behar; KAB); Ketari (Behar; KAB); Keyan +8202_C001.indd 399 11/12/07 2:48:20 PM +00 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(Burma; KAB); Khadgapatraka (Sanskrit; KAB); Khand (Pun.; KAB); Khum (Magar; NPM); Khu- n +jhi (Tharu; NPM); Khusiyar (Behar; KAB); Kiaboue (Nc.; KAB); Kinemaite (Nc.; KAB); Kondim- +oua (Nc.; KAB); Koubala (Nc.; KAB); Koshakara (Sanskrit; KAB); Kulluar (Beng.; KAB); Kumad +(Hindi; KAB); Kushiar (Beng.; KAB); Kyan (Burma; KAB); Lavucheraku (Tel.; KAB); Madhura +(Kan.; KAB); Madhutrina (Sanskrit; KAB); Madhutrinam (Mal.; KAB); Madhuyashti (Sanskrit; +KAB); Madudirunam (Tam.; KAB); Maharasa (Nc.; KAB); Majonana (Culina; RAR); Marakabbu +(Kan.; KAB); Mebouangue (Nc.; KAB); Mengou (Nc.; KAB); Mia (Annam; Ic.; KAB); Mia co ke +(Tonkin; KAB); Mia lau (Tonkin; KAB); Mia ly (Tonkin; KAB); Migao (Nc.; KAB); Misk’i wiru +(Aym.; Bol.; DLZ); Misqui Huiro (Peru; EGG; SOU); Moene (Nc.; KAB); Moindiene (Nc.; KAB); +Moueouete (Nc.; KAB); Mrityupushpu (Sanskrit; KAB); Nai (Iran; EFS); Ñaamura (Uvosha; EGG); +Naisakar (Guj.; KAB); Naishakar (Hindi; Iran; KAB); Ngala (Nc.; KAB); Niemba (Nc.; KAB); Noble +Sugarcane (Eng.; USN); Nyaamura (Uvosha; SOU); Oen mangia (Nc.; KAB); Oen ou poudendate +(Nc.; KAB); Ouali (Nc.; KAB); Ouane (Nc.; KAB); Ouassab (Arab.; EFS); Oudiepe-ait (Nc.; KAB); +Ouene (Nc.; KAB); Ouenebail (Nc.; KAB); Paat (Peru; EGG; SOU); Pagad (Aguaruna; RAR); Pagat +(Aguaruna; Huambisa; SOU); Paiambou (Nc.; KAB); Paieme (Nc.; KAB); Pam (Lepcha; NPM); +Paruvayoni (Tam.; KAB); Paunda (Pun.; KAB); Payodhara (Sanskrit; KAB); Pidiak (Nc.; KAB); Pie +canne (Haiti; AVP); Pobone (Nc.; KAB); Pochoasiri (Piro; EGG; SOU); Pochwacsuru (Piro; RAR); +Poilote (Nc.; KAB); Pottikamupucheraku (Tel.; KAB); Punarikhu (Nwp.; KAB); Pundaram (Tam.; +KAB); Pundra (Kan.; KAB); Pundraka (Sanskrit; KAB); Puri (Beng.; KAB); Qasab al Sukkar (Arab.; +GHA); Qasabussakar (Arab.; KAB); Quilaba (Vis.; KAB); Rake (Hausa; KAB); Rasadali (Kan.; +KAB); Rasala (Kan.; Sanskrit; KAB); Rasalu (Sanskrit; KAB); Rastale (Kan.; KAB); Rikhu (Hindi; +Kum.; Nwp.; KAB); Roseau a sucre (Fr.; KAB); Sabi (Conibo; Shipibo; EGG; RAR; SOU); Sacchar +(Nepal; SUW); Sahachar (Nepal; SUW); Saharnyi trastnik (Rus.; KAB); Sastra (Sanskrit; KAB); Sato +Kibi (Japan; TAN; USN); Schimate (Nc.; KAB); Seker kamizi (Tur.; EFS); Senoorr (Amuesha; SOU); +Senorr (Yanesha; EGG); Serdi (Bom.; Guj.; KAB); Sha T’ang (China; KAB); Sharhara (Sanskrit; +EFS); Shakarsurkh (Pun.; KAB); Sheng (Ga; KAB); Sheradi (Guj.; KAB); Sherdi (Guj.; KAB); Shih +mi (China; KAB); Soo (Limbu; NPM); Sotalong (Limbu; NPM); Sthiabanghi (Nc.; KAB); Sucre de +canne (Fr.; EFS); Sukumasaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Sugarcane (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; AVP; USN); Suikerriet +(Dutch; EFS; KAB); Sukker (Den.; EFS); Taa vata (Amahuaca; RAR); Tacamaree (Brazil; KAB); +Tacuane (Chiriguano; DLZ); Tangalite (Nc.; KAB); Tanigarbu (Kan.; KAB); Tebu (Java; KAB); Tebu +gula (Malaya; EFS); Tellacheraku (Tel.; KAB); Thsiogan (Nc.; KAB); Tilibi (Nc.; KAB); Tiyyamranu +(Tel.; KAB); Trestie de zahar (Rom.; KAB); Trinadhiya (Sanskrit; KAB); Trinaraja (Kan.; KAB); +Tshiambo (Nc.; KAB); Tu (Newari; KAB; NPM); Tubo (Tag.; KAB); Tunta (Tel.; KAB); Uduwa (Rai; +NPM); Uinkh (Mooshar; NPM); Uk (Beng.; Hindi; Nepal; Sin.; KAB); Ukgas (Sin.; KAB); Ukh +(Behar; Hindi; KAB); Ukhari (Nwp.; KAB); Ukhi (Behar; KAB); Ukhu (Danuwar; Nepal; Tamang; +NPM; SUW); Ukkiragandam (Tam.; KAB); Ukkiragandi (Tam.; KAB); Unkh (Bkojpuri; NPM); Uns +(Guj.; KAB); Uny (Kon. KAB); Us (Bom.; Decca; Mar.; KAB); Usa (Mar.; KAB); Uss (Kon. KAB); +Usyu (Gurung; NPM); Usyup (Tamang; NPM); Vamsukamu (Tel.; KAB); Vansha (Sanskrit; KAB); +Velam (Tam.; KAB); Vellakarimpu (Mal.; KAB); Vengarumbu (Tam.; KAB); Viha (Brazi Zucchero +(It.; EFS); Vipularasa (Sanskrit; KAB); Vrishya (Sanskrit; KAB); Xai (Cashibo; EGG; RAR; SOU); +Zuckerrohr (Ger.; AVP; EFS; KAB). +a Ctivities (s ugar Ca Ne): +Analgesic (f; X12709906); Anthelmintic (f; KAB); Antiaggregant (1; X15272645); Antiallergic +(1; X15729619); Antidote (arsenic) (f; KAB); Antidote (copper) (f; KAB); Antiinafl mmatory (1; +X15729619; X12709906); Antioxidant (1; X14756190); Antiplatelet (1; X15272645); Antiseptic +(f; EFS); Antivinous (f; BIB); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB; SUW); Bactericide (f; BIB); Cardiotonic (f; +BIB; EFS); Demulcent (f; EFS; SUW); Depurative (f; TIB); Diuretic (f; AHL; BIB; GHA; SUW); +Emollient (f; KAB); Febrifuge (f; BIB); Hepatoprotective (1; (X14756190); Hypocholesterolemic +(1; X15272645); Immunostimulant (1; X14975361); Laxative (f; AHL; BIB); Osteoprotective (1; +8202_C001.indd 400 11/12/07 2:48:21 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +X15357627); Pectoral (f; BIB; KAB); Piscicide (f; BIB); Radioprotective (1; X14975361); Refrige-r +ant (f; AHL; EFS); Stomachic (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (s ugar Ca Ne): +Allergy (1; X15729619); Anemia (f; KAB); Arthrosis (f; BIB); Backache (f; JFM); Biliousness (f; +KAB); Blenorrhagia (f; DLZ); Boil (f; BIB); Calculus (f; DLZ; KAB); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, +breast (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer, +tonsil (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (1; X15272645); Catarrh (f; BIB); Cold (f; DLZ; +JFM); Colic (f; DLZ); Constipation (f; AHL); Cough (f; DLZ; GHA); Cystosis (f; DLZ); Decubitis +(f; BIB); Delirium (f; KAB); Dermatosis (f1; JFM; X15729619); Diarrhea (f; JFM; KAB); Dysen- +tery (f; JFM); Dysuria (f; JFM); Enterosis (f; KAB); Erysipelas (f; KAB); Fatigue (f; KAB); Fever +(f; TIB); Fungus (f; JFM); Frambesia (f; BIB); Gastrosis (f; JLH); Gingivosis (f; BIB); Hemorrhoid +(f; BIB); Hepatosis (f; DLZ); Hiccup (f; BIB); High Cholesterol (1; X15272645); Infection (f; EGG; +SAR); Inafl mmation (f1; JFM; X15729619); Jaundice (f; EGG); Laryngosis (f; BIB); Leprosy (f; +KAB); Mastosis (f; JLH); Mucososis (f; KAB); Mycosis (f; JFM); Nephrosis (f; BIB; DLZ; EGG); +Neurosis (f; DLZ); Opacity (f; BIB); Ophthalmia (f; GHA; SAR); Osteoporosis (1; X15357627); +Pain (f1; EGG; X12709906); Pertussis (f; BIB); Proctosis (f; JLH); Ringworm (f; JFM); Smallpox (f; +BIB); Sore (f; KAB); Sore Throat (f; BIB); Splenosis (f; BIB); Splinter (f; JFM); Stomatosis (f; JLH); +Thirst (f; KAB); Thrombosis (1; X15272645); Uterosis (f; JLH); Wound (f; BIB; EGG). +d osages (s ugar Ca Ne): +FNFF = !!!. +• Arabians use cane juice as antitussive, diuretic, and ophthalmic (GHA). +• Cubans drink expressed juice as diuretic; formerly sucked roasted cane for diarrhea and +dysentery (JFM). +• Curacaons make decoction of dry fallen leaves for dysuria (JFM). +• Mexicans take juice from roasted stems for colds (JFM). +• Peruvians drink fermented cane juice for liver pains (EGG). +• Peruvians put powdered sugar on wounds to prevent infection (EGG). +• Peruvians take roasted cane against jaundice and kidney pain (EGG). +• Various cultures suggest molasses for cancer of the breast, mouth, rectum, stomach, ton- +sils, and uterus (JLH). +• Yumbos apply a few drops of warm sap to infected eyes (SAR). +• Mashed root with vinegar poulticed onto backache (JFM). +• Ash of epidermis applied with vinegar to ringworm (JFM). +Natural History (s ugar Ca Ne): +Sugarcane is susceptible to the following viruses: cucumber mosaic, maize leaf efl ck, sugarcane +mosaic, tulip breaking, wheat streak mosaic, chlorotic streak, and sereh. The following fungi have +been reported from sugarcane: Allantospora radicicola, Alternaria sp., Apiospora camtospora, +Arthrobotrys suberba, Aspergillus sp., A. flavus , A. fumigatus, A. herbariorum, A. nidulans, A. niger, +A. penicillioides, A. repens, A. sydowii, A. terreus, a form of A. flavus designated asA . parasiticus on +mealybugs infesting cane, Asterostroma cervicolor, Ceratostomella adiposum, C. paradoxa, Cerco- +spora koepkei, C. vaginae, Chytridium sp., Cladosporium herbarum, Clathrus columnatus, Colletot- +richum falcatum, C. graminicola, C. lineola, Corticium sasakii, Curvularia sp., Cytospora sacchari, +Endoconidiophora adiposa, E. paradoxa, Eriosphaeria sacchari, Fusarium spp., Gibberella fujiku- +roi, Gloeocercospora sorghi, Gnomonia iliau, Graphium sacchari, Helminthosporium sacchari, H. +stenospilum, Himantia stellifera, Hormiactella sacchari, Hypocrea gelatinosa, Ithyphallus rubicun- +dis, Leptosphaeria sacchari, Ligniera vascularum, Lophodermium sacchari, Macrophoma sacchari, +8202_C001.indd 401 11/12/07 2:48:22 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Marasmius sacchari, M. stenophyllus, Melanconium sacchari, Microdiplodia melaspora, Myco- +sphaerella sacchari, M. striatiformans, Myriogenospora aciculisporae, Nectria spp., Neurospora +sitophila, Nigrospora oryzae, Odontia saccharicola, Olpidium sacchari, Papularia sphaerosperma, +P. vinosa, Periconia sacchari, Phyllosticta sorghina, Physalospora rhodina, P. tucumanensis, Phy- +tophthora erythroseptica, Plectospira gemmifera, Polyporus spp., P. occidentalis, P. sanguineus, P. +tulipiferus, Poria ambigua, Psilocybe atomatoides, Pythium spp., P. arrhenomanes, P. graminicola, +P. aphanidermatum, P. artotrogus, P. debaryanum, P. dissotocum, P. helicoides, P. irregulare, P. +mamillatum, P. monospermum, P. periilum, P. rostratum, P. splendens, P. ultimum, P. vexans, Rhi- +zoctonia ferruginea, R. pallida, R. solani, Rosellinia paraguayensis, R. pulveracea, Saccharomyces +zopfii , Schizophyllum commune, Scirrhia 1ophodermioides, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma lignorum, +Tubercularia saccharicola, Vermicularia graminicola, Xylaria apiculata, Nectria flavociliata , and +N. laurentiana. The following nematodes have been reported on sugarcane :Anguina spermophaga, +Helicotylenchus sp. Heterodera spp., Hoplolaimus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus spp., P. praten- +sis, Rotylenchus spp., R. similes, Scutellonema spp., Trichodorus christie, and Tylenchorhynchus spp. +(Golden, 1984). Bacteria include Bacillus megatherium, B. mesentericus, Xanthomonas albilineans, +X. rubrilineans, X. rubrisubalbicans, and X. vasculorum (Agriculture Handbook No. 165). +extra Cts (s ugar Ca Ne): +Cuban researchers (Ledone et al. 2005) showed that a mixture of fatty acids from sugarcane (mostly +palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids) showed antiinafl mmatory activity in test models for +allergy, suggesting utility in allergic and inafl mmatory dermatosis (X15729619). Other Cuban sci- +entists, Noa et al. (2004), looking at by-products of the sugarcane industry (like United States sci-en +tists look at soy by products) are working with a cholesterol-lowering mix called D-003. D-003 also +prevents bone loss and bone resorption in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. Compared with +a sham group, prednisolone signicafi ntly reduced trabecular bone volume, while D-003 signicafi ntly +and dose-dependently prevented the induced reduction of TBV. “D-003 could be useful for manag- +ing corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis” (X15357627). Gamez et al. (2004), working with beagles, +reported antiplatelet and hypocholesterolemic effects. At 200 and 400 mg/kg, D-003 signicafi ntly +reduced total cholesterol, inhibited platelet aggregation, and increased bleeding time, compared to +controls administered D-003 for 9 months to beagles induced no signs of toxicity (X15272645). +GLAss Wo Rt ( sAlicorni A europe A L.) ++ Che Nopo DIACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Salicornia europaea var. herbacea L.; Salicornia herbacea (L.) L.; Salicornia virginica L. +Notes (g lasswort ): +But who may abide the day of his coming? and who shall stand when he appeareth? for he is like +a refiner’s fire, and like fullers’ soap. +Malachi 3:2 (KJV) +But who can endure the day of his coming, and who can stand when he appears? “For he is like a +refiner’s fire and like fullers’ soap.” +Malachi 3:2 (RSV) +But who will be putting up with the day of his coming, and who will be the one standing when he +appears? “For he is like the fire of a refiner and like the lye of laundrymen.” +Malachi 3:2 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 402 11/12/07 2:48:23 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +FIGURe . Glasswort (Salicornia europea). Source: BIB. +According to Grieve, “there are references in the Bible to the use of Glasswort for soap and for +glass” (GMH). The potash, or alkaline salts used in biblical “sop-emaking,” were derived from the +ashes of glassworts and other halophytic species. The potash was then mixed with olive oil. +Hartwell lists this and other species of glasswort called kelpwort and samphire as folk remedies +for tumors and superufl ous efl sh. As “herba salicorniae herbaceae,” it is used medicinally in Pal - +estine (BIB). Zohary lists no Salicornias in his Plants of the Bible (ZOH) but does list this species +in his Flora of Palestine (FP1) as an edible medicinal species, a pioneer species in saline puddles +drying up. +8202_C001.indd 403 11/12/07 2:48:27 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Commo N Names (g lasswort ): +Akkeishi Sô (Japan; TAN); Chicken-claws (Eng.; USN); Common Glasswort (Eng.; USN); Glass- +wort (Eng.; BIB; TAN); Lye (Eng.; NWT); Marsh Samphire (Eng.; TAN; USN); Saltwort (Eng.; +TAN); Soap (Eng.; BIB; KJV; RSV); Sope (Eng.; BIB); Yan Jiao Cao (China; USN). +a Ctivities (g lasswort ): +Antiscorbutic (1; EFS; FNF); Depurative (f; EFS); Digestive (1; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS). +iNdi Catio Ns (g lasswort ): +Cancer (f; JLH); Dropsy (f; EB28:315); Scurvy (1; EFS). +d osages (g lasswort ): +FNFF = ! +Plant (leaves, stems and seed) is edible but ashes are more often used like lye in making soap +(TAN; UPH). +WILLo W (sAlix A cmophyll A Bo Iss.) ++ s ALICACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Salix glauca Anderss.; Salix octandra Del. fide DEP +Notes (w illow ): +Zohary mentions that the biblical Hebrew word refers both to this and other species ofS alix in Israel +(vfi e species). He notes that this is a honey plant, a tannin source, used for wicker work (ZOH). I refer +readers to the better-known S. alba and S. babylonica for fuller accounts. Poplars and willows belong +to the same family, and are fast-growing weed trees especially when growing near water. Zohary +suggests that if the willows of the Bible were native to the Holy Land, they would have beenS alix +acmophylla or Salix alba, which hybridize readily. I suggest that romantics like me like the idea of the +weeping willow, Salix babylonica, in their biblical garden. These three may be keyed as follows: +• Branches erect or ascending; leaves less than 10 times as long as broad: +• — Stamens, 4 to 5; capsule pedicels circa 1.5 mm long; branches reddish:S . acmophylla +• — Stamens, 2; capsules sessile; branches yellow-green to brown: S. alba +• Branches pendulous; leaves more than 10 times as long as broadS: . babylonica +Zohary notes that, in general, Salix alba is found in cooler areas, S. acmophylla in hotter areas. +Commo N Names (w illow ): +Aravah (Heb.; ZOH); Bada (Hindu; Pun.; DEP; NAD; SKJ); Bed (Pun.; SKJ); Bedh (Afg.; DEP); +Bisu (Pun.; DEP); Budha (Bom.; Sin. DEP; NAD; SKJ); Gadphains (Up.; SKJ). Ncsn. +a Ctivities (w illow ): +Febrifuge (f; NAD; SKJ). +iNdi Catio Ns (w illow ): +Fever (f; NAD; SKJ). +8202_C001.indd 404 11/12/07 2:48:28 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +FIGURe . Willow (Salix acmophylla). Source: KAB. +d osages (w illow ): +FNFF = ? +• Asian Indians suggest the bark for fever (SKL). +• Natural History (Willow): +• Leaves lopped for fodder. +w Hite willow ( sALIX ALbA l .) ++ sali CaCeae +Notes (w Hite w illow ): +And they shall spring up as among the grass, as willows by the water courses. +Isaiah 44:4 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 405 11/12/07 2:48:32 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +They shall spring up like grass amid waters, like willows by flowing streams. +Isaiah 44:4 (RSV) +And they will certainly spring up among the green grass, like poplars by the water ditches streams. +Isaiah 44:4 (NWT) +Along the Jordan River, willows frequent the fresher waters, and Euphrates poplars the more brac-k +ish waters. Willows are handsome, fas-tgrowing trees, useful for holding banks against ofl oding. +The wood can be used for fuel, and some willows have been recommended as energy sources. +Slender willow twigs, or withes, are used in wicker work. Willow branches were used by the Jews +in some of their religious rites and ceremonies. Willows were among four species the Hebrews were +commanded to take at the Feast of the Tabernacles. The bark may contain as much as 13% tannin. +Honey plants (BIB; FP1; ZOH). Regarded as antiperiodic, antiseptic, astringent, tonic, and verm- i +fuge, the white willow is used in folk remedies for calluses, corns, debility, diarrhea, dysentery, +dysmenorrhea, dyspepsia, fever, gout, hemotysis, malaria, rheumatism, tumors, and warts. Leba- +nese recognize the aspirin-like quality of the bark decoction, using it for colds, grippe, and pain, +and a strong decoction for venereal disease. Even “transplanted” to America, the Lebanese used the +bark of the American species for colds, ufl , headache, pains, and rheumatism, even amplifying my +generic belief that “all willows are the same in his medicine” (BIB; HJP). +Commo N Names (w Hite w illow ): +Ak Sogut (Tur.; EFS); Aravah (Heb.; ZOH); Aubier (Fr.; HH3); Bai Liu (Pin.; AH2); Bai Liu Gen +(Pin.; AH2); Bai Liu Ye (Pin.; AH2); Beasa (Kas.; MKK); Bedisiah (Afg.; DEP; KAB); Bis (India; +Pun.; EFS; NAD); Bushan (Pun.; KAB); Changma (Pun.; DEP); Dotterweide (Ger.; KAB); European +Willow (Eng.; EFS); Falber (Ger.; HH3); Huid Piil (Den.; KAB); Huntindon Willow (Eng.; KAB); +Hvit Pihl (Swe.; KAB); Isbidar (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Itea (Greek; KAB); Iva (Rus.; KAB); Kha-r +wala (Trans-Indus; DEP; KAB); Khilaf (Arab.; BOU); Knotwilg (Dutch; EFS); Madnu (Pun.; +WOI); Malchang (Pun.; SKJ); Osier Blanc (Fr.; BOU; EFS); ‘Oud el Maa (Arab.; BOU); Pertiche +Bianco (It.; EFS); Piletroi (Den.; EFS); Plon Blanc (Fr.; KAB); Safsaf Abiad (Arab.; BOU); Safsaf +Abyad (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Salce (Sp.; EFS); Salce Blanco (Sp.; KAB); Salcie (Rom.; KAB); S-al +cio (It.; KAB); Salguiero (Por.; KAB); Salguiero Branco (Por.; EFS); Salicastro (It.; HHB); Salice +Bianco (It.; EFS); Salice Comune (It.; HH3); Salice da Pertiche (It.; HH3); Salico da Safsaf (Arab.; +Syria; HJP); Sauce Blanco (Sp.; EFS); Saudre (Fr.; HH3); Saula (Cat.; KAB); Saule Argente (Fr.; +HHB); Saule Blanc (Fr.; BOU; EFS; HH3); Saule Comun (Fr.; HHB); Sausse (Fr.; HH3); Schietwilg +(Dutch; EFS); Schotwilg (Dutch; EFS); Silber Weide (Ger.; EFS; HH3); Swallow-Tailed Willow +(Eng.; BOU); Talezzast Amellal (Ber.; BOU); Vivir (Kas.; KAB); Vrba (Bosnia; JLH); Vuir (Kas.; +NAD); Weide (Ger.; EFS); Weiss Weide (Ger.; DEP; EFS; HH3); White Willow (Eng.; AH2; CR2); +Witte Wilg (Dutch; EFS; KAB); Zafzafa (Malta; KAB). +a Ctivities (w Hite w illow ): +Analgesic (f12; HJP; KOM; PIP; PH2; WAM; PR15:344); Anaphrodisiac (f; MAD); Antiaggregant +(1; VAD); Antihidrotic (f; CAN); Antiinafl mmatory (f12; KOM; PH2; PIP; WAM); Antiperiodic +(f1; DEP; EFS); Antiprostaglandin (1; BGB); Antipyretic (f12; KOM; NAD; PIP; PH2; WAM); +Antirheumatic (f12; PR15:344; CAN; EFS; FAD); Antiseptic (f1; CAN; DEP; EFS); Antispasmodic +(f1; BOU; VAD); Astringent (f1; APA; EFS; FAD; PED; PH2; VAD); Bitter (1; FAD; PED); Cardio- +protective (1; VAD); Contraceptive (f; MAD); Febrifuge (f1; FNF); Keratolytic (1; FNF); Sedative +(f1; MAD; VAD); Tonic (f; BIB; DEM); Vulnerary (f; BOU). +8202_C001.indd 406 11/12/07 2:48:33 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +FIGURe . White Willow (Salix alba). +iNdi Catio Ns (w Hite w illow ): +Alopecia (f; DEM); Ankylosing Spondylitis (1; CAN); Arthrosis (f12; PR15:344; APA; FAD; MAD; +SKY); Bleeding (f; BUR); Bursitis (1; SKY); Callus (f; BIB; JLH); Cancer (f; BIB; FAD; JLH); Can- +didiasis (f; BIB); Cardiopathy (1; FAD); Cataracts (1; FAD); Catarrh (1; CAN); Cold (f1; APA; VAD); +Colic (f; MAD); Corn (f1; BIB; FAD; MAD); Cramp (f1; VAD); Debility (f; BIB; BUR); Dermatosis +(1; FAD; MAD); Diabetes (f; MAD); Diarrhea (f1; APA; BIB; BUR; DEM; FAD; MAD); Dysentery +(f; BIB; BUR); Dyskinesia (f; VAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; BIB; MAD; VAD); Dyspepsia (f; BIB; FEL; +MAD); Dyspnea (f; DEM); Earache (1; MAD; PED); Encephalosis (f; MAD); Enterosis (f1; DEM; +VAD); Fever (f1; APA; DEM; FAD; MAD; NAD; PH2; PIP); Flu (f1; BIB; FNF; VAD); Fungus +(1; CEB); Gastrosis (f1; VAD); Gout (1; APA; MAD; PNC); Headache (f1; BGB; PH2; PIP; VAD; +WAM); Hemoptysis (f; BIB; MAD; WOI); Hoarseness (f; DEM); Infection (f1; APA; CAN; DEP; +EFS); Inafl mmation (f1; APA; PH2); Inufl enza (f1; CAN); Insomnia (f1; MAD; VAD); Malaria (f1; +BIB; BUR; DEP; FEL; NAD); Myalgia (f1; APA; CAN); Neuralgia (f; MAD; VAD); Neurasthenia +(f; MAD); Obesity (f; APA); Osteoarthrosis (2; SKY; PR15:344); Pain (f12; HJP; PHR; PH2; PNC; +WAM; PR15:344); Pertussis (f; MAD); Poison Ivy (1; FAD); Rheumatism (f12; FAD; PHR; PH2; +PIP; VAD); Scrofula (f; MAD); Sore (f; BIB; FAD; FEL; MAD); Sprains (1; APA); Stomachache +8202_C001.indd 407 11/12/07 2:48:55 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(1; VAD); Tendonitis (1; BGB); Thrombosis (1; VAD); Thrush (f; BIB); Toothache (f1; BGB; JAD); +Ulcus cruris (f; MAD); Vaginosis (f; BIB); Wart (1; FNF; JLH); Worm (f; MAD). +d osages (w Hite w illow ): +FNFF = ! +Tender twigs and leaves often used for fodder, sometimes for human food. Leaves used as tea or +adulterant thereof (WOI); 1–2 tsp powdered bark 1 to 3 ×/day (APA); two to three 379-mg capsules, +as needed or every 3 hours, up to 18 capsules (APA); 1–2 ml bark tincture (25% alcohol) 3 ×/day +(APA; SKY); 20–40 mg salicin (APA); 1–3 g dry bark, or in tea, 3 ×/day (CAN); 1–3 ml liquid +extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN); 1–2 g bark (20–40 mg salicin), two or three 380-mg +capsules every 3 hours (JAD); 60–120 mg salicin per day (KOM; PIP); 2–4 Tbsp fresh bark (PED); +3–6 g dry bark (PED); 4.5 g dry bark:22 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED); 2–3 g bark in cold water, +bring to boil, steep 5 minutes (PH2), 1–5 ×/day (SKY). +• Bosnians apply wine bark decoction to corns and warts (JLH). +• Cherokee take the astringent bark for alopecia, diarrhea, dyspnea, fever, and hoarseness +(DEM). +• North Africans consider the leaves are calmative, antispasmodic, genital sedative, the +bark useful for fever and rheumatism (BOU). +d ow Nsides (w Hite w illow ): +Class 1. Salicylates; tannins (AHP, 1997). Commission E reports for oral use of bark, contraindica- +tions, adverse effects, and interactions: on theoretical grounds similar to those of the salicylates +(AEH). (All plants contain salicylates.) In view of the lack of toxicological data, excessive use, +especially during lactation and pregnancy, should be avoided. Individuals with aspirin hypers-en +sitivity, asthma, diabetes, gastrosis, gout, hemophilia, hepatosis, hypothrombinaemia, nephrosis, +and peptic ulcers should be cautious with salicylates. Alcohol, barbiturates, and oral sedatives may +potentiate salicylate toxicity. Beware of salicylate interaction with oral anticoagulants, methot-rex +ate, metoclopramide, phenytoin, pronebecid, spironolactone, and valproate. Salicylates excreted in +breast milk reportedly can cause macular rashes in breast-fed babies. Salicylate toxicity may cause +dermatosis, gastrosis, hematochezia, nausea, nephrosis, tinnitus, and vomiting (CAN). Excessive +use of the tannin-rich bark may cause diarrhea and nausea (SKY). Still, “willow is much safer than +aspirin” (SKY). Not for use during viral infections because of [remote theoretical; JAD] possibility +of Reye’s syndrome (WAM). +Natural History (bla Ck w illow ): +Insect pollinators include pollen collectors such as bumblebees, honeybees, and solitary ground ne-st +ing bees, and false darkling beetles A( sclera) and punctate leaf beetles O( rsodacne). In the north +woods, buds and/or tender twigs are consumed by grosbeak, grouse, and ptarmigan. Beaver, deer, +elk, hare, mice, moose, muskrat, rabbit, rat, and squirrel also eat twigs, foliage, and/or bark (MZN). +Beaver seem to prefer this species. Sapsuckers may pit the stem seeking sap (EAS). Bugs eating +poplar leaves often also eat willow, relatively immune to the salicylates. White, with brown spots, +willow lacebugs (Corythucha salicilis) suck sap from the lower leaf surface. Adult beetles may eat +the leaves, larvae stripping them; for example, imported willow or shining leaf beetle (Plagiodera +versicolora) is metallic blue or green, the willow leaf beetles (Chrysomela interrupta) is yellow with +black markings, and the spotted willow leaf beetle L(ina interrupta) is reddish with black markings. +Also among the beetles consuming leaves are cottonwood leaf beetles Ch( rysomela scripta), ea fl +beetles, and eafl weevils, not to mention the Japanese beetle. Long horn beetles may may drill weak +trees; for example, the cottonwood borer may girdle leaf bases, in the process also transmitting the +8202_C001.indd 408 11/12/07 2:48:55 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +fungus willow scab or blight (Pollaccia saliciperda), which can cause leaves to blacken and die. +Other fungal diseases includeC ytospora shrysosperma, causing elongate cankers, andP hytophora +cactorum, causing slimy weeping lesions on lower trunks. On dead or decaying willows, seek the +yellowish, crown coral mushroom (Clavicorona pyxidata) (EAS). Many sphinx moth caterpillars eat +willow; for example, big poplar or modest sphinx, one-eyed sphinx, and twin spotted sphinx. Tent +moth caterpillars (Malacosoma disstria) and the gypsy moth are fairly common, along with several +noctuiids. Among common butteryfl caterpillars are mourning cloak, tortoise shells, and viceroy. +Midges and sawflies may create leaf galls. Feeding en masse, willow sawyfl larvae, resembling black +and yellow caterpillars, may strip the plant of its leaves. Giant willow aphids may suck sap from +twigs in summer. Then there are oystershell scale and willow scale (EAS). +extra Cts (w Hite w illow ): +Salicylates antiaggregant, antiinafl mmatory, antipyretic, antiuricosuric/uricocsuric, and hyper/ +hypoglycemic. The pro-drug salicin, which does not irritate the stomach, is metabolized to saligenin +in the GI tract and salicylic acid after absorption. “Products containing willow should preferably +be standardized on their salicin content …” (CAN). “The analgesic actions of willow are typically +slow-acting but last longer than standard aspirin products” (SKY). McCarty and Block (2006) note +the potential in cancer and diabetes for IKKbeta Inhibitors like salicylic acid, found presumably in +all willow species. IKKbeta Inhibitors may help reverse insulin resistance and control type-2 diab-e +tes. Serving as IKKbeta Inhibitors in vitro are the salicylic acid, resveratrol from the biblical grape, +and silybinin from milk thistle (X16880431). +WeepING WILLo W (sAlix b Abylonic A L.) + sALICACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Salix japonica Thunb. fide NPM +Notes (w eepiNg w illow ): +And they shall spring up as among the grass, as willows by the water courses. +Isaiah 44:4 (KJV) +They shall spring up like grass amid waters, like willows by flowing streams. +Isaiah 44:4 (RSV) +And they will certainly spring up among the green grass, like poplars by the water ditches streams. +Isaiah 44:4 (NWT) +Zohary suggests that if the willows of the Bible were native to the Holy Land, they would have been +Salix acmophylla or Salix alba, which hybridize readily. I suggest that romantics like me like the idea +of the weeping willow, Salix babylonica, in their biblical garden. +Commo N Names (w eepiNg w illow ): +Arbol del Desmayo (Sp.; KAB); Attuppalai (Ap.; Tel.; KAB; SKJ; WOI); Babylon Weeping Willow +(Eng.; USN); Bada (Pun.; DEP; WOI); Bains (Nepal; NPM); Bed (Pun.; WOI); Bedmaju (Pun.; KAB); +Bes (Pun.; DEP); Besu (Pun.; DEP); Bhosi (Nepal; DEP; KAB; WOI); Bidai (Pun.; DEP); Bisa (Kas.; +Pun.; DEP; SKJ; WOI); Bitsubes (Pun.; WOI); Chinese Willow (Eng.; EFS); Desmay (Cat.; KAB); +8202_C001.indd 409 11/12/07 2:48:56 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica). +Desmayo (Sp.; EFS; KAB); Echte Trauer Weide (Ger.; EFS); Echte Treur Wilg (Ger.; EFS); Gadhbains +(Garhwal; Up.; SKJ); Garb (Fr.; KAB); Giur (Kas. DEP; KAB); Guir (Kas.; NAD; WOI); Hazomal-a +helo (Hova; KAB); Kashir Vir (Kas.; SKJ); Katira (Pun.; Pun.; SKJ; WOI); Laila (Pun.; DEP; WOI); +Liu (China; EFS; KAB); Liu Zhi (Pin.; DAA); Lloron (Sp.; KAB); Majhinus (Kum.; WOI); Majnun +(Pun.; Hindi; DEP; KAB; SKJ); Maju (Pun.; DEP); Momakha (Burma; DEP; KAB); Plakychaya +Iva (Rus.; KAB); Quir (Kas.; SKJ); Salcie Pleteasa (Rom.; KAB); Salguiero (Por.; AVP); Salguiero +8202_C001.indd 410 11/12/07 2:49:24 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Chorão (Por.; AVP; EFS); Salice Piangente (It.; KAB); Salice Plangente (It.; KAB); Sauce (Peru; Sp.; +EGG; ROE); Sauce de Babilonia (Sp.; USN); Sauce Llorón (Cuba; Dr.; Peru; Pr.; Sp.; AVP; EGG; +ROE; USN); Saule de Babylone (Fr.; EFS); Saule Pleurier (Fr.; EFS; USN); Shidar-eYanagi (Japan; +USN); Tissi (India; Nepal; EFS; NAD; WOI); Trauerweide (Ger.; KAB; USN); Treuwilg (Dutch; +KAB); Wala (Pun.; DEP; WOI); Weeping Willow (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; USN). +a Ctivities (w eepiNg w illow ): +Anthelmintic (f; DEP; NAD); Antidote (varnish) (f; DAA); Antipyretic (f; DEP; ROE; SHJ); Anti- +septic (f1; DAA; EFS; NAD; WOI); Astringent (f; DEP; WOI); Bactericide (1; WOI); Fungicide (1; +LMP); Insecticide (1; LMP); Tonic (f1; DEM; DEP; EFS; NAD; WOI); Vermifuge (f; DAW). +iNdi Catio Ns (w eepiNg w illow ): +Abscess (f; DAA; ROE); Alopecia (f; DEM; ROE); Arthrosis (f1; DAW; ROE; SKJ; WOI); Baci-l +lus (1; WOI); Bacteria (1; WOI); Bleeding (f; DAA); Boil (f; DAA); Cancer (f; JLH); Carbuncle (f; +DAA; DAW); Dandruff (f; ROE); Dermatosis (f; ROE); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Dyspnea (f; DEM); +Enterosis (f; ROE); Fever (f1; DEP; ROE; SKJ; WOI); Flu (f; ROE); Fungus (1; LMP); Gonorrhea +(f; DAA; DAW); Hoarseness (f; DEM); Infection (1; ROE; WOI); Jaundice (f; DAA; DAW); Malaria +(f1; DAW; ROE); Mycosis (1; LMP); Parasite (f; DAA); Rheumatism (f1; DAW; ROE; SKJ; WOI); +Sore (f; DAW; ROE); Staphylococcus (1; ROE); Swelling (f; DAA); Worm (f; DEP; EFS; NAD). +d osages (w eepiNg w illow ): +FNFF = ! +Young leaves, shoots, and ofl wer buds parboiled and eaten; older leaves a tea adulterant; source of +a manna (FAC). +• Andeans suggest the plant can whiten the teeth (ROE). +• Andeans take bark tea for fever, enterosis, and malaria, and bathe rheumatism therewith +(ROE). +• Asian Indians suggest the catkins as antipyretic (SKJ), the bark as anthelmintic (DEP). +• Cherokee Indians take bark tea for alopecia, diarrhea, fever, and hoarseness (DEM). +• Chinese treat boils around the mouth with root ashes in mustard oil (LMP). +• Chinese use infusion (bark, twigs, and/or leaves) for fever, gonorrhea, jaundice, and rhe-u +matism (LMP). +• Tippery British ash the inofl rescence in ointments for burns (AAH). +extra Cts (w eepiNg w illow ): +Bark contains 3 to 4% salicin (ROE). +BRItt Le WILLo W (sAlix fr Agilis L.) + sALICACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Salix fragilior Host.; Salix fragilis f. bullata; Salix fragilis var. decipiens; Salix persicofolia Host. +fide HH3 and USN +Notes (brittle w illow ): +… the willows of the brook compass him about. +Job 40:22 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 411 11/12/07 2:49:25 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Brittle Willow (Salix fragilis). +Zohary does not list this among the species of the Holy Land; thus, I think it highly unlikely that +this is, in fact, the biblical willow (ZOH). The tree is cultivated in fuel plantations on swampy +ground in India. The wood, soft, light, and even grained, is said to be more durable than other w-il +lows and is suitable for cricket bats. It is also employed in the match industry. Charcoal made from +the wood is used for gunpowder. In Iran, the tree is reported to yield a sweet manna-like exudation. +8202_C001.indd 412 11/12/07 2:49:48 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Twigs are employed for basketry. This is one of the many “herbalist’s aspirin.” Tannin and gallic +acid might explain the anticancer activity (BIB). +Commo N Names (brittle w illow ): +Brittle Willow (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; USN); Bruchweide (Ger.; HH3); Crack Willow (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; +BIB; DEP; HH3; USN); Kashmir. Willow (Eng.; BIB; WOI); Knackweide (Ger.; HH3; USN); +Red-Wood Willow (Eng.; BIB; DEP); Saule Fragile (Fr.; HH3); Saule Rouge (Fr.; HH3); Tilhang +(Lahoul; DEP); White Welsh Willow (Eng.; HH3); Zerbrechliche Weide (Ger.; HH3). +a Ctivities (brittle w illow ): +Antiperiodic (f1; BIB; DAW); Antirheumatic (f; BIB); Astringent (f; DAW); Hemostat (f; DEM); +Sedative (f1; DAW); Vulnerary (f; DEM). +iNdi Catio Ns (brittle w illow ): +Bleeding (f; DEM); Cancer (f1; BIB; JLH); Cold (1; DAW); Fever (f1; DAW); Herpes (f; BIB); Infec- +tion (f; BIB); Insomnia (1; DAW); Malaria (f1; BIB; DAW); Rheumatism (f1; DAW); Sore (f; DEM); +Tumor (f; JLH); Virus (f; BIB). +d osages (brittle w illow ): +FNFF = ! +Leaves used as manna, eaten as food (FAC). +• Iranian writers suggest the manna for herpes (BIB). +Co MMo N sALt Wo Rt ( sAlsol A kAli L.) ++ Che Nopo DIACeAe +Notes (Commo N saltwort ): +for though thou wash thee with nitre, and take thee much sope. +Jeremiah 2:22 (KJV) +The alkaline salts used in soap manufacture during biblical times were said to be obtained by bu-rn +ing the plants of the saltwort. Salsola kali is probably the most common of 20 kinds of saltwort in +the Holy Land. Soap was made by mixing such ashes with olive oil, instead of animal fat. Glass is +also made therefrom, because of the high alkali content. +Commo N Names (Commo N saltwort ): +Barilla Plant (Eng.; HOC); Barrela Borda (Cat.; KAB); Barrila Borde (Sp.; USN); Barrila Pinchosa +(Sp.; USN); Barrilha-Espinhosa (Por.; USN); Barrilheira (Por.; USN); Carqueja Brava (Mad.; Por.; +JAD); Common Saltwort (Eng.; USN); Eestridge (Eng.; KAB); Elkali (Arab.; KAB); Erba Kali +(Malta; KAB); Espinardo (Sp.; KAB); Glasswort (Eng.; HOC; JLH); Hurd (Arab.; Syria; HJP); +Jaghun (Jhalawan; Kharan; KAB); Kalikraut (Ger.; USN); Kali Salzkraut (Ger.; USN); Kelpwort +8202_C001.indd 413 11/12/07 2:49:49 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe .00 Common Saltwort (Salsola kali). Source: Regina Hughes in Reed (1970). +(Eng.; KAB); Marie Épineuse (Fr.; KAB); Marie Vulgaire (Fr.; KAB); Mata Pinchuda (Sp.; KAB); +Pincho (Sp.; KAB); Prickly Saltwort (Eng.; HJP; KAB; USN); Riscolo (It.; KAB); Russian Thistle +(Eng.; HOC; USN); Russian. Tumble Weed (S. Afr.; KAB); Sajji Butti (Pun.; SKJ); Sea Thrift +(Eng.; KAB); Shawk Ahmar (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Soda (Malta; KAB); Sonde Commun (Fr.; KAB); +Sowdwort (Eng.; KAB); Tumbleweed (Eng.; X15696348). +a Ctivities (Commo N saltwort ): +Allergenic (1; X15808117); Anthelmintic (f; WOI); Antiseptic (f; BIB; HJP); Cathartic (f; WOI); Diuretic +(f; WOI); Emmenagogue (f; WOI); Poison (f; DAW); Stimulant (f; WOI); Vulnerary (f; HJP). +8202_C001.indd 414 11/12/07 2:49:53 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +iNdi Catio Ns (Commo N saltwort ): +Amenorrhea (f; WOI); Cancer (f; JLH); Constipation (f; WOI); Dropsy (f; DAW); Excrescence (f; +JLH); Infection (f; HJP); Worm (f; KAB; SKJ; WOI); Wound (f; BIB). +d osages (Commo N saltwort ): +FNFF = ! +Food farmacy. Young shoots edible (TAN). Roots eaten as starvation food during the Great Depr-es +sion (HOC). +• East Indians use the ashes as a therapeutic antiseptic dressing (BIB). +• Lebanese apply the ash to wounds to prevent infection (HJP). +d ow Nsides (Commo N saltwort ): +A major cause of hay fever (HOC). +Natural History (Commo N saltwort ): +Although said to be toxic in quantity, still camels, goats, and horses are said to graze it (BIB). +peeLU (sAlv Ador A persic A L.) ++ sALvADo RACeAe +Notes (peelu ): +Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is like to a grain of mus- +tard seed, which a man took, and sowed in his field: Which indeed is the least of all seeds: but +when it is grown, it is the greatest among herbs, and becometh a tree, so that the birds of the air +come and lodge in the branches thereof. +Matthew 13:31- 32 (KJV) +Another parable he put before them, saying, “The kingdom of heaven is like a grain of mustard +seed which a man took and sowed in his field; it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown +it is the greatest of shrubs and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and make nests +in its branches.” +Matthew 13:31- 32 (RSV) +Another illustration he set before them, saying, “The kingdom of the heavens is like a mustard +grain which a man took and planted in his field; which is, in fact, the tiniest of all the seeds, but +when it has grown it is the largest of the vegetables and becomes a tree, so that the birds of heaven +come and find lodging among its branches.” +Matthew 13:31- 32 (NWT) +Zohary favors Brassica nigra, the black mustard, as the grain of mustard seed in the Bible. He +does not consider Moringa or Salvadora, which both have seeds bigger thanB rassica but do grow +into shrubs or small trees. Both of these tropical tree species are found in the tropical vegetation +8202_C001.indd 415 11/12/07 2:49:53 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +found at the mouths of the Aravah and Jordan valleys (ZOH). A little late in my research, I found +a “new” (actually an over 100-year-old) reference (DEP) where we read that Royle had speculated +that Salvadora persica was indeed the Mustard Tree of the Bible (I have speculated it was the +Horseradish tree (Moringa). Indeed, Watt (author of DEP) labeled the plant “The Mustard Tree of +the Bible.” He notes that the small red berries are strongly aromatic and pungent, like mustard or +cress, and not much appreciated by the natives of India. The pungent shoots and leaves are eaten +as a salad (DEP). According to UPW, it is popular among the Mohammedens because the prophet +himself is said to have used the plant to clean his teeth and to relieve toothache (UPW). Small +wonder that Saudi studies have confirmed that it works better than a toothbrush (X15560804). +PubMed has more than a dozen citations relating to antiseptic and/or dental applications of the +species. +Commo N Names (peelu ): +Abisga (Ber.; BOU); Adjou (Ber.; BOU); Arac (Fr.; BOU); Arak (Arab.; BOU; GHA); Babul +(Ber.; BOU); Barir (Arab.; GHA); Irak (Arab.; GHA); Jal (Nwp.; KAB); Kabats (Arab.; BOU); +Mesuak (Fr.; BOU); Miswak (Arab.; Yemen; BOU; GHA); Mustard Tree (Eng.; DEP); Peelu (Eng.; +Scn.; AH2; FAC); Pilu (Ayu.; Urdu; AH2; KAB); Plewan (Pushtu; KAB); Rak (Arab.; Yemen; +X15890471); Saltbush (Eng; 4PW); Siwak (Arab.; BOU); Tidjat (Ber.; BOU); Toothbrush Tree +(Eng.; BOU). +a Ctivities (peelu ): +Alexiteric (f; KAB); Analgesic (f; WOI); Antidote (f; KAB; X15890471); Antiplasmodial (1; +X12426089); Antiplaque (1; X3505835); Antiscorbutic (f; WOI); Antiseptic (1; X11887585; +X15890471); Antiulcer (1; PHM6:363); Aphrodisiac (1; DEP; KAB); Ascarifuge (f; WOI); Astrin- +gent (f; WOI); Biliousnesss (f; WOI); Candidicide (1; X7898373); Carminative (f1; BOU; KAB; +UPW; WOI); Deobstruent (f; KAB; WOI); Diuretic (f; BOU; KAB; FP2; WOI); Emetic (f; UPW); +Emmenagogue (f; WOI); Febrifuge (f; WOI); Fungicide (1; X7898373); Hepatotonic (f; WOI); Laxa- +tive (f; GHA); Litholytic (f; WOI); Orexigenic (f; BOU; KAB); Purgative (f; DEP; WOI); Sedative +(1; PR16:395); Sialogogue (f; UPW); Stimulant (f; WOI); Stomachic (f; BOU; WOI); Tonic (f; BOU; +WOI); Vesicant (f; WOI). +iNdi Catio Ns (peelu ): +Ankylostomiasis (f; UPW); Anorexia (f; BOU; KAB); Asthma (f; WOI); Bacteria (1; X11887585; +X14973564); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bite (f; BOU); Blennorrhea (f; UPW); Blister (f; GHA); Boil +(f; BOU; UPW); Bruise (f; BOU); Cancer (f; WOI); Catarrh (f; WOI); Childbirth (f; DEP); Cold (f; +UPW); Convulsion (1; PR16:395); Cough (f; WOI); Cystosis (f; UPW); Dysmenorrhea (f; GHA); +Dyspepsia (1; UPW; WOI); Fever (f; WOI); Fungus (1; X7898373); Gas (f; WOI); Gastrosis (f; BOU; +WOI); Gingivosis (12; BOU; UPW; WOI; X15560804); Gonorrhea (f; UPW; WOI); Headache (f; +UPW); Hemorrhoid (f; WOI); Infection (1; X7898373); Infertility (f; UPW); Leukoderma (f; KAB); +Malarial (1; X12426089); Mycosis (1; X7898373; X15560804); Odontosis (f1; GHA; X15890471); +Ozoena (f; WOI); Pain (f; WOI); Periodontosis (f1; GHA; JAC7:405; X2239575); Plaque (f1; GHA; +X15560804); Pulmonosis (f; UPW); Rheumatism (f; KAB; WOI); Rhinosis (f; WOI); Scabies (f; +WOI); Snakebite (f; KAB); Sore (f; BOU; GHA); Splenosis (f; BOU; WOI); Sting (f; GHA); Stomach- +ache (f; BOU; UPW); Stomatosis (f; UPW; X15890471); Streptococcus (1; X11887585; X14973564); +Swelling (f; GHA); Syphilis (f; BOU); Toothache (f; UPW); Ulcer (1; PHM6:363); Venereal Disease +(f; BOU; UPW); Worm (f; WOI); Wound (f; WOI). +8202_C001.indd 416 11/12/07 2:49:54 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe .0 Peelu (Salvadora persica). Source: KAB. +d osages (peelu ): +FNFF = !! +Leaves and shoots eaten raw or cooked, or made into sauce; fruits edible, fresh, dried, as a mustard +substitute, or made into a beverage that can be fermented (FAC; FP2; TAN). Ash of plant made into +a salt-like powder called kegr. Resin used for chewing gum. Seed fat used like butter (FAC). +8202_C001.indd 417 11/12/07 2:49:59 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Arabs apply crushed leaves to swellings; dry powdered leaves to blisters and ulcers (GHA). +• Arabs take dried fruits with cloves, ginger, and sugar daily to regulate menstruation +(GHA). +• North Africans consider fruits carminative, febrifuge, orexigenic, and stomachic (BOU). +• North Africans take powdered leaves, with honey and millet ofl ur, made into balls. Taken +every morning for 40 days for syphilis (BOU). +• Yemeni use frayed twigs effectively as toothbrush (on sale for a dime) (GHA). +extra Cts (peelu ): +Trimethylamine is a gingival stimulant and antidyspeptic and carminative (UPW). +tho RNy BURNet ( sArcopoterium spinosum (L.) spACh ++ R os ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Pimpinella spinosa Gaertn.; Poterium spinosum L.; Sanguisorba spinosa (L.) Bertol.; HH2 +Notes (t Hor Ny bur Net): +Therefore, behold, I will hedge up thy way with thorns, and make a wall, that she shall not find +her paths. +Hosea 2:6 (KJV) +Therefore I will hedge up her way with thorns; and I will build a wall against her, so that she +cannot find her paths. +Hosea 2:6 (RSV) +Therefore here I am hedging your way about with thorns; and I will heap up a stone wall against +her, so that her own roadways she cannot find. +Hosea 2:6 (NWT) +There are multitudes of thorny plants in the desert, and Zohary has accepted this as the best ca- n +didate for the thorn in the path of the harlot in Hosea 2:6, noting that it is one of the most common +dwarf shrubs, the dominant species in what the Flora of Palestine calls the batha communities. +The batha(h) is a name for a vegetation type dominated by this and others such aGs ymnocarpus +decander, Noea mucronata, and Traganum nudatum. It is widely used there for fuels, for cooking +and lime kilns, and for broom manufacturing and hedging, including (dare I say) “harlot hedging” +(FP2). Local peasants customarily hedge their gardens and courtyards with spiny dwarf shrubs like +this one. Zohary says the thorny burnet best tfi s the Hebrew sir (plural sirim). Abundant in Jerusa- +lem, it might have been used to fashion the crown of thorns plaited by the Romans as recounted in +Matthew, Mark, and John. In modern Hebrew, it is still called bathah meaning “waste” (garigue), +a name adopted according to Zohary from Isaiah 5:6: “I will make it a waste; it shall not be pruned +or hoed, and briers and thorns shall grow up.” +Commo N Names (t Hor Ny bur Net): +Becherblume (Ger.; HH2); Dorniger Becherstrauch (Ger.; HH2); Pimpinelle Èpineuse (Fr.; HH2); +Sir (Arab.; Heb.; ZOH); Spinoporci (It.; HH2); Strauchige Becherblume (Ger.; HH2); Thir (Arab.; +ZOH); Thorn Burnet (Eng.; HH2); Thorny Burnet (Eng.; ZOH). +8202_C001.indd 418 11/12/07 2:50:00 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +a Ctivities (t Hor Ny bur Net): +Antielastase (1; HH2); Antisarcomic (1; HH2); Antitumor (1; HH2); Cardioprotective (1; HH2); +Hypoglycemic (1; HH2); Hypotensive (1; HH2); Vasodilator (1; HH2). +iNdi Catio Ns (t Hor Ny bur Net): +Cancer (1; HH2); Cardiopathy (1; HH2); Diabetes (1; HH2); High Blood Pressure (1; HH2); Sa-r +coma (1; HH2). +d osages (t Hor Ny bur Net): +FNFF = ! +Peasants in the Holy Land use the leaves as a potherb (ZOH). 5 g root bark/250 ml in decoction; +2 Tbsp after meals 3 ×/day (HH2). +• Bedouins suggest that the plant has antidiabetic activity (HH2). +Cost Us (sAussure A costus (FALC.) LIpsCh) ++ A ste RACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Aplotaxus lappa Decne.; Aucklandia costus Falc.; Aucklandia lappa Decne.; Saussurea lappa C.B. +Clarke; Theodorea costus O. Ktze. fide HH2 +Notes (Costus ): +All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia. +Psalms 45:8 (KJV) +Your robes are all fragrant with myrrh and aloes and cassia. +Psalms 45:8 (RSV) +All your garments are myrrh and aloeswood [and] cassia. +Psalms 45:8 (NWT) +Unlike Zohary, I followed Moldenke and Moldenke in my first Bible book (Duke, 1983) and con- +cluded that the cassia of Psalms 45 was the Indian kuth (standardized common name “costus,” +widely used in perfumes and incenses). Other scholars, such as Zohary, would think that cassia in +the Bible was more likely to be a species of Cinnamomum (which see; and I agree). Still I include +the kuth here. Others might side with the Moldenkes. Although noted as an aphrodisiac, costus’ +chief use is as a perfume. In China and India it serves as incense in temples. The essential oil is va- l +ued in perfumery and cosmetics. The essential oil has strong antiseptic and disinfectant properties, +especially against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. The root owes its insecticidal property to its +essential oil content. Roots are employed in Kashmir as insecticide to protect shawls and woolen +fabrics. A process for treating costus roots or inulin obtained from them for the production of fruc- +tose has been reported. Dried stems of the plant are used as fodder in winter (BIB). +Commo N Names (Costus ): +Agada (Sanskrit; KAB); Aucklandia (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Changala (Tel.; DEP); Chengulva (Tel.; +NAD); Chobiqut (Kas.; WOI); Costus (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2); Goda Mahanel (Sing.; DEP); +8202_C001.indd 419 11/12/07 2:50:00 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe .0 Costus (Saussurea costus). +Goshtam (Tam.; DEP); Gostan (Tam.; NAD); Indische Kostuswurzel (Ger.; HH2); Kashmirja +(Sanskrit; DEP); Kashtam (Sanskrit; NAD); Koshnaha (Iran; KAB); Koshta (Kan.; WOI); Kostum +(Tam.; DEP); Kostuspafl nze (Ger.; HH2); Kosuta (Kan.; NAD); Kot (Hindi; Pun.; DEP; KAB); Kur +(Beng.; Hindi; DEP; NAD); Kushta (Mar.; Sanskit; WOI); Kushtha (Sanskrit; Ayu.; AH2; HH2); +Kust (Arab.; Iran; DEP; HH2; NAD); Kust Talkh (Pun.; DEP); Kustabeheri (Arab.; KAB); Kustam +(Tel.; KAB; NAD); Kustullhalu (Arab.; KAB); Kustum (Tel.; DEP); Kut (Guj.; Hindi; Urdu; HH2; +KAB); Kuth (Eng.; Hindi; Kas.; Nepal; CR2; MKK); Kutshirin (Iran; KAB); Kuttalkh (Iran; KAB); +Mook Heong (Malaya; HH2); Mu Hsian (Malaya; HH2); Mu Xiang (Pin.; AH2; DAA); Muk Heung +(Canton; KAB); Ouplate (Bom.; DEP); Pachak (Beng.; Hindi; DEP; KAB); Patalapadmini (Kasmir; +NAD); Pokharmul (Hindi; NAD); Post Khai (Kas.; DEP); Practige Kostwurz (Ger.; NAD); Putchuk +(Tam.; DEP; KAB); Rusta (Bhote; DEP); Sepuddy (Mal.; DEP; KAB); Upalet (Bom.; Guj.; NAD); +Upaleta (Guj.; DEP); Yun Mu Xiang (Pin.; AH2). +8202_C001.indd 420 11/12/07 2:50:11 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +a Ctivities (Costus ): +Alexipharmic (f; KAB); Alterative (f; KAB; KAP; SUW); Amebicide (1; NAD); Analgesic (f; KAB); +Anthelmintic (f; HHB; KAB); Antianginal (1; PH2); Antidote (f; PH2); Antiedemic (1; X12222664); +Antiinafl mmatory (1; X12916066); Antilambdial (f; X14497181); Antileukemic (1; X15209353); Anti - +mycobacterial (1; PR14:303); Antioxidant (1; PR14:250); Antiperistaltic (1; WOI); Antiproliferant (1; +X12916066); Antiradicular (1; PR14:250); Antiseptic (1; HH2; KAB; KAP; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; +HH2; SUW; WOI; JAC7:405); Antistress (1; PH2); Antitubercular (1; PR14:303); Antiulcer (1; PH2); +Aphrodisiac (f; DEP; HHB); Apoptotic (1; X15737683); Astringent (f; KAP); Bactericide (1; HH2; +PR14:303; X15814268); Bronchoconstrictor (1; WOI); Bronchodilator (1; NAD; WOI; JAC7:405); Bron- +chospasmolytic (1; PH2); Candidicide (1; HH2); Cardiotonic (1; KAB; KAP); Carminative (f1; KAB; +KAP; SUW; WOI); Caspase Inducer (1; X15209353); Cerebrotonic (f; KAB); Circulostimulant (1; WOI); +CNS Depressant (1; NAD; WOI); Contraceptive (f; PH2); Cytotoxic (1; X14510592); Depurative (f; +KAB); Diuretic (1; HHB; KAB; SKJ; WOI; JAC7:405); Emmenagogue (f; HHB; KAB); Expectorant (1; +KAB; KAP; WOI); Fungicide (1; HH2; PH2); Hypogycemic (1; JAC7:405); Hypotensive (1; HH2; WOI; +JAC7:405); iNOS Inhibitor (1; X12538000); Insecticide (1; WOI); Myorelaxant (f1; KAP; NAD); NF- +kappaB Inhibitor (1; X15209353); Sedative (f1; KAP; NAD); Stimulant (f; PH2; SUW); Stomachic (f; +KAB; SUW); TNF-alpha Inhibitor (1; X15209353); Tonic (f; IHB; KAB; SUW); Vasodilator (1; HH2). +iNdi Catio Ns (Costus ): +Angina (1; PH2; JAC7:405); Anorexia (f; PH2); Arthrosis (f1; KAB; X12222664); Asthma (f; DEP; +IHB; PH2; SUW); Bacteria (1; HH2; PH2; X15814268); Bronchosis (f1; KAB; PH2; WOI); Cancer +(f; HHB; KAP); Cancer, abdomen (f; HHB; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); +Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; X15737683); Candida (1; HH2); Cardiopathy (1; PH2; +SKJ); Childbirth (f; IHB); Cholera (f; DEP; NAD; PH2; SUW); Constipation (fl IHB); Cough (f; +DEP; KAB; PH2; SUW); Cramp (f; MKK); Deafness (f; KAB); Dermatosis (f; DEP; IHB; KAP; +PH2; SUW); Diabetes (1; JAC7:405); Dysentery (f; MKK); Dyspepsia (f; DEP; KAP; NAD); Edema +(1; X12222664); Enterosis (f; HHB); Epilepsy (f; KAB); Erysipelas (f; KAB); Fever (f; IHB; KAB); +Fungus (f1; HH2; KAB); Gas (f1; KAB; PH2); Gastrosis (1; PH2; X15737683); Headache (f; KAB); +Helicobacter (1; X15814268); Hepatosis (f; JLH); Hiccup (f; KAB; KAP); High Blood Pressure (f; +HH2); Hysteria (f; KAB); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; HH2; PH2); Inafl mmation (f; KAB); +Insomnia (f1; NAD); Itch (f; KAB); Klebsiella (1; HH2); Leprosy (f; KAB; KAP); Leukoderma +(f; KAB); Malaria (f; KAB; KAP); Mycosis (f1; HH2; KAB); Nephrosis (f; KAB); Pain (f; IHB; +KAB); Paralysis (f; KAB); Rheumatism (f; DEP; KAB; KAP; SUW); Ringworm (f; KAB); Scabies +(f; KAB); Schistosoma (1; HH2); Shigella (1; HH2); Smallpox (f; IHB); Sore (f; DEP; KAB; KAP); +Spasm (f1; NAD); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (1; HH2; KAP; WOI); Stomachache (f; IHB); +Streptococcus (1; KAP; WOI); Stress (1; PH2); Toothache (f; DEP); Trematode (1; HH2); Tubercu- +losis (1; JNP61:1181); Typhus (f; KAB); Ulcer (1; PH2; X15814268); Worm (f1; HH2; KAB); Wound +(f; IHB; KAP; PH2); Yeast (1; HH2). +d osages (Costus ): +FNFF = ! +Root used as spice; esssential oil used to afl vor baked goods, beverages, candies, frostings, gelatins, +and puddings (FAC). One 500-mg capsule, twice a day for 30 days (JAC7:405). +• Ayurvedics consider the root alterative, aphrodisiac, good for blood, bronchitis, co-m +plexion, cough, epilepsy, erysipelas, headache, hysteria, itch, leukoderma, ringworm, and +scabies (KAB). +• Chinese smoke the CNS-depressant root as a substitute for opium (NAD). +8202_C001.indd 421 11/12/07 2:50:11 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Punjabi, considering the root aphrodisiac, depurative, apply powdered root to sores and +wounds with worms, and to rheumatism (KAB). +• Unani consider the root alexipharmic, analgesic, anthelmintic, carminative, cerebrotonic +emmenagogue, and tonic, using it for arthrosis, asthma, cough, deafness, fever, hepatosis, +inafl mmation, nephrosis, ophthalmia, paralysis, and pulmonosis (KAB). +d ow Nsides (Costus ): +Class 1 (AHP). No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2) +(PH2 designates no dosage!; JAD). +extra Cts (Costus ): +EO LD50 = 2660–4350 mg/kg orl rat (HH2). +LAKe RUsh ( schoenoplectus l Acustris (L.) pALLA.) + CypeRACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Scirpus acutus.; Scirpus lacustris L. fide FAC, HOC but not necessarily USN +Notes (l ake r us H): +Therefore the LORD will cut off from Israel head and tail, branch and rush, in one day. +Isaiah 9:14 (KJV) +So the LORD cut off from Israel head and tail, palm branch and reed in one day. +Isaiah 9:14 (RSV) +And Jehovah will cut off from Israel head and tail, shoot and rush in one day. +Isaiah 9:14 (NWT) +I suspect there are no divine differences between the common name reed and rush, and concur +with Zohary, suggesting this, the largest species of the six local species ofS choenoplectus (for- +merly Scirpus). Noting that in Isaiah 58:5 there is reference to the rush bowing down their heads, +as rushes do, Zohary concludes that rush and reed are both most logical translations of the Hebrew +agmon, and that the larger the species, the more likely the translation. It is used in construction, +braiding, purifying murky waters, and most parts are consumable in emergencies. But I find little +in the way of medicinal uses. DEM entries below apply to S. acutus. EFS entries may apply to S. +validus. +Commo N Names (l ake r us H): +Agmon (Heb.; ZOH); American Great Bulrush (Eng.; HOC); Club Rush (Eng.; WOI); Great Bul- +rush (Eng.; EFS; FAC); Hardstem Bulrush (Eng.; DEM); Lake Rush (Eng.; ZOH); Soft Stem Bul- +rush (Eng.; HOC); Tule (Sp.; FAC); Nscn. +8202_C001.indd 422 11/12/07 2:50:12 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +a Ctivities (l ake r us H): +Astringent (f; BUR; SKJ); Diuretic (f; BUR; SKJ); Emetic (f; DEM); Emmenagogue (f; BUR); +Hemostat (f; DEM); Poison (f; DAW; WOI); Sedative (f; EB24:86). +iNdi Catio Ns (l ake r us H): +Bleeding (f; DEM); Insomnia (f; EB24:86). +d osages (l ake r us H): +FNFF = !! +Facciola notes that most parts of the plants are edible; young shoots, raw or cooked; rootstocks and +buds at ends of rhizomes, raw or cooked; pollen mixed with meal for breadstuffs; seeds ground for +breadstuffs; Cheyenne ate inner part of stem raw (DEM; FAC). +• Chinese use the stem (with other plants) for cancer (JLH). +• Clallam Indians used them to ceremonially suck out the cause of sickness (DEM). +• Montana Indians chewed the roots to prevent thirst (DEM). +• Navajo use the plant as a ceremonial emetic (DEM). +• Thompson Indians applied ashes from burned stalks to baby’s bleeding navel (DEM). +• Woodlands Cree poultice pith of stem on wounds to stop bleeding (DEM). +d ow Nsides (l ake r us H): +Rhizomes suspected to poison grazing cattle (WOI). +Go LDeN th Ist Le (scolymus hisp Anicus L.) ++ Aste RACeAe +Notes (g olde N t Histle ): +I am the rose of Sharon, and the lily of the valleys. As the lily among thorns, so is my love among +the daughters. +Canticles 2:1- 2 (KJV) +I am a rose of Sharon, a lily of the valleys. As a lily among brambles, so is my love among maidens. +Canticles 2:1- 2 (RSV) +A mere saffron of the costal plain, I am a lily of the low plains. Like a lily among thorny weeds, so +is my girl companion among the daughters. +Canticles 2:1- 2 (NWT) +I was really surprised to find mention of saffron in the NWT, and even more intrigued when I read +in FAC and TAN that the ofl wers of this species are used as a substitute or adulterant of saffron. +But I suppose the KJV and RSV translation is better: rose of Sharon. However, for the Scolymus, I +will concur with Zohary when he suggests that the quoted verse is from one of nine containing the +biblical word hoah (plural hohim), apparently suggesting to him a ruderal in calcareous ruins and +8202_C001.indd 423 11/12/07 2:50:12 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +neglected places (Scolymus hispanicus) and a weed in alluvial wheat efi lds (Scolymus maculatus). +The two species are keyed as follows: +• Florets orange yellow; white-hairy outside; stem wings interrupted; leaves without mar- +ginal white nerve: Scolymus hispanicus +• Florets lemon yellow; with long dark hairs outside; stem wings continuous; leaves with a +thick marginal white nerve: Scolymus maculatus +• (FP3; ZOH) +After 30 years of compiling, I finally, as I recall, met the useful word lithuretic in PubMed abstract +X9434612, but I added the word litholytic, knowing that was the word I had used more often. But +there really is a difference: lithuretic seems to mean helping pass stones or gravel through the ure- +thra or in the urine. Finding a lot on the food value but little on the medicinal value, I grabbed for +the lithuretic new word. +Commo N Names (g olde N t Histle ): +Cardillo (Sp.; FAC; USN); Golden Thistle (Eng.; FAC; USN); Goldwurzel (Ger.; USN); Scolyme +(Fr.; TAN); Scolyme d’Espagne (Fr.; USN); Spanish Oysterplant (Eng.; USN; TAN); Spanish Sa-l +sify (Eng.; FAC); Sunnariah (Eng.; Australia; USN); Tagarnina (Sp.; USN); Nscn. +a Ctivities (g olde N t Histle ): +Antioxidant (1; X15800394); Antispasmodic (1; X9434612); Diuretic (f; DAW); Litholytic (f; +X9434612); Lithuretic (f; X9434612); Spasmogenic (1; X9434612). +iNdi Catio Ns (g olde N t Histle ): +Cramp (f; X9434612); Stone (f; X9434612). +d osages (g olde N t Histle ): +FNFF = !! +Roots eaten cooked, or scorched as coffee substitute; shoots eaten boiled; tender leaves and blanched +petioles cautiously consumed in salads; dressed in olive oil and vinegar in Madrid; ofl wers used to +adulterate saffron (FAC; TAN). +d ow Nsides (g olde N t Histle ): +Be careful with the thorns. +extra Cts (g olde N t Histle ): +The ethanolic root bark extract and taraxasteryl acetate, and a ufl id extract, exhibit strong biphasic +antispasmodic and spasmogenic responses, on isolated rat ileum, suggesting a possible lithuretic +activity (X9434612). +ALexANDRIAN seNNA (senn A Alex Andrin A +MILL.) + FABACeAe (CAesALpINIACeAe) +syNo Nyms : +Cassia acutifolia Delile; Cassia angustifolia Vahl; Cassia lanceolata Forssk.; Cassia senna L.; +Senna acutifolia (Delile) Batka; Senna angustifolia (Vahl) Batka fide AH2. +8202_C001.indd 424 11/12/07 2:50:13 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Notes (a lexa Ndria N s eNNa): +And the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush; and he +looked, and behold, the bush burned with fire, yet it was not consumed. +Exodus 3:2 (KJV) +And the angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush; and he +looked, and lo, the bush was burning, yet it was not consumed. +Exodus 3:2 (RSV) +Then Jehovah’s angel appeared to him in a flame of fire in the midst of a thornbush. As he kept look- +ing; why, here the thornbush was burning with the fire, and the thornbush was not consumed. +Exodus 3:2 (NWT) +Zohary (1982) argues convincingly that the plant called sneh should be translated Senna, not Aca- +cia nilotica as Moldenke and Tristam concluded, or Rubus as other scholars had concluded. Why? +Because Acacia nilotica and Rubus do not occur on the Sinai, (Fonck even suggests it might be a +hawthorn, perhaps Crataegus sinaica). He concludes that “the most plausible explanation for sneh +is Cassia senna named sene in all Arabic-speaking countries.” The taxonomic name has changed +to Senna alexandrina but sene persists in most Arabic quarters. Zohary makes one of his few +medicinal observations: “It is known medically as a stimulant and purgative, under the name folia +sennae.” Writing concerning (ZOH) Lebanon, my friend Jane Philips says that the dried leaves +and pods are a nostrum in the Middle East — the drinkers, usually elderly, sipping their unplea-s +ant brew slowly, and sometimes complaining about their chronic constipation. The nostrum is also +believed to purify the blood, alleviate hemorrhoids, and serves as a general alterative and tonic for +the nervous system. Borelli et al. (2005), evaluating the carcinogenic potential of anthraquinones, +found instead that senna pod extracts might exert antitumor activity on rat colon carcinogenesis +(X16008128). +Commo N Names (a lexa Ndria N s eNNa): +Agerger (Ber.; BOU); Alexandrian Senna (Eng.; USN); Alexandrinische Senna (Ger.; USN); Bhu-i +khakhasa (Hindi; KAB; WO2); Bhuitarvada (Mar.; DEP; WO2); Bhumiari (Sanskrit; KAB; WO2); +Bhumichari (Sanskrit; KAB); Bhumivalli (Sanskrit; KAB); Bombay. Senna (Eng.; WO2); Casse +(Fr.; USN); Casse à Feuilles Étroites (Fr.; BOU); Casse Trompeuse (Fr.; BOU); Chiieh-Ming (China; +EFS); Fan Hsieh Yeh (China; EFS; KAB); Fan Xie Ye (Pin.; AH2); Hemapatri (Sanskrit; KAB); +Hemapatrika (Sanskrit; KAB); Hindisana (Hindi; India; DEP; EFS); Hindisana Kapat (Hindi; DEP; +KAP); Indian Senna (Eng.; BOU; USN); Jalatika (Sanskrit; KAB); Jian Ye Fan Xie (Pin.; AH2); +Kalyani (Sanskrit; KAB); Kattunilavirai (Tam.; KAB); Lotus Senna (Eng.; KAB); Mahaushadbi +(Sanskrit; KAB); Malaharini (Sanskrit; KAB); Markandika (Sanskrit; KAB); Mecca Senna (Eng.; +IHB); Medicinal Senna (Eng.; KAB); Middiawal (Guj.; WO2); Mrudirechani (Sanskrit; KAB); M-ul +cacha (Mah.; Mar.; DEP; NAD); Naelaponna (Tel.; NAD); Natkisana (Dec.; KAB); Natkisanapatta +(Dec.; KAB); Natkisona (Dec.; DEP; NAD); Nattunelavarai (Tam.; WO2); Nattu Nila Virai (Tam.; +WO2); Neelaponna (Tel.; WO2); Neelatangeedu (Tel.; WO2); Nellatangedu (Tel.; MPI); Nelavagai +(Tam.; WO2); Nelavari (Sing.; Sin.; KAB; NAD); Nelavarike (Kan.; WO2); Nila Vakai (India; Tam.; +EFS; MPI; NAD); Nilavaka (Mal.; KAP; NAD); Nilavaki (Mal.; WO2); Nilavari (Sindh KAB; +NAD); Nilavirai (Tam.; NAD); Nilavitai (Kan.; NAD); Nubian Senna (Eng.; IHB); Pero Sama +8202_C001.indd 425 11/12/07 2:50:14 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe .0 Alexandrian Senna (Senna alexandrina). +e Hindi (Arab.; EFS); Pitapushpi (Sanskrit; KAB; WO2); Puve Kain Yoe (Burma; DEP; KAB; +NAD); Rechani (Sanskrit; KAB); Sana (Arab.; GHA); Sana-e-Hindi (Arab.; Iran; DEP; NAD); Sana +Hhigazf (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Sanakola (Sindh.; KAB; NAD); Sania (Aramaic; ZOH); Sanna Makki +(Arab.; Beng.; GHA; WO2); Sana Sa’idi (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Sen de España (Sp.; USN); Sena (It.; +Malaya; EFS); Sena Alejandrina (Sp.; USN); Senamakki (Beng.; Guj.; DEP; NAD; WO2); Sene +(Arab.; ZOH); Séné (Fr.; BOU); Séné d’Egypte (Fr.; USN); Senna (Arab.; Eng.; Dutch; Ger.; EFS; +USN); Senna Bush (Eng.; ZOH); Senna Haram (Arab.; BOU); Senna Hindi (Arab.; BOU); Senna +8202_C001.indd 426 11/12/07 2:50:17 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Makki (Arab.; GHA); Senna Mekki (Arab.; BOU); Senna Sa’eidi (Arab.; BOU); Senne (Den.; EFS); +Shonamakhi (Mar.; WO2); Shonamukhi (Oriya; Uriya; KAB; WO2); Shonpat (Beng.; DEP); Siah +Yip (China; Malaya; EFS; KAB); Sinamekia Agaci (Tur.; EFS); Sneh (Heb.; ZOH); Sona Mukhi +(India; Sanskrit; EFS); Sonaehindi (Iran; KAB); Sonamakki (Mah.; NAD); Sonpat (Beng.; DEP; +WO2); Soonamukhi (Kan.; WO2); Sooranatnila Avarai (Tam.; WO2); Stholotpala (Sanskrit; KAB); +Sunnamukhi (Mal.; WO2); Svarnamukhi (Sanskrit; KAB); Svarnapatri (Ayu.; AH2); Svarnapatrika +(Sanskrit; KAB); Svarnini (Sanskrit; KAB); Swarnamakhi (Sanskrit; WO2); Swarnapatrika (S-an +skrit; WO2); Ta Hwai Yeh (China; KAB); Tinnevelly Senna (Eng.; BOU; USN); True Senna (Eng.; +Ocn.; AH2; USN); Ye Fan Xie (Pin.; AH2). +a Ctivities (a lexa Ndria N s eNNa): +Alterative (f; HJP); Anthelmintic (f; WO2); Antidysenteric (f; WHO); Antihepatotoxic (1; CAN); +Antiherpetic (1; WO3); Antileukemic (1; CAN); Antispasmodic (f; PED); Antiviral (1; WO3); Bac- +tericide (1; WO2); Bitter (f; PED); Carminative (f; WHO); Cathartic (f1; SKY); Expectorant (f; +WHO); Fungicide (f1; JAD); Hepatotonic (f; WO2); Hepatotoxic (1; X11324140); Laxative (f1; BGB; +PH2; PIP); Mutagenic (1; BGB); Neurotonic (f; HJP); Peristaltic (1; PED; WHO); Tonic (f; WO2); +Trypsin Inhibitor (1; WO3). +iNdi Catio Ns (a lexa Ndria N s eNNa): +Acne (f; WO2); Ameba (f; WO2); Anemia (f; PH2); Anorexia (f; KAB); Biliousness (f; WO2); +Bronchosis (f; WO2); Burn (f; WO2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cholera (f; WO2); Constipation (f12; KOM; +PH2; PIP; WHO); Cramp (F; PED); Dermatosis (f; WHO); Dysentery (f1; WHO); Dyspepsia (f; +WHO); Enterosis (f; KAB; PH2); Fever (f; PH2; WHO); Fungus (1; FNF); Gas (f; CR2; WHO); +Gastrosis (f; WO2); Gonorrhea (f; WHO); Gout (f; WO2); Halitosis (f; WO2); Hemorrhoid (f; BGB; +HJP; PIP; WHO); Hepatosis (f; PH2); Herpes (1; WO3); Hiccup (f; WO2); Infection (f1; FNF; +WO2); Jaundice (f; PH2); Leprosy (f; WO2); Leukemia (1; CAN); Mycosis; (1; JAD); Nausea (f; +WO2); Nerves (f; HJP); Pimple (f; WO2); Ringworm; (f1; JAD); Splenosis (f; PH2); Syphilis (f; +DEP); Typhoid (f; PH2; WO2); Venereal Disease (f; DEP; WHO); Virus (1; WO3); Worm (f; WO2); +Wound (f; WHO). +d osages (a lexa Ndria N s eNNa): +FNFF = X +0.5–2 g (1/2 to 1 tsp) per cup water (APA); two 25-mg StX extracts, 1–2 ×/day (APA); 3–6 Alexan- +drian or 4–12 Tinnevelly pods steeped in 150 ml warm water for 6–12 hrs (CAN); 0.5–2 g dry lea-f +lets (CAN); 0.5–2 ml liquid leaf extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) (CAN); 0.5–2.0 ml BPC liquid extract +(CAN); 20–30 mg hydroxyanthracene derivatives/day calc as sennoside B (KOM); 1 g dry leaf:5 ml +alcohol/5 ml water (PED); 1–2 g dry leaf (PED; WHO); 0.5–2 g dry leaf; two 25–mg capsules/day; +10–60 mg sennosides (SKY); 1–2 g fruit (WHO). +• Algerian, Iranian, and Lebanese elders frequently sip senna tea for constipation, thinking +it helps blood, nerves, and piles (HJP). +• Asian Indians sometimes chew the leaves as a laxative (DEP). +• Asian Indians use powdered leaves in secondary syphilis (DEP). +• North Africans take tea of powdered leaves and pods, with or without rose leaf, as la-xa +tive and purgative (BOU). +• Saudis use leaf decoction, alone or with other herbs, as laxative for cramps and consti-pa +tion (GHA). +8202_C001.indd 427 11/12/07 2:50:18 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d ow Nsides (a lexa Ndria N s eNNa): +Class 2b, 2c, 2d (AHP, 1997). Commission E and other sources report interaction of anthranoid +laxatives (AEH). Anthranoid-containing laxatives can be habit forming; some contain compounds +suspected of being cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and even tumorigenic; epidemiological studies +in Germany reveal that abusers of anthranoid laxatives have a three-times-higher rate of colon ca-rci +noma. One woman developed clubbing of her digits and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy after taking +at least three tablets daily for 3 years for weight loss. She also experienced several months of secon-d +ary amenorrhea. Of senna leaf, Blumenthal et al. (1998) list abdominal pain of unknown origin, acute +intestinal inafl mmation (e.g., Crohn’s disease and colitis ulcerosa), and appendicitis as contraindic-a +tions. Should not be used in lactation, during pregnancy, or with children under 12 years old (KOM). +Occasional cramp-like discomfort of the GI tract may require dosage reduction (KOM). Side effects +with chronic use or abuse: disturbance of electrolyte balance, especially hypokalemia (may be ex-ac +erbated by simultaneous administration of corticoadrenal steroids, licorice root, or thiazide diuretics) +leading to cardiopathy and muscular weakness (especially with concurrent uses of cardiac gly-co +sides, corticosteroids, or diuretics) (KOM). Pigmentation of the intestinal mucosa P(seudomelanosis +coli) is harmless and usually reverses on discontinuation of the drug. Simulating laxatives like this +should not be used for more than 1 to 2 weeks without medical advice (KOM). Newall, Anderson, +and Phillipson (1996) report anthraquinones are purgative and irritate the GI tract. Because of the +anthraquinones, nonstandardized preparations should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation +(CAN). “Anthraquinones may be secreted into breast milk CAN.” Also contraindicated in hemo-r +rohoids and nephropathy (CAN), intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain of unknown causes, any +enterosis (appendicitis, colitis, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome) hemorrhoids, nephropathy, +menstruation (AHP, 1997). Do not use more than eight to ten days (AHP, 1997). “Do not use this +product if you have abdominal pain or diarrhea. Consult a health care provider prior to use if you +are pregnant or nursing. Discontinue use in the event of diarrhea or watery stools. Do not exceed +recommended dose. Not for long term use” (AHP, 1997 CAN). “Some herbal laxative preparations +such as cascara and senna, for example, can cause an increase in the potency of digoxin” (D’epiro, +1997 CAN). Pedersen cautions against taking the fresh leaf (we have done that in Peru with modest +laxative results). “Senna causes gripping unless taken in combination with carminative herbs such +as ginger, cloves, or various mint species. Although generally recognized as safe, senna is somewhat +more habit forming than cascara” (PED CAN). Lininger et al. (1998) pronounce it “safe for children +over the age of six” (half the adult dose) (SKY CAN). I’d be more cautious. +extra Cts (a lexa Ndria N s eNNa): +Possibly representing a negative case for my synergy proposition: “The toxicity of total extracts is +greater than that of of the individual sennosides. It has been proposed that the laxative and toxic +components of senna could be separated” (CAN). Elsewhere I have read that the sennosides are sy-n +ergic as far as their laxative action is concerned. But then anomalously, Newall et al. 1996 report that +Sennosides A and B are reported to be most potent with respect to laxative action, but the least toxic +compared to other anthraquinone fractions. The LD50 values of sennosides A and B are 4100 mg/kg +ivn mus and of rhein-8-glycoside 400 mg/kg ivn mus. All fractions had LD50 = 5000 mg/kg orl rat. +MILK th Ist Le (silybum m Ari Anum (L.) GAeRt N.) +++ Aste RACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Carduus marianus L. +Notes (milk t Histle ): +Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field. +Genesis 3:18 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 428 11/12/07 2:50:19 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe .0 Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum). +8202_C001.indd 429 11/12/07 2:50:40 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Thorns and thistles it shall bring forth to you; and you shall eat the plants of the field. +Genesis 3:18 (RSV) +And thorns and thistles it will grow for you; and you must eat the vegetation of the field. +Genesis 3:18 (NWT) +Being positive is not always possible. Zohary lists three species as good candidates for the thorns +and briers (not for thistles), Echinops viscosus, Notobasis syriaca, and this species, Silybum mari- +anum, my favorite, bearing the common names Holy Thistle and Mary’s Thistle. He confesses there +is no concrete evidence that any of these three “are the barkanim of Gideon”, but they are more +probable because they are tall plants likely used as whips. They are the most abundant of the thorns +around Ophra where judge Gideon was, beating out wheat in the wine press (Judges 6: 11). I would +not call milk thistle an annual, as does Zohary. Mine, like his, germinates one year, has leaves +appressed to the ground that winter, bolting in the spring. Flowers will soon follow the bolting, +and then come the seeds, eagerly harvested by the gleeful goldfinch. Then the biennial in midsum- +mer is done for the year. Those few seeds that escape the goldfinches germinate in the fall. Zohary +selects Centaurea iberica rather than Silybum for the thistle of the Bible (ZOH). Usually I tend to +go with Zohary when such controversies arise. But I still favor the milk thistle as the biblical thistle, +especially in Genesis after Eve has eaten the forbidden fruit. Not only is it edible “vegetation of the +efi ld,” at least in my book, its hepatoprotective properties might even spare some of the travails of +eating poisonous vegetation of the efi ld, including mushrooms. Could it be Eve’s milk rather than +Mary’s milk that imparted the white to the veins of the milk thistle? I do indeed doubt that, as I do +the following tidbit from GMH: the tradition that the white veins making this thistle unique resulted +from the milk of the Virgin falling on a thistle (GMH), leading to the instant evolution of the new +milk-veined species. While agnostically doubting, I continue to tell the tale during my biblical tours +of the Green Farmacy Garden. +Commo N Names (milk t Histle ): +Akoub (Arab.; BOU); Armurariu (Rom.; KAB); Artichaut Savage (Fr.; BOU); Baq (Arab.; BOU); Ba-r +kanim (Heb.; ZOH); Baskavkas (Tur.; EB49:406); Blessed Milk Thistle (Australia; USN); Bou Zerwal +(Arab.; BOU); Cardo (Mad.; JAD); Cardo Asnal (Arg.; EFS); Cardo de María (Sp.; USN); Cardo de +Santa Maria (Por.; EFS); Cardo del Late (It.; KAB); Cardo della Madonna (It.; EFS); Cardo di Maria +(It.; EFS; KAB); Cardo Lechal (Sp.; EFS); Cardo Lechero (Sp.; USN); Cardo-leiteiro (Por.; USN); +Cardo Mariano (It.; Sp.; EFS; KAB; USN); Cart de Maria (Cat.; KAB); Cart Gallofer (Cat.; KAB); +Carthame Macule (Fr.; KAB); Chardon Argente (Fr.; BOU); Chardon Lacte (Fr.; KAB); Chardon- +Marie (Fr.; USN); Chardon Notre Dame (Fr.; EFS); Chardon Tache (Fr.; KAB); Doujnilourman (Ber.; +BOU); Feedistel (Ger.; KAB); Fouarek (Arab.; BOU); Frauendistel (Ger.; EFS; KAB); Froschdistel +(Ger.; KAB); Gevlekt distelhruid (Dutch; EFS); Gundagai Thistle (Australia; USN); Harsharf Barri +(Arab.; BOU); Hasoub (Arab.; BOU); Hedegar (Sp.; EFS); Holy Thistle (Eng.; EFS); Kocak Avas +(Tur.; EB49:406); Lady’s Thistle (Australia; USN); Lait de Sainte Marie (Fr.; KAB); Lekhlakh (Arab.; +BOU); Lievevrouwen Destel (Dutch; EFS); Lishliash (Arab.; BOU); Marian Distel (Dutch; EFS); +Marian Thistle (Eng.; EFS); Mariendistel (Dutch; Ger.; EFS; KAB; USN); Marietidsel (Den.; EFS); +Melk Destel (Dutch; EFS; KAB); Meryemanadikeni (Tur.; EFS); Milk Thistle (Eng.; CR2); Ostrop- +estro (Rus.; KAB); Sempertin (Swe.; KAB); Shouk Boulti (Arab.; BOU); Shouk el Diman (Arab.; +BOU); Shouk el Gemal (Arab.; BOU); Shouk el Ghazal (Arab.; BOU); Shouk en Nasara (Arab.; +BOU); Shouket el Baiidisinnari (Arab.; BOU); Shouk Sinnari (Arab.; BOU); Silberdistel (Ger.; KAB); +Silybon (Greek; KAB); St. Mary’s Thistle (Eng.; EFS); Stechkornerdistel (Ger.; EFS); Tataoura (Ber.; +BOU); Thistle (Eng.; BIB); Thorn (Eng.; BIB; ZOH); True thistle (Eng.; EFS); Variegated Thistle +8202_C001.indd 430 11/12/07 2:50:41 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(Eng.; USN); Vrowwendistel (Dutch; KAB); Silybe de Marie (Fr.; USN); Wehedistel (Ger.; KAB); +Wolldistel (Ger.; KAB); Xeuk Baghli (Malta; KAB); Zaz (Arab.; BOU). +a Ctivities (milk t Histle ) +Adrenergic (1; WOI); Alterative (f; BIB; EFS); Antiaggregant (1; ACT9:170); Antiallergic (1; +MAB); Antiangiogenic (1; X12943822; NP9(2):6); Antibilious (f; APA); Anticarcinogenic (f1; +MAB; NP9(2):6); Antidepressant (f; PNC); Antidiabetic (f1; ACT9:251; Antidotal (2; SHT); Ant-i +dote (mushroom) (f1; PH2); Antiedemic (f1; MAB; NP9(2):6); Antibfi rotic CGH; Antihistaminic +(1; MCK); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; BGB; MAB; WAM); Antileukotriene (1; MAB); Antimetastatic +(1; X15224346); Antioxidant (12; MAB; SHT); Antiproliferant (1; HC020444-262; NP9(2):6); +Antiprostaglandin (1; MAB); Antitelomerase (1; X15076315); Antitoxic (2; SHT); Antitumor (f1; +MAB); Antitumor Promoter (1; NP9(2):6); Antiulcer (1; PR14:581); Antiviral (1; PNC); Aperient +(f; BIB; WOI); Apoptotic (1; JN133:3861S; X15117815); Bitter (f1; PED); cAMP-Phosphodiester- +ase Inhibitor (1; MAB); Caspase Activator (1; X15117815); Chemopreventive (1; NP9(2):6); Chola- +gogue (f2; BIB; EFS; PHR); Choleretic (1; HHB; MAB; NP9(2):6); COX-2 Inhibitor (1; NP9(2):6); +Cytoprotective (1; NP9(2):6); Cytotoxic (1; NP9(2):6); Demulcent (f; KAB; PNC; WOI); Depura- +tive (f; EFS); Dermoprotective (1; X15586237); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; WOI); Digestive (1; WAM); +Diuretic (f; HC020444-262); Emmenagogue (f; BIB; EFS; PHR; PH2); Expectorant (f; BIB); Feb- +rifuge (f; EFS); Glutathionigenic (1; MAB); HDL-genic (1; HC020444-262); Hemostat (f; BIB); +Hepatoprotective (2; KOM; SHT; WAM); Hepatoregenerative (2; KOM; MAB); Hypocholesterol- +emic (1; MAB); Hypolipidemic (1; PNC); Hypotensive (1; MCK; ACT9:170); Hypotriglyceridemic +(1; CGH); IKKbeta Inhibitor (1; X15617879); Immunostimulant (1; NP9(2):6); i-NOS Inhibitor (1; +NP9(2):6); Lactogogue (f1; APA; BIB; HMM; NMH; WOI); Lipolytic (1; PNC); 5-Lipoxygenase +Inhibitor (1; MAB); Litholytic (f; WOI); Nephroprotective (1; ACT9:170; NP9(2):6); Neuroprotec- +tive (1; ACT9:251); p450 Inducer (1; X12695340); p450 Inhibitor (1; X15155549); Pancreaprotective +(1; MCK; X15325843); Peristaltic (1; WOI); p-Glycoprotein Inhibitor (1; X15072439); Phagocytotic +(1; NP9(2):6); Photoprotective (1; NP9(2):6); PKC Inhibitor (1; X15070174); Purgative (f1; BIB; +WOI); Radioprotective (1; NP9(2):6); SOD-genic (1; CGH); Stimulant (f; EFS; PHR); Sudoric fi (f; +BIB; WOI); Sunscreen (1; MAB); Sympathicolytic (f; HHB); T-Cell Activator (1; NP9(2):6); TNF- +alpha Inhibitor (1; NP9(2):6); Tonic (f1; BIB; EFS; PHR; WAM); Xanthine-oxidase Inhibitor (1; +ACT9:170; X15070174; NP9(2):6). +iNdi Catio Ns (milk t Histle ): +Acne (f; MCK); Ague (f; GMH); Allergy (f1; MCK; ACT9:251); Amenorrhea (f; MCK; NP9(2):6); +Anorexia (2; FAD; PHR); Anthrax (f; BIB); Arthrosis (f; ACT9:251); Asthma (f1; BIB; ACT9:251); +Atherosis (1; X15617879); Biliousness (f; GMH; WOI); Bleeding (f; BIB; HHB; NP9(2):6); Bron- +chosis (f; BIB; BOU; EB49:406); Calculus (f; BIB; WOI); Cancer (f; JLH; WOI; NP9(2):6); Cancer, +bladder (f1; NP9(2):6); Cancer, breast (f1; HHB; JLH; MAB); Cancer, cervix (f1; HC020444-262); +Cancer, colon (f1; FNF; JN133:3861S); Cancer, lung (f1; X15224346); Cancer, nose (f; HHB; JLH); +Cancer, ovary (f1; HC020444-262); Cancer, prostate (f1; X15899838); Cancer, skin (f1; HC020444- +262; NP9(2):6; X15586237); Cancer, tongue (f1; HC020444-262); Cardiopathy (1; X15617879); +Catarrh (f; BIB; GMH); Cerebrosis (f; ACT9:251); Childbirth (f; HHB); Cholecocystosis (2; APA; +BIB; PHR; PH2); Cholelithiasis (f; MCK); Cirrhosis (2; BGB; KOM; PH2; SHT); Colic (f; HH3; +PH2); Colitis (f; ACT9:251); Congestion (f; MCK); Constipation (f; MCK); Cough (f; BIB); Cramp (f; +BIB); CTS (f1; ACT9:251; HC020444-262); Cystosis (f; HH3); Depression (f; BIB; HC020444-262); +Dermatosis (f1; BIB; MCK; PED); Diabetes (f1; MAB; WOI; HC020444-262); Diabetic Neuropathy +(1; MAB); Dropsy (f; BIB; HHB; WOI); Dysmenorrhea (f; APA; HC020444-262); Dyspepsia (f12; +FAD; KOM; MCK; PH2; SHT; NP9(2):6); Dyspnea (f; EB49:406); Dysuria (f; NP9(2):6); Edema (f1; +ACT9:251); Enterosis (f; APA; WOI); Erysipelas (f; MCK); FAS (f; ACT9:251); Fever (f1; BIB; EFS; +8202_C001.indd 431 11/12/07 2:50:41 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +HHB); Fibrosis (1; CGH); Food Allergies (1; WAM); Gallstones (1; HHB; MAB; SKY; HC020444- +262; NP9(2):6); Gastrosis (f; APA); Hematuria (f; HC020444-262; NP9(2):6); Hemoptysis (f; BIB); +Hemorrhage (f; KAB; MCK); Hemorrhoid (f; BIB; HHB; MAB; WOI); Hepatosis (f12; KOM; PH2; +SHT; WAM); Hepatosis A (1; BGB); High Blood Pressure (1; MCK; HC020444-262); High Choles- +terol (1; MAB); High Triglycerides (1; CGH; X15177299); Hydrophobia (f; BIB; GMH); Hypereme- +sis (f1; NP9(2):6); Hypotonia (f; HH3); Infection (f; HHB); Inafl mmation (f1; APA; HC020444-262; +X15617879); Intoxication (1; FAD); Insulin Resistance (1; SYN); Itch (1; MAB); Jaundice (f2; +BIB; HH3 MAB; PH2; PNC; WAM); Leukemia (f1; HC020444-262; NP9(2):6); Leukorrhea (f; +BIB); Malaria (f1; BIB; HHB; PHR; PH2; HC020444-262); Menopause (f; HHB); Metastasis (1; +X15224346); Metrorrhagia (f; HHB); Migraine (f; HH3); MS (f; ACT9:251); MS (1; HC020444- +262); Mushroom Poisoning (2; FAD; SHT); Myalgia (1; HC020444-262); Nausea (f1; MAB; Cyto- +protective (1; NP9(2):6); Nephrosis (f12; BGB; NP9(2):6); Neurosis (f; ACT9:251); Obesity (1; PNC); +Oligolactea (f; APA); Ovarian Cancer (f1; MAB); Pain (f; NP9(2):6); Pancreatosis (1; X15325843); +Peritonosis (f; BIB); Phlebitis (f; APA); Plague (f; BIB; GMH); Pleurisy (f; BIB; GMH); Psoriasis +(f; PED; SKY); Pulmonosis (f; BIB); Snakebite (f; MCK); Sore (f; HHB); Splenosis (f; BGB; BIB; +HH3; PHR; PH2; NP9(2):6); Steatosis (f; MCK); Swelling (f1; MCK; ACT9:251); Syndrome X (1; +SYN; X15617879); Ulcer (1; PR14:581); Ulcus cruris (f; HHB; HH3); Urticaria (f; MCK); Uterosis +(f; BIB; PHR; PH2; WOI); Varices (f; HHB; HH3); Worm (f; BIB). +d osages (milk t Histle ): +FNFF = !! +Deveined leaves eaten as veggies; young shoots boiled and eaten (TAN); heads boiled and eaten like +artichoke; oilseeds roasted as coffee substitute; roots also eaten like salsify (FAC; MCK); stalks, +like those of most thistles, are edible and nutritious, but have caused fatalities in cattle (BIB). Seeds +serve as famine food for humans (BIB), actually sold to me like sunofl wer seed in Pakistan. Seeds +scorched as coffee substitute, seed oil used for food or lubrication, which might also serve as a fa-m +ine food for humans. 1 tsp (3–5 g) mashed seed/cup water, 3–4 ×/day, 1/2 hour before meals (APA; +HH3); 1 g seed HHB. 3.5–15 g seed/day (HH3). 4–9 ml/day ufl id extract (1:1) (KOM); 12–15 g +whole or powdered seed; an equivalent to 200–400 mg silymarin, the collective name for silybinin, +silydianin, and silychristin (KOM; SHT); 4–9 g/day seed (MAB); one or two 535-mg capsules 3 +×/day; StX 420–840 mg silymarin/day (NH); one to two 540-mg capsules (StX with 175 mg certi- +efi d potency seed extract with at least 80% silymarin, synergically combined in a base of turmeric +and artichoke) 3 ×/day, with water (NH); 2–3 tsp fresh leaf (sic) (PED); 1–3 g dry leaf (sic) (PED); +175 mg 80% silymarin StX (PED); 420 mg silymarin/day (PNC); 200–400 mg silymarin (SHT), +200–600 mg silymarin/day for Syndrome X (SYN). +• American Eclectics use strong seed tincture for amenorrhea, bleeding, dysuria, gallstone, +congestion, hematuria, hepatosis, hyperemesis, nephrosis, splenosis (NP9(2):6). +• Basque use seed decoction as antiinafl mmatory, antineoplastic, aperient, digestive, +diuretic, hemostat, hypotensive and venotonic (NP9(2):6). +• Germans use as demulcent in catarrh and pleurisy, for jaundice and biliary disorders +(GMH). +• Lebanese consider the flower infusion alterative, refrigerant, and tonic (HJP). +• Lebanese boil leaves in vinegar for skin ailments and tonics (HJP). +• Lebanese use astringent vulnerary root for hemorrhoids and worms (HJP). +• Lebanese use seed infusion for stones of gallbladder and liver, and as a hydragogue, -lac +togogue, litholytic, stimulant, and tonic (HJP). +• North Africans suggest the seed tincture is for cough, peritonitis, pulmonitis (or bronchi- +tis), uteral congestion, and varicose veins (BOU). +• Turkish use ground-roasted seed decoction for shortness of breath in bronchosis (EB49:406). +8202_C001.indd 432 11/12/07 2:50:42 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d ow Nsides (milk t Histle ): +Class 1 (AHP, 1997). No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2). +None known (WAM); Commission E reports no contraindications or drug interactions for the fruit. +Occasional mild laxative effects are reported (AEH). “The long term safety and the advisability of +the use of these extracts in pregnant or women of potential childbearing remain to be established” +(LRNP, March 1988). One observational study (n = 2000) reported circa 1% side effects, mostly +transient GI distress (SHT). “May be used by … pregnant and lactating women (SKY). Antag-o +nizes phentolamine and yohimbine (PH2). One Australian report, attributed to something other +than silybin in the milk thistle product, suggested abdominal cramping, diaphoresis, diarrhea, na-u +sea, vomiting, and weakness (PH2). Silymarin may induce p450. Milk thistle decreased the trough +concentrations of indinavir in humans (X15916450). +Natural History (milk t Histle ): +Birds like the seeds, goldfinches getting most of mine. GMH debunks the old birdwatcher’s tale that +birds line their nests with the thistle down. Most nests are built before the thistle sets seed; coltsfoot +and willow down are more probable because they seed much earlier, when birds are building. +extra Cts (milk t Histle ): +Milk thistle regenerates injured liver cells (SKY). Silymarin, at 100 mg/kg in rabbit diets, is reported +to induce p450. Such data weakly suggest that milk thistle might detoxify (or inactivate) drugs deto-x +iefi d by p450. Silymarin, the antihepatotoxic lignan, is hypolipidenic, lowering fatty deposits in the +livers of experimental animals, and has been used successfully for Hepatosis B virus (PNC). Pre- +treatment with silymarin and silybin gives 100% protection against mushroom poisoning in experi- +mental animals. Posttreatment? When silybin was given ivn to humans within 48 hours of ingesting +death cap mushroom, it effectively prevented fatalities (PNC). Equally good results were reported +in Santa Cruz, California, in January 2007. LD50 silibinin 1065 mg/kg ivn mus HH3. LDlo silyma- +rin = 20,000 mg/kg orl mus (MAB); LDlo silymarin = 1000 mg/kg orl dog (MAB); LDlo Extracts +>16,000 mg/kg orl mus HH3. McCarty (2005) discussed the potential of milk thistle polyphenols +for reversing fat-induced insulin resistance. He noted intriguing evidence that the beta subunit of the +signalsome — IKKbeta, a crucial catalyst of NF-kappaB activation — is an obligate mediator of the +disruption of insulin signaling induced by excessive exposure of tissues to free fatty acids and by +hypertrophy of adipocytes. He speculated that agents that safely inhibit activation of IKKbeta may +help reverse insulin resistance and help control type 2 diabetes. He suggests resveratrol (from grapes) +and silibinin. Dietary silibinin can inhibit the growth of certain cancers in rodents and may have +potential as an IKKbeta inhibitor. Silymarin also favorably impacts glycemic and lipidemic control +in type 2 diabetics with cirrhosis. IKKbeta plays a crucial role in insulin resistance, atherogenesis, +inafl mmatory disorders, and cancer (X15617879). Katiyar (2005) elucidated the anti-inafl mmatory, +antioxidant, and immunomodulatory potential of silymarin in preventing skin cancer. Silymarin has +chemopreventive effects against chemical and photocarcinogenesis (X15586237). +Ch ARLo CK (sin Apis A rvensis L.) + BRAss ICACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Brassica arvensis Rabenh.; Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler.; Brassica sinapis Vis.; Brassica sina- +pistrum Boiss.; Caulis sinapiaster E.H.L.; Eruca arvensis Noulet.; Napus agriasinapis Schimp et +Spenn.; Raphanus arvensis Crantz.; Rhamphospermum arvense Andrz.; Sinapis kaber DC.; Sina- +pis orientalis L.; Sinapis polymorhpa Geners.; Sinapis schkuhriana Reichb. fide HH2 +8202_C001.indd 433 11/12/07 2:50:43 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe .0 Charlock (Sinapis arvensis). Source: Regina Hughes in Reed (1970). Colored by Peggy +Duke. +8202_C001.indd 434 11/12/07 2:50:55 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Notes (CHarlo Ck): +Another parable put he forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is like to a grain of mus- +tard seed, which a man took, and sowed in his field: Which indeed is the least of all seeds: but +when it is grown, it is the greatest among herbs, and becometh a tree, so that the birds of the air +come and lodge in the branches thereof. +Matthew 13:31–32 (KJV) +Another parable he put before them, saying, “The kingdom of heaven is like a grain of mustard +seed which a man took and sowed in his field; it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown +it is the greatest of shrubs and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and make nests +in its branches.” +Matthew 13:31–32 (RSV) +Another illustration he set before them, saying, “The kingdom of the heavens is like a mustard +grain which a man took and planted in his field; which is, in fact, the tiniest of all the seeds, but +when it has grown it is the largest of the vegetables and becomes a tree, so that the birds of heaven +come and find lodging among its branches.” +Matthew 13:31–32 (NWT) +Zohary favors Brassica nigra, the black mustard, as the grain of mustard seed in the Bible. As an +Israeli botanist, he would know better than I that Brassica nigra is the tallest of the local species of +Brassica and closely related Sinapis, and has seed circa 1 mm. But he also admits that “The Greek +sinapis is undoubtedly ‘mustard (ZOH).’” No need to quibble about whether it is the least of seed +or not. (I suspect a mustard seed is hundreds of times heavier than orchid seed, even my Artemisia +annua seed.) I suspect that in biblical times, as in Maryland efi lds in spring, few but botanists make +distinctions between the Brassica and Sinapis. Taxonomists still quibble over the genus in which +to place the charlock, one candidate for the biblical mustard seed. “Mustard is not mentioned in +the Old Testament but is often referred to in the Mishnah.” (ZOH). Hager’s Handbuch lists a lot of +common names, phytochemicals, and synonyms, but no indications or activities (HH2). I would use +it generically with black or white mustard myself. All can be weeds. More PubMed abstracts deal +with weediness than medicine. But the species share the chemistry and medicine of other Brassica +and Sinapis. +Commo N Names (CHarlo Ck): +Ackersenf (Ger.; HH2); Ager Sennep (Den.; POR); Agersennep (Den.; POR); Åkersenap (Swe.; +POR); California Rape (Eng.; USN); Charlock (Eng.; GMH; USN); Collejón (Sp.; USN); Corn +Kale (Ireland; AAH); Erba Falcona (It.; HH2); False Hederich (Ger.; HH2); Field Mustard (Eng.; +GMH); Guelot (Fr.; HH2); Herik (Dutch; POR); Jotte (Fr.; HH2); Mostarda (Mad.; Por.; JAD); +Mostarda-dos-Campos (It.; Por.; POR; USN); Mostaza de los Campos (Sp.; HH2; POR); Mostaza +Silvestre (Sp.; POR); Moutarde de Champs (Fr.; HH2); Moutarde Savage (Fr.; HH2); Nabinha (Por.; +POR); Rapaccina (It.; HH2); Ravanello (It.; HH2); Raveluche (Fr.; POR); Rikkasinappi (Fin.; POR); +Ruche (Fr.; HH2); Sangle (Fr.; HH2); Sangle Wilder Senf (Ger.; HH2); Sanve (Fr.; POR); Sar-a +mago (Mad.; JAD); Senapa dei Campi (It.; HH2); Senape (It.; USN); Senape Selvatica (It.; POR); +Senapino (It.; HH2); Sénevé, (Fr.; POR); Serapino (It.; POR); Wild Mustard (Eng.; HH2); Yang Ye +Jie (China; POR). +8202_C001.indd 435 11/12/07 2:50:56 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +a Ctivities (CHarlo Ck): +Diuretic (f; EFS); Dyspepsia (f; EFS); Emetic (f; EFS); Molluscicide (1; X11775093); Ovicide +(1; X11775093); Rubefacient (f; EFS); Stimulant (f; EFS); Tonic (f; AAH); Trypsin Inhibitor (1; +X8070965); Vesicant (f; EFS). +iNdi Catio Ns (CHarlo Ck): +Cancer (f; JLH); Induration (f; JLH); Jaundice (f; AAH); Scurvy (1; AAH); Splenosis (f; JLH). +d osages (CHarlo Ck): +FFFF = !! +Seeds used as mustard substitute or oil source. Irish and Swedes boil it as a green vegetable (GMH). +• Anglicans took a floral preparation for jaundice (AAH). +• Limerick people drank the juice as a spring tonic to prevent disease the rest of the year +(AAH). +• Shetland Islanders once relied on charlock (leaf with 1300 ppm ascorbic acid) and wild +radish to contain scurvy (AAH). +d ow Nsides (CHarlo Ck): +Similar to Brassica and Sinapis. +extra Cts (CHarlo Ck): +As with rocket and garlic mustard, the seed oil is closely akin to Lorenzo’s oil, which for awhile was +promoted as a remedy for certain types of dystrophy. +v INe o F so Do M (sol Anum A nguivi LAM.) + so LANACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Solanum hermannii Dunal; Solanum indicum auct.; Solanum indicum subsp. distichum (Thonn.) +Bitter; Solanum scalare C. H. Wright; Solanum sodomeum L.; Solanum sodomeum var. hermannii +(Dun.) Dun fide (USN and ZUL). +Notes (v iNe o F s odom ): +For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah; their grapes are grapes of +gall, their clusters are bitter. +Deuteronomy 32:32 (KJV) +For their vine comes from the vine of Sodom, and from the fields of Gomor’rah; their grapes are +grapes of poison, their clusters are bitter. +Deuteronomy 32:32 (RSV) +For their vine is from the vine of Sodom, and from the terraces of Gomor’rah; their grapes are +grapes of poison, their clusters are bitter. +Deuteronomy 32:32 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 436 11/12/07 2:50:57 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Non-Israeli writers often identify this as the biblical vine of Sodom, but Israeli Zohary (ZOH) iden-ti +efi s it as Calotropis (which see) and does not identify thisS olanum species or any of its synonyms in +the Flora of Palestine (FP3). A useless weed in the past, this plant might be investigated as a source of +steroids. Bad spiny weeds like this might be reduced in whole plant utilization schemes, harvesting the +biomass for useful phytochemicals, producing power alcohol from the residual biomass in the process. +(ZUL entries below apply to S. sodomeum var. hermannii.) The American Herbal Products Associa- +tion (AH2) has designated the nameS olanum anguivi as the standardized common name (Scn.) listing +the ayurvedic name brihati (often spelled brahati), a name often associated withS olanum indicum +L. But AH2 equates it with Solanum indicum auct., so I cannot necessarily be sure of which species +they are talking. Solanum indicum L. is also an important and useful species. In theU seful Plants of +West Tropical Africa (UPW), we read under S. anguivi such appealing names as children’s potato and +children’s tomato, making them sound a bit more appealing than evil’s apple and Sodom’s apple. UPW +adds that this is a very polymorphic aggregate of sub-shrubby plants of innumerable infraspecic fi +taxa. Mende of Sierra Leone consider the armed (thorny) variants male, the unarmed females. +Commo N Names (v iNe o F s odom ): +Apple of Sodom (Eng.; HOC); Bitter Apple (Eng.; HOC); Bou Sikroun (Arab.; JLH); Brihati (Ayu.; +AH2); Children’s Potato (Eng.; UPW); Children’s Tomato (Eng.; UPW) Culuta (Guinea-Bissau; UPW); +Itchie (Nig.; UPW); Jakato (Sierra Leone; UPW); Katung (Togo; UPW); Kma (Liberia; UPW); Ma-n +sarin Nyateila (Gambia; UPW); Nsusuaa (Ghana; UPW); Sira Korossé (Guinea; UPW); Solanum +anguivi (Scn.; AH2); Sulu Jato (Gambia; UPW); Teï (Ivo.; UPW); Vine of Sodom (Eng.; BIB). +a Ctivities (v iNe o F s odom ): +Analgesic (f; BIB; ZUL); Antiseptic (f1; BIB; ZUL; X9644084); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB); Bactericide +(1; X9644084); Diuretic (f; HOC); Molluscicide (1; X10925405); Orexigenic (f; UPW); Poison (f; +DAW); Tonic (f; UPW); Vulnerary (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (v iNe o F s odom ): +Anorexia (f; UPW); Backache (f; ZUL); Bacteria (1; X9644084); Boil (f; UPW; ZUL); Cancer (f1; +JLH; X3621146); Cancer, skin (f1; JLH; X3621146); Cataract (f; UPW); Constipation (f; ZUL); +Cough (f; HOC); Cystosis (f; HOC; ZUL); Dermatosis (f1; BIB; ZUL; X3621146); Dropsy (f; ZUL); +Edema (f; HOC); Enterosis (f; ZUL); Fever (f; UPW); Fungus (f; BIB); Gas (f; ZUL); Impotence (f; +BIB; HOC; ZUL); Infection (f1; BIB; X9644084); Infertility (f; BIB; HOC; ZUL); Itch (f; ZUL); +Keratoacanthoma (1; X3621146); Keratosis (1; X3621146); Leprosy (f; UPW); Mycobacteria (1; +X9644084); Mycosis (f; BIB); Ophthalmia (f; UPW); Otosis (f; UPW); Pain (f; ZUL); Proctosis +(f; BIB); Ringworm (f; BIB; UPW); Sore (f; UPW); Swelling (f; HOC); Toothache (f; BIB; ZUL); +Tumor (f; JLH); Wound (f; BIB; ZUL). +d osages (v iNe o F s odom ): +FNFF = !? +Many species of Solanum, like this one, are reportedly both toxic and edible, and their primitive +ancestors are more likely to be poisonous than derived cultivars. Even the picturesque Gambian +names hint of doubt, mansarin nyateila (= the prince who causes blindness) and sulu jato (= hyena’s +bitter tomato) do not stimulate my appetite. Still, the cherry-tomato-like fruits are eaten and used in +sauces and soups, and said to stimulate the appetite (UPW). +• Gambians make a collyrium for cataracts and whiteness of the eye from the plant (UPW). +• Ghanans believe the fruits are orexigenic (UPW). +8202_C001.indd 437 11/12/07 2:50:57 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Ivory Coastals use leaves against leprosy (UPW). +• Manyika chew the root and spit the juice onto wounds as a vulnerary (BIB). +• North Africans (Morocco, Tunisia) use the plant in cataplasms for cold tumors (JLH). +• South Africans apply the fruit to ringworm in cattle and horses (BIB). +• Tonga hold the fruit onto an aching tooth (BIB). +• Xhosa apply the fruit or root juice to skin ailments (BIB). +• Zulu use the root bark for barrenness and impotency (BIB). +d ow Nsides (v iNe o F s odom ): +Fatal cases of poisoning reported with children for fruits of S. sodomeum var. hermannii. Symp - +toms of human poisoning include colic, cramps, diarrhea, difcfi ulty with speech and vision, dilated +pupils, dizziness, exhaustion, fever, hallucinations, headache, listlessness, nausea, and sweating +(ZUL). The root of even S. anguivi is said to be poisonous. +BItte R-AppLe (sol Anum inc Anum L.) ++ so LANACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Solanum sanctum L. +Notes (bitter -a pple): +The way of the slothful man is as an hedge of thorns: but the way of the righteous is made plain. +Proverbs 15:19 (KJV) +The way of a sluggard is overgrown with thorns, but the path of the upright is a level highway. +Proverbs 15:19 (RSV) +The way of the lazy one is like a brier hedge, but the path of the upright ones is a way cast up. +Proverbs 15:19 (NWT) +This is one of the few places where the NWT was the shorter of the triad I often cover (NWT; KJV; +RSV). I rather doubt that the words brier and thorn are divinely distinct so I will not question these +trivial differences. Zohary comments that the Hebrewh edek appears only twice in the Bible (Proverbs +15:19 and Micah 7:4–5), and in either case is associated with a thorny hedge. In Arabhica,d aq refers +specicfi ally to Solanum incanum. Respecting his opinion, I have cited the Proverbs passage in its three +versions above. Unlike the vine of Sodom, this S. incanum is reported in the Flora of Palestine, mostly +in tropical areas of the lower Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea region (ZOH). UPW says this one s-pe +cies is an aggregate of more than 50 that have been recognized species, many individually recognized +by African farmers. They even speculate that it came to Africa from Asia via Egypt 400 to 500 years +b.c. A component of some arrow poisons and love philtres. Ethiopians use the fruits as a condiment in +certain beverages. Leaves not used as a potherb. A glyc-oalkaloid content up to 4.81% is found in some +races, particularly the one cultivated by the Paniya tribe of Iritty, North Kerala. Bushmen use the fruit +juice in arrow poison. Root and seed contain a renne-ltike enzyme (BIB). +Commo N Names (bitter -a pple): +‘Ain al Baqar (Arab.; GHA); Akumba (Upper Volta; UPW); Angulai (Tigrinia; KAB); Angulle +(Tigrinia; KAB); ‘Arsam (Arab.; GHA); ‘Arsan (Arab.; GHA); Atoropo (Ghana; UPW); Ba Koyo +8202_C001.indd 438 11/12/07 2:50:58 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(Guinea; UPW); Bitter Apple (Eng.; S. Afr.; KAB); Bitterappel (S. Afr.; ZUL); Bitter Tomato (Eng.; +UPW); Brien (Eng.; RSV; ZOH); Culuta (Guinea-Bissau; UPW); Data (Liberia; UPW); Djang (Ce-m +eroons; UPW); Eggplant (Eng.; UPW); Fambora (Sen.; UPW); Garden Egg (Eng.; UPW); Gifappel +(S. Afr.; ZUL); Gray Nightshade (Eng.; ZOH); Grysbitterappel (S. Afr.; ZUL); Hadak (Arab.; GHA; +ZOH); Háw Mòy (Niger; UPW); Hedek (Heb.; ZOH); Helkem (Dho.; GHA); Ikan (?; FAC); Kaurat- +rim (Brahui; KAB); Koro Kaneil (Mali; UPW); Kujakataku (Gambia; UPW); Mazg (Arab.; GHA); +‘Mazj (Oman; GHA); Meringam (?; FAC); Morola (Pedi; KAB); Nuqum (Yemen; GHA); Palestine +Nightshade (Eng.; FAC); Tarku (Nig.; UPW); Thola (Suto; KAB); Thorn (Eng.; RSV; ZOH); Thorn +Apple (Eng.; S. Afr.; ZUL); Ungulleh (Tigrinia; KAB); Yalo (Sierra Leone; UPW); Nscn. +a Ctivities (bitter -a pple): +Anodyne (f; BIB; UPW); Anticancer (f1; X15527763); Antiedemic (f1; HDN); Antihepatomic (1; +X11108802); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; HDN); Antiseptic (f1; HDN; ZUL); Antitachycardic (1; HDN); +Apoptotic (1; X8954074; X15527763); Bactericide (1; ZUL); Carcinogenic (f1; BIB); Cardiodepre-s +sant (1; HDN); Caspase-3 Inducer (1; X15527763); Cholagogue (1; HDN); Contraceptive (f; BIB); +Cytotoxic (1; JNP53:513); Diuretic (f; HDN); Expectorant (f; HDN); Febrifuge (f1; HDN); Hepato- +protective (1; HDN; PM54:222); Hypotensive (1; HDN); Insectifuge (f; HDN); Piscicide (f1; BIB; +HDN); Poison (f; BIB); Spasmolytic (f1; HDN); Stomachic (f; UPW); TNF Inducer (1; X8954074). +iNdi Catio Ns (bitter -a pple): +Bacteria (1; ZUL); Bleeding (f; ZUL); Bloat (f; BIB); Bronchosis (f; HDN); Bruise (f; GHA); Burn (f; +UPW); Calculus (f; BIB); Cancer (f1; JLH; HDN; X15527763); Cancer, lung (f1; JLH; X15527763); +Carbuncle (f; BIB); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Caries (f; UPW); Catarrh (f; UPW); Colic (f; HDN); Co-n +stipation (f; BIB); Cough (f; UPW); Cramp (f1; HDN); Craw-craw (f; HDN); Dandruff (f; HDN; +ZUL); Dermatosis (f; HDN); Diarrhea (f; HDN; UPW); Dysmenorrhea (f; HDN); Dyspepsia (f; +GHA; HDN; UPW); Earache (f; GHA; HDN; UPW); Edema (f1; HDN); Enterosis (f; ZUL); Ep-i +lepsy (f; HDN); Epistaxis (f; BIB); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Fever (f1; HDN); Fungus (1; HDN); Gas (f; +GHA); Gastrosis (f; UPW); Gonorrhea (f; HDN); Headache (f; HDN); Hematuria (f; UPW); Hemo-r +rhoid (f; GHA); Hepatoma (1; X11108802); Hepatosis (f1; BIB; HDN; ZUL); Herpes (f; HDN); High +Blood Pressure (1; HDN); Infection (f1; HDN; ZUL); Infertility (f; BIB); Inafl mmation (f1; HDN); +Itch (f; BIB); Laryngosis (f; UPW); Melanoma (f; JLH); Myalgia (f; HDN); Mycosis (1; HDN); +Nephrosis (f; BIB); Neuralgia (f; UPW); Neurosis (f; HDN); Ophthalmia (f; UPW); Pain (f; HDN; +UPW); Pleurisy (f; HDN; KAB); Pneumonia (f; HDN; KAB); Pulmonosis (f; BIB; KAB); Rhino - +sis (f; UPW); Ringworm (f; UPW); Ringworm (f1; BIB; HDN; ZUL); Quinsy (f; UPW); Scabies +(f; BIB); Snakebite (f; HDN; ZUL); Sore (f; HDN); Sore Throat (f; HDN; KAB); Staphylococcus +(1; ZUL); Stomachache (f; UPW); Swelling (f; UPW); Syphilis (f; HDN); Tachycardic (1; HDN); +Tonsilosis (f; HDN); Toothache (f; GHA; HDN; KAB); Trichophytosis (1; HDN); Tumor (f; JLH); +Venereal Disease (f; HDN); Vertigo (f; HDN; UPW); Wound (f; GHA; HDN). +d osages (bitter -a pple): +FNFF = !! +Green fruits eaten raw or diced and added to soups, fresh or dried; seeds used to curdle milk; leaves +of some cultivars. edible cooked in soups; used as vegetable rennet (BIB; FAC; TAN; UPW). +• Arabians boil berries in oil to make eardrops (GHA). +• Arabians direct smoke from burning dried berries toward hemorrhoids (GHA). +• Congolese use leaf sap as expectorant in bronchosis and spasmodic coughs, a throat paint +for laryngitis, quinsy, sore throat, and tonsilitis (UPW). +8202_C001.indd 439 11/12/07 2:50:59 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Ethiopians use the leaf for bloat and epistaxis; the fruit for calculus, constipation, gon-or +rhea, itch, renitis, and wounds; the root for gonorrhea; and the ash for scabies (BIB). +• Europeans in South Africa use the fruit juice for dandruff (BIB). +• Guinea natives gargle the decoction or tea for sore throat or take for dyspepsia or sto-m +achache (UPW). +• Omani insert sore fingers in fruits to draw out pus (GHA). +• Paniya women use as contraceptive, while barren Nigerians viewed as fertility symbol +(BIB). +• Pedi take roasted plant for pleurisy, pneumonia, the decoction for other chest problems +(KAB). +• South Africans poultice fruits onto external benign tumors (JLH). +• Sutos of South Africa use plant for sore throat and toothache (KAB). +• Taiwanese use the rhizomes for hepatitis (ZUL). +• Tanganyikans insert flower in ear for earache (UPW) +• Tanganyikans use root for abdominal pain, carbuncles, and hepatosis; the fruit for sna-ke +bite; and the gall for earache (BIB). +• Tanzanians use for dandruff, dermatosis, earache, gonorrhea, hepatosis, pneumonia, +ringworm, sore, syphilis, and wounds (ZUL). +• Yemeni and Dhofari inhale smoke from burning seeds for toothache (GHA). +• Zimbabweans use roots for dysmenorrhea; gastrointestinal, respiratort, and venereal +complaints; and toothache (ZUL). +• Zulu use the juice of the plant for ringworm (BIB). +d ow Nsides (bitter -a pple): +“Aqueous fruit extract causes skin carcinoma in animals” (HDN). Unripe fruit and other parts poiso-n +ous to animals, inducing bloat, colic, diarrhea, paralysis, polypnea, salivation, and tachycardia (ZUL). +BRoo MCo RN (sorghum bicolor (L.) Moe NCh.) ++ po ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Andropogon sorghum Brot.; Andropogon bicolor Roxb.; Holcus saccharatus; Holcus sorghum L.; +Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench; Sorghum vulgare Pers. +Notes (broom Cor N): +Now there was set a vessel full of vinegar: and they filled a sponge with vinegar, and put it upon +hyssop, and put it to his mouth. +John 19:29 (KJV) +A bowl full of vinegar stood there; so they put a sponge full of the vinegar on hyssop and held it +to his mouth. +John 19:29 (RSV) +A vessel was sitting there full of full of sour wine. Therefore they put a spongeful of the sour wine +upon a hyssop [stalk] and brought it to his mouth. +John 19:29 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 440 11/12/07 2:50:59 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe .0 Broomcorn (Sorghum bicolor). +While I suspect the odds are with Zohary, who identiefi s this biblical quote with Syrian hyssop +(Origanum syriacum), I find it easier to visualize bunches of sorghum, much as mother used as dry +ofl ral arrangements in rural Alabama. That is, back when poor white southerners used sorghum +syrup on their corn cakes and one uncle who grew the sorghum still had oxen. Yes, I can see evil +guards mockingly offering a thirsty prisoner a vinegar-soaked head of sorghum. I am not the only +one who offers this alternative for some of the hyssop passages in the Bible. Even Zohary admits that +8202_C001.indd 441 11/12/07 2:51:08 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +sorghum is better suited than common millet to the Israeli climate, thriving both in the lowlands and +uplands as a very productive summer crop, even without irrigation. Zohary asserts that the species is +known to have moved from East Africa via southwest Asia to India, archaeologically confirmed at +circa 2000b .c. Little will readers suspect, but sorghum is usually what was intended when corn was +mentioned in the Bible (there was no corn sensu Zea mays in the old world before Columbus). +Commo N Names (broom Cor N): +Ägyptische Zeiskorn (Ger.; EFS); Akoko (Ga; KAB); Alboro’o (Sal.; AVP); Alcandia (Sp.; KAB); +Amabele (Zulu; KAB); Ampemby (Hova; KAB); Awi (Twi; KAB); Bajrajhopanwa (Nwp.; Oudh +KAB); Bakaka (Sakalave; KAB); Balai (Fr.; KAB); Balais de Jonc (Fr.; AVP); Bassiqui (Gambia; +KAB); Batad (Vis.; KAB); Blé de Guinée (Fr.; AVP); Bondajanu (Tel.; KAB); Broom Corn (Eng.; +DEP; EFS); Caña Dulce (Mex.; AVP); Challu (Peru; AVP); Chari (Pun.; KAB); Chavela (Ker.; Mal.; +Mar.; DEP; KAB; SKJ); Chinese Sugarcane (Eng.; DEP); Cholam (Tam.; DEP; KAB; SKJ); Cholum +(Sri.; KAB); Chotri Junri (Pun.; DEP); Dari (Tur.; EFS); Dari Seed (Malta; KAB); Dawa (Sudan; +AVP); Deodhan (Bom.; Hindu; DEP; EFS); Devatadhanyamu (Tel.; DEP); Dhura (Arab.; DEP); +Dhutar (Baghwana; KAB); Dirghamala (Sanskrit; SKJ); Djagung Roté (Malaya; EFS); Dura (It.; +AVP); Durra (Eng.; Arab.; Egypt; Ven.; AVP; DEP; EFS); Durrha (Ger.; EFS); Egyptian Millet (Eng.; +EFS); Escoba (Peru; EGG); Escoba Millo (Ven.; AVP); Fo (Ewe; Krepi; KAB); Ganggai (Mun.; KAB); +Gao Liang (Pin.; DAA); Grand Millet (Fr.; EFS); Great Millet (Eng.; DEP; EFS); Guinea Corn (Eng.; +DEP; EFS); Hirse (Ger.; AVP); Ikshupatraka (Sanskrit; KAB); Indian Millet (Eng.; DEP); Janera +(Hindi; KAB); Jaoriturkimani (Afg.; KAB); Jaundri (Bom.; KAB); Jerusalem Corn (Eng.; EFS); Joar +(Hindi; Kum.; DEP); Jolah (Kan.; Mysore; KAB; SKJ); Jondla (Dec.; DEP; KAB); Jovaree (India; +EFS); Jowari (Las Bela; KAB); Juar (Kon.; KAB); Junali (Bhabar; Kum.; DEP; KAB); Junri (Nwp.; +DEP); Kadval (Mar.; DEP; KAB); Kafferkorn (Ger.; EFS); Kafferkorn Gras (Dutch; EFS); Kaffir +Corn (S. Afr.; KAB); Kangra (Bom.; DEP); Kaoliang (China; DEP; EFS); Karaliringu (Sin.; KAB); +Kasajonar (Beng.; KAB); Kayda (Arab.; Egypt; DEP); Kaydi (Arab.; Egypt; KAB); Kiosagi (Afg.; +DEP); Koko (Krobo; KAB); Kurbi (Beng.; DEP); Maía de Guinea (Peru; EGG); Maicillo (Cr.; AVP); +Mais de Millo (Cr.; AVP); Mais Millo (Col.; AVP); Melca (Cat.; KAB); Miglio Saggina (It.; EFS); +Mijo (Sp.; AVP); Mil (Fr.; AVP); Milho (Por.; KAB); Milhozaburro Vermelho (Por.; AVP); Mil- +langue (Lan.; KAB); Millo (Cuba; Pr.; Sp.; AVP); Milo (Sp.; EFS); Milocolo (Por.; AVP); Moham- +madisa (Makran; KAB); Mohrenbartgras (Ger.; EFS); Mohrhirse (Ger.; AVP; EFS); Moorhirse (Ger.; +KAB); Nirgol (Kan.; DEP); Petit Mil (Haiti; AVP); Phag (India; DEP); Pti Mil (Haiti; AVP); Pyoung +(Burma; DEP); Quav Ntsuas (Hmong; EB57:365); Saggina (It.; AVP; EFS); Saina (Sp.; KAB); Salu +(Mar.; DEP); Serçe Darici (Tur.; EFS); Shalu (Dec.; Mar.; DEP; KAB); Shu Shu (China; KAB); Sorga +a Scopa (It.; EFS); Sorghohirse (Ger.; EFS); Sorgo (Cuba; Peru; Por.; Pr.; Rus.; AVP; EFS; EGG; +KAB); Sorgo Azucarado (Sp.; EFS); Sorgo Commun (Guad.; AVP); Sorgo Escobero (Peru; EGG); +Sorgo Forrejero (Ven.; AVP); Sorghum (Eng.; JAD); Sundia (Guj.; DEP; KAB); Talla (Tel.; DEP); +Targhar (Babian Shahrig; KAB); Tella Jonna (Tam.; Tel.; DEP; NAD); Thuthera (Cp.; KAB); Ti Chê +(China; EFS); Ti Liang (China; EFS); Triguillo (Sal.; AVP); Varifemba (Betsileo; KAB); Vermelho +(Por.; AVP); Zhurna (Sanskrit; DEP); Zura (Arab.; KAB); Nscn. +a Ctivities (broom Cor N): +Anthelmintic (f; WBB); Antiabortive (f; AHL; BIB); Antioxidant (1; JAF51:6657); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB; +SKJ); Cyanogenic (1; WOI); Demulcent (f; BIB; EFS; KAB; PH2; SKJ; WOI); Depurative (f; KAB); +Diuretic (f; BIB; EFS; KAB; WOI); Emollient (f; BIB; EFS); Orexigenic (f; KAB); Stomachic (f; LMP). +iNdi Catio Ns (broom Cor N): +Anorexia (f; KAB); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bleeding (f; BIB); Bronchosis (f; JFM); Burn (f; JLH; +TOM); Cancer (f; JLH; KAB); Congestion (f; JFM); Cough (f; JFM); Cystosis (f; FEL; KAB); +8202_C001.indd 442 11/12/07 2:51:09 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Debility (f; BIB); Dermatosis (f; WBB); Diarrhea (f; JFM; WBB); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Dysuria +(f; BIB; KAB); Eczema (f; WBB); Epilepsy (f; BIB); Flu (f; BIB); Goiter (f; JFM); Hemorrhoid (f; +KAB); Malaria (f; WBB); Mastosis (f; WBB); Measles (f; BIB; JFM); Nephrosis (f; BIB; KAB; +TOM); Pulmonosis (f; JFM); Stomachache (f; BIB); Swelling (f; WBB); Tuberculosis (f; BIB; WBB); +Worm (f; WBB). +d osages (broom Cor N): +FNFF = !!! +Seeds an important cereal in many cultures. Palestinean eat the hyssop (or “Jerusalem corn”) a main +and nutritious part of their diet. The grains are gathered and ground for meal used in baking coarse +bread. A single fruiting head can be large enough to feed a family. Some suggest that the “parched +corn” Ruth received from Boaz was sorghum. Pearled grain cooked like rice or ground into ofl ur. +Hondurans pop the seeds like popcorn. Parched seed used as coffee substitute. Stalks used as a-ni +mal feed, and the seed for bird feed. Important for silage or hayS. orghums with large juicy stems +are used in the manufacture of syrup, sugar, or energy alcohol. Hmong report the stems edible, and +source of sugar (BIB; EFS; JFM; EB57:365). Decoct 1 Tbsp powdered toasted seed (JFM). Decoct +2 oz seed/qt water for cystosis (FEL). +• American Blacks take the seed decoction for bladder, kidney, and urinary complaints +(KAB). +• Arubans poultice heated seeds in oil on backs of pulmonary patients who drink a hot tea +of a diaphoretic Pectis (JFM). +• Brazilians drink seed decoction for bronchosis, cough, and other pulmonary complaints +(JFM). +• Curacaons drink the leaf tea for measles (JFM). +• Lebanese use sorghum gruel for debility due to lung maladies like tuberculosis (HJP). +• Lebanese use hot sorghum as a poultice (HJP). +• Venezuelans decoct 1 Tbsp seed, with or without lemon, for diarrhea (JFM). +d ow Nsides (broom Cor N): +No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2) (PH2 designates no sp-e +cicfi quantiefi d dosage!; JAD.) Cyanide poisoning can occur in grazing animals overgrazing the foliage, +especially wilted foliage (WOI). Still, replacing African sorghum with AmericanZ ea has generated +an epidemic in squamous carcinoma of the esophagus.F usarium fungi grow freely on maize, produc- +ing fumonisins, which reduce nitrates to nitrites and synthesize cancer-producing nitrosamines. Nitr-o +samines are carcinogens.F usarium fungi do not thrive on sorghum, sorghum producing two orders +of magnitude less fumonisins than maize. The higher incidence of esophageal cancer in black males +is ascribed to their greater consumption of traditional beer, which is produced by fermenting maize. +Patients with esophageal cancer consume more beer than controls. Countries in Africa, where the staple +is still sorghum, have a low incidence of squamous carcinoma of the esophagus (X15617883). +Natural History (broom Cor N): +Major diseases reported on sorghums include Cercospora sorghi, Colletotrichum graminicola +(anthracnose of leaves and stems), Helminthosporium turcicum (leaf blight), Macrophomina pha- +seoli (charcoal rot), Periconia circinata (milo disease), Phyllachora sorghi, Phyllosticta sorghi, +Puccinis purpurea (rust), Ramulispora sorghi (sooty strip), Sclerospora sorghi (downy mildew), +Sorosporium ehrenbergii, Sphacelia sorghi, Sphacelotheca sorghi (covered smut), Sph. cruenta +(loose smut), and Sph. reiliana (head smut). Plants are also severely attacked by various species of +Striga (S. lutea, S. hermontheca, S. senegalensis, S. densiflora ). Nematodes isolated from sorghum +8202_C001.indd 443 11/12/07 2:51:10 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +include the following species: Helicotylenchus cavenessi, H. dihystera, H. pseudorobustus, Hoplo- +laimus pararobustus, Meloidogyne javanica, Peltamigratus nigeriensis, Pratylenchus brachyurus, +P. zeae, Quinisulcius acutus, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Scutellonema cavenessi, S. clathricauda- +tum, Tylenchorhynchus acutus, and T. parvus (HOE). +extra Cts (broom Cor N): +Molasses, derived from the seeds, was used with sulfur as a spring tonic in rural Alabama (TOM). +(I remember my father and mother talking about it, but do not know that they ever toniefi d me +therewith but we did occasionally use it as syrup on pancakes.) Dicko et al. (2005) screened 50 s-or +ghum varieties. Germination did not affect the content in total phenolic compounds but decreased +the content of proanthocyanidins, 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, and afl van-4-ols. Sorghum grains with +pigmented testa, chestnut color glumes, and reddish plants had higher contents, a larger diversity +of phenolics, and more antioxidant activities. Among varieties used for to, dolo, couscous, and +porridge preparation, the dolo (local beer) varieties had more and more diverse phenolics and the +highest antioxidant activities. 3-Deoxy-anthocyanidins, namely apigenidenins and luteolinidins, are +abundant in sorghum grains but rare or absent in other plants. Leucoapigenidenin (apiforol) and +leucoluteolinidin (luteoforol) may confer resistance to mould (X15796598). +BeNZo IN (styr Ax benzoin DRyANDeR.) ++ sty RACACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Benzoin officinale Hayne; Lithocarpus benzoin Bt. fide HH2 +Notes (beNzoi N): +They sacrifice upon the tops of the mountains, and burn incense upon the hills, under oaks and +poplars and elms, because the shadow thereof is good: therefore your daughters shall commit +whoredom, and your spouses shall commit adultery. +Hosea 4:13 (KJV) +They sacrifice on the tops of the mountains, and make offerings upon the hills, under oak, poplar, +and terebinth, because their shade is good. Therefore your daughters play the harlot, and your +brides commit adultery. +Hosea 4:13 (RSV) +On the tops of the mountain they sacrifice and on the hills they make sacrificial smoke, under +massive tree and storax tree and big tree because its shade is good. That is why your daughters +commit fornication and your own daughters in law commit adultery. +Hosea 4:13 (NWT) +While the PH2 covers three species of the genus Styrax and one of the genus Liquidambar, few +people can identify the resins of these trees, the product of commerce. Recent authorities maintain +that the “incense” used in the service of the Tabernacle was a mixture, in definite proportions of +frankincense, galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua ), onycha (Styrax benzoin), and stacte (Styrax officina - +lis), and the use of any incense not composed of these four ingredients in the proper proportions was +strictly forbidden (BIB). I certainly do not want to rock city hall, especially a biblical city hall. AH2 +likewise covers three species (S. benzoin, S. paralleloneurum, and S. tonkinensis), giving them +all the same standardized common name, that of “benzoin tree.” Zohary discusses only one sp-e +cies, identifying it as S. officinalis . He notes that the Hebrew livneh occurs only twice in the Bible, +8202_C001.indd 444 11/12/07 2:51:10 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe .0 Benzoin (Styrax benzoin). +regarding the Hosea quote as “definitely styrax,” which he identiefi s as Styrax officinalis , which is +reportedly native to Israel. This is a more humid Asian species, reported from India, Cambodia, +Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, and Malaysia (USN). Thus, this species hist-ori +cally would have needed to be imported from outside Israel. +Commo N Names (beNzoi N): +An Hsi Hsiang (China; EFS); Árbol de Benjuí (Sp.; USN); Arbre à Benjoin (Fr.; USN); Asilbent (Tur.; +EFS); Bantung (Sumatra; IHB); Belzuino (It.; EFS); Benjamin Tree (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Benjoim de +8202_C001.indd 445 11/12/07 2:51:32 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Sumatra (Por.; HH2); Benjoin (Fr.; EFS); Benjoin de Sumatra (Fr.; HH2); Benjui (Sp.; EFS); Benjui +de Sumatra (Sp.; HH2); Benzoë Baum (Ger.; EFS); Benzoë Boom (Dutch; EFS); Benzoin Tree (Eng.; +Scn.; AH2); Estoraque (Sp.; EFS); Gum Benjamin Tree (Eng.; EFS); Gum Benzoin (Eng.; HH2); +Kamanan (Malaya; EFS); Kamayan (Malaya; EFS); Kaminan (Malaya; EFS); Kemenjan (Malaya; +EFS); Kemenyan (Indonesia; Java; Sumatra; IHB; USN); Luban (Beng.; Bom.; Hindi; India; EFS; +SKJ); Manan (Malaya; EFS); Melláina (It.; EFS); Minan (Malaya; EFS); Ngan Si Hsiang (China; +EFS); Onycha (Eng.; USN); Pokok Kemenyan (Malaya; IHB); Shambirani (Madras; SKJ); Shan +Fan Ye (Pin.; DAA); Siam Storace Benzoino (It.; EFS); Storaxbaum (Ger.; USN); Styraxtree (Eng.; +USN); Sumatra Benzoin (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2; HH2); Sumatra Benzointree (Eng.; USN); Talanan +(Sumatra; IHB); Snowbell (Eng.; EFS); Wohlriechender Asant-Baum (Ger.; EFS). +a Ctivities (beNzoi N): +Allergenic (1; X6239881); Anesthetic (f1; FNF); Anticancer (f1; FNF); Antiinflammatory (f1; FNF); +Antimutagenic (1; FNF); Antioxidant (1; FNF); Antiseptic (f1; CRC; DEP; EFS; SKJ); Antispasmodic +(f1; FNF); Antiviral (1; FNF); Aphrodisiac (f; DEP; LMP); Bactericide (1; FNF); Carminative (f; BIB; +CRC; WOI); Deodorant (f; CRC); Disinfectant (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Expectorant (f1; CRC; PH2; +SKJ); Fungicide (1; FNF); Immunostimulant (1; FNF); Insecticide (1; CRC); Insectifuge (f1; FNF); +Larvicide (1; IHB); Laxative (f1; FNF); Narcotic (f1; FNF); Nematicide (1; FNF); Sedative (f1; CRC; +FNF; LMP); Stimulant (f; CRC; DEP; EFS; LMP); Vermifuge (f1; FNF); Vulnerary (f; CRC; EFS). +iNdi Catio Ns (beNzoi N): +Arthrosis (f; CRC); Asthma (f; DEP); Bacteria (1; FNF); Bronchosis (f; BIB; CRC); Cancer (f1; +CRC; FNF; JLH); Cardalgia (f; LMP); Catarrh (f; CRC; PH2); Circumcision (f; CRC); Cold sore +(f; CRC; JFM); Colic (f; CRC); Constipation (f1; FNF); Corn (f; JLH); Coryza (f; IHB); Cough +(f1; CRC); Cramp (f1; FNF); Cystosis (f; DEP); Dermatosis (f; IHB; LMP); Diarrhea (f; DAD); +Earache (f1; FNF); Enteralgia (f; LMP); Fever (f; IHB); Fungus (1; FNF); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gout +(1; FNF); Heart (f; LMP); Hemorrhoid (f; LMP); Herpes (f; CRC); Infection (f1; CRC; EFS; SKJ); +Inafl mmation (f1; FNF); Insomnia (f1; FNF); Itch (f; IHB); Labor (f; LMP); Laryngitis (f; BIB; +CRC; IHB); Mastosis (f; CRC; IHB); Mucososis (f; DEP); Mycosis (1; FNF); Nipple (f; IHB); Pain +(f; LMP; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; IHB); Phthisis (f; DEP); Podiatry (f; IHB); Polio (1; FNF); Polyp +(f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; PH2); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; IHB; LMP); Rhinosis (f; JLH); +Ringworm (f; CRC; IHB); Shingle (f; CRC); Sickle Cell Anemia (1; FNF); Spermatorrhea (f; CRC); +Stomachache (f; PH2); Stroke (f; LMP; PH2); Syncope (f; LMP; PH2); Ulcer (1; FNF); Virus (1; +FNF); Worm (f1; FNF); Wound (f1; CRC; EFS); Yeast (1; FNF). +d osages (beNzoi N): +FNFF = ! +In the United States, Sumatra benzoin (S. benzoin and S. paralleoneurus) is more customarily used +in pharmaceutical preparations, Siam benzoin S(. tonkinensis et al.) in the afl vor and fragrance +industries; for example, in alcoholic beverages, baked goods, beverages, candy, desserts, gelatins, +and puddings, the highest average maximum level was circa 0.014% in baked goods and candies. +Benzoin adds the gloss to chocolate eggs, the turbidity to syrups, and some of the afl vor to baked +goods, candies, chewing gums, gelatins, ice creams, puddings, and soft drinks (DAD; FAC). For +topical Friar’s or Turlington’s Balsam (each 100 ml contains an alcohol extract from 10 g benzoin, +8 g storax, 4 g balsam of Tolu, and 2 g aloe); for cold sores, cracked skin, and indolent ulcers +(BIB). +• Malayans have used a reddish root extract to kill butteryfl larvaeP (arasa herbifera) (IHB). +• Malayans use benzoin for cracked feet and circumcisions (IHB). +8202_C001.indd 446 11/12/07 2:51:33 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d ow Nsides (beNzoi N): +Class 1 (AHP). +Natural History (beNzoi N): +Fungi of the genus Pestalotia attack the tree. Termites quickly destroy the timber. Animals eat the +seeds (DAD). +sto RAx (styr Ax officin Alis L.) ++ sty RACACeAe +Notes (storax ): +They sacrifice upon the tops of the mountains, and burn incense upon the hills, under oaks and +poplars and elms, because the shadow thereof is good: therefore your daughters shall commit +whoredom, and your spouses shall commit adultery. +Hosea 4:13 (KJV) +They sacrifice on the tops of the mountains, and make offerings upon the hills, under oak, poplar, +and terebinth, because their shade is good. Therefore your daughters play the harlot, and your +brides commit adultery. +Hosea 4:13 (RSV) +On the tops of the mountain they sacrifice and on the hills they make sacrificial smoke, under +massive tree and storax tree and big tree because its shade is good. That is why your daughters +commit fornication and your own daughters in law commit adultery. +Hosea 4:13 (NWT) +Of the three versions, only the NWT agrees with Zohary — that the poplar of Hosea 4:13 (KJV, +RSV) is styrax, livneh in Hebrew. While the PH2 covers three species of the genus Styrax and one +of the genus Liquidambar, few people can identify the resins of these trees, the product of com- +merce. Recent authorities maintain that the “incense” used in the service of the Tabernacle was a +mixture, in definite proportions of frankincense, galbanum ( Ferula galbaniflua ), onycha (Styrax +benzoin), and stacte S( tyrax officinalis ), and the use of any incense not composed of these four +ingredients in the proper proportions was strictly forbidden (BIB). I certainly do not want to rock +city hall. +EFS aggregates the common names for this andS tyrax benzoin, but I have included them only under +Styrax benzoin. Few, if any, could today identify the plant by its resin, and not too many could positively +identify even with ofl wers and fruits and foliage. Hence, I doubt we will ever be sure just which species +were imported into the Holy Land and mentioned in the Bible, be it as poplar (balm) or storax. I will +resist the temptation to lump the S. benzoin and S. officinalis . The USDA does not. They suggest the +distribution of S. officinalis as Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey in western Asia, Albania, +Greece (including Crete), Italy, and Yugoslavia in Europe. Zohary adds that this species occurs in Israel’s +evergreen forest (maquis). It seems to have fewer reported activities and indications thanS tyrax benzoin. +But it is the more likely candidate to be Hosea’s poplar (KJV, RSV) or styrax (NWT). +Commo N Names (storax ): +Abhar (Arab.; ZOH); Alibouefi r (Fr.; USN); Boe (Bom.; SKJ); Estoraque (Sp.; EFS); Libna (Arab.; +ZOH); Livneh (Heb.; ZOH); Maiaa (Arab.; JLH); Mia (Arab.; JLH); Silajit (Beng.; SKJ); Storax +8202_C001.indd 447 11/12/07 2:51:33 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe .0 Storax (Styrax officinalis ). +(Eng.; JLH; NWT; USN); Storax Tree (Eng.; FAC); Styrax (Eng.; BIB); True Storax (Eng.; DEP); +Usturak (Arab.; Bom.; DEP; SKJ); Nscn. +a Ctivities (storax ): +Antiseptic (f; EFS); Emmenagogue (f; HJP); Expectorant (f; EFS; SKJ); Piscicide (f; ZOH); Stimu- +lant (f; EFS; SKJ); Vulnerary (f; EFS). +8202_C001.indd 448 11/12/07 2:51:53 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +iNdi Catio Ns (storax ): +Cold (f; HJP); Dermatosis (f; HJP); Fever (f; JHP); Hysteria (f; HJP); Infection (f; HJP); Pulmonosis +(f; HJP); Venereal Disease (f; HJP). +d osages (storax ): +FNFF = ! +The balsamic gum or resin is sometimes used as a condiment (FAC). +• Arabs use the resin in sesame oil for tumors (JLH). +• Asians suggest 1/2 to 10 grains internally as a stimulant (DEP). +• Lebanese combine resin with alcohol as antiseptic or disinfectant (HJP). +• Lebanese combine the resin with butter, honey, or olive oil as skin ointment (HJP). +• Lebanese suggest the diluted resin for venereal diseases (HJP) +d ow Nsides (storax ): +As of July 2004, the FDA Poisonous Plant Database listed this species. +seA BLIte ( su Aed A spp.) ++ Che Nopo DIACeAe +Notes (s ea blite ): +There are so few ethnobotanical data on the many species of this genus (ten in Israel alone) that I +have taken the generic approach here. Zohary lists two quotes of place names in 1 Chronicles that +he thinks trace back to the Hebrew shahor, Ashhur (1 Chronicles 4:5) and Sheharaih (1 Chronicles +8:26). Saline deserts are also mentioned three times as mlehah but nowhere is the plant mentioned +by the plant’s name, although it is one of the most frequent components of this characteristic vegeta- +tion type (ZOH). Yemeni extract a black dye from stems of S. monoica mixed with henna (GHA). +The KAB common names apply either to Suaeda fruticosa and/or Suaeda monoica. DEP entries +apply to S. fruticosa, S. maritima, and S. nudiflora . +Commo N Names (s ea blite ): +Almajo (Sp.; KAB); Almajo Dulce (Sp.; KAB); Ashhur (Heb.; ZOH); Baggilana (Pun.; DEP; KAB); +Bui (Delhi; WOI); Chotee Lanu (Hindi; Pun.; NAD; WOI); Choti Lani (Pun.; DEP); Common Indian +Saltwort (Eng.; WOI); Dana (Pun.; DEP; KAB); Geria (Oriya; DEP; WOI); Ghobbejia Tarrmied +(Malta; KAB); Hoettum (Tigre; KAB); Ila Kura (Tel.; DEP; WOI); Inkbos (Afrikan; KAB); Inkbush +(Eng.; S. Afr.; KAB); Kaku (Arab.; GHA); Karuvumari; (Tam.; KAB); Khari Lani (Hindi; Sin.; DEP; +WOI); Kharkhusa (Pun.; DEP; KAB); Khaskhasa (India; Pun.; DEP; KAB); Khreiza (Arab.; GHA); +Kiray (Tam.; DEP); Koyyalakura (Tel.; KAB); Lana (Mar.; Pun.; DEP; WOI); Lana Lani (Guj.; Mar.; +WOI); Lani (Kohlu; Pun.; Sharag; Sibi; DEP; KAB); Lano (Guj.; Mar.; WOI); Leonuk (Pun.; NAD); +Lonia (Delhi; WOI); Lunak (Hindi; Pun.; DEP; KAB; NAD; WOI); Lunki (Raj.; WOI); Molleih +(Arab.; GHA); Moras (Guj.; Mar.; WOI); Morasa (Bom.; Mar.; DEP; KAB; NAD); Nariumari (Tam.; +WOI); Nunkhuri (Delhi; WOI); Phesaklane (Pun.; DEP; KAB); Rava Hada (Tel.; DEP); Rava Kada +(Tel.; WOI); Righat (Jhalawan; Kalat; KAB); Rigilah (Arab.; GHA); Samai (Pun.; DEP); Sea Blite +(Eng.; Malta; FAC; KAB); Shahor (Heb.; ZOH); Sheharaih (Heb.; ZOH); Shorag (Afg.; DEP; KAB); +Shrubby Saltwort (Eng.; S. Afr.; KAB); Shrubby Seablite (Eng.; KAB); Sosa Fina de Andalucia (Sp.; +KAB); Sosa Prima (Sp.; KAB); Spinazmai (Kila Saifulla; KAB); Suaid (Arab.; ZOH); Suejda (Malta; +KAB); Suwaid (Arab.; GHA); Suweda (Arab.; ZOH); Suwwad (Arab.; GHA); Suwweid (Arab.; GHA); +Tarteer (Arab.; GHA); Umari Nandi (S. Arcot; KAB); Uppukeerai (Tam.; WOI); Usak Lani (Pun.; +DEP); Usaklana (Pun.; KAB); Ushaklan (Sin.; NAD); Ushuklani (Guj.; Sin.; DEP; KAB); Vellakeerai +8202_C001.indd 449 11/12/07 2:51:53 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe .0 Sea Blite (Suaeda). Source: KAB. +(Tam.; WOI); Veyi Kada (Tel.; DEP); White Glasswort (Eng.; Malta; KAB); Yella Kiray (Tam.; DEP); +Zamai (Pun.; KAB); Zimeh (Pushtu; DEP; KAB; NAD); Zmai (Kila Saifulla; Sharig; KAB); Nscn. +a Ctivities (s ea blite ): +Emetic (f; KAB; NAD); Laxative (f; KAB); Vulnerary (f; KAB). +iNdi Catio Ns (s ea blite ): +Dyspnea (f; GHA); Constipation (f; KAB); Gingivosis (f; GHA); Headache (f; GHA); Hysteria (f; +GHA); Nausea (f; GHA); Neurosis (f; GHA); Odontosis (f; GHA); Ophthalmia (f; GHA; KAB; +NAD); Sore (f; KAB; NAD); Vertigo (f; GHA); Wound (f; KAB). +8202_C001.indd 450 11/12/07 2:51:55 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d osages (s ea blite ): +FNFF = ! +Speaking of S. maritima, the desalted leaves are used as a cooked vegetable; or the normally salty +leaves are added to salads and soups to salt them. Young shoots also pickled. Green shoots univ-er +sally eaten by Asian Indians, especially during famines. (DEP; FAC). Asian Indians eat the green +leaves of S. nudiflora (= fruticosa), a source of sajji (DEP). +• Arabians snuff the ash for dizziness, headache, hysteria, nausea, neurosis, and poor +vision (GHA). +• Arabians use stem and leaf decoctions S(. aegyptiaca) in gargles for gum and tooth prob- +lems (GHA). +• Arabians use the stems of S. vermiculata to alleviate breathing difcfi ulties (GHA). +• Asian Indians suggest an oily application of the wooly growths of branch tips S(. fruti- +cosa) for the sores of camels (KAB). +• Pakistanis use the ash in making soap (WOI). +• Sindhis apply the leaves as a poultice in ophthalmia, and the leaf infusion as an emetic +(DEP). +d ow Nsides (s ea blite ): +Said to induce a persistent black diarrhea, even death, in grazing sheep (KAB). +Natural History (s ea blite ): +Camels, goats, and sheep graze foliage of various species (DEP; WOI). +sALt C eDAR (tA mArix A phyll A (L.) h . KARst.) ++ t AMARICACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Tamarix articulata Vahl +Notes (salt Cedar ): +Zohary notes that Bedouins planted tamarisk trees (e.g., in the Negev Desert) for their shade and +soft branches. They are indigenous in the Aravah Valley. Although originally the Hebrew eshel +applied to the tamarisk, later in history its meaning was broadened to tree. Because of the super-fi +cial resemblance to cedar, it is sometimes called cedar. The tamarisk was used in cleansing lepers +and their houses. Of the 12 species of tamarisk native to Israel, the Nile tamarisk T(. nilotica) is +possibly most common, growing in every deep wadi, especially near water and marshes (ZOH). +HJP entries apply to Tamarix mannifera. +Commo N Names (salt Cedar ): +Abiekwas-Geelhout (Afrikan; KAB); Aslularmar (Arab.; KAB); Asrelei (Sin.; KAB); Asri (Sin.; +KAB); Athal (Arab.; GHA); Athel Tamarisk (Eng.; FAC; USN); Athel-pine (Eng.; USN); Atl (Arab.; +ZOH); Cedar (Eng.; ZOH); Dawee (Afrikan; KAB); Erashirisaru (Ap.; India; SKJ); Eshel (Heb.; +ZOH); Etel (Arab.; BOU); Ethl (Arab.; ZOH); Ettashirisaru (Tel.; KAB); Ettaverusaru (Tel.; KAB); +Faras (Pun.; KAB); Farash (India; Iran; Pun.; KAB; USN); Farwa (Pun.; KAB); Gagaz (P-ah +rod; KAB); Gaz (Sin.; KAB); Gazesurkh (Iran; KAB); Gazlau (Sin.; KAB); Ghwa (Pun.; Pushtu; +KAB); Ghuz (Pun.; KAB); Ghwaz (Pushtu; KAB); Hatab Ahmar (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Khagal +(Pun.; KAB); Kharbi (Pun.; SKJ); Kharlei (Pun.; KAB); Khora Gaz (Arab.; Helmand; Iran; FAC; +KAB); Kirri (Bal.; Las Bela; KAB); Laljhav (Dec.; Guj.; Hindi; KAB; SKJ); Leaefl ss Tamarisk +(Eng.; ZOH); Narlei (Pun.; KAB); Pharwan (Pun.; KAB); Raktajhav (Beng.; KAB; SKJ); Rukh +8202_C001.indd 451 11/12/07 2:51:56 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe .0 Salt Cedar (Tamarix aphylla). Source: Little & Wadsworth (1974). +(Pun.; KAB); Salt-cedar (Eng.; USN); Shakargaz (Pahrod; KAB); Siahgazz (Kharan; KAB); +Sivappattuushavukku (Tam.; KAB); Sivappukottashavukku (Tam.; KAB); Sivappusirushavukku +(Tam.; KAB); Tabrakat (Ber.; BOU); Takaout (Arab.; BOU); Tamaris (Fr.; USN); Tamarisk (Eng.; +S. Afr.; KAB); Tamariske (Ger.; USN); Tamarix a galle (Fr.; BOU); Taray (Sp.; USN); Tarfa (Arab.; +GHA); Tarfalahmar (Arab.; KAB); Tarfat Elmann (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Terfa (Arab.; Oman; GHA); +Terfel (Arab.; Dho.; Oman; GHA); Ukhan (Pun.; KAB). +8202_C001.indd 452 11/12/07 2:52:01 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +a Ctivities (salt Cedar ): +Acaricide (f; BOU); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB); Astringent (f; BOU; KAB; SKJ); Pediculicide (f; BOU); +Vulnerary (f; GHA). +iNdi Catio Ns (salt Cedar ): +Childbirth (f; GHA); Dermatosis (f; GHA; KAB; WOI); Eczema (f; GHA; KAB; SKJ; WOI); Edema +(f; BOU); Enterosis (f; BOU); Gastrosis (f; BOU); Impotence (f; KAB); Labor (f; GHA); Leprosy (f; +ZOH); Pain (f; BOU); Pediculosis (f; BOU); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Sore (f; GHA); Splenosis (f; BOU; JLH); +Stomachache (f; BOU); Swelling (f; BOU); Tumor (f; JLH); Uterosis (f; BOU); Wound (f; GHA). +d osages (salt Cedar ): +FNFF = ! +A source of a sweet manna, eaten, for example, by the Tuareg with porridge or in beverages (FAC). +Resin from tree also edible; salt excreted from leaves used to salt foods (GHA). Bedouin’s grazing +herds are fed the foliage (ZOH). +• Asian Indians suggest the galls as astringent (KAB). +• Asian Indians combine the powdered bark with oil and kamala as an aphrodisiac (KAB). +• Baluchistani use bark for eczema and other skin disorders (GHA). +• Dhofari take tea of dried leaves to ease prolonged or difcfi ult labor (GHA). +• Lebanese priests believe that manna from Sinai (T. mannifera) was very healthful for +children and gently laxative for adults (HJP). +• North Africans boil bark in vinegar and water as a pediculicide (BOU). +• North Africans take astringent gall infusion for enteritis and gastralgia (BOU). +• North Africans take shoot decoction for splenomegaly, with ginger for uteral problems +(BOU). +• Omani apply dried leaves to sores and wounds (GHA). +• Saudi apply green shoots of some species of Tamarix to head for headache and fever +(GHA). +• Yemeni use tea (of T. nilotica) to treat diarrhea (GHA). +Natural History (salt Cedar ): +This inhabitant of the hot deserts, very wasteful of water, excretes salts from glands in the leaves. +DANDeLIo N (tA r Ax Acum officin Ale G.h . WeBeR ex + WIGGeR F.) +++ Aste RACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Leontodon dens-leonis Lam.; Leontodon glaucescens M. Bieb.; Leontodon officinalis With.; Leont- +odon parvulum Wall.; Leontodon taraxacum L.; Leontodon vulgare Lamn.; Taraxacum dens-leo- +nis Desf.; Taraxacum eriopodum Schrank; Taraxacum vulgare Schrank; Taraxacum wallichii DC. +fide BUR; DEP +Notes (d a Ndelio N): +The fourteenth day of the second month at even they shall keep it, and eat it with unleavened +bread and bitter herbs. +Numbers 9:11 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 453 11/12/07 2:52:02 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +In the second month on the fourteenth day in the evening they shall keep it; they shall eat it with +unleavened bread and bitter herbs. +Numbers 9:11 (RSV) +In the second month on the fourteenth day between the two evenings, they should prepare it. +Together with unfermented cakes and bitter greens they should eat it. +Numbers 9:11 (NWT) +Probably the children of Israel learned to eat bitter herbs from the Egyptians. Ancient Egyptians used +to place the green herbs on the table, mixed with mustard, and then dunked their bread in the mixture. +The Moldenke’s believed that Cichorium endivia, Cichorium intybus, Lactuca sativa, Nasturtium +officinale , Rumex acetosella, and Taraxacum officinale were among the green herbs of the Bible. By +contrast, local Israeli botanist Michael Zohary lists none of these in hiPsla nts of the Bible (ZOH), and +only the watercress is listed as occurring in theF lora of Palestine. Zohary gfi ures instead a diminutive +chicory and the poppy-leaved Reichardia (which looks like dandelion) as more promising candidates. +Regarding bitter herbs, Zohary says, “Many plants, especially those belonging to the Mustard and +Daisy families, are frequently collected and used as potherbs and salad plants” (ZOH). +Commo N Names (d a Ndelio N): +Achicoria (Sp.; JFM); Achicoria Amarga (Sp.; USN); Ackerzichorie (Ger.; KAB); Alface de Bao +(Por.; AVP); Alface de Cao (Por.; JFM); Almiron (Sp.; KAB); Amargón (Sp.; KAB; USN); Apos- +temkraut (Ger.; KAB); Arnica (Ma.; JFM); Asnan el Saba’a (Arab.; AVP); Aspan Asad (Arab.; +Syria; HJP); Augenmilch (Ger.; KAB); Baerenzahn (Ger.; KAB); Baram (Pun.; WOI); Baran; +Hindi (Punj.; KAB); Barau (Hindi; WOI); Bathur (Bom.; Sin.; DEP; KAB; NAD); Bettpisser (Ger.; +KAB); Bettzeiger (Ger.; KAB); Bissanliwurzel (Ger.; KAB); Bitterwort (Eng.; KAB); Blowball +(Eng.; BUR); Blower (Eng.; KAB); Blowhard (Eng.; KAB); Brodawnik (Pol.; AVP); Buthur (Sin.; +KAB; NAD); Butterblume (Ger.; HH2; KAB); Cais Tsearbhan (Irish.; KAB); Canker (Eng.; KAB); +Cankerwort (Eng.; BUR; KAB); Capo de Frate (It.; HH2); Chicoree (Fr.; AVP); Chicoree Sauvage +(Reunion; KAB); Chinita del Campo (Ma.; JFM); Chopine (Fr.; AVP; KAB); Cicueira Salvagga +(Malta; KAB); Clock (Eng.; KAB); Cochet (Fr.; AVP); Common Dandelion (Eng.; USN); Con- +sueldo (Ma.; JFM); Couronne de Moine (Fr.; KAB); Crow Parsnip (Eng.; KAB); Dandelion (Eng.; +USN); Dashel Flower (Eng.; KAB); Dent de Lion (Fr.; USN); Dente-de-leão (Port, KAB; USN); +Dente di Leone (It.; Fr.; Malta; AVP; HH2; KAB); Dentelion (Eng.; KAB); Dents de lleo (Cat.; +KAB); Diente de León (Sp.; USN); Diente de Perro (Sp.; JFM); Dindle (Eng.; KAB); Dini Mhendo +(Tamang; NPM); Doon Head Clock (Eng.; BUR; KAB); Dudal (Hindi; Pun.; KAB; NAD); Dudh- +Batthal (Pun.; KAB; WOI); Dudhe Jhar (Nepal; NPM); Dudli (Hindi; Pun.; KAB; NAD; WOI); +Dugdha Feni (Sanskrit;?); Dulal (Hindi; WOI); Eierblume (Ger.; KAB); Feldreis (Ger.; KAB); Flo- +rin d’or (Fr.; AVP); Florion d’Or (Fr.; HH2; KAB); Fortune Teller (Eng.; BUR; KAB); Gaddeliese +(Ger.; KAB); Gemeiner Löwenzahn (Ger.; HH2); Gowan (Eng.; KAB); Groin de Porc (Fr.; AVP); +Gulsagh (Kironi; KAB); Gyermeklancfu (Hun.; KAB); Habichtskraut (Ger.; KAB); Hand (Kas.; +WOI); Handh (Kas.; MKK); Henbe (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Hendbe ‘Elt (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Hindiba’ +Barri (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Horse Gowan (Eng.; BUR); Hundslattich (Ger.; KAB); Hundzahn (Ger.; +KAB); Hyo Maran (Tamang; NPM); Irish Daisy (Eng.; BUR; HH2; KAB); Jamajunsha (Kas.; Lad.; +MKK); Jungeblume (Ger.; KAB); Kaadu Seventhi (Kan.; WOI); Kamphul (Hindi; WOI); Kanphul +(Pun.; KAB; WOI); Kara Hindiba (Tur.; AVP; EFS); Karnaphuli (Nepal; NPM); Kettenblume (Ger.; +HH2); Khur Mangmang (Tibet; NPM); Khur Mong (Tibet; TIB); Khursa (Kas.; Lad.; MKK); Khuss +Barri (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Kojate (Tibet; NPM); Kuhblume (Ger.; HH2; KAB); Kulattich (Ger.; +KAB); Lagaina (Lanuedoc; KAB); Laiteron (Fr.; HH2); Laterneblume (Ger.; KAB); Latui de Chien +(Fr.; KAB); Lechuga del Monte (Sp.; JFM); Lechuga Silvestre (Sp.; JFM); Lechuguilla (Sp.; JFM); +8202_C001.indd 454 11/12/07 2:52:03 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale ). +8202_C001.indd 455 11/12/07 2:52:25 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Leituga (Mad.; JAD); Lejoustand (Serbia; AVP); Liondent (Fr.; KAB); Lion’s-tooth (Eng.; USN); +Llitso d’asa (Cat.; KAB); Lovetan (Den.; KAB); Lowenzahn (Ger.; KAB; MAD); Luchten (Ger.; +KAB); Luweland (Den.; AVP); Maelkebotte (Den.; KAB); Maistoechel (Ger.; KAB); Mas’acak (S-er +bia; AVP); Maskros (Swe.; KAB); Maskrosoor (Serbia; AVP); Milchadistel (Ger.; KAB); Milchr-o +edel (Ger.; KAB); Milchstoeckel (Ger.; KAB); Milk Gowan (Eng.; KAB); Mirame y No Me Toques +(Sp.; JFM); Mistfinke (Ger.; KAB); Moenchsblume (Ger.; KAB); Moenchskopf (Ger.; KAB); Moisia +(Dutch; EFS); Monkshead (Eng.; HH2); Monkshood (Eng.; KAB); Nedhap (Tamang; NPM); Neta +Dha (Gurung; NPM); Oduvanchik (Rus.; KAB); Oduwantschiki (Rus.; HH2); One o’Clocks (Eng.; +KAB); Paardenbloem (Dutch; EFS; HH2; KAB); Papadie (Rom.; KAB); Papankraut (Ger.; KAB); +Papasita gainelor (Rom.; KAB); Papava Gumentse (Rus.; KAB); Pappenkruid (Fr.; AVP); Pathardi +(Guj.; WOI); Pathri (Dec.; DEP; NAD; WOI); Peasant’s Clock (Eng.; KAB); Pfaffendistel (Ger.; +HH2; KAB); Pfaffen-Öhrlein (Ger.; AVP; HH2; KAB); Pfaffenschnell (Ger.; KAB); Pfaffenstiel +(Ger.; KAB); Pfeffer-Oeslein (Ger.; KAB); Pferdeblume (Ger.; HH2; KAB); Phuli Jhar (Nepal; +NPM); Pisciacane (Malta; KAB); Piscialleto (It.; KAB); Piss-abed (Eng.; AVP; KAB); Pissenlit +(Fr.; Haiti; Reunion; AVP; HH2; KAB); Pissenlit Vulgaire (Fr.; USN); Pissolet (Lanuedoc; KAB); +Pitachumpki (Beng.; WOI); Pixallits (Cat.; KAB); Priests’ Crown (Eng.; BUR; KAB); Puffball +(Eng.; BUR); Pu Gong Yeng (Pin.; DAA); P’u Kung Ying (Chinese; EFS; KAB); Pusteblume (Ger.; +HH2); Radam (Pun.; DEP; KAB; WOI); Radicchiella (It. KAB); Rasuk (Lad.; DEP; KAB); Rasuke +(Lad.; WOI); Ringelblume (Ger.; HH2); Salada de Toupeira (Fr.; AVP); Salade de Taupe (Fr.; AVP; +KAB); Saumelke (Ger.; KAB); Saustok (Ger.; KAB); Scherkraut (Ger.; KAB); Schweineroesl (Ger.; +KAB); Schwiblume (Ger.; KAB); Shag (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Shamukei (Hindi; Pun.; KAB; NAD; +WOI); Smirnio (It.; KAB); Sofofi ne (It.; EFS; HH2; KAB); Sommerdorn (Ger.; KAB); Sonnenwir - +bel (Ger.; KAB); Stink Davie (Eng.; KAB); Swine Snout (Eng.; BUR; KAB); Swini Miecz (Pol.; +AVP); Tarakhshagun (Arab.; KAB); Tarassacio (Malta; KAB); Taraxaco (It.; Por.; AVP; HH2; +KAB); Taraxacon (Sp.; AVP); Tarazacon (Sp.; KAB); Tarkhas Kun (Iran; KAB); Tete de Moine +(Fr.; KAB); Teufelsrippen (Ger.; KAB); Tiefstand (Ger.; KAB); Time Table (Eng.; KAB); Tuki +Phul (Nepal; NPM; SUW); Undarkarni (Mar.; WOI); Undrachekan (Kon.; NAD); Weglattich (Ger.; +KAB); Wiesenlattich (Ger.; HH2; KAB); Witch Gowan (Eng.; HH2); Wolowe Oczy (Pol.; AVP); +Xawiizi (Hocak; WIN); Xicoina de Burro (Cat.; KAB); Yamaghikha (Lad.; KAB; WOI); Yellow +Gowan (Eng.; BUR); Zunehmkraut (Ger.; KAB). +a Ctivities (d a Ndelio N): +Allergenic (1; CAN); Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor (1; X15704495); Alterative (f; CRC); Antidote +(f; AKT; TIB); Antiedemic (f1; CAN); Antiinafl mmatory (1; CAN; SHT); Antioxidant (1; CRC; +X15543940); Antirheumatic (1; CAN); Antiseptic (1; CRC; FAD); Antispasmodic (SHT); Antitumor +(1; CAN); Aperient (f; NPM; SUW); Aperitif (2; KOM; PIP); Apoptotic (1; X14687655); Aquaretic +(SHT); Astringent (f; PED); Bactericide (1; CRC; WOI); Bidfi ogenic (1; AKT; X15567259); Bitter +(1; APA; PED; SHT; SUW); Candidicide (1; CRC; FAD); Carminative (2; APA; KOM); Cholagogue +(f12; BIB; KOM; PH2; SHT; WAM); Cholekinetic (SHT); Choleretic (f12; APA; KOM; SHT; VAD); +COX-2 Inhibitor (1; X15543940); Cytotoxic (1; X14687655); Demulcent (f; FAD); Deobstruent (f; +BUR); Depurative (f; CRC; JFM; VAD); Detoxicant (f; AKT); Diaphoretic (f; KAP); Digestive (f; +APA; SKY); Diuretic (f12; AKT; APA; HH3; KOM; NPM; SUW; VAD; WAM); Hepatotonic (f1; +CAN; NAD; PED); Hypoglycemic (1; CAN; CRC; JAC7:405; X15704495); IL-1alpha Inducer (1; +X14687655); Immunostimulant (1; JAC7:405); iNOS Inhibitor (1; X15543940); Insulinogenic (1; +X14750205); Intoxicant (f; BIB); Lactagogue (f; CRC; LMP; NMH; PED; PH2); Laxative (f1; APA; +BIB; CAN; SUW; VAD; WAM); Litholytic; (f1; PED); Natriuretic (1; JAD); Orexigenic (f12; AKT; +BGB; JFM; KOM; VAD); Pancreaprotective (1; X15641154); Phototoxic (1; CRC); Prebiotic (1; +AKT; FNF); Saluretic (12; BGB; HH3; PH2); Secretogogue (f1; PH2; X14750205); Sialogogue (1; +APA); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f1; APA; BIB; CRC; PED); Sudoric fi (f; CRC); TNF-alpha +Inducer (1; X14687655); Tonic (f; BGB; CRC; NPM; SUW). +8202_C001.indd 456 11/12/07 2:52:26 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +iNdi Catio Ns (d a Ndelio N): +Abscess (f; CRC; MAD); Acne (f; VAD); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Ague (f; BIB); Alactea (f; LMP; PH2); +Alcoholism (f; SKY); Alzheimer’s (1; FNF); Anemia (f1; AAH; DEM; JFM; WAM); Anorexia (12; +APA; KOM; PH2; PIP; VAD); Arthrosis (f; BIB); Backache (f; DEM); Bacteria (1; WOI); Biliary +Dyskinesia (2; PIP); Biliousness (f; BIB); Bladderstones (2; KOM); Boil (f; CRC; LMP); Bronchosis +(f12; APA; BIB; LAF); Bruise (f; BIB; CRC); Cachexia (f; NAD); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, bla-d +der (f; JLH); Cancer, bowel (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, +spleen (f; JLH); Caries (f; CRC; LMP); Cardiopathy (f; APA; BIB); Catarrh (f; BIB; CRC); Cellulite +(1; FT71:S73); Chill (f; HJP); Cholecystosis (2; BGB; CRC; HH3; KOM; PH2); Cirrhosis (SKYf;); +Cold (1; APA); Colic (1; PH2); Congestion (1; PH2); Conjunctivosis (f; AAH; AKT); Constipation +(f1; FAD; SKY; FT71:S73); Consumption (f; BIB); Cough (f; MAD); Cramp (f; DEM); Cystosis (1; +WAM); Dermatosis (f; APA; BGB; KAP; KOM; PH2); Diabetes (f1; BIB; CRC; JFM; KOM; MAD; +PH2; X15704495; X14750205); Dropsy (f1; BGB; BIB; DEM; KAP; MAD); Dysentery (f; AKT); +Dyskinesia (f1; VAD); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (f12; APA; KAP; KOM; PH2; PIP; +VAD); Dyspnea (f; HJP); Eczema (f; CRC; HH2; KOM; PH2; VAD); Fever (f1; AKT; BIB; MAD); +Flatulence (f12; BIB; KOM); Flu (f; AKT); Fracture (f; MKK); Furuncle (f; VAD); Gallstone (f; AKT; +APA; CAN; MKK; PH2); Gas (2; APA; PH2); Gastrosis (f; BGB; APA; CRC; NPM); Gonorrhea +(f; BIB); Gout (f; CRC; KOM; PH2); Gravel (f1; BGB; BIB HH2); Headache (f; HJP; MKK); Heart +(f; CRC); Heartburn (f; BGB; CRC; SKY); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; KOM; MKK; PH2); Hepatosis +(f12; JFM; KAP; HH3; KOM; PH2; SUW; WAM); Herpes (f; VAD); High Blood Pressure (1; CRC; +VAD); Hypochondria (f; MAD); Impetigo (f; BUR); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f; AKT; APA); +Inafl mmation (f1; BIB; PH2); Insomnia (f; BIB); Itch (f; BUR; CRC; LMP); Jaundice (f1; CAN; +CRC; HJP; MAD; PH2); Kidneystone (2; KOM; PH2; X7860196); Liver Spots (f; DEM); Malaria (f; +BIB); Mastosis (f; APA; PH2); Mucososis (f; MAD); Nephrosis (f1; BGB; BIB; DEM; KAB; PH2; +SUW); Neurosis (f; DEM; HJP)); Obesity (f; APA; FAD); Oliguria (1; CAN; VAD); Osteoporosis +(1; FNF); Pain (1; BGB; CEC; DEM; MAD); Pancreatitis (1; X15641154); Phthisis (f; JEB79:57); +PMS (f; APA); Pneumonia (2; AYL; LAF); Psoriasis (f; VAD); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Pyelosis (f1; +VAD); Respirosis (2; APA; LAF); Rheumatism (f; APA; BGB; PHR); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sclerosis (f; +JLH); Scrofula (f; CRC; LMP); Scurvy (f1; BIB); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sores (1; APA; CRC); Sple- +nosis (f; AKT; BGB; BUR); Stitch (f; MAD); Stomachache (f; AAH; DEM); Stone (f12; BIB; PHR; +PH2; SHT; VAD); Swelling (f; DEM); Thrush (f; AAH); Toothache (f; AAH; DEM); Tuberculosis +(f1; BIB; MAD; PH2; WOI); Tumor (f; JLH); Ulcer (f; CRC); Urethritis (f1; VAD); Urolithiasis (f1; +VAD); UTI (f12 KOM; PH2; SHT; VAD); Uterosis (f; BUR); Venereal Disease (f; BIB); Vertigo (f; +MKK); Vomiting (f; AKT); Wart (f; CRC); Wound (f; BIB); Yeast (f1; AAH; CRC). +d osages (d a Ndelio N): +FNFF = !! +Food farmacy; tender leaves valued as potherb; Winnebago make wine from the ofl wers when some- +one marries. Dandelion is sometimes eaten raw in salads, but often blanched like endive and used as +a green; frequently cooked with salt pork or bacon to enhance the afl vor. Roots are sometimes pick- +led. Ground roasted roots used for dandelion coffee, and sometimes mixed with real coffee. Dried +leaves are an ingredient in many digestive or diet drinks and herb beers (BIB; NPM; WIN). 0.5 oz +dry leaf/cup water (APA); 1–3 tsp powdered root/cup water (APA); 3–5 g dry root 3× /day (APA); +1–2 tsp tincture to 3 ×/day (APA); 1 Tbsp dandelion juice morning and evening (APA); 4–10 g dry +leaf, as tea, 3× /day (CAN); 4–10 ml liquid leaf extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3× /day (CAN); 2–8 g +dry root, as tea, 3× /day (CAN); 5–10 ml root tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol) 3× /day (CAN); 4–10 ml +dandelion juice (CAN; PNC; SKY); 0.5–1 g powdered root (KAP); 28–56 ml root decoction (KAP); +three 510-mg capsules 3 ×/day (NH); 2 tsp root juice 3 ×/day for stomach (NPM); 1/4–1/2 cup fresh +root (PED); 6–12 g dry root (PED); 9 g dry root:45 ml alcohol/45 ml water (PED); 1–2 tsp (for tea) +8202_C001.indd 457 11/12/07 2:52:27 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +to 3–4 tsp (for decoction) cut herb/150 ml water (PH2.). 4–10 g dry leaf 3 ×/day; 1–2 tsp root/cup/ +morning and evening; 3–4 g powdered root (PIP); 10–15 drops root tincture (PIP); 2–8 ml liquid +extract (PNC); 3–4 g/day (SHT); 2–5 ml leaf tincture3×/day (SKY). +• Asian Indians suggest 10 to 15 grains root as hepatic stimulant (NAD). +• Asian Indians, suggestive of Carter’s Little Liver Pills, recommend 1 to 2 oz root (ufl id +extract or decoction) with podophyllin (a bit dangerous in my opinion) for dyspepsia, +hepatitis, and jaundice (NAD). +• British regard this universally as a diuretic, but also use for colds, coughs, respirosis, and +warts (AAH). +• Irish have even more uses for dandelion than British, adding boils, consumption, cuts, +dermatosis, diabetes, fractures, hepatosis, nervousness, sore eyes, sprains, swellings, and +thrush (AAH). +• Irish, because of its many “lion’s teeth,” believe it good for toothache (AAH). +• Italians apply dandelions to warts (X15664457). +• Lebanese extract the root in wine as a laxative or purgative, depending on the strength. +Noting that “medical usage of dandelion came to western civilization through the Arabs,” +Philips says that gypsies use the root infusion as a depurative, and laxative, for the liver, +rheumatism and sciatica, the raw leaf for a spring tonic, and the leaf tea for heavy breat- h +ing and kidney ailments (HJP). +• Limerick citizenry believe that eating a leaf with red midvein is tonic for a woman, white +vein tonic for a man (AAH). +• Nepali suggest 2 tsp root juice 3 × /day for gastrosis (NPM). +d ow Nsides (d a Ndelio N): +Class 2d (AHP, 1997). No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages +(PH2). Commission E reports contraindications: biliary obstruction, empyema of gallbladder, ileus; +adverse effects include gastric complaints and ulcers (AEH; CAN; SKY). Other contraindications +reported include biliary inafl mmation (AEH). Newall, Anderson, and Phillipson (1996) caution that +the sesquiterpene lactones are allergenic and may cause dermatosis. May interefere with diuretic and +hypoglycemic therapies (CAN). “ [H]erbs with diuretic properties, such as juniper and dandelion, +can cause elevations in blood levels of lithium” (D’epiro, 1997). Not for use with acute gallbladder +problems (WAM). Use in cholelithiasis only under a doctor’s supervision (PIP). Surprisingly, Jacobs +and Burlage suggest that the root causes “mental excitement, vertigo, headache, nausea, colic, -fre +quent urination, and gastric irritation” (BUR). Blumenthal et al. (1998) caution that, “As with all +drugs containing bitter substances, discomfort due to gastric hyperacidity may occur” (KOM). Do +I need to write out this caveat for all the salubrious bitter herbs of the Bible? Warning: may cause +hyperacidity and gastric distress! +Natural History (d a Ndelio N): +Birds like the seeds and pigs devour the whole plant. Goats eat the leaves, but sheep, cattle, and +horses do not care for it. Omur and Handa (2005) demonstrated a priority of color over scent during +ofl wer visitation by adult Vanessa indica butterflies. Most ofl wer visitors innately prefer a particu - +lar color and scent, and use them as cues for ofl wer recognition and selection. Of colors, V. indica +showed a color preference for yellow and blue. Aromatically, they seemed to prefer benzaldehyde, +acetophenone, and (E+Z)-nerolidol. But butterflies preferred odorless yellow models to scented +purple models. V. indica depends primarily on color and secondarily on scent during ofl wer visita- +tion (X15688217). +8202_C001.indd 458 11/12/07 2:52:27 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +extra Cts (d a Ndelio N): +LD50 herb = 28,800 ipr mus (CAN); LD50 root = 36,800 ipr mus (CAN). The leaves have a higher +Vitamin A content (14,000 IU/100g) than carrots (11,000 IU/100g). Coumestrol is estrogenic. Flavo- +noids antiinafl mmatory; increase urine ofl w. Inulin and mucilage sooth digestive tract, absorb tox - +ins, and regulate intestinal ofl ra through prebiosis (help friendly ofl ra thrive and inhibit unfriendly +bacteria) and relieve muscle spasm. (PED). PH2 says the amaroids (bitter compounds) in dandelion +are cholagogue (I agree) and secretolytic (I disagree; I think they are secretogogue rather than sec- re +tolytic; PH2 also says the drug is “secretion-stimulating”). Tillotson (AKT) notes that clinically the +leaf is a more effective diuretic than the root and a safer alternative to Lasix. Onal et al. (2005) +found anti-glucosidase activity, suggesting antidiabetic potential, in three biblical herbs: dandelion, +myrtle, and stinging nettle. Agents that inhibit alpha-glucosidase can be useful oral hypoglycemics +(X15704495). Proestos et al. (2005) checked the species for afl vonoids and phenolics and their ant-i +oxidant and antimicrobial activity, finding circa 30 ppm caffeic acid, 20 ppm ferulic acid, eriod-ic +tyol, and 4 ppm (-)-epicatechin in dandelion (X15713039). Seo et al. (2005b) showed that dandelion +protects against cholecystokinin-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. At 10 mg/kg orally, dandelion +signicafi ntly decreased the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio in CCK octapeptide-induced acute +pancreatitis, and IL-6 and TNF-alpha decreased, suggesting a protective effect against induced -pan +creatitis (X15641154). Czech scientists showed that dandelion root tea stimulateid n vitro growth of +14 strains of bidfi obacteria, the oligofructans providing an important source of carbon and energy +(X15567259). Hu and Kitts (2004) found that luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside from dandelion +ofl wer suppress iNOS and COX-2 at concentrations lower than 20 µM. The ethyl acetate fraction of +dandelion ofl wer extract contains 10% luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside (X15543940). Hussain +et al. (2004) demonstrated that dandelion increased insulin secretion, but at rather high dosage (40 +µg/ml) (X14750205). +sANDARAC (t etr Aclinis A rticul At A (vA h L) MAst .) + CUpRess ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Callitris articulata (Vahl) Murb.; Callitris quadrivalvis Vent.; Cupressus articulata (Vahl) J. +Forbes; Thuja articulata Vahl fide CJE; USN +Notes (sa Ndara C): +The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, and of pearls, and fine linen, and pur - +ple, and silk, and scarlet, and all thyine wood, and all manner vessels of ivory, and all manner +vessels of most precious wood, and of brass, and iron, and marble. +Revelation 18:12 (KJV) +[C]argo of gold, silver, jewels and pearls, fine linen, purple, silk and scarlet, all kinds of scented +wood, all articles of ivory, all articles of costly wood, bronze, iron and marble. +Revelation 18:12 (RSV) +A full stock of gold, and silver and precious stone and pearls and fine linen and purple and silk +and scarlet, and everything in scented wood, and every sort of ivory object, and every sort of +object out of most precious wood and of copper and of iron and of marble. +Revelation 18:12 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 459 11/12/07 2:52:28 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Only in the KJV and only once do I find thyine. I wonder if Zohary should have been working with +the KJV instead of the RSV, if he, too, would have considered including this species in his book . +Although it is not listed as native to Israel, it is said to be indigenous to northern Africa (Algeria, +Morocco, Tunisia), Sicily; Malta, and Spain. The passage above is talking about imports, so it is not +necessary that it be indigenous to Israel or Egypt. The next stanza lists cinnamon, frankincense, +myrrh, even salves, among the cargo as well. Certainly, like other members of this family, it has +scented wood, as do so many other arid land species. I do not know why the KJV translated this as +“thyine” instead of “scented wood.” +Commo N Names (sa Ndara C): +Afrikanischer Sandarac (Ger.; HH3); Alerce (Eng.; CJE); Amelzi (Ber.; BOU); Amkouk (Ber.; +BOU); Ar’ar (Arab.; BOU); Ar’ar Berboush (Arab.; BOU); Ar’ar el Eibel (Arab.; BOU); Arartree +(Eng.; CJE; USN); Cyprès de l’Atlas (Fr.; USN); Gharghar (Arab.; CJE); Gliederzypresse (Ger.; +HH3); Gum Juniper (Eng.; HH3); Irhkri (Ber.; BOU); Irz (Ber.; BOU); Juniper Gum Tree (Eng.; +BOU); Marokkanischer Sandarac (Ger.; HH3); Mediterranean Sanda-rCacypress (Eng.; USN); +Moigador Sandarak (Ger.; HH3); Sandarac (Eng.; BIB; HH3; USB); Sandarac Gum Tree (Eng.; +CJE); Sandaraco (Sp.; HH3); Sandarakbaum (Ger.; HH3; USN); Sandarakharz (Ger.; HH3); S-an +daraque (Fr.; HH3); Sandarus (Arab.; BOU); Shagaret el Hayat (Arab.; BOU); Tarout (Ber.; BOU); +Tazout (Ber.; BOU); Thuia a la Sandaraque (Fr.; BOU); Thuia Articulé (Fr.; BOU); Thuja de Ba-rba +rie (Fr.; USN); Thyine (Eng.; BIB); Tifizza (Ber.; BOU); Tiranrat (Ber.; BOU); Tirarar (Ber.; BOU); +Tuya Articulada (Sp.; USN); Vernix (Fr.; BOU); Nscn. +a Ctivities (sa Ndara C): +Abortifacient (f; BIB); Apoptotic (1; X10697574); Bactericide (f1; HH3; PH2); Cytotoxic (1; +X10697574). +iNdi Catio Ns (sa Ndara C): +Bacteria (f1; HH3; PH2); Cancer (f1; JLH); Cancer, breast (f1; JLH; X10697574); Cancer, ovary (f1; +JLH; X10697574); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Dermatosis (f; BIB; BOU); Diabetes (f; X9324004); Diarrhea +(f; HH3; PH2); Edema (f; PH2); Fever (f; HH3; PH2); Gout (f; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; DAW); Infection +(f1; HH3; PH2); Mastosis (1; X10697574); Melanoma (1; X10697574); Migraine (f; BIB); Neck (f; BIB; +BOU); Pain (f; BIB; BOU); Rheumatism (f; DAW; PH2); Sunburn (f; BIB; BOU); Swelling (f; PH2). +d osages (sa Ndara C): +FNFF = X +• Egyptians suggest the plant for diarrhea, gout, and rheumatism (DAW). +• North Africans suggest a leaf cataplasm for insolation, migraine, and headache (BOU). +• North Africans use tar from old trees for skin ailments (BOU). +d ow Nsides (sa Ndara C): +No health hazards with proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages (PH2) (but PH2 +designates no dosage!; JAD). +extra Cts (sa Ndara C): +The essential oil induced apoptosis in human melanoma, breast, and ovarian cancer cell lines. +Melanoma, breast, and ovarian cancer cells gave IC50 values of circa 80 µg/ml. The authors discuss +the advantage of a mixture of monoterpenes over a single component (X10697574). +8202_C001.indd 460 11/12/07 2:52:29 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +BeAN CApeR (t etr Aen A dumos A (Bo Iss .) + BeIeR & t h ULIN) + ZyGophy LLACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss. +Notes (bea N Caper ): +And they removed from Marah, and came unto Elim: and in Elim were twelve fountains of water, +and threescore and ten palm trees; and they pitched there. +Numbers 33:9 (KJV) +And they set out from Marah, and came to Elim; at Elim there were twelve springs of water and +seventy palm trees, and they encamped there. +Numbers 33:9 (RSV) +Then they pulled away from Marah, and came to Elim. Now in Elim there were twelve springs of +water and seventy palm trees. So they camped there. +Numbers 33:9 (NWT) +Noting that this evergreen xerophytic shrub ofl urishes over miles of the Israeli and Sinai deserts, +Zohary notes that the inhabitants must have known it well, but equates it to the place name Elim, +which shows up about a dozen times in the KJV, six times in Ruth, three times in Exodus, three +in Numbers, and once in Isaiah. Persevering through rainless years on the desert, it can have more +than 300 annual rings, scoring those years in which rains fell. They could be much older, as in the +rainless years there are no growth rings. I suppose Zohary selected this of the vfi e (Zygophyllum) +species reported in the Flora of Palestine as it is the only conspicuously shrubby species. The other +perennials are uncommon at best. +• Perennials or dwarf perennial shrubs: leaves two-foliolate: +• —Very common dwarf shrub; fruits with five broad wings — Z. dumosum +• Perennials but not conspicuously shrubby; fruit wingless but sometimes five-lobed: +• — Leaves flat; fruit 2–3 cm long — Z. fabago +• — Leaves succulent, fruits much shorter: +- • Adults glabrous; pedicels longer than flowers — Z. coccineum +- • Adults hairy; pedicels shorter than flowers — Z. album +• Prostate annuals; leaves simple — Z. simplex +The USDA recognizes Tetraena as the correct designation for this Holy Land species, but most of +my ofl ras still call the other Zygophyllum. One website suggests that this species might be found +on the Shroud of Turin (http://www.kensmen.com/catholic/marygardens.html). Another notes that: +The Shroud of Turin, to the naked eye, is a negative image of a man with folded hands (linen 14 feet, +3 inches long and 3 feet, 7 inches wide). The shroud bears the image of a man with wounds similar +to those of Jesus. Wrapped in red silk, the shroud is kept in a silver chest in the Chapel of the Holy +Shroud in the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Turin, Italy since 1578. It is unquestionably old. +It surfaced in 1357 in Lirey, France. Some carbon dating (1988) suggests that the shroud dates back +only to 1260–1390. But the debate goes on. Either Carbon-14 dating is inaccurate or the shroud is a +fake (says the website). Here we also read, regarding establishing the shroud’s provenance, that the +bean caper is most signicafi nt. Max Frei identiefi d pollen grains of this species on adhesive tapes +he studied. The northernmost limits of this species coincide with the line between Jericho and the +8202_C001.indd 461 11/12/07 2:52:30 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +sea-level marker on the road from Jerusalem to Jericho. Because Zygophyllum dumosum grows only +in Israel, Jordan, and Sinai, its appearance helps to definitively limit the shroud’s place of origin +(source: http://www.tombofjesus.com/forums/lovfi ersion/index.php?t26.html). +Commo N Names (bea N Caper ): +Bean Caper (Eng.; ZOH); Elim (Heb.; ZOH); Illam Arabic (Eng.; ZOH); Qillab (Arab.; GEP); Nscn. +a Ctivities (g eNeri C t etrae Na): +Anthelmintic (f; KAB); Antiseptic (f; BOU); Antispasmodic (f; DAW); Depurative (f; DAW); Hemo- +stat (f; BOU); Hypotensive (f; BOU); Poison (f; DAW); Vermifuge (f; DAW). +iNdi Catio Ns (g eNeri C t etrae Na): +Abscess (f; BOU); Asthma (f; BOU); Bleeding (f; BOU); Boil (f; BOU); Cramp (f; DAW); Dermato- +sis (f; BOU); Diabetes (f; BOU); Eczema (f; BOU); Gout (f; BOU); High Blood Pressure (f; BOU); +Infection (f; BOU); Leucoma (f; KAB; WOI); Ophthalmia (f; WOI); Rheumatism (f; BOU); Stiff- +ness (f; UPW); Worm (f; BOU; WOI). +d osages (g eNeri C t etrae Na): +FNFF = ! +Facciola says fruits of Z. fabago, also called bean caper, are pickled and used as a substitute for +capers (FAC). Tanaka says of Z. album: dried tips of ofl wer clusters have the pleasant smell of tea; +of Z. coccineum, Arabs use the seeds like black pepper; of Z. fabago, ofl wers buds used as spice; of +Z. simplex, seeds used as food. +• Arabs, calling it balbal, bawwal, kammun karmani, and rotrayth; usZe . coccineum for +asthma, diabetes, gout, high blood pressure, rheumatism, and worms (BOU). +• Berbers calling it aggaya, Arabs berraya; use leaf tea as antiseptic, applying dry leaf +powder as a hemostat, or applying to abscesses, boils, and eczema (BOU). +• Mali citizens pound the leaves and poultice them on to stiff areas (UPW). +d ow Nsides (g eNeri C t etrae Na): +Described as poison. +Natural History (g eNeri C t etrae Na): +Leaves browsed by camels and donkeys, but without enthusiasm (UPW). +extra Cts (g eNeri C t etrae Na): +Some species may contain harmine alkaloids. +sh AGGy sp ARRo WWo Rt ( t hymel AeA hirsut A +(L.) eNDL.) x thy MeLAeACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Passerina hirsuta L. +Notes (s Haggy s parrowwort ): +The princes digged the well, the nobles of the people digged it, by the direction of the lawgiver, +with their staves. And from the wilderness they went to Mattanah. +Numbers 21:18 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 462 11/12/07 2:52:31 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +A well, princes dug it, the nobles of the people excavated it, with a commander’s staff, with their +own staffs. Then from the wilderness on to Mattanah +Numbers 21:18 (NWT) +Like Zohary, I am really stretching the point to include this one. But it is nice to have a member +of a poisonous but anticancer plant family, the Thymelaeaceae, in this version of my Bible book. +PubMed was amusing when I typed in Passerina, prompting me that there were more abstracts +(hundreds on passerine birds). There was only one title for a plant species, and no abstract. I started +going through my other Holy Land books; nothing on Passerina hirsuta. But then I stumbled onto +Thymelaea hirsuta, a synonym preferred over Passerina hirsuta, in the illustrated book Medicinal +Plants of North Africa by Loufty Boulos (BOU). What Boulos had to say about it jibed nicely +with what Zohary had said, under the other name. Then I find in the Flora of Palestine (FP2) that +Zohary, too, had called it Thymelaea hirsuta in that book. Here he says it is one of the most com- +mon shrubs in the Mediterranean coastal plain and also in the deserts. Bedouins use it for making +rope (FP2). Justifying its inclusion, Zohary mentions that in the Aramaic version of the Pentateuch, +Mattanah is translated as Matnan, a desert locality, perhaps identical with the Arabic mitnan. “Such +indirect identicatfi ion, which permits this important species to be included in the ofl ra of the Bible, +is supported by the fact that matnan or mitnan frequents dry wadis and other desert habitats and is +so called in modern Hebrew” (ZOH). +Commo N Names (s Haggy s parrowwort ): +Matnan (Arab.; Aramaic; ZOH); Methnan (Arab.; Heb.; BOU; ZOH); Methnan Akhdar (Arab.; +BOU); Metnan (Arab.; BOU); Mitnan (Arab.; ZOH); Passerine (Fr.; BOU); Shaggy Sparrowwort +(Eng.; ZOH); Nscn. +a Ctivities (s Haggy s parrowwort ): +Anthelmintic (f1; BOU); Cathartic (f1; BOU); Expectorant (f; BOU); Hydragogue (f1; BOU). +iNdi Catio Ns (s Haggy s parrowwort ): +Constipation (f; BOU); Dandruff (f; BOU); Worm (f1; BOU). +d osages (s Haggy s parrowwort ): +FNFF = X. +• Algerians use the leaf decoction as a dandruff shampoo (BOU). +• Chinese use a Chinese species for cancer; anticancer activity reported in other species +(JLH). +• North Africans consider the leaves anthelmintic, cathartic, expectorant, and hydragogue +(BOU). +FeNUGReeK (t rigonell A foenum -gr Aecum L.) +++ FABACeAe +Notes (FeNugreek ): +We remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the +leeks, and the onions, and the garlick: But our soul is dried away: there is nothing at all, beside +this manna, before our eyes. +Numbers 11:5–6. (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 463 11/12/07 2:52:31 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +We remember the fish we ate in Egypt for nothing, the cucumbers, the melons, the leeks, the +onions, and the garlic; but now our strength is dried up, and there is nothing at all but this manna +to look at. +Numbers 11:5–6 (RSV) +How we remember the fish that we used to eat in Egypt for nothing, the cucumbers and the water +melons, and the leeks and the onions, and the garlic; But now our soul is dried away. Our eyes are +on nothing at all except the manna. +Numbers 11:5–6 (NWT) +Some scholars consider the fenugreek more likely than Allium porrum to be the leek of the Bible. This +is not, however, included by Zohary in hisP lants of the Bible (ZOH). Coincidentally, fenugreek shares +many medicinal properties with the leek. Zohary in his ofl ra does mention that it is widely cultivated +and “subspontaneous” in Palestine, although it probably originated in southwestern Asia (FP2). +Commo N Names (FeNugreek ): +Al Harba (Mali; UPW); Alforvas (Por.; EFS); Alholva (Sp.; Spain; EFS; VAD); Alolva (Sp.; KAB); +Asaraara (Mun.; KAB); Asumodhagam (Sin.; KAB; WOI); Bahurpani (Sanskrit; KAB); Bah-u +patriki (Sanskrit; KAB); Bhaji (Guj.; KAB); Bockhornsklover (Swe.; TAD); Bockshorn (Ger.; EFS; +KAB); Bockshornklee (Ger.; MAD); Boukeras (Greek; KAB); Boyotu (Tur.; EFS); Bukkekorn +(Den.; EFS); Cemen otu (Tur.; EB54:155); Cenigrechs (Cat.; KAB); Chandrika (Sanskrit; KAB; +WOI); Dipani (Sanskrit; KAB); Ervinha (Por.; EFS); Fenacho (Por.; EFS); Fenegriek (Dutch; +KAB); Fenegre (Lan..; KAB); Fenegriek (Por.; EFS); Fenigrekova Trava (Rus.; KAB); Feno Grego +(Por.; EFS); Fenogreco (Sp.; KAB); Fenugrec (Fr.; EFS); Fenugrechs (Cat.; KAB); Fenugreek (Eng.; +CR2; KAB); Fenugrek (Fr.; BOU; KAB); Fiengreco (It.; KAB); Fieno Greco (It.; Malta; EFS; +KAB); Fienu (Malta; KAB); Finegreitze (Ger.; KAB); Finmaregretjen (Ger.; KAB); Foin Grec (Fr.; +KAB); Gandhabija (Sanskrit; KAB); Gandhaphala (Sanskrit; KAB); Gorog Lepkeszeg (Hun.; EFS); +Graine Joyeux (Fr.; KAB); Greek Clover (Eng.; USN); Greek Hay (Eng.; KAB; USN); Gretskaya +Sochevitsa (Rus.; KAB); Griechische Heu (Ger.; KAB); Griechische Heusamen (Ger.; EFS); Grieks +Graszaad (Por.; EFS); Haenugraeb (Beng.; KAB); Halba (Malaya; EFS); Halna Kalabat (Malaya; +TAN); Hawmar (Arab.; BOU); Helba (Arab.; Mali; GHA; UPW); Helbek (Egypt; KAB); Heno +Griego (Sp.; EFS); Hilba (Arab.; GHA); Holba (Alg.; KAB); Hoornklaver (Dutch; TAD); Hornklee +(Ger.; EFS); Houlba (Morocco; KAB); Hulabaha (Arab.; NAD); Hulba (Arab.; EFS; KAB); Hu Lu +Ba (Pin.; DAA); Hu Lu Pa (China; KAB); Jyoti (Sanskrit; KAB); Kairavi (Sanskrit; KAB); Kelabat +(Malaya; IHB); Koroha (Jap.; TAD; TAN); K’u Tou (China; EFS); Kunchika (Sanskrit; KAB); Ma- n +tha (Sanskrit; KAB); Mathi (Sin.; KAB); Medhika (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Menk-Palle (Kan.; WOI); +Mente (Kan.; KAB); Mentepalle (Kan.; KAB); Mentesoffu (Kan.; KAB); Mentesoppu (Kan.; WOI); +Menthe (Kan.; NAD); Menthya (Kan.; KAB); Mentikura (Tel.; KAB); Mentulu (Tel.; KAB; NAD); +Methai (Sri.; KAB); Methi (Beng.; Guj.; Hindi; Nepal; Sanskrit; Sin.; Urdu; NAD; KAB; SUW); +Methika (Sanskrit; KAB) Methini (Guj.; Sanskrit; KAB); Methishah (Beng.; KAB); Methi-Shak +(Beng.; WOI); Methri (Pun.; KAB); Metthi (Tam.; KON); Methun (Pun.; KAB); Misrapushpa (San- +skrit; KAB); Munindraka (Sanskrit; KAB); Muthi (Hindu; KAB); Pagitnik (Rus.; KAB); Pazh-it +nik (Rus.; TAD); Penantazi (Burma; KAB); Pitabija (Sanskrit; KAB); Saine Graine (Fr.; KAB); +Sainegrain (Fr.; KAB); Schabbzieberklee (Ger.; TAD); Senegrain (Fr.; KAB); Senegre (Lan.; +KAB); Sennegrain (Fr.; BOU; KAB); Shamli (Afg; KAB); Shamlid (Iran; KAB); Shamlit (Iran; +KAB); Shamlita (Iran; EFS; NAD); Shamliz (Iran; KAB); Shanbalid (Iran; KAB); Siebengezeit +(Ger.; KAB); Tamr hindi (Arab.; BOU); Tidfi as (Ber.; BOU); Toksfi t (Mali; UPW); Tilis Boukeras +(Greek; KAB); Treugolka (Rus.; KAB); Uluhal (Sin.; KAB); Uluva (Mal.; Sin.; Tam.; KAB; NAD); +8202_C001.indd 464 11/12/07 2:52:32 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +8202_C001.indd 465 11/12/07 2:52:42 PM +FIGURe . Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Uluvaarisi (Sri.; KAB); Vallari (Sanskrit; KAB); Vendayam (Sri.; Tam.; NAD); Vedhani (Sanskrit; +KAB); Vendayam (Tam.; KAB); Ventayam (Mal.; Tam.; KAB); Venthiam (Mal.; KAB). +a Ctivities (FeNugreek ): +Analeptic (f; BOU); Analgesic (f1; MAD; X15374601); Anthelmintic (f; HHB); Antiadhesion (1; +FNF; YAH); Antiaggregant (f; X11310527); Antianemic (f1; VAD); Antiatherosclerotic (1; BGB); +Anticystitic (1; FNF; YAH); Antidiabetic (f1; BGB; PNC); Antidiuretic (1; CAN); Antihyperlipe- +demic (1; BGB); Antihypertensive (1; CAN); Antiinafl mmatory (f12; KOM; X15374601); Antiisch - +emic (1; X16205934); Antineoplastic (f1; PR15:257); Antinociceptive (1; TAD; X15374601); +Antioxidant (1; X15678722); Antiseptic (12; KOM; VAD); Antispasmodic (f1; PED; PNC); Anti- +tumor (f1; PNC); Antiviral (f; DAA); Aperient (f; NAD); Aphrodisiac (f; BOU; CRC; HHB; KAB; +SPI; SUW); Astringent (f; CRC; PED); Cardiotonic (1; APA; CAN); Carminative (f; APA; CRC; +GHA; SUW; WOI); Caspase-3 Inhibitor (1; X16205934); Chemopreventive (1; X15936223); Chola- +gogue (f; BGB); Contraceptive (f; BOW); Demulcent (f12; CAN; PNC); Digestive (f; APA; VAD); +Diuretic (f1; APA; CAN; CRC); Ecbolic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f1; CRC; FNF; KAB); Emollient +(f12; APA; BOU; CAN; PH2; PNC); Estrogenic (1; JAD); Expectorant (f; CAN; CRC; SPI); Feb- +rifuge (1; X15374601); Hepatoprotective (f1; VAD); Hydragogue (1; PH2); Hyperemic (2; KOM); +Hypocholesterolemic (2; BGB; BRU; CRC; PNC), Hypoglycemic (f12; BRU; CAN; PHR; PH2; +SKY; X15738612); Hypolipemic (f; VAD); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; BGB); Immunostimulant (1; +PR15:257); Insectifuge (1; GHA; UPW; WOI); Lactagogue (f1; CRC; JAD; PHR; PH2; WOI); Lax-a +tive (f12; BOU; PNC; VAD); Lipogenic (f; BOU); Lipolytic (1; BRU; PH2; PNC); Mastogenic (f1; +FNF; HAD); Mucilaginous (f1; PED); Myorelaxant (1; PNC); Nematicide (1; PR15:538); Orexigenic +(12; APA; CAN; GHA; PH2; VAD); Oxytocic (1; PNC); Parturient (f; BGB); Propecic (f; MAD; +NAD); Protease Inhibitor (1; HH2); Retinoprotectant (1; X16205934); Secretolytic (2; KOM); Sper- +micide (1; CRC); Steroid Precursor (1; JAD); Stimulant (f; BOU); Tonic (f; BOU; CRC; PED; WOI); +Ureopoeitic (f; NAD); Uterotonic (f1; APA; CAN; PED); Vermifuge (1; CRC; PR15:538); Vulnerary +(f1; CAN; PHR; TAD). +iNdi Catio Ns (FeNugreek ): +Abscess (f; VAD; WOI); Acne (f; VAD); Adenopathy (f; CRC; HHB); Aging (f; BOW); Alactea +(f1; PH2; WOI); Allergy (f; PED); Alopecia (1; APA; KAP; MAD); Anemia (f1; BOU; GMH; SPI; +VAD); Anorexia (f12; APA; CAN; KOM; PH2; JAC7:405); Aposteme (f; JLH); Arthrosis (1; KOM); +Atherosclerosis (1; BGB; SKY); Backache (f; BOW); Bacteria (1; WOI; X15331344); Blepharosis +(f; VAD); Boil (f; BGB; GMH; KAP); Bronchosis (f; APA; BOU; GHA; PH2); Burn (f; CRC; IHB); +Calculus (1; APA); Cancer (f1; APA); Cancer, abdomen (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, bladder (f1; FNF; +JLH); Cancer, breast (f1; FNF; JLH; X15936223); Cancer, cervix (f1; BOW); Cancer, colon (f1; +FNF; JLH); Cancer, eye (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, gland (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, groin (f1; FNF; +JLH); Cancer, intestine (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (f1; FNF; +JLH); Cancer, parotid (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f1; FNF; JLH; MAD); Cancer, spleen (f1; +FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, testes (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat (f1; +FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uvula (f1; FNF; JLH); Carbuncle (f; GMH; +KAP); Cardiopathy (f1; HJP); Catarrh (f; PH2); Cellulitis (f; BOW); Cervicosis (f; BOW); Chafing +(f; BIB); Chickenpox (1; DAA); Childbirth (f; BGB; BPW; GHA); Chilblain (f; CRC); Childbirth +(f; BOU); Cholecystosis (f; CRC); Colic (f; GHA; KAP); Colitis (f; PH2); Conjunctivosis (f; VAD); +Constipation (f1; VAD); Cough (f; APA; GHA; PED; PH2); Constipation (f1; SKY; SPI); Cystosis +(f1; FNF; JLH; SKJ); Debility (f; MAD); Dermatosis (f12; APA; BOU; CRC; PHR; PH2); Diabetes +(f12; APA; BRU; CAN; CRC; X15738612), Diarrhea (f1; APA; CRC; KAP); Dropsy (f; NAD); Dys- +entery (f; HHB; KAB; SUW); Dysgeuzia (f; KAB); Dysmenorrhea (f; BGB); Dyspepsia (f12; APA; +CAN; PHR); Dystrophy (f; UPW); Eczema (f1; BGB; PHR; PH2; VAD); Edema (f; BGB; SKJ); +8202_C001.indd 466 11/12/07 2:52:43 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Enteralgia (f; APA; CRC); Edema (f; BOW); Enterosis (f; BGB; BOU; PH2; WOI); Exhaustion (f; +MAD); Fever (f1; APA; BOU; CRC; PH2; X15374601); Fistula (f; CRC); Fracture (f; HJP); Furun- +culosis (f; BGB; HHB; PHR; VAD), Gas (f1; APA); Gastrosis (f; APA; BGB; BOU; CAN; GMH); +Gonorrhea (f; UPW); Gout (f; BGB; CAN; CRC; GMH); Hay Fever (f; PED); Helicobacter (1; +X15331344); Hemorrhoid (f; MAD; NAD); Hepatosis (f; CRC; JLH; KAP); Hernia (f; APA; BGB; +CRC; PH2); High Blood Pressure (f1; CAN; HJP), High Cholesterol (2; APA; BRU; CAN; SKY); +High Triglycerides (1; BGB; SKY); Hyperlipidemia (1; BGB); Impotence (f; APA; CRC; PH2); +Impotence (f; DAA); Infection (1; APA; WOI; X15331344); Inafl mmation (f12; APA; BRU; KOM; +PH2; X15374601); Itch (f; BOU); Ischemia (1; X16205934); Kidney stone (1; JEB26:249); Labor +(f1; APA); Leprosy (f; UPW); Leukorrhea (f; KAP); Lymphadenitis (f; BGB; CAN); Mastosis (f; +JLH); Muscular Dystrophy (f; UPW); Myalgia (f; BGB; CAN); Nematode (1; PR15:538); Nephrosis +(f; APA; CRC; JLH); Neuralgia (f; APA; CRC); Neurasthenia (f; BOW; GMH; NAD); Ophthalmia +(f; JLH; VAD); Orchosis (f; JLH); Osteomyelitis (f; HHB; MAD); Oxaluria (1; APA); Pain (f1; +HJP; PH2; TAD; X15374601); Parotosis (f; JLH); Pharyngosis (f; VAD); PMS (f; BGB); Proctosis +(f; JLH; MAD); Rachitis (f; MAD); Respirosis (f; APA; PH2); Retinosis (1; X16205934); Rheuma- +tism (f; APA; CRC); Rickets (f; NAD); Sciatica (f; CRC); Scrofula (f; GMH; HHB); Smallpox (1; +DAA; KAB; KAP; SUW); Sore (f; APA; BGB; MAD; PH2); Sore Throat (f1; APA; CRC; MAD); +Spermatorrhea (f; BOW); Splenosis (f; HHB; KAP); Splenomegaly (f; BOU; CRC; KAB); Sprain (f; +GHA); Stomatosis (f; APA); Stone (1; JEB26:249); Swelling (f; HHB; KAB; PHR); Syndrome-X (1; +SYN); Syphilis (f; SKJ); Tonsilosis (f; BOU); Tuberculosis (f; APA; CRC; HHB; MAD; SPI); Tumor +(f; CRC); Typhoid (f; HJP); Ulcer (f1; APA; PNC; X15331344); Ulcus cruris (f; HHB); Uterosis (f; +BOU; JLH; NAD); Vaginosis (f; BGB; NAD; VAD); Venereal Disease (f; SKJ); Virus (1; DAA); +Vomiting (f; PH2); Worm (1; PR15:538); Wound (f; BGB; HHB). +d osages (FeNugreek ): +FNFF = !! +Leaves and pods eaten as spice and vegetable; seeds and leaves used to make tea; seeds used to +adulterate or flavor coffee; to make articfi ial maple syrup flavoring; ground seeds used in curry +powder; sprouted seed braised in oil and eaten with parboiled cardoon; Yemeni add seeds to +gravies and soups; sprouts important in Near Eastern lamb stews flavored with honey. Europeans +add seed to hay, especially old hay, to make it more savory to the animals. Seeds are used as an +adulterant in or substitute for coffee. Fenugreek also has wide use in the Middle and Near East +today. According to Philips, the fenugreek is almost as popular in Lebanon today as the peanut +is in America as a snack. In Beirut, they make a mush from the green seed after soaking, form- +ing a fenugreek “milkshake” (FAC, GHA; HJP; TAN; EB54:155). Lydia Pinkham’s Vegetable +Compound contained 12 oz fenugreek seed, 8 oz unicorn root (Aletris), and 6 oz each of life root +(Senecio), black cohosh (Cimicifuga), and pleurisy root (Asclepias) in enough alcohol to make +100 pints of compound. One Tbsp mashed seed/8 oz water, up to 3 ×/day as gargle (APA); 1–6 g +seed, 3 ×/day (CAN); 50 g powdered seed with 1/4 l water (HH2). One 620-mg capsule 2–3× /day +(NH); 1/4–1/2 cup seed (PED); 6–12 g dry seed (PED); 9 g dry seed, 6.3 g/day (MAD). 5–90 g +seed/day (SKY). +• Arabians use seeds boiled with dry dates and figs for bronchosis and cough (GHA). +• Arabians give seeds with boiled water and egg to new mothers for 7 days after birth +(GHA). +• Iranians infuse the seed for menorrhagia (BIB). +• Lebanese take fenugreek “milkshake” in Lebanon for hypertension (HJP). +• Lebanese use as a poultice, and for diabetes, dyspepsia, fever, fractures, heart trouble, +lung problems, and typhoid, using the root more often than the herb for pain and rheu- +matism (HJP). +8202_C001.indd 467 11/12/07 2:52:43 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Middle Easterners respect fenugreek as both preventive and panacea (HJP). +• North Africans use seed ofl ur boiled with saltpeter and vinegar for splenomegaly (BOU). +d ow Nsides (FeNugreek ): +Class 2b (AHP, 1997). Health hazards or side effects following the proper administration of desi-g +nated therapeutic dosages are not known (PH2). Contraindicated in pregnancy (f; PH2); Comm-is +sion E reports no contraindications or interactions for oral use of the seed. Adverse skin reactions to +repeated external use (AEH). An idiosyncratic gastroenterosis was blamed on fenugreek in LRNP +(July 1987). Commission E reports no contraindications or interactions for oral use of the seed. +Adverse effects: skin reactions to repeated external use (AEH). One micromastic female com- +plained of mastogenic activity following ingestion of fenugreek sprouts. Newall, Anderson, and +Phillipson (1996) caution that because of its oxytoxic and uterine stimulant action sin , vitro, its use +in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided. May interfere with anticoagulant, blood sugar, -hor +monal, and/or MAOI therapies. High mucilaginous/bfi er content may interfere with absorption of +other drugs. Because all herbs, spices, and food plants, like drugs, contain pharmacologically active +ingredients, it seems it could go without saying that “the presence of pharmacologically active co-n +stituents would suggest that excessive ingestion is inadvisable” (CAN). +extra Cts (FeNugreek ): +Treating rats with seed for 4 weeks signicafi ntly decreased the quantity of calcium oxalate deposited +in the kidneys, supporting Saudi folklore (JEB26:249). Leaf extract antinociceptive at 1000–2000 +mg/kg ipr, but the LD50 was circa 4000 mg/kg ipr (X9406901). Alcoholic seed extract LD50 = 5000 +mg/kg orl rat, 2000 der rbt (CAN); oxytocic; uterotonic. Trigonelline antihypertensive, antiinafl m - +matory, diuretic, hypoglycemic (CAN); converted to niacin and other pyridines and pyrroles when +cooked (PED). Methanol-soluble fraction showed high (>92%) nematicidal activity (PR15:538). +Whe At ( t riticum A estivum L.) +++ po ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Triticum sativum Lam.; Triticum vulgare Vill.; Triticum spelta L.; and, although not synonymous, +closely related durum wheat, Triticum durum, and emmer, Triticum dicoccum +Notes (w Heat ): +And he slept and dreamed the second time: and, behold, seven ears of corn came up upon one +stalk, rank and good. +Genesis 41:5 (KJV) +And he fell asleep and dreamed a second time; and behold, seven ears of grain, plump and good, +were growing on one stalk. +Genesis 41:5 (RSV) +However he went back to sleep and dreamed a second time; and here there were seven ears of +grain, coming up on one stalk, fat and good. +Genesis 41:5 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 468 11/12/07 2:52:44 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Wheat (Triticum aestivum). Source: BIB. +The biblical term “corn” is synonymous with grain; it does not refer to Indian maize, but usually +to wheat, the most common cereal. Corn in those days often included as a mixture peas, beans, +lentils, cumin, barley, millet, and spelt. Egypt was the chief granary of the Roman empire. As late +as 1952, Moldenke and Moldenke say, “Even today Arabia imports all its wheat from Egypt, and +the caravans which leave Egypt for the Red Sea are laden with precious wheat.” In my first biblical +book (BIB), I acceded to the Moldenkes and gfi ured that wheats (Triticum aestivum) and spelts +8202_C001.indd 469 11/12/07 2:52:46 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(Triticum spelta) were what was intended in the biblical passages on corn and wheat. As so often, +Israeli botanist Michael Zohary rather refutes those possibilities. Yes, it was wheat, but tetraploid +durum wheat, Triticum durum, and emmer, Triticum dicoccum, rather than Tricitum aestivum or +Triticum spelta. The latter do not even grow in Israel (ZOH). So what? From a medicinal point +of view, they are pretty much equally good or bad (if you have celiac). Zohary adds that the two +tetraploids were abundantly cultivated in Israel and vicinity, the durum wheat still dominant in +Israel agriculture. Not only were these free wheats (free meaning without hull) important in bread +(although rich in gluten), but also offered to God in tribute as, for example, the Showbread wheat +(Hebrew hittah), probably included in the general terms bar (Genesis 41:49), dagan (Numbers +18:27), and kamah (Judges 15:5), as well as avur, carmel, geresh, and omer, scattered throughout +the Old Testament. Zohary concluded that the ancestral species waTsr iticum dicoccoides, also +native to Israel. “Domestication of wheat … took place about 8000 years ago in one or more of the +most primitive agricultural villages of the Assyrian mountains (Jarmo in Iraq), and probably in the +Land of Israel as wel.” (ZOH). +Commo N Names (w Heat ): +Ble (Fr.; Haiti; AVP; EFS); Ble Ordinaire (Fr.; USN); Bread Wheat (Eng.; USN); Bugday (Tur.; +EFS); Chhow (Newari; NPM); Cherbi (Sunwar; NPM); Civitella (It.; EFS); Cluster Wheat (Eng.; +USN); Common Wheat (Eng.; Ocn.; AH2); Corn (Eng.; AVP; BIB); Formento (It.; AVP); Froment +(Fr.; AVP; EFS; USN); Frumento (It.; AVP); Gahu (Bom.; Mah.; Kon.; NAD); Gahum (Mar.; WOI); +Gahumg (Mar.; WOI); Gam (Beng.; NAD; WOI); Gahun (Bhojpuri; Chepang; Danuwar; Gurung; +Magar; Mooshar; Nepal; Tharu; NPM); Ganam (Afg.; KAB); Gandam (Afg.; Iran; EFS; KAB); +Gandham (Hindi; WOI); Gawn (Guj.; WOI); Gehu (Guj.; NAD); Gehun (Hindu; Nwp. EFS; KAB; +NAD); Gendum (Mal.; WOI); Getreide (Ger.; AVP); Ghavum (Guj.; WOI); Giun (Beng.; Hindi; +WOI); Godamba (Mal.; WOI); Godhuma (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD); Godi (Kan.; NAD); Godumai (Tam.; +WOI); Godumay (Tam.; NAD); Godumbyarisi (Tam.; WOI); Godumulu (Tel.; NAD); Gom (Beng.; +WOI); Goodhumalu (Tel.; NAD); Govum (Guj.; WOI); Grano (It.; AVP); Grano Grosso (It.; EFS); +Gro (Tibet; NPM; TIB); Hintah (Arab.; EFS; NAD); Hsiao Mai (China; EFS); Huede (Den.; AVP); +Hvete (Swe.; AVP); Kakyo (Lepcha; NPM); Kameh (Arab.; AVP); Kanak (Hindi; WOI); Kanik (Sin.; +NAD); Ko Mugi (Japan; USN); Korn (Ger.; AVP); Kotanpam (Mal.; WOI); Kotampum (Mal.; NAD); +Kwa (Tamang; NPM); Lumcha (Rai; NPM); Marzuolo (It.; EFS); Oun (Tur.; AVP); Pscheniza (Rus.; +AVP); Pszenica (Pol.; AVP); Saatweizen (Ger.; USN); Si (Limbu; NPM); Ta (Sherpa; NPM); Tarw +(Dutch; AVP); Tarwe (Dutch; EFS); Trigo (Por.; Sp.; AVP; ROE); Trigo Blandeal (Sp.; USN); Trigo +Candeal (Ger.; EFS); Trigo Chamoro (Sp.; EFS); Trigo Commun (Por.; AVP); Waizen (Ger.; AVP); +Weisen (Ger.; AVP); Weizen (Ger.; EFS; USN); Wheat (Eng.; Scn.; AH2; CR2); Xiao Mai (Pin.; +DAA); Yava (Sanskrit; EFS; NAD). +a Ctivities (w Heat ): +Antibilious (f; BIB); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; VAD); Antiseptic (f; BIB); Antivinous (f; BIB); Aph - +rodisiac (f; KAB); Apopotic (1; X12681494); Bulking (1; SHT); Demulcent (f; BIB); Discutient (f; +BIB); Emollient (f; BIB; ROE); Hypocalcemic (1; VAD); Hypocholesterolemic (1; VAD); Hypogly- +cemic (1; VAD); Hypolipemic (1; VAD); Lactagogue (f; ROE); Laxative (2; BGB; PH2; KAB; SHT); +Lipolytic (1; PH2); Orexigenic (f; KAB); Peristaltic (1; PH2); Refrigerant (f; TIB); Sedative (f; BIB); +Vulnerary (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (w Heat ): +Abscess (f; ROE); Acne (f; ROE); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Aegilops (f; PH2); Aposteme (f; JLH); +Arteriosclerosis (f; VAD); Arthrosis (f; JLH); Biliousness (f; KAB); Bleeding (f; ROE); Burn +8202_C001.indd 470 11/12/07 2:52:47 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(f; BIB); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f1; BIB; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f1; JLH); Cancer, breast (f1; +JLH); Cancer, colon (f1; JLH); Cancer, foot (f1; JLH); Cancer, joint (f1; JLH); Cancer, parotid (f1; +JLH); Cancer, sinax (f1; JLH); Cancer, skin (f1; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f1; JLH); Cancer, testicle +(f1; JLH); Cancer, tonsil (f1; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f1; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; BIB); Childbirth (f; +ROE); Colitis (2; BGB; SHT); Condyloma (f; PH2); Constipation (f12; BGB; BIB; PH2; SHT); +Corn (f; JLH); Cramp (f; ROE); Dermatosis (f1; PH2; ROE; VAD); Diabetes (f; VAD); Diarrhea +(f; BIB; ROE); Diverticulitis (12; BIB; SHT; VAD); Dysentery (f; BIB); Ecchymosis (f; BIB); +Enuresis (f; ROE); Epistaxis (f; BIB); Fever (f; BIB; ROE); Flu (f; ROE); Flux (f; BIB); Fracture +(f; BIB; ROE); Gonorrhea (f; ROE); Gravel (f; BIB); Hematuria (f; BIB); Hemoptysis (f; BIB); +Hemorrhage (f; BIB); Hemorrhoid (f; ROE); IBS (12; BGB; VAD); Impotence (f; KAB); Inconti- +nence (f; BIB); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (f1; PH2; VAD); Itch (f; PH2); Leprosy (f; BIB); +Leukorrhea (f; BIB); Mastosis (f; JLH); Metrorrhagia (f; BIB); Myalgia (f1; VAD); Neurasthenia +(f; BIB); Night sweat (f; BIB); Obesity (f; VAD); Odontosis (f; ROE); Orchosis (f; JLH); Osteosis +(f; BIB; ROE); Pain (f; JLH; ROE; VAD); Pimple (f; ROE); Scald (f; BIB); Smallpox (f; BIB); Sore +(f; JLH; ROE); Sprain (f; ROE); Sting (f; BIB); Stone (f1; VAD); Sunstroke (f; BIB), Swelling (f; +BIB); Syphilis (f; BIB); Tonsilosis (f; JLH); Tuberculosis (f; BIB; KAB; ROE); Ulcer (f; JLH); +Urolithiosis (f1; VAD); Venereal Disease (f; BIB); Wart (f; JLH; ROE); Whitlow Cancer (f; JLH); +Wound (f; BIB). +d osages (w Heat ): +FNFF =!!! +15 g bran 2 ×/day (SHT); 15–40 g bran 1–2 ×/day (PH2). +• Algerians use ofl ur for diarrhea, fractures, metrorrhagia, and syphilis, the bran for sco-r +pion stings. +• Ayurvedics consider the seed antibilious, aphrodisiac, laxative, orexigenic, and tonic +(KAB). +• Chinese use roasted grains for sweating, especially in women with tuberculosis (KAB). +• Lebanese recommend the bran for bones, constipation, and antiseptic dressing, “claiming +it was empirical penicillin” (HJP). +• Spaniards suggest the bran (salvado) and/or ofl ur as demulcent, laxative, hypocalcemic, +hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, hypolipemic, satiating, and useful for arthrosis, +bruises, catarrh, dermatosis, hematomas, myalgia, and tonsilitis (VAD). +d ow Nsides (w Heat ): +None at proper dosage (PH2). Bulking agents should not be taken by those with stenotic lesions of +the GI tract. May lead to bowel obstruction if ufl id intake is inadequate. Do not take bulking agents +when lying down or at bedtime. Do not use with antiperistaltics (such as, for exasmple, loperamide) +(SHT). +Natural History (w Heat ): +Wheats are attacked by many fungi and other organisms. Some cultivars are resistant to the various +rusts, smuts, and virus diseases. The most important fungal diseases of wheats are the following. +Extension agents should be consulted concerning diseases in an area before growing wheat. Also, +cultivars should be selected for growing that are resistant to such diseases. Fungal diseases of wheat +include Rusts (Stem or Black rust, Puccinia graiminis f. sp. tritici; Leaf or Brown rust, P. recondita; +Stripe or Yellow rust, P. glumarum); Smuts (Bunt or Covered smut, Tilletia caries and T. foetida; +Dwarf Loose smut, Ustilago tritici); Mildews (Downy mildew, Sclerospora macrospora; Powdery +8202_C001.indd 471 11/12/07 2:52:47 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +mildew, Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici); Root rots (Common root rot, Helminthosporium spp. and +Fusarium spp.; Take-all root rot, Ophiobolus graminis; Browning root rot, Pythium spp.); Foot rots +(Eye spot, Cercosporella herpotrichoides; Snow mold, Fusarium spp.); Blights and Scabs (Head +blight or scab, Fusarium spp.; Rhizoctonia blight, Rhizoctonia spp.; Typhula blight, Typhula spp.; +Anthracose, Colletotrichum graminicola; Kernel smudge, Helminthosporium spp., Alternaria spp.); +Blotches (Glume blotch, Septoria nodorum; Leaf blotch, S. tritici); Speckled leaf disease, Lepto- +sphaeria avenaria f. sp. triticea; Ergot, Claviceps purpurea. Diseases caused by bacteria include +the following: Pseudomonas atrofaciens (Basal glume rot or Bacterial black-tip) andX anthomonas +transluscens f. sp. undulosa (Black shaff). Diseases caused by viruses include the following: Wheat +mosaic, Wheat streak mosaic, Wheat striate mosaic, and Yellow dwarf. Insect pests encountered in +various areas include English grain aphid, the most common aphid affecting wheat, attacking the +heads and being very damaging when populations become high prior to the late-dough stage. Other +insects and cutworms, darkling beetles, hessian yfl , and salt marsh caterpillars may cause damage +during the seedling stage. A great number of species of nematodes have been isolated from wheats +in various parts of the world. Where nematodes are a problem, the agricultural agent should be co-n +sulted (HOE). +extra Cts (w Heat ): +Nystrom et al. (2005) note that steryl ferulates run 300–390 ppm in wheat bran, constituting 20– +25% of total sterols. Known to lower LDL cholesterol, steryl ferulates also have antiinafl mma- +tory, antioxidant, antiradicular, and antitumor activities. If metabolized more effectively than rice +counterparts, steryl ferulates of wheat and rye may have more benetfi s than gamma-oryzanol. +Alk(en)ylresorcinols, folates, lignans, phytosterols, and tocopherols tend to be localized in the +outer parts of the kernel, especially the bran (X15796586). For seed, nut, and whole grain lo-v +ers, Phillips et al. analyzed the phytosterols in wheat germ, some such phytosterols medicinally +important (X16302759). Delta-5-avenasterol, 161 ppm; delta-7-avenasterol, 133 ppm; campestanol, +127 ppm; campesterol, 787 ppm; phytosterols, 4130 ppm; poriferasta -7,25-dienol, 135 ppm; sitosta- +nol, 69 ppm; beta-sitosterol, 2286 ppm; stigmasterol, 37 ppm; and delta-7 -stigmastenol, 116 ppm +(X16302759). +t ULIp (t ulip A spp.) + LILIACeAe +Notes (g eNeri C t ulip ): +The flowers appear on the earth; the time of the singing of birds is come, and the voice of the +turtle is heard in our land. +Song of Solomon 2:12 (KJV) +The flowers appear on the earth, the time of singing has come, and the voice of the turtledove is +heard in our land. +Song of Solomon 2:12 (RSV) +Blossoms themselves have appeared in the land, the very time of vine trimming, and the voice of +the turtle dove itself has been heard in our land. +Song of Solomon 2:12 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 472 11/12/07 2:52:48 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Tulip (Tulipa sp.). +Zohary offers that the mountain tulip (Tulipa montana Lindl.), with its wide array of colors, is prob- +ably of the Hebrew nitzanin (Arabic, nissan), the group of ofl wers or blossoms mentioned in Can - +ticles. Zohary adds that even in Iraq, these groups of blossoms are recognized, as perhaps we here +speak of our spring ofl wers, which do not bloom coincidentally but rather sequentially, In Iraq and +the Holy Land, it is a group of sequential red ofl wers, beginning with the crown anemone and ending +in the common poppy, today, as in biblical time. So we have three slightly different views of biblical +phenology above. Of course there are close to 100 species of tulip, and nobody, not even Zohary, +is sure that Tulipa montana, indeed any tulip, was intended in this passage. But he implies that the +mountain tulip and/or other Israeli species have been involved in the evolved horticultural tulip. +Commo N Names (mou Ntai N t ulip ): +Mountain Tulip (Eng.; ZOH); Nissan (Arabic; ZOH); Nitzanin (Heb.; ZOH); Nscn. +8202_C001.indd 473 11/12/07 2:53:11 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +a Ctivities (g eNeri C t ulip ): +Allergenic (1; WOI); Alterative (f; DAW); Antibiotic (1; WOI); Antiseptic (1; WOI); Bacteristat +(1; WOI); Cardiotoxic (1; WOI); Depurative (f; DAW); DNA-Synthesis Inhibitor (1; X3592627); +Fungicide (1; X4850341); Hemagglutinin (1; X3595592); Mitogenic (1; X1814629); Mutagenic (1; +X3088443); Poison (f; DAW); Tonic (f; DAW); Vasculoprotective (1; X10190195). +iNdi Catio Ns (g eNeri C t ulip ): +Abscess (f; DAW); Bacillus (1; WOI); Bacteria (1; WOI); Bite (f; DAW); Bronchosis (f; HHB); Bubo +(f; DAW); Cancer (f; DAW; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; DAW; JLH); Cancer, lung (f; DAW; JLH); +Cancer, stomach (f; DAW; JLH); Fungus (1; X4850341); Gastrosis (f; DAW); Infection (1; WOI); +Mastosis (f; DAW); Mucosis (f; HHB); Mycosis (1; X4850341); Pulmonosis (f; DAW; JLH); Scrofula +(f; DAW); Struma (f; DAW); Urogenitosis (f; DAW; JLH); Varicosity (1; X10190195). +d osages (g eNeri C t ulip ): +FNFF = ! +Facciola mentions only the ofl wers, tasting like beans or peas, eaten as a garnish in salads, or +consumed with chicken or tuna salad, cottage cheese, fruit sorbets, mixed vegetables, or mousses. +Although viewed as poisonous, bulbs are eaten as food during times of scarcity (WOI); bulbs not +mentioned by Facciola (FAC). +CAtt AIL (t yph A spp.) +++ typh ACeAe +Notes (Cattail ): +And they smote him on the head with a reed, and did spit upon him, and bowing their knees +worshipped him. +Mark 15:19 (KJV) +And they struck his head with a reed, and spat upon him, and they knelt down in homage to him. +Mark 15:19 (RSV) +Also they would hit him on the head with a reed and spit upon him, and, bending their knees, they +would do obeissance to him. +Mark 15:19 (NWT) +I am once again taking the generic approach with Typha, but most of the entries are for Middle +Eastern or tropical species. Zohary hints that the Hebrew suf often represents a collective word for +aquatic plants, like reeds, rushes, and water weeds; but Exodus 3:3 and Isaiah 19:6 can be translated +directly to Typha, T. australis being the most common species in Israel. Typha dominates many of +the ditches and tributaries of the Nile in lower Egypt. BOU and GHA references below apply to T. +domingensis, JLH to T. angustifolia, AVP and EGG to both. +Many old paintings depicting Jesus’s mock trial, picture him with the cattail in his hand as +a scepter. The leaves are plaited into such articles as ropes, winnowing trays, mats, and also are +employed as caulking. The silky ofl rets of spikes are used for stuffing and tinder. Ashes are some - +times used as a salt substitute. Fruiting spikes with oil serve for illumination. The pollen was used +during emergency as an absorbent in surgery. +8202_C001.indd 474 11/12/07 2:53:11 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Cattail (Typha sp). +8202_C001.indd 475 11/12/07 2:53:31 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Commo N Names (Cattail ): +Akaioud (Ber.; BOU); Barda (Arab.; GHA); Bardi (Arab.; BOU); Batbat (Tur.; EB51:195); Berdi +(Arab.; BOU); Bout (Arab.; BOU); Candle Wick (Eng.; BUR; EAS); Capim de Esteira (Por.; AVP); +Cat-O-Nine-Tails (Eng.; EAS); Cattail (Eng.; TAN); Cooper’s Reed (Eng.; BUR); Cossack Aspar-a +gus (Eng.; EAS); Cumbungi (?; FAC); Deis (Arab.; BOU); Enea (Dr.; Peru; Sp.; AVP; EGG); Eneas +(Pr.; AVP); Erva de Esteira (Por.; AVP); Espandaña (Chile; JLH); Flag Tule (Eng.; BUR); Grand +Jonc (Haiti; AVP); Great Reed Mace (Eng.; AAH; BUR); Gros Jonc (Haiti; AHL); Hagla (?; FAC); +Himegama (Japan; TAN); Huaricolla (Peru; Sp.; EGG); Jonc (Haiti; AHL); Junco (Dr.; AHL; AVP); +Ksohi (Baby’s coat) (Hocak; WIN); Léche (His.; AHL); Macios (Cuba; AVP); Marsh Beetle (Eng.; +EAS); Massette (Fr.; BOU); Massette des Étangs (Fr.; BOU); Nataf (Arab.; Yemen; GHA); Pun (?; +FAC); Reed (Eng.; BIB); Reed Mace (Eng.; TAN); Riche (His.; AHL); Roseau (Fr.; BOU); Small +Bulrush (Eng.; BOU); Tababuia (Por.; AVP); Taboa (Por.; AVP); Tabu (Por.; AVP); Tabua (Por.; +AVP; TAN); Tabuda (Ber.; BOU); Taheli (Ber.; BOU); Totora (Arg.; Chile; Peru; EGG; JLH); Tupai +(Egypt; ZOH); Ugin (Ber.; BOU); Wicihu (Leaves mat) (Hocak; WIN). +a Ctivities (Cattail ): +Antiaggregant (f; DAW); Antiinafl mmatory (f; DEM); Antiseptic (1; DEM); Aphrodisiac (f; AHL; +KAB; EB29:7); Astringent (1; BIB; EB29:20); Cicatrizant (f; EGG); Circulostimulant (f; ZUL); +Cyanogenic (1; BIB); Depurative (f; ZUL); Detersive (f; EB29:20); Diuretic (f1; AHL; BIB; WBB; +ZUL; EB29:20); Emetic (f; DEM; EB29:24); Febrifuge (f; EB29:7); Hemostat (f1; BIB; EB29:20); +Lactagogue (f; DAW); Litholytic (f; DEM); Orexigenic (f; UPW); Poison (f; DAW; EB29:24); Purga- +tive (f; EB29:24); Refrigerant (f; DAW); Sedative (f; DAW); Sterilizant (f; EB31:305); Stimulant (f; +EB29:20); Suppurative (f; DAW); Uterocontractant (f; ZUL); Uterotonic (f; EB29:20); Vermifuge (f; +DAW); Vulnerary (f; DAW). +iNdi Catio Ns (Cattail ): +Amenorrhea (f; DAW); Anodyne (f; DAW); Anorexia (f; UPW); Bite (f; EB29:7); Bleeding (1; BIB; +EB29:20); Boil (f; DEM); Bruise (f; DAW); Burn (f; BUR; DEM; GHA; EB29:20); Cancer (f; DEM); +Carbuncle (f; DEM); Chafing (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DAW; ZUL); Circulosis (f; ZUL); Cramp (f; +DEM); Cyanogenic (f1; EB30:400); Cyst (f; DEM); Cystosis (f; ZUL); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Diar- +rhea (f; DEM; ZUL; EB29:20); Dropsy (f; EB29:20); Dysentery (f; KAB; WOI; EB29:20); Dysuria +(f; EB29:20); Ecchymosis (f; DAW); Enterosis (f; BUR; DAW; DEM); Epilepsy (f; AAH; BIB; +EB29:7; EB24:265); Epistaxis (f; DAW); Erysipelas (f; FEL; EB29:7); Fever (f; EB29:7); Gastrosis +(f; BUR; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; DEM; FEL; WOI; EB29:20); Gravel (f; DEM); Hematemesis (f; +DAW); Hematochezia (f; DAW; EB29:20); Hematuria (f; DAW); Hemoptysis (f; DAW); Hemorrhoid +(f; DAW); Impotence (f; DAW; EB29:20); Infection (f; DEM); Infertility (f; ZUL); Inafl mmation (f; +DEM; EB29:20); Insanity (f; EB29:7); Kidney stone (f; DEM); Leprosy (f; DEM); Leucorrhea (f; +DAW); Madness (f; BIB EB24:265); Mastosis (f; DAW; DEM); Measles (f; KAB; WOI; EB29:20); +Metrorrhagia (f; DAW; ZUL); Metroxenia (f; DAW); Mucososis (f; BUR); Nephrosis (f; ZUL); Oph- +thalmia (f; FEL; KAB; EB29:20); Pain (f; DAW); Pertussis (f; DEM); Proctosis (f; EB29:7); Scald +(f; DEM); Smallpox (f; DEM); Snakebite (f; EB29:7); Sore (f; DEM; KAB; EB29:20); Splenosis (f; +KAB); Sprain (f; ZUL); Stone (f; DEM); Strangury (f; KAB); Swelling (f; DAW; FEL); Thrush (f; +EB29:7; EB29:20); Toothache (f; AAH); Tumor (f; BIB; FEL; EB29:20); Ulcer (f; DAW); Urethro- +sis (f; ZUL); Uterosis (f; EB29:20); Vaginosis (f; DAW); Venereal Disease (f; BUR; DAW; DEM); +Worm (f; DAW); Wound (f1; BIB; DAW; KAB; EB29:20); Yeast (f; EB29:7). Very few of these folk +uses have proven out, but I would not hesitate to try any for any of these indications, if nothing else +were available. Many folk medicines prove to have good phytochemical rationales when analyzed. +8202_C001.indd 476 11/12/07 2:53:32 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d osages (g eNeri C Catail ): +FNFF = 1 +Facciola lists vfi e edible species of Typha. Young shoots, inofl rescence, tender leaves, and rhizomes +are eaten in various ways. Flowers and anthers are made into a sweetmeat. The sweet and soft +marrow of the immature spike is considered a delicacy. Pollen is used to make bread or porridge. +My first bag of cattail pollen, when taken indoors, resulted in the window pane being clouded with +thousands of thrips (BIB; EAS; FAC). +• Arabians apply dried crushed flowers to cool or soothe burns (GHA). +• Chileans use decoction of T. angustifolia roots to wash tumors (JLH). +• Gaelic’s, calling the plant what translates to “fairy wives’ spindle,” gathered the plant on a m-id +summer midnight wrapping it in a shroud, to prevent epilepsy and all other diseases (AAH). +• Hispaniolans suggest the root is aphrodisiac. +• Irish somehow use the plant for toothache (AAH). +• North Africans apply ashes of the rhizome to wounds to stop bleeding (BOU). +• Peruvians treat burns with hairs from the flower spikes (EGG) +• Peruvians make a cicatrizant pomade from cattail charcoal with oil (EGG). +• Peruvians use the buds as astringent and diuretic (EGG). +Natural History (g eNeri C Cattail ): +Most cattails are partially or entirely self-fertilized. Their own pollen sheds from above. A sp-i +der (Clubiona riparia) uses the leaf tip for both nursery and coffin. This sac spider folds down +the leaf tip to make an enclosure fastened and lined with silk. Inside, it deposits its egg sac and +simply remains there, dying inside its cage. The first meal of its young will be the mother’s body. +Sap-sucking leaf feeders include about a dozen species of aphids. The cattail borer moth Be(llura +obliqua) mines downward in the leaf, eating out the transverse partitions and finally exiting through +a hole at the end of its mine. Later, it bores into the stem. Related species include the white-tailed +diver (B. gortynoides), the pickerelweed borer (B. densa), and the oblong sedge borer (Archanara +oblonga). The smartweed caterpillar (Acronicta oblinita) feeds on the leaves. Some insects feed +only on and in the ofl wer and seed spikes. Larvae include Dicymolomia julianalis, a pyralid moth, +which later bores into the stem. A neat, bite-sized chunk from a brown seed spike may indicate +the white-veined dagger moth caterpillar, also called Henry’s marsh moth S(imyra henrici); later, +the tufted caterpillar makes a vertically aligned cocoon in a folded leaf. Syrphid flies may cluster +head downward on the male spike (aphid eaters). Small, brownish adult cattail moths Li(mnaecia +phragmitella, also called the shy cosmet, a cosmopterygid) laying eggs on maturing female spikes. +A dying cattail stem may signal that a stalk borer fed in the leaves or seed spike. Other common +borers include snout beetles such as Sphenophorus pertinax, a billbug; and Suphisellus puncticol- +lis, a burrowing water beetle. Red-winged blackbirds have nested in my cattail bog for years now. +In cold weather, they may forage on the batons, probably more seeking large caterpillars or grubs +rather than small seed. (Eastman estimates 220,000 seeds per spike. A single seed may produce a +rhizomal growth some 10 feet in diameter with a hundred clonal shoots.) Few birds really eat the +seed. Martin et al. list teal, geese, and sandpipers, gulf coast blue geese sometimes having as much +as 25 to 50% seed and/or rootstocks. Teal may sometimes have more than a thousand seeds in their +gut. Attesting to the intelligence of birds, Eastman speculates that bluejays have learned to cache +corn grains in old cattail sausage tied together by silk of caterpillar, keeping their corn in relatively +“dry storage” that way. Painted turtles eat the seeds and stems. Muskrats often dislodge the plants as +they feed on cattail, its primary food. Many muskrats will attract the muskrat predator, mink (EAS; +MZN). I once caught a mink’s foot in one of my traps — no longer do I trap. +8202_C001.indd 477 11/12/07 2:53:32 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Boost your immune system and think positively if you study long in the cattail swamps. There +can be signicafi nt midsummer populations of the cattail mosquito ( Coquillettidia), the chief vector +of eastern equine encephalitis. Larvae overwinter attached to roots of cattails and other aquatic +plants. Adults get the virus from birds (which are unaffected) and transmit the virus when they bite +humans and horses (EAS). (Sounds too much like the bird u fl coming soon from Asia; Echinacea, +elderberry, and garlic, here I come!). The cucumber mosaic virus has been reported from Typha +angustifolia, the wheat streak mosiac from T. latifolia. Among the fungus diseases on Typha latifo- +lia are Cladosporium, Cryptomela typhae, Didymosphaeria typhae, Gloeosporium sp., Guignardia +sp., Hendersonia typhae, Heterosporium maculatum, Hymenopsis hydrophila, Leptosphaeria spp., +Leptothyrium typhina, Lophodermium typhinum, Mycosphaerella typhae, Ophiobolus sp., Phoma +orthosticha, Phyllosticta typhina, Pleospora typhae, Pythiogeton autossytum, Pythium helicoides, +Sclerotium hydrophilum, Scolecotrichum typhae, Stagonospora typhoidearum, and Typhula latis- +sima. The nematode Meloidogyne sp. is also reported (HOE). +h AIRy eLM (u lmus c Anescens MeLv.) ++ ULMAC eAe +Notes (Hairy elm ): +He heweth him down cedars, and taketh the cypress and the oak, which he strengtheneth for +himself among the trees of the forest: he planteth an ash, and the rain doth nourish it. +Isaiah 44:14 (KJV) +He cuts down cedars; or he chooses a holm tree or an oak and lets it grow strong among the trees +of the forest; he plants a cedar and the rain nourishes it. +Isaiah 44:14 (RSV) +There is one whose business is to cut down cedars; and he takes a certain species of tree, even a +massive tree, and he lets it become strong for himself among the trees of the forest. He planted the +laurel tree, and the pouring rain itself keeps making it get big. +Isaiah 44:14 (NWT) +For linguistic and ecological reasons, Zohary criticizes the translations of the Hebrew wordvs e- +geshem yegadel as “and the rain nourishes it” as thematically unfounded and illogical. He says +geshem must also be a species of tree — one of the five species contained in the quoted passage. +This is the only elm species mentioned by Zohary, along shady creeks in Lower Galilee, Mt. +Carmel, and Samaria, and Zohary suggests that this species is among those vfi e trees (FP1; ZOH). +So, as a fan of slippery elm, I include this nearly empty entry for Ulmus canescens, efl shing it out +with a generic entry, including data below for several elm species, but mostly slippery elm data for +U. campestris (BOU and JNP), VAD for U. carpinifolia. None of the activities and indications have +thus far been reported for the Israeli species — to the best of my knowledge. +Commo N Names (Hairy elm ): +Hairy Elm (Eng.; ZOH); Geshem (Heb.; ZOH); Neshem (Arabic; ZOH); Nscn. +a Ctivities (g eNeri C elm ): +Antioxidant (1; CRC); Antiseptic (f; CRC); Antitussive (f1; CAN); Astringent (f1; APA; PED; +WAM); Demulcent (f12; APA; PH2; PNC; WAM); Depurative (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; CRC; EFS; +GMH); Emollient (f1; CRC; PH2; PNC); Expectorant (f; CRC; GMH; PED); Febrifuge (f; EFS); +8202_C001.indd 478 11/12/07 2:53:33 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Laxative (f; CRC; DEM); Stimulant (f; EFS); Sudoric fi (f; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS); Vermifuge (f; CRC); +Vulnerary (f; CRC; GMH; PED). +iNdi Catio Ns (g eNeri C elm ): +Abscesses (f; CAN; FAD); Adenopathy (f; CRC; DEM; PH2); Bleeding (f; CEB; DEM); Blepharosis +(f; VAD); Boils (f1; APA; CRC; GMH; PNC); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Bruise (f; FEL); Burn (f1; APA; +FAD; GMH; PH2; WAM); Cancer (f; CRC; FEL; JLH); Carcinoma (f; CRC); Cardiopathy (f; GMH); +Caries (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; CRC; DEM; GMH); Chilblain (f; CEB); Childbirth (f; CRC; DEM); +Cholera (f; CEB); Cold (f; SKY); Cold Sore (1; APA); Colitis (f1; APA; CAN; CRC; GMH); Conjunc- +tivosis (f; CRC; DEM); Constipation (f; CRC); Corneosis (f; VAD); Cough (12; APA; FAD; HHB; +WAM); Cramp (f; CEB; CRC); Crohn’s Disease (1; SKY); Cuts (f; FAD); Cystosis (f1; GMH; WAM); +Dermatosis (f1; APA; PH2; PNC; VAD; WAM); Diarrhea (f1; APA; CAN; FAD); Diverticulosis +(1; FNF); Duodenosis (f; PH2); Dysentery (f; CRC; FAD); Dyspepsia (f1; FAD); Dysuria (f; CRC); +Eczema (f; CRC); Enterosis (12; APA; CEB; GMH); Erysipelas (f; FEL); Esophagitis (2; APA); Felon +(f; CRC; JLH); Fever (f; CRC; DAW); Fistula (f; FEL); Fracture (f; CRC; DEM); Gangrene (f; CRC); +Gastrosis (12; APA; GMH; PHR; PH2; SKY); Gleet (f; FEL); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Gout (f; CRC; +HH2; PH2); Heartburn (f; DEM; JAH2(2):45); Hemoptisis (f; CEB; GMH); Hemorrhoid (f; CEB); +Herpes (f; CRC; FEL); Infection (f; CEB); Inafl mmation (12; APA; CEB; WAM); Itch (f; VAD); +Labor (f; DEM); Leprosy (f; HJP); Mastosis (f; DEM); Mucososis (f; CRC); Nephrosis (f; DEM; +FEL); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Parotosis (f; FEL); Periodontosis (f; VAD); Pharyngosis (f12; APA; +VAD); Pleurisy (f; CRC; FAD; GMH); Proctosis (f; FEL); Pruritis (f; VAD); Pulmonosis (f; CRC; +DEM); Quinsy (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; CRC; HH2; PH2); Scurvy (f1; DAW; FNF); Sore (f1; APA; +FEL); Sore Throat (f12; APA; FAD; FEL; VAD; WAM); Stomach Distress (f1; FAD; PNC); Stoma- +tosis (f12; APA; VAD); Strangury (f; FEL); Swelling (f; CEB; HHB); Synovitis (f; GMH); Syphilis +(f; CRC; FEL); Tapeworm (f; CRC); Tenesmus (f; FEL); Toothache (f; CRC; GMH); Tuberculosis (f; +CRC; DEM; GMH); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); Typhoid (f; CRC; GMH; HJP); Ulcers (f1; APA; CAN; +FAD); UTI (f; CRC; GMH); Vaginosis (f; VAD); Venereal Disease (f; CEB; CRC; DEM; FEL); Virus +(f; FEL); Whitlow (f; CRC; JLH); Worm (f; CRC); Wound (f1; APA; PHR; PH2; WAM). +d osages (g eNeri C elm ): +FNFF = ! +Oral tradition suggests that Washington’s troops survived in midwinter with the inner bark of sli-p +pery elm (JAD). Facciola states that native Americans cooked it with buffalo fat, giving afl vor +and preventing rancidity (sounds like deep fried “elmbark chips” instead of potato chips); Kiowa +Indians brewed it into a nutritive tea. Used as a meal for breading sfi h. Also used to fortify health +beverages like smoothies (DEM; FAC), 1–3 tsp powdered herb/cup water/1–3 ×/day (APA); two +340-mg capsules as needed (APA); 4 g powdered bark in 500 ml decoction, 3 ×/day (CAN); 5 ml +liquid extract (1:1 in 60% ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN); 4–16 ml 1:8 powdered bark decoction 3 ×/day +(CAN; HHB); 3 Tbsp inner bark/cup water (FAD); 1 oz powdered bark/pint water (FEL); 0.5–2 g +powdered bark/cup, 2–3 ×/day; two 340–500-mg capsules as needed (JAD); 1/4–1/2 cup fresh bark +(PED); 2–4 tsp dry bark (PED); 3 tsp dry bark/4 cups boiling water (PED); 1–2 g bark in tea 3–4 +×/day (SKY); 5 ml tincture 3 ×/day (SKY). +• Lebanese use the bark of U. campestris as we use slippery elm to make a slimy beverage, +with pungent plants, for colds, dermatosis, dysentery, lungs, and throat (HJP). +• North Africans consider the bark of U. campestris as astringent, diuretic, emollient, +resolvent, stimulant, and sudoric (fi BOU). +• Spaniards use bark of U. carpinifolia rather like we use slippery elm, internally for diar- +rhea and externally for blepharitis, corneal ulcers, dermatosis, erythema, inafl mmation, +itch, periodontosis, pharyngitis, pruritis, sores, and vaginitis (VAD). +8202_C001.indd 479 11/12/07 2:53:34 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Nett Le (u rtic A dioic A L.) +++ URt ICACeAe +Notes (Nettle ): +Therefore as I live, saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, Surely Moab shall be as Sodom, +and the children of Ammon as Gomorrah, even the breeding of nettles, and saltpits, and a per- +petual desolation: the residue of my people shall spoil them, and the remnant of my people shall +possess them. +Zephaniah 2:9 (KJV) +“Therefore, as I live,” says the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, “Moab shall become like Sodom, +and the Ammonites like Gomor’rah, a land possessed by nettles and salt pits, and a waste for ever. +The remnant of my people shall plunder them, and the survivors of my nation shall possess them.” +Zephaniah 2:9 (RSV) +“Therefore, as I am alive,” is the utterance of Jehovah of armies, the God of Israel, “Mo’ab +herself will become just like Sodom, and the sons of Ammon like Gomor’rah, a place possessed +by nettles and a salt pit, and a desolate waste, even to time indefinite. The remaining ones of my +people will plunder them, and the remnant of my nation will take possession of them.” +Zephaniah 2:9 (NWT) +Yes, it is nettles in all three versions I have on hand (KJV, RSV, and NWT). So they all agree that +it is nettles. As to which species, lacking voucher specimens, I cannot outguess Michael Zohary, +Israeli botanist, who tends to rule out the nettle I know best, Urtica dioica, questionably reported +from Jericho. He speculates that it is one of the Israeli species he reports in the Flora of Palestine. +• Stipules, 2 on each node (each of 1 connate pair), green: +• — Pistillate racemes globular, long stalked; leaves ovate. tp 7 cm wideU: . pilulifera +• — Bisexual racemes spicate; leaves narrower, lanceolate to ovateU: . urens +• Stipules, 4 on each node, membranous: +• — Annuals no more than 50 cm tall; staminate rhachis winged: U. dubia +• — Perennials 70 to 100 cm tall; staminate rhachis wingless: U. hulensis +Allen and Hatefi ld say that no plants, except perhaps dandelion, dock, and elder, are as important +medicinally as the nettle in the British Isles. Such feelings may underline the rhyme: “Three nettles +in May keeps all diseases away” (AAH). MAD entries may apply as well to Urtica urens, the +smaller dog nettle. Ditto for EFS entries. I doubt that many of the narrators, scribes, or translators +of the Bible recognized the intricate differences among the nettles, the Urtica dioica, or the four +closely related species cited by Zohary (HP1). So I suggest that the Zohary names cited below could +apply to any of the species here mentioned. The North African names are similarly merged, but +were referred to as U. urens (Small Nettle) or U. pilulifera (Roman Nettle). +Commo N Names (Nettle ): +Acalphye (?; JLH); Akalyphe (?; JLH); Andjira (Arab.; BOU); Azekdon (Ber.; BOU); Bent-en- +Nar (Arab.; BOU); Bichu (India; EFS); Bichhu booti (Hindi; ?); Big String Nettle (Eng.; EAS); +Bobatsi (Suso; KAB); Bou Khsas (Arab.; BOU); Bou Zeqdouf (Arab.; BOU); Braennaetsla (Swe.; +KAB); Brandnekel (Afrikan; KAB); Brandnetel (Dutch; EFS); Brennessel (Ger.; EFS; MAD); Brier +(Eng.; BIB; ZOH); Canada Nettle (Eng.; BUR); Caslán (Hun.; EFS); Chule (Sunwar; NPM); Chutle +8202_C001.indd 480 11/12/07 2:53:35 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Nettle (Urtica dioica). +(Magar; NPM); Cincar (Tur.; EB51:195); Cizlagan (Tur.; EB54:155); Common Nettle (Eng.; BUR); +Dhyo (Magar; NPM); Dicirgin (Tur.; EB49:406); Dirik (Tur.; EB51:195); Estelkraut (Ger.; KAB); +Gijirtken (Tur.; EB51:195); Great Stinging Nettle (Eng.; BUR); Groot Brandenetel (Dutch; KAB); +Harrous (Ber.; BOU); Harul (Heb.; ZOH); Horreig (Arab.; Isr.; ZOH); Horreiq (Arab.; BOU); Hsieh +Tzu Ts’ao (China; EFS); Hyo (Magar; NPM); Iherriquet (Ber.; BOU); Imereksin (Ber.; BOU); +8202_C001.indd 481 11/12/07 2:53:55 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Imezri (Ber.; BOU); Isirgan (Tur.; EFS; EB49:406); Isirgan otu (Tur.; EB54:155); Jhaduk (Sherpa; +NPM); Jincari (Tur.; EB49:406); Kajyang (Lepcha; NPM); Ketskan (Baskir; KAB); Kirtken (K-ir +ghiz; KAB); Krapiva (Rus.; KAB); Naetle (?; JLH); Neantog (Ire.; KAB); Nebat-en-Nar (Arab.; +BOU); Naughty Man’s Plaything (Eng.; EAS); Nelau (Chepang; NPM); Nesslyn (JLH); Nettle +(Eng.; CR2; TAN); Nhyakan (Newari; NPM); Nockainen (Fin.; KAB); Ortica Maggiore (It.; KAB); +Orticone (It.; EFS); Ortie (Fr.; EFS); Ortiga Grossa (Cat.; KAB); Ortiga Maior (Por.; KAB); Ortiga +Mayor (Sp.; KAB); Ortuge (Fr.; KAB); Pokrzywa (Pol.; KAB); Polo (Gurung; Tamang; NPM); +Pulu (Gurung; NPM); Qorreis (Arab.; BOU); Satu (Tibet; NPM); Seravim (Heb.; ZOH); Sha’ar el +‘Agouz (Arab.; BOU); Sikya (Limbu; NPM); Sirpad (Heb.; ZOH); Sisna (Tharu; NPM); Sisnu (Bho- +jpuri; Danuwar; Nepal; NPM; SUW); Soi (Kas.; MKK); Singing nettle (Eng.; TAN); Sorbei (Arab.; +Egypt; ZOH); Stor Broendenelde (Den.; KAB); Stor Naelde (Den.; EFS); Syak (Sherpa; NPM); Tall +Nettle (Eng.; EAS); T’an Ma (China; EFS); Tezzount (Ber.; BOU); Timezrit (Ber.; BOU); Urtigão +(Por.; EFS); Urzica (Rom.; KAB); Za chhag (Tibet; NPM); Zwa (Tibet; NPM). +a Ctivities (Nettle ): +Analgesic (f1; CAN; DEM; PH2; X15013182); Anesthetic (f1; PH2); Anthelmintic (f; CRC; KAB; +NPM; SUW); Antiadrenaline (1; FAD); Antiaging (f; NP9(2):10); Antiallergic (f1; MAB); Antiar-o +matase (1; SHT); Antiarthritic (f1; PH2); Antiasthmatic (; fl CRC; DAW; NPM); Anticancer (f1; +JLH; MAB); Anticomplementary (1; HH3); Anticonvulsant (1; CAN); Antiedemic (f1; FT68:387; +MAB); Antiexudative (1; HH3); Antihemorrhagic (f; CAN); Antihistaminic (1; WAM); AntiHIV (1; +PH2); Antihidrotic (f; MAD); Antihyperglycemic (1; FT74:677); Antiinafl mmatory (f1; FT68:387; +MAB; PH2; X11962753); Antileukotriene (1; PP2); Antioxidant (1; X15013182); Antiperoxidant +(1; X15013182); Antiproliferant (1; NP9(2):10); Antiprostatitic (2; KOM; MAB); Antiradicular (1; +X15013182); Antirheumatic (f12; MAB; PH2; X11950004); Antiseptic (f1; BUR; CRC; PED); Anti- +spasmodic (f; PED); Antitumor (f1; PED); Antiulcer (1; X15013182); Antiviral (1; MAB; FT68:387); +Aphrodisiac (f; MAD); Aquaretic (1; SHT); Aromatase Inhibitor (1; HH3); Astringent (f1; CRC; +MAB; PNC; SUW); Bactericide (1; FAD; MAB; WOI); Bitter (f; PED); Bradycardic (1; CAN; +FT74:677); Choleretic (f; NP9(2):10); CNS Depressant (1; FAD); CVI (f1; APA; BGB); Cycloox- +ygenase Inhibitor (1; MAB; PH2); Cytotoxic (1; MAB); Depurative (f; BIB; FAD; MAB; PED); +Diuretic (f12; CRC; PHR; PH2; PNC; SUW; NP9(2):10); Elastase Inhibitor (1; MAB); Emmena- +gogue (f; APA; CRC; EFS; KAB; PED; SUW); Expectorant (f; MAD; PED); Fungicide (1; HH3; +MAB); Hematogenic (f1; EFS; FAD; PH2; WAM); Hemostat (f1; CAN; MAB; MAD; PED); Hepa- +totonic (f; BRU; NP9(2):10); Histaminic (1; FNF); Hyperglycemic (1; APA; CAN); Hypoglycemic +(f1; CAN; PNC; FT74:677; NP9(2):10; EB49:406); Hypotensive (f1; CAN; NP9(2):10); FT74:677); +Hypothermic (f1; CAN); Immunosupressant (1; X11950004); Impotence (f; TGP); Insecticide (f; +NPM); Insectifuge (f; AAH); Insulinogenic (1; NP9(2):10); Interferonigenic (1; CAN); Lactagogue +(f1; APA; CRC; HAD; MAD; NMH); Laxative (f; BGB); 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor (1; MAB; PH2); +Litholytic (f12; MAD; NP9(2):10); Mastogenic (1; HAD); Metal Chelator (1; X15013182); Meta-l +loproteinase Inhibitor (1; NP9(2):10; X11962753); Mitogenic (f; FAD); Myorelaxant (f; BGB); Natr-i +uretic (1; FT74:677); Pancreatonic (1; FNF); Purgative (f; EFS); Rubefacient (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; +EFS); Tonic (f; MAB; PNC); Uterotonic (1; APA; CAN); Vasoconstrictor (f; BIB; CRC); Vasorela-x +ant (1; NP9(2):10); Vermifuge (f; BGB; CRC; PED); Vulnerary (f; MAD). +iNdi Catio Ns (Nettle ): +Acne (f; BGB; FEL); Adenoma (1; BGB; SHT); Adenopathy (f; BIB; JLH); Ague (f; DEM; MAB); +Alactia (f; CRC; MAD); Allergy (f1; BGB; HH3; MAB; WAM); Alopecia (f; APA; WOI); Ameno-r +rhea (f; KAB); Anemia (f1; CRC; FAD; WAM); Arthrosis (f12; DEM; FAD; MAB; PH2; NP9(2):10; +X10911825; X11962753; X11950004); Asthma (f1; CRC; DAW; MAB; NPM); Ataxia (f; DEM); Bil- +iousness (f; NPM); Bladder stones (f12; PHR; PH2; NP9(2):10); Bleeding (f1; CRC; DEM; FEL); +8202_C001.indd 482 11/12/07 2:53:56 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +Boil (f; NPM); BPH (root) (12; BGB; KOM; MAB; PH2; NP9(2):10); Bronchosis (f1; CRC; MAB; +PED); Bug bites (1; MAB); Burns (f1; BGB; CRC; MAB); Cachexia (f; KAB); Calculus (f; CRC); +Cancer (f; CRC; FAD); Cancer, breast (f1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, ear (f1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, feet (f1; +JLH); Cancer, lung (f1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, prostate (f1; NP9(2):10; +X15254411); Cancer, rib (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f1; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f1; CRC; JLH); +Cancer, womb (f1; CRC; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; AAH); Carcinoma (f; BIB); Caries (f; NPM); Catarrh +(f; WOI); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cholangitis (f; CRC); Cholecystosis (f; CRC; FAD; MAB; WOI); +Cholera (f; FEL); Cold (f; AAH; CEB; NPM); Colic (f; CRC); Colitis (f; FEL; MAB); Conges- +tion (f; APA); Constipation (f; CRC; WOI); Consumption (f1; BUR; MAB; SUW); Corn (f; AAH); +Cough (f; AAH; NPM); Cramp (f; AAH; MAD); CVI (1; BGB); Cystosis (f; FEL); Dandruff (f; PH2; +WOI); Dermatosis (f1; BGB; CAN; MAB; FT74:677); Diabetes (f1; CRC; MAD; PH2; FT74:677; +EB49:406); Diarrhea (f1; BGB; BUR; FAD; FEL; MAB); Dislocation (f; NPM); Dropsy (f; AAH; +BGB; CRC); Dysentery (f1; BUR; CRC; FAD; MAB); Dysmenorrhea (f; BGB; APA; MAD; PED); +Dyspepsia (f; DEM; MAD); Dyspnea (f; CRC; KAB); Dysuria (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; SHT); Eczema +(f; BGB; CAN; MAB; MAD); Edema (f; CRC; PH2); Endothelioma (f; BIB; JLH); Enterosis (f; +FEL); Epilepsy (f; AAH); Epistaxis (f1; AAH; BGB; CAN; KAB; MAB); Epithelioma (f; BIB; JLH); +Erysipelas (f; CRC); Erythema (f; CRC); Escherichia (1; WOI); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f1; +CAN; CEB; NPM); Flu (f; PH2); Fungus (f; AAH); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Goiter (1; MAB); Gonor- +rhea (f; BIB; CRC); Gout (f1; FAD; MAB; PH2; NP9(2):10); Gravel (f12; BGB; BUR; KOM; MAD; +PHR); Hayfever (2; APA; MAB); Headache (f; AAH; CRC); Hematemesis (f; CEB); Hematuria +(f; SUW); Hemoptysis (f; CRC); Hemorrhage (f1; PNC; FT74:677); Hemorrhoids (f; AAH; BGB; +DEM; PED); Hepatosis (f; HH3); Herpes (f; BGB; X15814267); HIV (1; PH2); High Blood Pressure +(f1; CAN; NP9(2):10; FT74:677); Hives (f; DEM); Hoarseness (f; CEB); Impotence (f; CEB); Infec- +tion (f; AAH); Inafl mmation (f1; BGB; CRC; PH2; X11962753); Itch (f; DEM); Jaundice (f; BUR; +CRC; KAB; PED; SUW); Kidney stones (f12; APA; PHR; PH2; NP9(2):10); Lethargy (f; KAB); +Leukorrhea (f; CRC; MAD); Malaria (f; BIB; CEB; CRC; KAB); Melaena (1; CAN); Menorrhagia +(f; SUW); Mycosis (f; AAH); Myocardiopathy (1; BGB); Myosis (f; MAB); Nephrosis (f; BUR; +CRC; FEL; HH3; PED; SUW); Neuralgia (f; APA; BIB; CRC); Nocturia (1; MAB); Obesity (f; BUR; +CEB); Ophthalmia (f; AAH); Orchosis (f; CEB); Osteoarthrosis (f1; MAB); Osteoporosis (1; JAD); +Otosis (f; MAD); Pain (f12; BUR; EB49:406; NP9(2):10; X10911825; X15013182); Palsy (f; CEB; +CRC; KAB); Paralysis (f; BUR; CRC); Parotitis (f; AAH; BUB; JLH); Parturition (f; APA; BGB); +Pertussis (f; BIB; CRC); Pharyngosis (f; MAB); Pimple (f; AAH); Pleurisy (f; BGB; CEB); Pollaki- +suria (1; BGB); Polyp (f; BIB; JLH); Pregnancy (f; SKY); Prostatosis (12; PH2; SHT; X15045190); +Puerperium (f; NPM); Pulmonosis (f; CEB); Rash (f; AAH); Rheumatism (f12; FAD; KOM; PHR; +PH2; NP9(2):10; EB51:195; X10911825; X11962753); Rhinosis (1; BGB; HH3; MAB); Ringworm (f; +AAH); Sarcoma (f; BIB; JLH); Sciatica (f1; CRC; KAB; MAB); Seborrhea (f1; BRU); Shigella (1; +WOI); Shingle (f; AAH); Snakebite (f; EB49:406); Sore (f; CEB); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Splenosis (f; +CRC; FAD; JLH); Sprain (f; APA; SKJ); Sting (f; CRC); Stitch (f; MAD); Stomachache (f; DEM); +Stomatosis (f; MAB); Stone (f12; KOM; MAD; PHR; PH2; SHT); Swelling (f; AAH; BIB; DEM); +Tendinitis (f; APA); Toothache (f; CEB); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; KAB); Tumor (f; CRC; JLH); Ulcer +(1; X15013182); Uremia (f; BIB); Urticaria (f1; MAB); Uterorosis (f; BGB; APA; CAN; KAB); UTI +(2; PHR; KOM; PH2; SHT); Uvulosis (f; CEB); Vaginosis (f; APA); Venereal Disease (f; BIB; CRC); +Vertigo (f; BIB; CRC); Virus (1; PH2); Worm (f; AAH; BGB; NPM); Wound (f; MAB; NPM). +d osages (Nettle ): +FNFF = !!! +Greens widely eaten, but only after cooking disarms the sting. Some make nettle pudding, adding +broccoli, leeks, and rice. Some make nettle beer; British wrap their Cornish Yarg cheese in nettle +leaves; leaf juice serves as rennet; dried leaves (they lose their sting in drying) used to make herb +tea. In Scotland, nettles are combined with leeks or onions, broccoli or cabbage, and rice, boiled +8202_C001.indd 483 11/12/07 2:53:57 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +in a muslin bag and served with butter or gravy. Nettle beer and nettle tea are made by some +people. Dried nettles can be fed to livestock and poultry, but few animals will eat the living plants +(BIB; FAC; TAN; EB54:155). 3–4 tsp (4–6 g) shoot or leaf in 150 ml boiling water cooled, 3–4 +×/day(APA; MAD); 4–6 g/day root (APA); 3–4 tsp (circa 4 g) shoot/cup water/severa×l /day (APA); +2–4 g dry herb, or in tea, 3 ×/day (CAN); 3–4 ml liquid herb extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 ×/day +(CAN); 2–6 ml root tincture (1:5 in 45% ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN); 8–12 g herb; 4–6 g root (KOM); +8–12 g dry herb/day (MAB); 9 g/day leaf for arthrosis (MAB); 4–6 g/day dry root (MAB); 3–6 +ml/day ufl id herb extract (1:2) (MAB); 4–9 ml/day ufl id root extract (1:2) (MAB); 3–6 ml/day ufl id +herb extract (1:2) (MAB); 3–6 g/day root or 600–1200 mg/day 5:1 extract for BPH (MAB); 7–14 +ml/day herb tincture (1:2) (MAB); 125 g juice (MAD); 3–4 tsp (circa 4.8 g) herb in hot tea (MAD); +4–6 g root/day; one or two 475-mg capsules 2 to 3 ×/day; one 450-mg StX capsules 2 ×/day (NH); +3–6 g dry leaf (PED); 4.5 g dry leaf:22 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED); 2.5–5 ml liquid herb extract +(PNC); 8–12 g dry herb/day (SHT); 4–6 g powdered root/cup water (WIC). +• Algerians mix powdered nettles with powdered jasmine for gonorrhea (BIB). +• Carolinans suggest the root for consumption, diarrhea, dysentery, gravel, hemorrhoids, +jaundice, nephrosis, and pain (BUR). +• Czechs poultice the herb onto cancers (JLH). +• Devonshire locals use nettle top tea for urticaria (KAB). +• French use nettle roots steeped in vinegar for tumors of the feet and spleen, steeped in +honey for tumors in lungs or ribs (JLH). +• Irish drink nettle tea to clear measle rash (AAH). +• Italians use stinging nettle (and elderberry and parietaria) for herpes zoster +(X15814267). +• Russians self-urticate to energize tired muscles (KAB). +• Russians use for cholangitis, cholecystitis, constipation, dysmenorrhea, hepatitis, and +jaundice (CRC; HJP). +• Herb decoction taken for cold, cough, rheumatism, and stomachache (EB51:195). +• Nettle roots crushed with vinegar for swellings of the feet or spleen (CEB). +• Nettle juice as a mouthwash for swollen uvula (CEB). +• Nettle juice boiled lightly with sugar; 2 oz taken orally for bleeding piles (CEB). +• Nettle seed with honey (or nettle juice) for cold, cough, gastrosis, orchosis, and swellings +(CEB). +• 1 Tbsp seeds with jam or honey for impotence (CEB, where we read that nettle seeds in +wine excite to games of love). +• Seed (and flower) tincture 1 tsp 3–4 ×/day for ague and malaria (CEB). +• Seeds boiled in wine for orchosis (CEB). +• Seeds crushed in honey for pustules on the lung, side ache, and swelling of the ribs (CEB). +• “Seed of Nettle stirreth up lust, especially drunk with Cute (thickened must) …” (Gerarde +as quoted in CEB). +• 12 to 15 seeds, 3 ×/dayfor goiter (or bigneck) (CEB). +d ow Nsides (Nettle ): +Class 1 (AHP, 1997). No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages +(PH2). None known for herb; rare GI upsets for roots (KOM). Herbage contraindicated in ufl id +retention due to reduced cardiac or renal activity, rarely causing allergic reactions (PHR). Adverse +effects of root: mild GI complaints (occasionally) (AEH). Occasional mild GI complaints after root +ingestion. The urtication can be painful and lon-glasting, in some inducing a black-and-blue reac- +tion. No fatalities are reported in the United States. Newall, Anderson, and Phillipson (1996) ca- u +tion amines are an irritant. Because it is a reputed abortifacient and to affect the menstrual cycle, +8202_C001.indd 484 11/12/07 2:53:59 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +its use in pregnancy and lactation should be avoided. May interfere with blood pressure, CNS, and +diabetes medications (CAN). Being a nettle fan, I had never heard of it before and was reluctant +when my friend Vic said the root tea almost did him in. It is almost as if he read the book, “Co-n +sumption of nettle tea has caused gastric irritation, a burning sensation of the skin, oedema, and +oliguria” (CAN). Not for use in severely allergic patients, especially those with tendency toward +anaphylaxis (WAM). Schulz et al. (1998) report on more than 4000 patients taking 600 to 1200 mg +extract/day for 6 months. Only 35 showed side effects, 0.65% GI complaints, 9 (0.19%) dermato- +sis, and 2 (>0.05%) reporting hyperhidrosis (SHT). No contraindications are stated (SHT). Varro +Tyler cautions against self-medication with BPH. Whenever treating BPH, a practitioner should +be involved. Baseline levels of PSA should be established before considering an herbal treatment +(JAD). Even JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) admits that there is no hard +proof for any intervention in BPH; because hospitals kill 200,000 Americans a year, and prostate +cancer fewer than 50,000, I will opt for nettle tea, pomegranate juice, sitosterol-rich nuts, especially +pumpkin seed, and selenium-rich Brazil nuts as the foods of choice for prostate protection. +extra Cts (Nettle ): +Analgesic; Anticonvulsant; Bradycardic; CNS Depressant; Hemostatic; Hyperglycemic (PNC; +FT68:387); Hypoglycemic (FT68:387); Hypotensive; Hypothermic; Pancreatonic (FT68:387); +LD50 = 3625 mg/kg ipr mus (CAN FT68:387). Infusion LD50 = 1929 mg/kg ivn rat. HOH extract +LD50 = 1721 mg/kg ivn rat. The tea was well tolerated at levels of 1310 mg/kg orally (Bombardelli +and Morazzoni, 1997). LD50 infusion = 1310 orl rat (MAB); (9Z-11E)-13-Hydroxy-9,11-octadeca- +dienoic acid, 14 octacosanol, oleanolic acid, secoisolariciresinol, and ursolic acid are listed as weak +to moderate aromatase inhibitors found in the methanolic root extract. Aromatase is a key enzyme +in steroid hormone metabolism, and its inhibition may partially explain the activity of the roots +in BPH. The polysaccharide fraction of the aqueous root extract show prolonged antiedemic and +antiinafl mmatory activity (40 mg/kg orl rat). Ethanolic extract also inhibits elastase, a destru-c +tive enzyme in the inafl mmatory process (IC50 = 68 µg/ml). The isolectin, abundant in the roots, +may contribute to the antiinafl mmatory and antiprostatic activity of the extracts. Aqueous extracts +inhibit dose dependently (0.6–10 mg/ml the binding of dihydrotestosterone to SHBG with specic fi +receptors on human prostatic membranes). The alcoholic extract, isolectin, and stigmast-4-en-3- ++ + +one were inactive. At concentrations of 0.1 mg/ml, some root extracts inhibited Na, K -ATPases ++ + +27.6 to 81.5%. Stigmast-4-en-3-one, stigmasterol, and campesterol inhibited Na, K -ATPases 23 +to 67% at concentrations of 1 to 1000 µM. Such inhibition may inufl ence prostate cell metabolism +and growth (Bombardelli and Morazzoni, 1997). Root polysaccharide extracts anticompleme-n +tary (IC50 = 50 µg/ml HH3). Strange that an herb should inject so many neuroactive compounds +— acetylcholine, choline, formic acid, histamine, leukotrienes, serotonin (PH2) — into unsuspect- +ing grazers. Talk about splitting hairs; Hager’s Handbuch (1998) says that each hair of U. dioica +contains 0.1 to 0.2 µg acetylcholine; 0.01 µg histamine; and 5 ng serotonin, while hairs oUf . urens +contain 53 ng acetylcholine, 5 ng histamine, and, if I translate correctly, circa 0.15 pg leukotriene- +B4; 0.3 pg leukotriene C4 + D4. Earlier, Madaus reported secretin (MAD), but I do not think that is +the same as the secretin being studied in autism. I assume that there is also some choline involved. +One overindulgent physician speculated on one of my Amazonian tours that the histamine injected +by the nettle sting generated an antihistaminic reaction, some of which went to the sting and some +to arthritic hot spots. +vet Ive R (v etiveri A ziz Anioides (L.) NAsh ex sMALL ) +++ po ACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Andropogon muricatus Retz.; Andropogon squarrosus Cooke; Andropogon zizanioides Urb.; Veti- +veria odorata Virey +8202_C001.indd 485 11/12/07 2:54:00 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides). +Notes (v etiver ): +Dan also and Javan going to and fro occupied in thy fairs: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were +in thy market. +Ezekiel 27:19 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 486 11/12/07 2:54:13 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +[A]nd wine from Uzal they exchanged for your wares; wrought iron, cassia, and calamus were +bartered for your merchandise. +Ezekiel 27:19 (RSV) +Vedan and Javan from Uzal — for your stores they gave. Iron in wrought works, cassia and cane +— for your articles of exchange they proved to be. +Ezekiel 27:19 (NWT) +Whether I was right in suggesting vetiver for this biblical calamus or cane, an association not v-en +tured by any of my major sources, it seems to have been an aromatic cane-like vetiver, imported +from afar, as the cassia in the same passage. Cassia could have been imported from the Indian +subcontinent; so could vetiver; and so could Acorus calamus. Moldenke and Moldenke (BIB) ident-i +efi d it with the obscure binomial Andropogon aromaticus Roxb., which some authors have equated +with Vetiveria, others with Andropogon (Cymbopogon) schoenanthus L, one of the “lemon-grass” +assemblage; they also suggested Andropogon muricatus, now considered a synonym of vetiver. +Zohary identiefi s it with Cymbopogon. Suggestions that it might be the calamus of today A( corus +calamus) have generally been rejected. Acorus calamus did not apparently occur in biblical Pale-s +tine (ZOH), and was less likely to have been imported than the lemon-grass or vetiver, to either of +which the alternative translation “sweet cane” seems more appropriate. Oil of vetiver is described +as one of the most valuable and most important perfumers’ raw materials, widely used in perfumes, +cosmetics, and for the scenting of soaps. In Hispaniola, the plant is cultivated as a medicinal and +aromatic tea material. It serves for making awnings, bags, baskets, fans, mats, pillows, sachets, +screens, and sunshades, and is used for thatch in Haiti. Young leaves, not being too aromatic, may +serve as fodder (BIB). +Although originally from India, vetiver is a major money crop in Haiti, but is probably more +important for holding the soil there. Although one hears a lot about it, as of Groundhog Day 2005, +there were fewer than 20 abstracts on it on PubMed. But by June 15, 2005, Wilde et al. had described +phytoextraction of lead from firing range soil with vetiver (X15964059). (Mark Dafforn, who for +decades has been interested in vetiver, has passed on some common names tidbits that I would like +to share. I have included as personal communications from Mark Dafforn, in this account only, with +PER.) +Commo N Names (v etiver ): +Abhaya (Sanskrit; KAB); Aga Wanga (Indonesia); Akar wangi (Malaya; EFS; IHB); Akar Wangu +(Malaya); Amranalam (Sanskrit; NAD); Amrinala (Sanskrit; KAB); Anias de Moras (Pamp); An- +wunga-ro-gban (Sierra Leone; Temne); Arabian Kuss-Kuss (Eng.; EFS); Arabischer Kostus (Ger.; +EFS); Avdaha (Sanskrit; KAB); Avurugaddiveru (Tel.; KAB); Babin (Bambara); Bala (Hindi; S-an +skrit; KAB); Balah (Hindi; KAB); Barewali (Sierra Leone; Susu); Baul de Pobre (Pr.; PER); Bena +(Hindi; KAB; WOI); Bhanavalo (Kon.; NAD); Bikhiwala (Iran); Birni (Sadani; KAB); Birnijono +(Mun.); Botha Grass (Eng.; TAN); Capia (Arg.; Que.; PER); Capim de Boma (Por.; UPW); Capim +Vetiver (Por.; UPW); Chiendent des Indes (Fr.; EFS); Chiendent Orient (Fr.; UPW); Chor’dor’de +(Nig.; Fulani); Cockroach Grass (Eng.; JFM); Costus arabique (Fr.; EFS); Cus-Cus (Creole; Fr.; +Haiti; EFS; VOD); Cuscus (Eng.; UK); Cuscus grass (Eng.; EFS); Dahaharana (Sanskrit; KAB); +Dimi (Fulani); Diri (Songhai); Faeg (Laos; Thai); Gandhadhya (Sanskrit; KAB); Ganrar (Hindi; +KAB); Giron (Bis); Grama de la India (Sp.; PER); Haripriya (Sanskrit; KAB); Ilamichamver (Tam.; +KAB); Ilib (Phil. [Pamp.]); Indragupta (Sanskrit; KAB); Ivarancusa (Ger.; EFS); Izkhir (Arab.; +KAB); Jalamoda (Sanskrit; KAB); Jalavasa (Sanskrit; KAB); Janur (Sunda; IHB); Jema (Hausa); +Jhoor (India; SKJ); Kaadu (Kan.; WOI); Kaadu Karidappasajje Hallu (Kan.; WOI); Kabenis (Sierra +8202_C001.indd 487 11/12/07 2:54:13 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Leone; Temne; UPW); Kale (Sierra Leone; Susu; UPW); Kamare (Sarakolle); Kansh (Nepal; SUW); +Karidappasajje Halu (Kannada); Katayana (Sanskrit; KAB); Khas (Ganrar; Iran; Urdu); Khas Bena +(Hindi; NAD); Khas-Khas (Beng.; Hindi; India; Iran; Mar.; Nepal; EFS; KAB); Khiskhus (Eng.; +UK); Khus-Khus grass (Eng.; EFS); Kieli (Fulani); Koosa (Eng.; UK); Kulikarili (Ghana); Kulk-a +dere (Gurma); Kuruvaeru (Tel.; WOI); Kuruveeru (Tel.; WOI); Kusu Kusu (Malaya; IHB); Laama-n +che (Kan.; WOI); Laghubhaya (Sanskrit; KAB); Lamajjaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Lamajjakumuveru +(Tel.; KAB); Laraseta (Indonesia); Lara S_tu (Java; IHB); Larawèstu (Java; IHB); Lavancha (Kan.; +KAB); Magic Grass (Cameroon); Miracle Grass (Thai); Miyamoe (Burma; KAB); Mora (Phil. [Bik, +Bis]); Moras (Phil. [Bik, Bis; Tag]); Moro (Pi.; Tag.; KAB) Mottenwurzel (Ger.; EFS); Muda (Cebu); +Mudivala (Kan.; NAD); Naga Setu (Malaya; IHB); Nalada (Sanskrit; KAB); Nara Setu (Malaya; +IHB); Nara Wastu (Malaya; Sumatra; Sunda; IHB); Narawasta (Sul; Sunda; IHB); Ngoko Ba (B-am +bara); Ngongon (Bambara); Ngongonari (Nig.; Fulani); Onei (Ganrar; Hindi; KAB); Pacholi (Pr.; +PER); Pachuli (Peru; Por.; Sp.; EGG); Pallol (Fulani); Panni (Ganrar; Hindi; Pun.; KAB; NAD); +Pindi (Sierra Leone; Mende); Raiz de Moras (Sp.); Ramaccham (Mal.; Mys.; WOI); Ramacheha-m +ver (Mal.; KAB); Ranapriya (Sanskrit; KAB); Rambhu (Sanskrit; KAB); Rarawèstu (Java; IHB); +Reshira (Sanskrit; KAB); Rimodas (Phil.; Bis); Rimora (Phil.; Sbl); Rimoras (Phil.; Bik); Rou- +doum (Mossi); Rumput Wangi (Malaya; IHB); Saivandera (Sinh; KAB); Samagandhika (Sanskrit; +KAB); Savandramul (Sin.; KAB); Seenk (India; SKJ); Sembam (Sen.; Tuk.); Sep (Sen.; Wolof); +Sevya (Sanskrit; KAB); Shishira (Sanskrit; KAB); Shitamulaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Sirom (Mun.; +Sant.; KAB); Sirum (Mun.; KAB); Sirum jono (Mun.; KAB); So’dornde (Nig.; Fulani); So’mayo +(Nig.; Fulani); Sugandhimula (Sanskrit; KAB; WOI); Sumare (Mandinga; Sierra Leone; UPW); +Swarankusa (Den.; EFS); Tiep (Sen.; Wolof); Tin (Oudh; KAB); Toul (Sen.; Falor); Tropical Sweet +Grass (Eng.; JFM); Ucira (India; JLH); Usa (Sumatra; IHB); Usar (Indonesia; Sumatra; Sunda; +IHB); Useeur (Sumatra; IHB); Usheera (Sanskrit; EFS); Ushira (Ayu.; Sanskrit; KAB; AH2); Usir +(Arab.; KAB); Usira (India; JLH); Vairina (India; JLH); Vala (Cutch; India; Mar.; EFS; KAB; +NAD); Valo (Guj.; NAD); Vattiveeru (Kan.; Tel.; KAB; WOI); Veeranam (Sanskrit; NAD); Vetive +(Creole; Haiti; VOD); Vetiver (Eng.; Dutch; Tam.; AH2; EFS); Vettiveelu (Tel.; WOI); Vettiveeru +(Tel.; WOI); Vettiveeru (Kan.; Mys.; Tel.); Vettiver (Tam.; WOI); Vettiveru (Mal.; WOI); Vetivert +(Eng.; EFS); Vettiveru (Mysore; KAB); Vidavaliveru (Tel.; KAB); Vilhalver (Tam.); Vira (Sanskrit; +KAB); Virabhadra (Sanskrit; KAB); Virana (Sanskrit; KAB); Viranam (Tam.); Virataru (Sanskrit; +KAB); Vitanamulaka (Sanskrit; KAB); Vitivergras (Ger.; EFS); Xiang Geng Sao (China); Yesero +mekelakeya (Eth.); Zacate Violeta (Sal.; PER); Zemako (Nig.; Fulani). +a Ctivities (v etiver ): +Abortifacient (f; HOC; UPW; ZUL); Alexeretic (f; KAB); Analgesic (f; HOC; JFM; VOD); Anthe-l +mintic (1; ZUL); Antifeedant (1; X12558100); Antiinafl mmatory (f; MAF; MHK; NAD); Antiseptic +(f1; MAF; JAR12:83; X10438227); Antispasmodic (f; EFS; NAD); Astringent (f; KAB); Bactericide +(1; X10438227); Cardiotonic (f; NAD); Carminative (f; JFM; WOI); Cerebrotonic (f; NAD); Dia- +phoretic (f; EFS; JFM; MAF; SUW; WOI); Diuretic (f; EFS); Emetic (1; MAF); Emmenagogue (f; +AHL; EFS; KAB; SUW); Febrifuge (f; AHL; SUW; UPW); Fungicide (1; ZUL; JAR12:83); Hypo- +glycemic (1; MAF); Insecticide (f; VOD); Insectifuge (f1; JFM; MAF; ZUL; X12558100); Litholytic +(f; IHB); Pulifuge (f; MAF); Refrigerant (f; EFS; SUW; WOI); Sedative (f; MAF; KAB); Stomachic +(f; EFS; KAB; SUW); Stimulant (f; AHL; SKJ; SUW); Termitifuge (1; X12558100); Tonic (f; EFS; +KAB; SUW); Tranquilizer (f; MAF). +iNdi Catio Ns (v etiver ): +Amenorrhea (f; KAB); Asthma (f; ZUL); Bacteria (f1; MAF; X10438227); Biliousness (f; IHB; +KAB); Bladderstones (f; IHB); Boils (f; MAF; SKJ); Bugbite (f; MAF); Burns (f; MAF; SKJ); Can- +cer (f; UPW); Cardiopathy (f; NAD); Cerebrosis (f; KAB); Chlamydia (f; MAF); Cholera (f; MAF; +8202_C001.indd 488 11/12/07 2:54:14 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +MHK; NAD); Colic (f; WOI); Dandruff (1; JAR12:83); Dermatosis (f1; EGG; MAF; JAR12:83); +Diabetes (1; MAF); Eczema (f; MAF); Enterosis (f; HOC; VOD); Epilepsy (f; SKJ); Fever (f; JFM; +KAB; MAF); Flu (f; JFM; UPW; ZUL); Fungus (f1; MAF; JAR12:83); Gas (f; WOI); Gastrosis (f; +IHB; MAF); Halitosis (f; KAB); Hangover (f1; JAD); Headache (f; JFM; KAB; NAD); Hemat-o +sis (f; KAB); Hepatosis (f; AHL); Infection (f1; MAF; JAR12:83); Inafl mmation (f; MAF; MHK); +Insomnia (f; MAF); Lumbago (f; WOI); Malaria (f; MAF; SKJ; ZUL); Mycosis (f1; EGG; MAF; +JAR12:83); Nausea (f; MHK); Nesseria (f; MAF); Neuralgia (f; HOC; JFM); Neurosis (f; MAF); +Odontosis (f; MAF); Pain (f; MAF; VOD); Palpitation (f; NAD); Parasite (f; VOD); PID (f; MAF); +Pleurisy (f; JFM; UPW; ZUL); Puerperium (f; IHB); Rheumatism (f; JFM; WOI); Septicemia (f; +MAF); Snakebite (f; SKJ); Spermatorrhea (f; KAB); Sprain (f; WOI); Staphylococcus (f1; MAF; +X10438227); Stings (f; SKJ); Stomatosis (f; MAF; SKJ); Toothache (f; MAF); Trichophyton (1; +JAR12:83); UTI (f; MAF); Vomiting (f; WOI); Yellow Fever (f; UPW). +d osages (v etiver ): +FNFF = ? +Khus essence and khus water used in India for afl voring sherberts, syrup sweets, and fruit drinks. +Vetiver extracts added to canned asparagus to enhance the afl vor (FAC). “Root yields an essential +oil used in sherberts” (TAN). Grass used in cigarettes (NAD). Used in Australian barbecued rat +recipe: “Fatten the rat on vetiver roots and marinate the meat in its young shoots” (Mark Dafforn, +personal communication, 2006). 3.9 g powdered herb boiled in 50 ml water for UTIs and malaria +(MAF). Chew 2 g root up to 4 ×/day for toothache (MAF). Two minims essence for nausea of +cholera. +• Asian Indians suggest (but I do not) smoking the herb with benzoin for headache (NAD). +• Asian Indians suggest vetiver roots with those of sunofl wer (American) and Marsilea for +malaria (SKJ). +• Asian Indians use the roots on abdominal tumors (JLH; UPW). +• Ayurvedics consider the root alexiteric, antibilious, astringent, depurative, and stomachic, +suggesting it for burning sensations, fever, halitosis, strangury, and thirst (KAB). +• Americans anecdotally report that vetiver tea does wonders for tequila hangovers (Mark +Dafforn, personal communication, 2006). +• Malayans failed in planting vetiver acreage to repel mosquitoes (UPW); they apply as +perfume. +• Mauritians use root as abortifacient (UPW). +• Nigerians use the root in water puricatfi ion (UPW). +• Peruvians suggest the decoction or tincture topically for dermatoses (e.g., fungal infe-c +tions) (EGG). +• Philippinos use roots in gastrosis, and as a litholytic in bladder stones (IHB). +• Puerto Ricans use root tea as analgesic, carminative, stomachic, sudoricfi , for headache, +neuralgia, and rheumatism (JFM). +• Trinidadans use the tea for fever, flu, pleurisy, and yellow fever (JFM; UPW). +• Unani consider the bitter root cardiotonic, cerebrotonic, depurative, soporicfi , using for +headache, palpitations, and spermatorrhea (KAB; NAD). +d ow Nsides (v etiver ): +Class 2b. Abortifacient emmenagogue/uterine stimulant (AHP). Not for pregnant women, neonates, or +children under 12 years old. Monitor blood sugar if taking for diabetes (MAF). “To date no side effect +of adverse reaction has been registered apart from cases of nausea due to overdose” (MAF, 2002). +8202_C001.indd 489 11/12/07 2:54:14 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +LAURest INUs (v iburnum tinus L.) + CApRIFo LIACeAe +Notes (l auresti Nus ): +I will plant in the wilderness the cedar, the shittah tree, and the myrtle, and the oil tree; I will set +in the desert the fir tree, and the pine, and the box tree together. +Isaiah 41:19 (KJV) +I will put in the wilderness the cedar, the acacia, the myrtle, and the olive; I will set in the desert +the cypress, the plane and the pine together. +Isaiah 41:19 (RSV) +In the wilderness I shall set the cedar tree, the acacia, and the myrtle, and the oil tree. In the +desert plain I shall place the juniper tree, the ash and the cypress at the same time. +Isaiah 41:19 (NWT) +The glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box together, to +beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious. +Isaiah 60:13 (KJV) +The glory of Lebanon shall come to you, the cypress, the plane, and the pine, to beautify the place +of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious. +Isaiah 60:13 (RSV) +To you the very glory of Lebanon will come, the juniper tree, the ash tree and the cypress at the +same time, in order to beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I shall glorify the very place of +my feet. +Isaiah 60:13 (NWT) +The King James version calls it box (which suggests Buxus to most American botanists), the +Revised Standard version calls ipt lane (which suggests Platanus to most American botanists), and +the New World Translation calls ita sh (which suggests Fraxinus to most American botanists). But +Israeli botanist Michael Zohary says that onlyV iburnum tinus has the slightest linguistic support to +represent the Hebrew tidhar in the two Isaiah passages. He is basing this on the Aramaic translation +of the Targum Yonathan, which renders tidhar asm ornian, which is cognate with the Arabicm urran. +Murran is the only Arabic name forV iburnum tinus. Having only one indication for this interesting +Mediterranean species, I resort once more to the generic approach. Except for the dropsy indication, +all the activities and indications below are listed for other species of the big genuVs iburnum (e.g., +those followed by VAD are from MediterraneanV . lantana or North American V. prunifolium). +Commo N Names (l auresti Nus ): +Ash (Eng.; NWT); Box (Eng.; KJV); Laurestinus (Eng.; ZOH); Mornian (Aramaic; ZOH); Murran +(Arab.; ZOH); Plane (Eng.; KJV); Tidhar (Heb.; ZOH); Nscn. +8202_C001.indd 490 11/12/07 2:54:15 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +a Ctivities (o t Her v ibur Nums ): +Alterative (f; BUR); Analgesic (f1; VAD); Antiabortive (f; FEL; TOM); Anticonvulsive (f; DEM); +Antidiarrheic (f1; APA; PNC); Antiinafl mmatory (f; VAD); Antiseptic (f1; VAD); Antispasmodic +(f1; DEM; EFS; FAD; FEL; LAF; PH2; VAD); Astringent (f1; APA; BUR; FEL; VAD); Cardio- +tonic (1; VAD); Cicatrizant (f; VAD); Cyanogenic (1; EB30:400); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Diuretic +(f; BUR; FEL; LAF); Emetic (f; FEL); Febrifuge (f1; VAD); Hemostat (f; VAD); Hypotensive (f; +VAD); Nervine (f; APA; BUR; EFS; FAD; FEL); Sedative (f1; APA; EFS; FAD; VAD); Tonic (f; +FEL; LAF); Uterorelaxant (f1; APA; BUR; FAD; LAF); Uterotonic (f; EFS; FAD; FEL); Venotonic +(f1; VAD). +iNdi Catio Ns (o t Her v ibur Nums ): +Abortion (f; FEL; HH3); Ague (f; DEM); Alcoholism (f; FEL); Ameba (f; WOI); Amenorrhea (f; FEL); +Arthrosis (f; TOM); Asthma (f1; APA; EFS; FAD; HOC; VAD); Bleeding (f; FEL); Blepharosis (f; +VAD); Cancer (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; FEL); Childbirth (f; DAW); Chorea (f; FEL); Colic (f; FEL); +Congestion (f; FEL); Conjunctivosis (f; VAD); Convulsions (f; DEM); Corneal Abrasians (f; VAD); +Cramp (f1; APA; DEM; EFS; FAD; FEL); Dermatosis (f1; APA; FEL; LAF; PNC; VAD); Dropsy (f; +DAW); Dysentery (f; FEL); Dysmenorrhea (f1; APA; FAD; HH3; LAF; PH2; TOM; VAD); Eczema +(f1; VAD); Fever (f1; APA); Enterosis (f1; APA); Epilepsy (f; FEL); Erythema (f; VAD); Female Ails +(f; DEM); Fever (f; DAW); Glossosis (f; DEM); Headache (f1; APA); Hemorrhoid (f1; VAD); Hic- +cup (f; FEL); High Blood Pressure (f1; VAD); Hot Flash (f; TOM); Hysteria (f; EFS; FEL; TOM); +Infection (f; DAW); Inafl mmation (f; FEL; VAD); Insomnia (f1; APA; EFS; FAD); Intermittent Clau - +dication (f; FEL; JAD); Itch (f; VAD); Jaundice (f; FEL); Lethargy (f; LAF); Malaria (f; DAW); +Menorrhagia (f; FEL); Miscarriage (f; APA; FAD; LAF); Ophthalmia (f; BUR; FEL); Pain (f1; APA); +Palpitation (f; FEL); Paralysis (f; FEL); Parturition (f; DEM; FAD); Periodontosis (f; VAD); Phary-n +gosis (f1; VAD); Phlebitis (f1; VAD); Rheumatism (f; TOM); Singultus (f; FEL); Smallpox (f; DEM); +Sore (f; WOI); Spasm (f; WOI); Stomatosis (f1; VAD); Tumor (f; JLH); Uterosis (f; FEL); Uterrhagia +(f; APA); Vaginosis (f; VAD); Varicosity (f1; VAD); Water Retention (f; LAF). +d osages (o t Her v ibur Nums ) +FNFF = ! +Fruits sometimes edible out of hand, more often dried as “raisins,” or in beverages, jams, jellies, +and sauces (FAC; TAN). 2 tsp dry bark/cup water (APA); up to 2 tsp/tincture 3 ×/day (APA); 2–5 g +powdered bark (HH3). 1–2 g powdered bark (PNC); 2–8 ml bark elixir (PNC); 4–8 ml liquid bark +extract (PNC). +d ow Nsides (o t Her v ibur Nums ): +Class 2d. Kidney stone patients should use only with caution because of oxalates (AHP, 1997). No +health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic dosages (PH2) (PH2 designates no +specic fi quantiefi d dosage, JAD). HH3 notes that there is a CNS-depressant outcome of overdose. +In animals, it takes some 5 to 7 g scu to cause cardiac arrest (HH3). +FABA BeAN (v ici A fAbA L.) ++ FABACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Faba vulgaris Moench. +8202_C001.indd 491 11/12/07 2:54:16 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +FIGURe . Faba Bean (Vicia faba). +Notes (Faba bea N): +Brought beds, and basons, and earthen vessels, and wheat, and barley, and flour, and parched +corn, and beans, and lentiles, and parched pulse, And honey, and butter, and sheep, and cheese of +kine, for David, and for the people that were with him, to eat: for they said, The people is hungry, +and weary, and thirsty, in the wilderness. +2 Samuel 17:28- 9 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 492 11/12/07 2:54:41 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +brought beds, basins, and earthen vessels, wheat, barley, meal, parched grain, beans and lentils, +honey and curds and sheep and cheese from the herd, for David and the people with him to eat; +for they said, “The people are hungry and weary and thirsty in the wilderness.” +2 Samuel 17:28- 9 (RSV) +[brought] beds and basins, and potter’s vessels, and wheat and barley and flour and roasted +grain, and broad beans and lentils, and parched grain and honey and butter and sheep and curds +of cattle they brought forward for David and the people to eat; for they said, “The people are +hungry and tired and thirsty in the wilderness.” +2 Samuel 17:28–29 (NWT) +Take thou also unto thee wheat, and barley, and beans, and lentiles, and millet and fitches, and +put them in one vessel, and make thee bread thereof, according to the number of the days that +thou shalt lie upon thy side, three hundred and ninety days shalt thou eat thereof. +Ezekiel 4:9 (KJV) +And you, take wheat and barley, beans and lentils, millet and spelt, and put them into a single +vessel, and make bread of them. During the number of days that you lie upon your side, three +hundred and ninety days, you shall eat it. +Ezekiel 4:9 (RSV) +And as for you, take for yourself wheat and barley, and broad beans and lentils, and millet and +spelt, and you must put them in one utensil, and make them into bread for you, for the number of +days that you are lying upon your side, three hundred and ninety days you shall eat it. +Ezekiel 4:9 (NWT) +So ancient is this vegetable that is recorded by Pliny. Even today, broadbeans are cultivated in +biblical countries, especially Egypt, because of their many uses, not only as vegetable, and pulse, +but also as breadstuff. Beans have been found in the Neolithic of Jericho, where they are cu-lti +vated to this day. According to Zohary, the plant is nowhere found in the wild, suggesting that +the wild ancestor is extinct. In ancient days, beans were used in collecting votes from the people; +a white bean signifying approval of the measure proposed; a black one meaning condemnation. +Magistrates were elected by casting beans; maybe that is where we got the term “bean-counters” +(BIB; ZOH). +Commo N Names (Faba bea N): +Aboaun (Ber.; BOU); Anhuri (Hindi; WOI); Bakala (Nepal; NPM); Bakila (Iran; EFS); Bakla +(Hindi; Kum.; Tur. DEP; EFS; WOI); Bakla Sem (Delhi; WOI); Bakula (Newari; NPM); Baquela +(Arabic; BOU); Bean of History (Eng.; WOI); Bean of the Bible (Eng.; WOI); Bell Bean (Eng.; +USN); Bondbona (Sw.; EFS); Broad Bean (Eng.; Jam.; AVP; BOU; LEG); Buffbohne (Ger.; EFS); +Can Dou (Pin.; DAA); Chas Tang (Pun.; Sutlej; DEP; WOI); Chas Tang Raiun (Him.; WOI); Djilla +(Ber.; BOU); Duivenbohn (Dutch; EFS); Faba (Eng.; Sp.); Faba (It.; Por.; EFS); Faba bean (Eng.; +CR2); Fava Bean (Eng.; CR2; LEG); Faveiro (Por.; EFS); Feldbohne (Ger.; EFS); Feve (Fr.; BOU); +Feve Cultivee (Fr.; BOU); Feve de Marais (Fr.; BOU; EFS); Feve des Champs (Fr.; EFS); Feverolle +8202_C001.indd 493 11/12/07 2:54:42 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +(Fr.; BOU); Foul (Arabic; BOU); Foul Hashadi (Arabic; BOU); Garden Bean (Eng.; NPM); Haba +(Peru; Sp.; Trin.; AVP; EFS; EGG); Habas (Asa.; ROE); Habichuela (Sp.; EFS); Hende Matar (Mun.; +WOI); Hestebonne (Den.; EFS); Horsebean (Eng.; LEG); Hu Tou (China; EFS); Kabli Bakla (Pun.; +WOI); Kadu Huralikayee (Kan.; WOI); Kaian (Kas.; DEP); Kala Matar (Hindi; WOI); Karafasulye +(Tur.; EB49:406); Katun (Kas.; WOI); Lipta (Peru; EGG; SOU); Mattz Rewari (Pun.; WOI); Mon +Sran (Tibet; NPM); Nakshan (Ladak; DEP; WOI); Paardenbohn (Dutch; EFS); Pferdebohne (Ger.; +EFS); Pois Blanc (Haiti; AVP); Pol (Heb.; ZOH); Raj Rawam (Pun.; Urdu; WOI); Rgya Sran (Tibet.; +TIB); Saubohne (Ger.; EFS); Scotch Bean (f; NPM); Tick Bean (Eng.; LEG); Toinbohn (Dutch; +EFS); T’san Tou (China; EFS); White Bean (Pr.; AVP); Windsor Bean (Eng.; LEG). +a Ctivities (Faba bea N): +Anodyne (f; BOU); Antialcoholic (12; HAD); Antiangiogenic (1; FNF); Antidote (f; BIB); Antiparki-n +sonian (12; FNF); Antispasmodic (f; BOU); Aphrodisiac (f1; BIB; FNF); Astringent (f; TIB); Chola- +gogue (f; BOU); Cyanogenic (f; BIB); Dopaminergic (2; HAD); Diuretic (1; BIB); Estrogenic (12; BIB; +HAD; WOI); Expectorant (f; BIB; TIB); Fungicide (1; X12817478); Hemolytic (1; PHR); Hypertensive +(1; PH2); Litholytic (f; TIB); Mitogenic (1; X12817478); Mucolytic (f; TIB); Natriuretic (1; FNF); Noo- +tropic (f; SOU); Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor (1; X12817478; Stomachic (f; BIB); Tonic (f; BIB). +iNdi Catio Ns (Faba bea N): +Abscess (f; EB49:406); ADD (1; FNF); Addiction (1; FNF); Adenopathy (f; JLH); Asthma (f; SOU); +Boil (f; SOU); Bronchosis (1; FNF); Burns (f; PHR); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (1; FNF); Cancer, +bladder (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, breast (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, eyes (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, eyelid +(1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, foot (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, gland (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; +JLH); Cancer, parotid (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, penis (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); +Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, testes (1; FNF; JLH); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; PHR; +PH2); Cramp (f; BOU); Cystosis (f; JLH); Dermatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Drunkenness (2; BIB; FNF); +Encephalitis (1; FNF); Felon (f; JLH); Flu (f; ROE); Fungus (1; WOI); Gastrosis (f; BOU; JLH); +Hepatosis (f; JLH); Impotence (1; BIB; FNF); Induration (f; JLH); Leukemia (1; FNF); Mastosis +(f; JLH); Melanoma (1; FNF); Mycosis (1; WOI); Nephrosis (f; BOU; PHR; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; +JLH); Orchosis (f; JLH); Osteoporosis (1; FNF); Pain (f; BOU); Parkinson’s (12; FNF); Pneumonia +(f; BIB); Pulmonosis (f; BIB); Sclerosis (f; BIB); Smoking (1; FNF); Sore (f; EB49:406); Splenosis (f; +BOU; JLH); Stomachache (f; BOU); Stomatosis (f; BIB); Swellings (f; BIB; JLH); Tumors (1; BIB), +Urogenitosis (f; PH2); Wart (f; BIB; JLH; PH2); Wen (f; JLH). +d osages (Faba bea N): +FNFF = !!! +In biblical times, broad beans, THE biblical beans, and their meal were made into bread, even as +today in the biblical world. They are boiled and eaten also. Elsewhere they are cultivated as a -veg +etable and used green or dried, fresh or canned, and for stock feed. Broadbean has been considered +a meat extender or substitute and as a skim-milk substitute. Sometimes grown for green manure, but +more generally for stock feed. Large-seeded cultivars are used as a vegetable, and frequently grown +as a home-garden crop for canning. Roasted seeds are eaten like peanuts in India. Beans are fed to +horses and the stalks are given to camels. I once calculated that it would take a pound of faba beans, +or a couple ounces of the sprouts, to give a physiological dose of L-dopa. The sprouts are also better +sources of daidzein and genistein. +• North Africans nibble two parched seeds early in the morning for stomach pain (BOU). +• Iranians claim the shoots can rouse a drunkard from stupor (BIB). +• Turks apply heated leaves to abscesses (EB49:406). +8202_C001.indd 494 11/12/07 2:54:43 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +d ow Nsides (Faba bea N): +Inhaling pollen or ingesting seeds may cause favism, an especially severe hemolytic anemia, an inhe-r +ited enzymatic decfi iency (glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase) occasional among Mediterranean +people (Greeks, Italians, Semitics). Injected intravenously in rabbits, broadbean extracts have produced +hemoglobinuria and death (POB). Overdosage, especially in genetically susceptible individuals, can +rapidly lead to diarrhea, queasiness, vertigo, and vomiting. In more severe cases, anuria, fever, hem-o +globinuria, icterus, and/or oliguria occur. Following ingestion and digestion, pyrimidine derivatives in +high doses can cause hemolysis (PHR). L-Dopa may cause a rise in blood pressure (PHR). -LDopa is +contraindicated if you have heart, liver, lung, kidney, or thyroid problems; glaucoma; or are taking v-ita +min B , antidepressants (especially MAOIs), or antipsychotic drugs. L-Dopa may activate malignant +6 +melanomas, which, however, can be checked by 100 mg/day coumarin, found in the tonka bean. +Natural History (Faba bea N): +One study concluded that bees increase seed production by 15 to 20%. Honeybees were estimated +to account for 80% of cross-pollination, bumblebees less than 20%, and wild bees less than 1%. A +closed-ofl wer phenotype (recessive to normal) exists which lacks the typical scent and is avoided +by bees (Poulsen, 1977). Many fungi attack broadbeans, depending on the area where they grow. +The following have been reported on broadbeans: Alternaria brassicae var. phaseoli, A. tenuis, A. +tenuissima, Ascochyta boltshauseri, A. fabae, A. pinodella, A. pinodes A. pisi (A. viciae), Asper- +gillus niger, Botrytis cinera, B. fabae, Cercospora fabae, C. viciae, C. zonata, Cladosporium +cladosporioides, C. herbarum, C. pisi, Clonostachys araucariae, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, +Corticium rolfsii, C. solani, Cunninghamella echinulata, Deplosporium album, Dothiorella fabae, +Erysiphe pisi, E. polygoni, many species of Fusarium, Gibberella fujikuroi, G. saubinettii, Gloeo- +sporium viciae, Helicobasidium purpureum, Leveillula taurica, Macrophomina phaseoli, Mela- +nospora papilata, Mycospharaella pinodes, Nectria anisophylla, Olpidium viciae, Peronospora +fabae, P. lagerheimee, P. pisi, P. viciae, Phoma malaena, Phyllosticta fabae, Phymatotrichum +omnivorum, Physoderma fabae, Phytophthora cactorum, Ph. cinnamoni, Pleospora herbarum, P. +vulgaris, Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizopus nigricans, Sclerotinia fuckeliana, S. minor, +S. sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Stagonospora carpathica, Stemphylium botryosum, S. consor- +tiale, Trichothecium roseum, Uromyces appendiculatus, U. fabae, U. orobi, and U. viciae-fabae. +Broadbeans also attacked by the sweet pea streak, tooth-tumor swelling vein virus and broadbean +wilt, red-clover vein mosaic (Marmor trifolii), virus 1-celery mosaic (a strain of cucumber mosaic +virus: Marmor cucumeris), and spotted wilt (Lethum australiensis). Bacteria causing diseases in +broadbean include Bacterium phaseoli, B. viciae, Erwinia phytophthora, and Psuedomonas viciae. +Nematodes isolated from broadbean include Ditylenchus dipsaci, Heterodera glycines, H. goet- +tingiana, H. rostochiensis, Longidorus maximus, Meloidogyne arenaria, M. artiella, M. hapla, +M. incognita, M. incognita acrita, M. javanica, Pratylenchus brachyurus, P. coffeae, P. goodeyi, +P. pnetrans, P. pratensis, P. vulnus, P. zeae, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Tylenchorynchus dubius, +and T. parvus. The most serious insect pests are the broadbean weevil, Bruchus rufimanus , and +aphids, especially the bean aphid, Aphis fabae. Broomrape (Orobanche crenata) may be a serious +problem in the Middle East. Eptam, applied as a postemergence spray, was fairly effective, as was +soil fumigation with dibromochloropropane, and oxak (terbutol), if deeply incorporated into the soil +before sowing. +extra Cts (Faba bea N): +Estrogenic activity of fresh beans equivalent to 11.4 µg estradiol monobenzoate/kg. The ethanol- +ether extract of the seeds at 50-mg dose level stimulated non-pregnant uterus at diestrus (WOI). +“The immature seeds exhibited appreciable antifungal activity; phytoalexins came into play to +combat the infection” (WOI). The LD50 of the bean extract in mice was 19,000 mg/kg body +8202_C001.indd 495 11/12/07 2:54:44 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +weight. L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) was first synthesized as a D,L racemate in 1911. +Its L-isomer was isolated from seedling, and from 1961 onward was recognized as the most efcfi a- +cious drug treatment of Parkinson’s disease. It is now generally recognized that L-dopa use in P-ar +kinson’s disease is a classic example of brain neurotransmitter replacement therapy. That may not +be its sole action of interest. Recent evidence suggests that L-dopa may also have its own biological +activity in the CNS, independent of dopamine (X15143441). Both L-Dopa and epinene have been +reported from the seeds. L-Dopa is said to induce priapism in elderly males receiving it for Parkin- +sonianism. According to Father Nature’s Farmacy (FNF), L-dopa has analgesic, anorexic, antidote +(manganese), antiencephalopathic, antifeedant, antimorphinic, antineuroleptic, antiparkinsonian, +antireserpine, aphrodisiac, arrhythmigenic, antitremor, cardiovascular, CNS-active, depressant, +diuretic, dopaminergic, emetic, hallucinogenis, hypertensive, hypotensive, insectifuge, miotic, and +natriuretic activities. The LD50 = 609 ppm (orl rbt); LD50 = 3650 ppm (orl mus); LD50 = 4000 +ppm (orl rat) (FNF). Daidzein reportedly has antialcoholic, antiarrhythmic, anticephalalgic, a-nti +dipsomanic, antihemolytic, antiinafl mmatory, antileukemic, antimelanomic, antimicrobial, anti- +mutagenic, antiosteoporotic, antioxidant, antispasmodic, coronary-dilator, estrogenic, fungicide, +hypotensive, and lipase-inhibitor activities. Genistein (0–92 ppm in the stem) has abortifacient, +aldose-reductase-inhibitor, alpha-reductase-inhibitor, antiaggregant, antiangiogenic, anticancer +(breast), anticarcinomic (breast), antiendoccytotic, antifertility, antihemolytic, antiimplantation, +antiischemic, antileukemic, antileukotrienic, antilymphomic, antimelanomic, antimicrobial, ant-i +mitogenic, antimutagenic, antineuroblastomic, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antiprostatadenomic, +antiprostatitic, antispasmodic, antitumor, antitumor (GI), antitumor (ovary), antitumor (prostate), +antitumor (stomach), “antiulcer?,” apoptotic, cancer-preventive, catechol-O-methyl-transferase- +inhibitor, cytotoxic, DOPA-decarboxylase-inhibitor, estrogenic, afl tulent, fungicide, fungistat, +histidine-kinase-inhibitor, lipase-inhibitor, MAO-inhibitor, peroxidase-inhibitor, phytoalexin, +pituitary-sensitizer, topoisomerase-II-inhibitor, trypanosomastat, and tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor +activities (FNF). +GRApe (v itis vinifer A L.) +++ v It ACeAe +Notes (g rape ): +But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree; and none shall make them +afraid: for the mouth of the LORD of hosts hath spoken it. +Micah 4:4 (KJV) +…but they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree, and none shall make them +afraid; for the mouth of the LORD of hosts has spoken. +Micah 4:4 (RSV) +And they will actually sit, each one under his vine and under his fig tree, and there will be no one +making [them] tremble, for the very mouth of Jehovah of armies has spoken [it]. +Micah 4:4 (NWT) +I will recount only tidbits from Zohary’s interesting historical account. “From the dawn of man’s +history,” grapes were widely cultivated in the Old World. Noah, first tiller of the soil, planted a +vineyard. Viticulture was very important in the land of Israel, an image of bounty and the blessings +of God in the future. The grape, one of the “seven species” with which the land was blessed, was a +national emblem; but in bad years there would be little bounty. The New Testament attributes spir-i +tual meanings to the grape, Jesus even identifying himself with the species in John. Viticulture was +8202_C001.indd 496 11/12/07 2:54:44 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +FIGURe . Grape (Vitis vinifera). +established in Egypt, Israel, and Syria in the Early Bronze Age. Pips of grapes have been uncovered +in northern Greece, circa 4500 BC (ZOH). But there seem to have been those who deemed the +product of the wine (and grape juice) demotivational. +Whoredom and wine and new wine take away the heart. +Hosea 4:11 (KJV) +Wine and new wine take away the understanding. +Hosea 4:11 (RSV) +Fornication and wine and sweet wine are what take away good motive. +Hosea 4:11 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 497 11/12/07 2:55:09 PM + Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +And there were those who deem it healthy or health-giving: +Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for thy stomach’s sake and thine often infirmities. +1 Timothy 5:23 (KJV) +No longer drink only water, but use a little wine for the sake of your stomach and your fre- +quent aliments. +1 Timothy 5:23 (RSV) +Do not drink water any longer, but use a little wine for the sake of your stomach and your frequent +cases of sickness. +1 Timothy 5:23 (RSV) +Commo N Names (g rape ): +Abai (Bom.; KAB); Aenab (Arab.; KAB); Ampelos (Greek; KAB); Amrutaphala (Sanskrit; +KAB); ‘Anab (Arab.; GHA); Anavim (Heb.; ZOH); Angur (Beng.; Dec.; Hindi; India; Kan.; Nwp.; +Urdu; EFS; KAP; NAD; WOI); Angura (Iran; EFS); Angurphal (Beng.; WOI); Asma (Tur.; EFS; +EB54:155); Basho (Lad.; KAB); Budo (Japan; BOU); Buri (Pun.; KAB); Chagarat el’Enab (Arab.; +AVP); Chawat Udi (Malaya; EFS); Common Grape (Eng.; FAC; TAN); Dakh (Hindi; WOI); Dakha +(Sanskrit; EFS); Dakhnaari (Mun.; KAB); Dalia (Alg.; AVP); Darakh (Guj.; WOI); Devek (Tur.; +EB49:406); Dhaku (Kon.; KAB); Dielja (Malta; KAB); Drak (Sind; KAB); Drakasha (Guj.; KAB); +Drakhyaluta (Beng.; KAB; WOI); Draksha (Guj.; Kan.; Kon.; Mah.; Mar.; Sanskrit; Tam.; Tel.; EFS; +NAD; WOI); Draksha Pondu (Tel.; NAD); Drakshai (India; WOI); Drakshe (Kan.; KAB); Drakshya +(India; EFS); Drakya (Oriya; WOI); Edleweinrebe (Ger.; NAD); ‘Enab (Arab.; GHA); Enredadera +(Sp.; EFS); European Grape (Eng.; FAC; TAN); Gefen (Heb.; ZOH); Ghephen (Heb.; KAB); Gos- +tani (Mal.; WOI); Gostanidraksha (Tam.; Tel.; KAB; WOI); Gostoni (Oriya; KAB; WOI); Grape +(Eng.; CR2); Gundak Api (Malaya; EFS); Gureb (Iran; EFS); Karm (Arab.; Palestine; AVP; KAB); +Kerm (Arab.; EFS); Kishamisha (India; EFS); Kishmish (Hindi; India; Iran; EFS; NAD; WOI); +Kismis (India; WOI); Kmen Winny (Czech; KAB); Kodiminduri (Tam.; WOI); Kottani (Tam.; +KAB); Kwar (Pushtu; KAB); Lakom (Malaya; EFS); Madhurasam (Mal.; KAB); Manakka (India; +WOI); Monaangur (Bal.; KAB); Mridirka (Sanskrit; NAD); Muddrap (Sin.; KAB); Mudraka (Guj.; +NAD); Mundiri (Mal.; WOI); Munteri (Malaya; EFS); Onguro (Oriya; WOI); Otrik (Arm.; KAB); +Parra (Cat.; Por.; Sp.; EFS; KAB); Parreira (Por.; AVP); P’i T’ao (China; EFS); Pú Tao (Pin.; DAA); +Rosinen (Ger.; NAD); Sabisi (Burma; KAB); Seben Gkak (Malaya; EFS); Sougi (India; WOI); Sur +Medun (Kalmuk; KAB); Szollo (Hun.; KAB); Tak (Afg.; KAB); Trachei (Madras; KAB); Traube +(Ger.; EFS); Uva (Sp.; Por.; AVP; EFS); Uzum Cibigi (Tur.; EB49:406); Vid (Sp.; EFS); Videira +(Por.; EFS); Vigne (Fr.; Haiti; AVP; EFS); Vigne Cultive (Fr.; NAD); Viña (Sp.; AVP); Vinha (Por.; +AVP); Vinrauka (Swe.; AVP); Vinstoock (Swe.; KAB); Vita (Rom.; KAB); Vite (It.; EFS); Vito (It.; +AVP); Voaloboka (Hova; KAB); Wasia (Georgia; KAB); Weinrauke (Ger.; AVP); Weinrebe (Ger.; +EFS); Weinstok (Ger.; EFS); Wijnstok (Dutch; EFS); Wine Grape (Eng.; WOI); Winna Macica +(Pol.; KAB); Winograd (Rus.; KAB); Winorosl (Pol.; AVP); Wuntraee (Den.; KAB). +a Ctivities (g rape ): +Anabolic (1; X16028976); Anodyne (1; BIB; FNF); Antiaggregant (1; FNF); Antiallergic (1; FNF); +Antialopecic (1; PH2); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antianaphylactic (1; FNF); Antiarthritic +8202_C001.indd 498 11/12/07 2:55:09 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals  +(1; COX; FNF); Antiasthmatic (1; FNF); Antiatherosclerotric (1; FNF; PH2); Anticancer (1; COX; +FNF); Anticariogenic (1; APA); Antiedemic (1; FNF); Antierythemic (1; FNF); Antihistaminic +(1; FNF); AntiHIV (1; FNF); Antiinafl mmatory (1; COX; FNF); Antileukemic (1; X15309446); +Antimelanomic (1; X15309446); Antimutagenic (1; FNF; MB); Antioxidant; (1; APA; FNF; PH2; +X10820088); Antiprostaglandin (1; FNF); Antiseptic (1; FNF); Antitumor (1; PH2); Antiulcer (1; +FNF); Antiviral (1; BIB; FNF); Aphrodisiac (f; BIB; KAB); Apoptotic (1; JAF51:7280); Astringent +(f1; BIB; VAD); Bactericide (1; FNF); Cancer Preventive (1; FNF); Capillariprotective (1; FNF); +Cardioprotective (f1; FNF; VAD); Collagen Protective (1; APA); COX-1 Inhibitor (1; FNF); COX- +2 Inhibitor (1; COX; FNF); Demulcent (f; BIB; EFS); Depurative (f; BIB); Diuretic (f; BIB; EFS); +Expectorant (f; BIB); Fungicide (1; FNF); Hemostat (1; EFS; FNF); Hepatoprotective (1; FNF; PH2); +Hypocholesterolemic (1; FNF); Immunostimulant (1; FNF); Insulinomimetic (1; X16028976); Lax - +ative (f; BIB); Litholytic (f; BIB; NAD); Orexigenic (f; NAD); Propecic (1; PH2); Protein-Kinase-C +Inhibitor (X11823594); Radioprotective (1; X10820088); Stomachic (f; BIB); Tonic (f; BIB); Topo-i +somerase Inhibitor (1; X15796584); Sunscreen (1; FNF); Vasoprotective (1; APA; VAD); Venotonic +(f1; VAD). +iNdi Catio Ns (g rape ): +Alopecia (1; PH2); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Anaphylaxis (1; FNF); Anemia (f; NAD; PH2); +Anorexia (f; NAD); Arteriosclerosis (1; VAD); Arthrosis (1; BIB; COX; FNF); Asthma (1; BIB); Ath- +erosclerosis(1; FNF; PH2); Biliousness (f; BIB; NAD); Bladder stone (f; BIB; NAD); Bleeding (f; BIB; +FEL; HHB); Blepharosis (f1; VAD); Boil (f; SKJ); Bronchosis (f; GHA); Bruise (f; NAD); Cachexia +(f; BIB; NAD); Cancer (f1; FNF; JLH; PH2); Cancer, abdomen (f1; DAD; FNF); Cancer, breast (1; +JAF51:7280); Cancer, colon (1; DAD; FNF; X12935318); Cancer, ear (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver +(f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, neck (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, nose (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f1; FNF; +JLH); Cancer, throat (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, tonsil (f1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f1; FNF; JLH); +Cancer, uvula (f1; FNF; JLH); Candida (f; NAD); Capillary Fragility (f1; BRU; FNF; PH2; VAD); +Cardiopathy (f1; BIB; FNF; VAD); Caries (1; FNF; MB); Catarrh (f; NAD); Cholera (f; BIB; DAA); +Circulosis (f; PH2); Cold (f; NAD); Condyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f1; BRU; FNF; VAD); Con- +stipation (1; X12935318); Consumption (f; DAA; PH2); Corn (f; JLH); Cough (f; DAA; GHA); Cramp +(1; BIB; PH2); CVI (1; PH2; X10356940); Cyanosis (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; BIB; KAB; PH2); Diabe- +tes (f1; NAD; PH2; X16028976); Diarrhea (f; FEL; PH2; WOI); Diptheria (f; BIB); Diverticulosis (1; +X12935318); Dropsy (f; DAD; PH2); Dysentery (f; FEL; HHB); Dysmenorrhea (f1; VAD); Dyspnea +(f; NAD); Dysuria (f; NAD; PH2); Earache (f; GHA); Ecchymosis (1; BRU); Edema (f1; FNF; PH2; +VAD); Fever (f; FEL; PH2); Fibroid (f; JLH); Fibroma (f; PH2); Fungus (f1; DAD; KAD); Gastrosis +(1; FNF); Gingivosis (f; EB49:406); Gonorrhea (f; PH2); Gout (1; FNF); Hangover (f; BIB); Headache +(f; KAB; PH2); Hemorrhoids (f; BRU; DAD; NAD; PH2); Hepatosis (1; BIB; JLH; FNF); Herpes (1; +BIB); High Blood Pressure (f1; BI2) High Cholesterol (1; FNF); HIV (1; FNF); Hoarseness (f; DAA; +PH2); Hyperacidity (f; FEL); Impostume (f; JLH); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (f1; FNF; NAD); +Inafl mmation (f1; BIB; COX; FNF; EB49:406); Jaundice (f; BIB; NAD); Maculitis (1; FNF), Mycosis +(f1; DAD; NAD); Nausea (f; BIB; PH2); Nephrosis (f; DAA; PH2); Nervousness (f; PH2); Nyctalopia +(1; FNF; PH2); Obesity (f1; VAD); Ophthalmia (f1; BIB; KAB; PH2); Orchosis (f; BIB; NAD); Oto- +sis (f; GHA); Pain (f; PH2); Parathesia (1; PH2); Phlebitis (f1; VAD); Polyp (f; JLH); Pregnancy (f; +DAA); Retinopathy (1; FNF; PH2); Rheumatism (f; HHB; NAD); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Scabies (f; BIB); +Scirrhus (f; JLH); Smallpox (f; BIB; HJP); Sore Throat (f; KAB; PH2; WOI); Splenosis (f; DAD); +Sprain (f; NAD); Sting (f; NAD); Stomachache (f; PH2); Stomatosis (f; BIB); Stone (f; BIB); Stress (f; +PH2); Strangury (f; KAB); Swelling (f; PH2); Syphilis (f; BIB; KAB); Telangectasia (1; FNF; MB); +Thirst (f; PH2); Thrush (f; NAD); Tonsilosis (f; JLH); Toothache (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; EFS; HJP; +PH2); Ulcer (1; FNF); Varicosity (f1; FNF; VAD); Virus (1; BIB); Wart (f; JLH; PH2); Water Reten- +tion (f; BIB); Wound (1; FNF); Wrinkles (1; FNF). +8202_C001.indd 499 11/12/07 2:55:10 PM +00 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +d osages (g rape ): +FNFF = !!! +Fruits widely eaten, raw, juiced, fermented, or preserved; leaves less widely so; grape seeds are +used to garnish cheeses. Italians celebrate the first pressing of the olives with noodles (pasta alla +decfi iera) cooked in wine instead of water. Dibs or pekmez, used to sweeten tea, consisting of +evaporated grape juice or grape molasses. Unripened grape juice (verjuice or verjus) is used when +tartness is needed. Grapeseed oil is preferred for cooking meat in fondue bourguignonne. Grape +leaves (dolmas or sarmas) are often stuffed with rice, and/or currants, and/or pine nuts. Flowering +shoots, tendrils and all, are tart and tender, sometimes astringent, but a good nibble in the efi ld. +Cream of tartar, scraped from the insides of wine barrels, can stabilize egg whites, and is added +to candies and frostings. It is also added to baking powders to acidify. Vineyard cuttings are often +burned to smoke meats (FAC; JAD; TAN; EB54:155). 75–600 mg seed extract (or OPC) daily for up +to 3 weeks; maintenance dose 40–100 mg/day (APA, PH2). +• Arabians boil fruits, strain, adding honey for bronchosis and cough, as eardrops for e-ar +ache (GHA). +• Asian Indians squeeze and boil dried raisins (with seeds) and take internally for diabetes +(NAD). +• Asian Indians suggest that elders chew raisins for rheumatism (NAD). +• Ayurvedics regard the fruits, especially the black fruits, as aphrodisiac, diuretic, laxative, +purgative, and refrigerant, and use them for asthma, biliousness, blood disorders, bur-n +ing, eye ailment, fever, hangover, jaundice, sore throat, and strangury (KAB). +• Chinese use the leaf decoction for cholera, dropsy, nausea, pregnancy, and threatened +abortion (DAA). +• Europeans use the juice from young branches for dermatoses and ophthalmia (KAB). +• Italians use unripe grape juice for throat afflictions (NAD). +• Lebanese have a grape “cure” for fever, liver, nervousness, smallpox, and tuberculosis. +Small young leaves and/or tendrils are fed to infants to prevent scurvy and iron decfi iency +(the seeds and roots are ground for an anemia treatment, like wine itself). The expressed +leaf juice is applied to various skin conditions, including “cancer.” Lebanese use wine or +brandy for cramps, stomachache, toothache, and for any pain (HJP). +• Lithuanians use raisins as a folk remedy for arthritis (JLH). +• Scientists report that two servings of raisins per day (84 g/day) can cause benecfi ial +changes in colon function and may decrease the risk for colon cancer (X12935318). +• Unani use leaves, or leaf juice, for bleeding at the mouth, headache, nausea, piles, s-ca +bies, splenitis, and syphilis; the stem ashes for arthritis, bladder stones, orchitis, and piles; +the fruit for fever; the seed ash for inafl mmation. They consider the seeds aphrodisiac, +astringent, and refrigerant, the fruit as depurative, digestive, expectorant, and stomachic +(KAB). +d ow Nsides (g rape ): +None yet known. Not in AHP (1997). No health hazards or side effects known with proper therapeutic +dosages (PH2). Shahina Ghazanfar (GHA), coming from an Arabian tradition, notes that grape juice +is taken with honey, as grapes are believed to increase phlegm and a tendency to jaundice (GHA). +Natural History (g rape ): +Many cultivars of theV inifera-type are self-unfruitful, and require another cultivar with an overlapping +ofl wering period to be interplanted. In some cultivars, pruning affects the effectiveness of the pollen. +Spraying “tame” grapes for control of insects and diseases is essential to production of fruit. However, +8202_C001.indd 500 11/12/07 2:55:11 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +the problems are different in different places. Each grower should study his conditions and apply only +such sprays as found necessary and recommended. Infection must be prevented if clean fruit is to be +produced. Thoroughness is very essential. Grapes are very sensitive to injury from 2,4-D. Grapes are +affected by a great many fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, insects, and mineral decfi iencies. Local +problems should be resolved with local agricultural agents. Eastman (1992) presents a wealth of natural +history data applying to wild grapes and I excerpt here. Martin et al. note that, except for the Japanese +beetle (Popillia japonica), wild grapes have few serious pests. Feeding on almost 300 plant species, it +favors grape. I suspect that many of the pests of the wild grapes will be even worse on “tame” grapes. +Conversely, I suspect that, proportionately, the wild grapes are stronger, on average, than the tame +grapes. Many gamebirds (dove, duck, grouse, pheasant, pigeon, prairie chicken, quali, turkey) relish the +fruit. Migrating south, Tennessee warblers sometimes descend on grapevines to feed. Martin et al. list +dozens of songbirds indulging in grapes (e.g., blackbird, bluebird, catbird, nfi ch, ifl cker, etc.), sometimes +constituting 50% of the diet of mockingbirds, less than 25% of cardinal, fox sparrow, robin, and wa- x +wing. Songbirds collect shreddy grapevine bark as a favorite material for nests (e.g., red-eyed vireo, gray +catbird, Northern mockingbird, brown thrasher, and Northern cardinal). Raccoons often deposit scat +with grape seeds at bases of trees. Other fruit feeders include black bears, coyote, fox, opossum, rabbit, +raccoon, skunk, and squirrel. Deer graze the herbage (EAS; MZN). Causing diamond-shaped cankers +on vines, resulting in dead branches and small angular spots with yellowish margins on leaves, is a wi-de +spread sac fungus C( ryptosporella viticola; dead-arm disease or branch necrosis). A “landscape scene” +growing on the dead inner bark of a grapevine is a mycelial fan, probablAyr millaria. At night, the fun- +gus sometimes casts a faint luminescent glow. Fleshy, pea-shaped galls on leaf undersides with openings +on the upper leaf surface indicate yellowish-green grape phylloxera P(hylloxera vitifoliae), this plant’s +most injurious aphid. Aphid generations migrating to the roots, feeding and forming nodules, may kill +the vine. Green or red conical galls, like dunce caps on upper leaf surfaces arCee cidomyia viticola, the +grape gall or tube midge. The grapevine tomato gall midge (Lasioptera vitis) may make greenish or red- +dish pea-size swellings on leaf veins and tendrils. Large, rear-horned sphinx caterpillars, some of which +make squeaking sounds, are easily recognized. The patterns of adult wood-nymph moths E(udryas) +resemble bird droppings. The eight-spotted forester (Alypia octomaculata), a bluish-white caterpillar +banded with orange, can defoliate vines. Grapevine loopersE (ulithis), slender, pale green inchworms, +pupate in loose webs on the foliage. Dyspteris aborivaria, another inchworm (badwing geometer), rolls +grape leaves, as does the grape plume moth (Geina periscelidactyla). A smoky black spotted spinulose +caterpillar, the grapeleaf skeletonizer H( arrisina americana), feeds on upper leaf surfaces, consuming +all but the veins. Roundish, white, clear-winged moth caterpillars may be grape root borers V(itacea +polistiformis), which drop to the ground and bore into the roots. The adults resemble paper wasps, even +mimicking their behavior. In summer, an inch-long tan beetle with black spots on each side, the spotted +grapevine beetle (Pelidnota punctata), draws leaves together making its tent. +The grape curculio (Craponius inaequalis) lays eggs, first feeding on the leaves. Larvae then +excavate the green berry pulp beneath the skin. Caterpillars of the grape berry moth P( aralobesia +viteana) web several ripe berries together or to leaves, making a hole in each berry. The caterp-il +lar folds over a leaf and pupates inside the fold. Folded leaves may hang on the vine in winter. The +large Virginia creeper sphinx moth, also called hog sphinx D( arapsa myron), punctures decaying +or fermented fruit to feed, as do bees and wasps. +extra Cts (g rape ): +In general, agricultural selection breeds out some of the natural pesticides, like resveratrol, which also +have many interesting biological activities. The recent American Chemical Society book, WineN, utri- +tional and Therapeutic Benefits (Watkins, T.R., 1997), heaps praise on resveratrol, failing to tell us that +there is 10 to 100 times more in the leaves, and I suspect seeds, than in the fruit pulp and wines. The +seeds have only recently come to the market and clinical trials are few and far between. On the other +hand, the fruits contain more than 30 types of anthocyanins. Small wonder that grape juice has 4 times +8202_C001.indd 501 11/12/07 2:55:12 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +the ORAC score of any other fruit juice studied (JNU). Resveratrol has received much press for cancer +prevention. For example, Stewart et al. (2003), commenting on resveratrol as a candidate for prostate +cancer prevention, comment that it may constitute 5 to 10% of grapeskin. “Resveratrol may represent +the tip of the iceberg of a broad class of stilbene and related polyphenolic natural products,” possibly +safe and effective agents for cancer prevention. They look to resveratrol as a leading agent for prostate +cancer prevention because it inhibits each stage of multistage carcinogenesis, and scavenges inc-ipi +ent populations of androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells (X12840221). +Resveratrol protects against colitis, and has antioxidant and apoptotic actvities. At levels of 5 to 10 +mg/kg/day (equivalent to 1 g/day if I were the 100-kg rat), resveratrol reduced colonic injury, index of +neutrophil infiltration, and levels of cytokine (X15013856). But I like to remind readers that it is a cock- +tail of closely related compounds, piceatannol and pterostilbene deserving almost as much praise as the +resveratrol (X15309446). Many other anticancer activities are listed in the USDA database. Working +with tissue culture, Jo et al. (2005) found potent topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitors: TP fractions 4 +and 6 (IC50 = 0.28–0.29 µg/ml), TP-3 (IC50 = 0.74 µg/ml), and crude extract (IC50 = 1.02 µg/ml) +— each signicfi antly more potent than resveratrol (IC50 = 18.0 µg/mL) (X15796584). Preliminary data +and literature searches suggest that the leaves may be a better source of resveratrol, ironically, leaves +stressed by disease, insects, and physical damage (JAD). A study by Fernandez-Pachon et al. (2005) +confirms what I had long heard: that red wine increases uric acid levels. That can be good in normo-u +ricemic humans, but may induce a gout crisis in hyperuricemic individuals. Maximum concentrations +of maximum antioxidant capacity (and uric acid) occurred after about an hour. Uric acid, like albumin +and bilirubin, is an endogenous antioxidant as well (X15941351). +spINy Co CKLeBUR (xA nthium spinosum L.) + Aste RACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Acanthoxanthium spinosum (L.) Fourreau; Xanthium americanum Walter; Xanthium canadese +Mill.; Xanthium catharticum H.B.K.; Xanthium cavanillesii Schouw; Xanthium chinese Mill.; +Xanthium commune Britton; Xanthium cylindraceum Millsp. & Sherff; Xanthium strumarium +var. glabratum; Xanthium echinatum Murray; Xanthium echinellum Greene & Rydb.; Xanthium +indicum J. Koening ex Roxb.; Xanthium inflexum Mack. & Bush; Xanthium italicum Moretti; +Xanthium macrocarpum var. glabratum DC.; Xanthium occidentale Bertol.; Xanthium orientale +L.; Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr.; Xanthium pungens Wallr.; Xanthium saccharatum Wallr.; +Xanthium speciosum Kearney; Xanthium strumarium subsp. italicum (Moretti) D. Löve; Xan- +thium vulgare Hill +Notes (s piNy Co Cklebur ): +And thorns shall come up in her palaces, nettles and brambles in the fortresses thereof: and it +shall be an habitation of dragons, and a court for owls. +Isaiah 34:13 (KJV) +Thorns shall grow over its strongholds, nettles and thistles in its fortresses. It shall be the haunt +of jackals, an abode for ostriches. +Isaiah 34:13 (RSV) +On her dwelling towers thorns must come up, nettles and thorny weeds in her fortified places, and +she must become an abiding place of jackals, the courtyard for the ostriches. +Isaiah 34:13 (NWT) +8202_C001.indd 502 11/12/07 2:55:12 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +FIGURe .0 Spiny Cocklebur (Xanthium spinosum). Source: Regina Hughes in Reed (1970); Colored by +Peggy Duke. +In my earlier book, I followed the Moldenkes (BIB), who concluded that the spiny cocklebur was +the most likely candidate for this biblical thorn. But Zohary does not even cover this species in his +Bible book, although three species of Xanthium, including this spiny one, are included in his Flora +of Palestine (FP3). +8202_C001.indd 503 11/12/07 2:55:25 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +• Leaves with three spines at base of leaf stalk: Xanthium spinosum +• Leaves spineless: +• — Burr more than 2.5 cm, the prickles hairy at the base: Xanthium italicum +• — Burr less than 2.1 cm, the prickles glandular pubescent: Xanthium strumarium +Commo N Names (s piNy Co Cklebur ): +Abrojillo (Arg.; MPG); Abrojito (Arg.; MPG); Abrojo (Arg.; Bol.; MPG); Alqo Khichkha (Bol.; +Que.; MPG); Amor de Negro (Brazil; MPG); Amor Seco (Bol.; Ecu.; MPG); Anucháphi (Aym.; +Bol.; MPG); Atulet (Arg.; MPG); Badhipjan Tariaki (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Bathur-sbtur (Australia; +Eng.; USN); Cachurrera Menor (Sp.; USN); Cadillos (Sp.; EFS); Carrapicho Bravo (Brazil; MPG); +Casa Marutsja (Ecu.; MPG); Cepa de Caballo (Arg.; Sp.; Uru.; EFS; MPG); Choquchapi (Bol.; +MPG); Chunngil (Ecu.; MPG); Clonqui (Chile; MPG); Dornige Spitzklette (Ger.; EFS; USN); +Elpererin (Araucano; Arg.; MPG); Espina de Perro (Bol.; MPG); Espinho de Carneiro (Brazil; +MPG); Floraria (Spain.; EFS; MPG); Gedoornde Stekelnoot (Dutch; EFS); Gratteron (Fr.; EFS); I +Mop (Arg.; MPG); Juan de Alonzo (Bol.; MPG); Kachu Kawell (Arg. Vilele; MPG); Kokelin (Arg. +Vilele; MPG); Lampourde aux Écrouelles (Fr.; EFS); Lampourde Épineuse (Fr.; USN); Lappolino +(It.; EFS); Marucha (Ecu.; MPG); Matagallegos (Sp.; EFS); Pegotes (Sp.; EFS); Pitrak (Tur.; EFS); +Prickly Burweed (Australia; Eng.; USN); Qopajchi (Bol.; Torotooro; MPG); Rat (Araucano; Arg.; +MPG); Rat Ratraid (Arg.; MPG); Spino D’Asino (It.; EFS); Spiny Clotbur (Eng.; EFS); Spiny Cock- +lebur (Eng.; USN); Thorny Burweed (Eng.; EFS); Thorny Buttonbur (Eng.; EFS); Thorny Cockle- +bur (Eng.; EFS); Urusumaru (Bol.; Chiriguano; MPG); Xanthio (It.; EFS); Nscn. +a Ctivities (s piNy Co Cklebur ): +Acaricide (1; MPG); Antifertility (f; VAD); Antiinafl mmatory (f; VAD; Antileukemic (1; MPG); Anti - +MDR (1; X9364417); Antiseptic (f1; VAD; WOI); Antispasmodic (f; VAD); Antitumor (1; MPG); Astrin- +gent (f; VAD); Bactericide (1; MPG); Cicatrizant (f; VAD); CNS Depressant (1; MPG); Contraceptive (1; +MPG); Depurative (f; HJP); Diaphoretic (f; DAW); Digestive (f; MPG); Diuretic (f; VAD); Emollient (f; +MPG); Febrifuge (f; VAD); Hemostat (f; EFS); Hepatoprotective (f; VAD); Insulin Sparing (1; MPG); +Laxative (f; VAD); Sedative (f; HJP); Sialagogue (f; EFS; VAD); Sudoricfi (f; VAD); Tonic (f; HJP). +iNdi Catio Ns (s piNy Co Cklebur ): +Bacillus (1; MPG; X9364417); Bacteria (1; MPG); Blennorrhagia (f; MPG); Boil (f; HJP); Cancer (1; +MPG); Cold (f; VAD); Cramp (f; VAD); Cystosis (f; VAD); Diarrhea (f; VAD); Dysentery (f; HJP); +Dyspepsia (f; HJP); Dysuria (f; MPG); Edema (f; VAD); Epilepsy (f; HJP); Fever (f; VAD); Flu (f; +VAD); Gout (f; VAD); Headache (f; MPG); Hepatosis (f; MPG); High Blood Pressure (f; VAD); Infec- +tion (f1; MPG; VAD; WOI); Inafl mmation (f; VAD); Insomnia (f; HJP); Klebsiella (1; X9364417); +Leukemia (1; MPG); Malaria (f; EFS); Micrococcus (1; MPG); Nephrosis (f; MPG); Obesity (f; +VAD); Oliguria (f; VAD); Pain (f; HJP); Pharyngosis (f; MPG); Pneumonia (1; X9364417); Pseu- +domonas (1; X9364417); Pyelosis (f; VAD); Rabies (f; HJP); Rheumatism (f; HJP); Salmonella (1; +X9364417); Scrofula (f; EFS); Snakebite (f; DAW); Sore (f; HJP); Sore Throat (f; MPG); Splenosis +(f; MPG); Staphylococcus (1; X9364417); Stress (f; HJP); Ulcer (f; HJP); Urethrosis (f; VAD); Uro- +lithiasis (f; VAD); Uterosis (f; MPG); Wound (f; VAD). +d osages (s piNy Co Cklebur ): +FNFF = X +100 g seed/liter water; 1/2 cup 2–3 ×/day (MPG); 100 g root/500 ml water; 1/2 cup 2–3 ×/day (MPG). +• Argentines take root as antimalarial, digestive, diuretic, and emollient (MPG). +• Bolivians take the leaf decoction for liver and stomach problems (MPG). +8202_C001.indd 504 11/12/07 2:55:26 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +• Canary Islanders use shoots for diarrhea, dysentery, fever, hepatitis, and oliguria (MPG). +• Europeans recommend the plant for rabies (MPG). +• Lebanese reportedly feed children crushed seed to make blood and bones strong (HJP). +• Lebanese suggest a leaf tea for indigestion, a strong decoction for ulcers, internal or +external (HJP). +• Lebanese use powdered seed to treat boils (HJP). +• Lebanese use the plant in steam baths to treat colds and rheumatism (HJP). +• Ukrainians use as calmative and sedative, and for dysentery, epilepsy, and hydrophobia +(HJP). +• Uruguayans use the root as antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, laxative, and use for he-pa +toses; other parts of the plant are taken in decoction or tea for malaria (MPG). +d ow Nsides (s piNy Co Cklebur ): +Contraindicated in small children and lactating or pregnant women; possibly depressant, antifer-til +ity (VAD). As of November 2004, the FDA Poisonous Plant Database listed 24 titles alluding to the +toxicity of this species. +spINy ZILLA (zill A spinos A (L.) pRANt L.) ++ BRAss ICACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Bunias spinosa L.; Zilla myagriodes Forssk fide FP1 +Notes (s piNy zilla ): +And there shall be no more a pricking brier unto the house of Israel, nor any grieving thorn of all +that are round about them, that despised them; and they shall know that I am the Lord GOD. +Ezekiel 28:24 (KJV) +And for the house of Israel there shall be no more a brier to prick or a thorn to hurt them among all +their neighbors who have treated them with contempt. Then they will know that I am the Lord GOD. +Ezekiel 28:24 (RSV) +And be no will there prove to be to the house of Israel a malignant prickle or a painful thorn out +of all those round about them, those who are treating them with scorn; and people will have to +know that I am the sovereign Lord Jehovah. +Ezekiel 28:24 (NWT) +And there will be no more for the house of Israel a prickling brier or a painful thorn from any +round about them who scorned them; then they will know that I am the Lord GOD. +Ezekiel 28:24 (NAST) +There were nearly 100 citations forZ illa, almost all of them for authors named Zilla, and almost no +(only two) PubMed citations for the biblical plantZ illa spinosa. So, for a change, I went for a special +Google searach and got 15 citations, which I eagerly explored. The first two +were unexpectably based on my own work, the third and fourth were a map of historical sites in the +Holy Land, and the remainder were false drops. That is about the fifth time I have experienced this; +most of the hot leads on the biblical plants I Google harken back to me. So I wasted 20 minutes on this +Google search. The USDA nomenclature database has nothing on it. My own phytochemical database, +8202_C001.indd 505 11/12/07 2:55:28 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +also online at USDA, has nothing on it. And, I expect cruising through all my Mideastern books will +waste even more time, but now in the Z’s I am getting anxious to finish this venture. So I will para - +phrase much of what Zohary has to say on his one page devoted toZ illa. The Arabic name silla for a +conspicuously thorny plant (I remember it well from Egypt) was Latinized by Forsskal to Zilla as the +generic scienticfi name. But quite often, as perhaps in the Ezekiel quotes above, it was reduced to a +very general word for thorn rather than a specicfi reference to Zilla spinosa. Zohary offers a second +quotation, “Lamech said to his wives: ‘Adah and Zillah, hear my voice; you wives of Lamech, hearken +to what I say: I have slain a man for wounding me, a young man for striking me.’” (Genesis 4:23; RSV). +He then says, “It seems not too risky to suggest that Zillah, wife of Lamech, was named for this plant, +so characteristic of the desert in the Land of Nod.” (ZOH) One can think of it as spiny tumbleweed +because, when mature, it may be uprooted by the wind and tumble through the desert. +Commo N Names (s piNy zilla ): +Chebreg (Mali; UPW); Ftozzer Oftazzen (Ber.; BOU); Hassaniya Achenfarach (Arab.; Mauritania; +UPW); Oftazzen (Ber.; BOU); Roquette Épineuse (Fr.; BOU); Shabrom (Arab.; BOU); Shoubroq +(Arab.; BOU); Silla (Arab.; BOU; ZOH); Silon (Heb., ZOH); Sirr (Arab.; BOU); Spiny Zilla (Eng.; +ZOH); Zilla (Arab.; BOU); Nscn. +a Ctivities (s piNy zilla ): +Antithyroid (1; X4129701); Litholytic (f; BOU). +iNdi Catio Ns (s piNy zilla ): +Kidney stone (f; BOU); Nephrosis (f; BOU); Stone (f; BOU). +d osages (s piNy zilla ): +FNFF = ? +• North Africans use the plant to treat kidney stones (BOU). +Natural History (s piNy zilla ): +Said to provide excellent fodder for camels and other stock, it is probably, like many Brassicaceae, +quite edible and nutritious once one gets around those formidablke spines. The large leaves are near +the base, getting smaller and smaller out toward the thorn tips (UPW; ZOH). +extra Cts (s piNy zilla ): +Like many members of Brassicaceae, it contains goitrogenic glucosinolates and antithyroid goitrins +(X4129701). +sy RIAN Ch RIsttho RN (ziziphus spin A-christi +(L.) WILLD. ++ Rh AMNACeAe +syNo Nyms : +Rhamnus spina-christi (L.) Desf. +Notes (syria N CHristt Hor N): +Then came Jesus forth, wearing the crown of thorns, and the purple robe. And Pilate saith unto +them, Behold the man! +John 19:5 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 506 11/12/07 2:55:29 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +So Jesus came out, wearing the crown of thorns and the purple robe. Pilate said to them, “Behold +the man!” +John 19:5 (RSV) +Accordingly Jesus came outside, wearing the thorny crown and the purple outer garment. And +he said to them “Look! The man!” +John 19:5 (NWT) +Many authors viewZ iziphus as corresponding to the crown of thorns. On the contrary, there are at least +a dozen thorny species, not completely ruling out Ziziphus, but pushing Sarcopoterium as the most +likely candidate. And Zohary notes that there are still a fewZi ziphus growing on the eastern slopes of +the Temple Mount (Mount Moriah).With respect to Zohary, I include both plants. The Useful Plants +of Tropical West Africa (UPW) hints that this was the dudaim, the name of the plant Leah mentioned +to Joseph as a possible cure for sterility. They suggest that the mandrake does not occur in the biblical +arena, while the dudaim bears apples and grows along the river banks rather than in open efi lds. UPW +further states that these fruits, the Lotiphagi ate which wereZ iziphus rather thanN ymphaea. Christians +consider this to be the crown of thorns that Jesus wore before the crucixfi ion. Indian Muslims, respect- +ing the plant highly, wash corpses in the leaf decoction. Revered by the Arabs and mentioned in the +Quran (LIII: 13–18; LVI: 28–32); the “lote-tree” is revered also by Muslims throughout the Middle +East. It has been esteemed both as a fruit and medicinal plant for millennia. Some believe that on the +Day of Judgment, those at Allah’s right hand will dwell among thornless lot-etrees (UPW; ZOH). +Commo N Names (syria N CHristt Hor N): +Abaqua (Ber.; BOU); Ardj (Arab.; BOU); As Sidr (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Atad (Heb.; X16270941; ZOH); +Bauyer (Arab.; Sen.; UPW); Christ Thorn (Eng.; ZOH); Christ’s Thorn (Eng.; FAC; UPW); Christ- +thorn Jujube (Eng.; X16270941; HJP); Dabi (Mali; UPW); Dawm (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Dem (Arab.; +UPW); Dudaim (Heb.; UPW); Dum (Arab.; ZOH); Èpine du Christ (Fr.; UPW); Ghassel (Arab.; +BOU); Jujuba de Palastine (Fr.; UPW); Kanari (Isr.; X16270941); Karnoyer (Arab.; Niger; UPW); +Korna (Ber.; BOU); Lote (Eng.; UPW); Nabag (Nig.; UPW); Nabaq (Arab.; GHA); Nabas (Egypt; +UPW) Nabk (Arab.; Syria; HJP); Nabq (Arab.; BOU); Ourdj (Arab.; BOU); Rimin (Isr.; X16270941); +Sadr (Arab.; X16270941); Sedam (Arab.; UPW); Seder (Arab.; UPW); Sedr (Arab.; GHA); Shagar en +Nabk (Arab.; HJP); Sheizaf (Heb.; X16270941); Sidr (Arab.; Syria; BOU; GHA; HJP); Syrian Chri-st +thorn (Eng.; CR2); Tsal (Arab.; X16270941); Zefzhous (Arab.; BOU); Zegzeg (Arab.; BOU). +a Ctivities (syria N CHristt Hor N): +Analgesic (f1; CRC; GHA; X11395256); Anthelmintic (f; FNF); Antiinafl mmatory (f; BOU); Anti - +nociceptive (f1; GHA; X11395256); Antiseptic (f1; X11167035); Antitumor (f; CRC); Astringent (f1; +CRC; X12826300); Bactericide (1; X11167035); Bechic (f; UPW); CNS Depressant (1; X11744289); +Collyrium (f; CRC); Demulcent (f; CRC); Depurative (f; CRC); Emollient (f; BIB; CRC; UPW); +Febrifuge (f; BOU; CRC); Lactagogue (f; FNF); Laxative (f; BIB; CRC); Pectoral (f; CRC); Prop-e +cic (f; UPW); Refrigerant (f; CRC); Sedative (1; X11744289); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC; +GHA); Vulnerary (f; JHP). +iNdi Catio Ns (syria N CHristt Hor N): +Abscess (f; BIB; BOU); Arthrosis (f; CRC; GHA; HJP); Bacteria (1; X11167035); Blister (f; FNF); +Bronchosis (f; CRC); Bruise (f; FNF); Burn (f; FNF); Cancer (1; CRC; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; FNF); +Childbirth (f; GHA); Cold (f; CRC); Conjunctivosis (f; BOU); Constipation (f; BOU); Cough (f; CRC); +8202_C001.indd 507 11/12/07 2:55:30 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Dermatosis (f; BIB; UPW); Diarrhea (f1; UPW; X12826300); Dyslactea (f; FNF); Fever (f; BIB; +BOU; CRC; HJP); Fungus (f; UPW); Furuncle (f; BIB; BOU); Gastrosis (f; FNF); Gingivosis (f; +GHA); Headache (f; GHA); Heartburn (f; FNF); Hemorrhoid (f; FNF); Hepatosis (f; CRC; HJP); +High Blood Pressure (f; CRC); Infection (f1; UPW; X11167035); Inafl mmation (f; BOU); Measles +(f; BIB; BOU); Myalgia (f; FNF); Mycosis (f; UPW); Nervousness (f; FNF); Obesity (f; UPW); +Ophthalmia (f; BIB; BOU; CRC); Pain (f1; GHA; X11395256); Proctosis (f; FNF); Pulmonosis (f; +GHA); Respirosis (f; GHA); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Ringworm (f; UPW); Snakebite (f; BIB; BOU; +UPW); Sore (f; BIB; UPW); Sterility (f; UPW); Toothache (f; CRC); Tuberculosis (f; CRC); Tumor +(1; CRC); Venereal Disease (f; CRC; HJP); Worm (f; BOU); Wound (f; FNF). +d osages (syria N CHristt Hor N): +FNFF = !! +Acid yellow drupaceous fruits eaten raw, dried, or made into breadstuffs. Sometimes in Israeli +markets (FAC; TAN; ZOH). +• Arabs and Iraqi Jews apply fruit juice to wounds (X16270941). +• Bedouins drink leaf decoction as lactagogue (X16270941). +• Bedouins (Negev; Sinai) inhale leaf steam for myalgia (X16270941). +• Bedouins of Egypt put leaf cataplasm on abscesses and furuncles, and before retiring, +apply to inafl med eyes (BOU). +• Camerounians plaster the plant on ringworm (UPW). +• Dhofari apply crushed leaves to arthritic joints and skin sores (GHA), seeds, fruits, and +leaves to bruises (X16270941). +• Ethiopians use the plant as bechic and emollient (UPW). +• Ghanans apply the sap to cuts and wounds (UPW). +• Iraqi and Yemenite Jews use the leaves for hemorrhoids (X16270941). +• Lebanese eat boiled fruits as compote for bronchosis, cough, and tuberculosis (HJP). +• Lebanese take floral tea for fever and use as collyrium (HJP). +• Lebanese take powdered seed with lemon juice for liver ailments (HJP). +• Madagascans use the plant for diarrhea (UPW). +• Mauritanian women use powdered leaves to darken and lengthen the hair (UPW). +• Nigerians around Born take the bark as a slimming medicine (UPW). +• North Africans apply the wood ash, mixed with vinegar, to snakebite (BOU). +• Somali rub dried leaves on skin and wash, as a cleansing detergent (UPW). +Natural History (syria N CHristt Hor N): +Flowers said to be a favored food of the elephant in Sudan (UPW). +extra Cts (syria N CHristt Hor N): +LD50 (aqueous root bark extract) = 2235 mg/kg ipr mus (X11395256); LD50 (methanol bark extract) += 345 mg/kg ipr mus; and LD50 (methanol bark extract) = 1200 mg/kg orl mus (X12826300). +eeLGRAss ( zoster A mArin A l .) + Zoste RACeAe +Notes (eelgrass ): +The waters compassed me about, even to the soul: the depth closed me round about, the weeds +were wrapped about my head. +Jonah 2:5 (KJV) +8202_C001.indd 508 11/12/07 2:55:31 PM +Catalog of “Faith-Based” Farmaceuticals 0 +FIGURe . Eelgrass (Zostera marina). +8202_C001.indd 509 11/12/07 2:55:54 PM +0 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +The waters closed in over me, the deep was round about me; weeds were wrapped about my head. +Jonah 2:5 (RSV) +Waters encircled me clear to the soul; the watery deep it kept enclosing me; weeds were wound +about my head. +Jonah 2:5 (NWT) +In my King James Version, the word weeds shows up only once, in the story of Jonah. Some scholars +have concluded as did I (BIB) that this weed could be it, so I include this account in my revision of +biblical herbs. The leaves may prove valuable as fodder, thatching, or packing material. The f-oli +age is an important food for some sea turtles and water fowl. An important shallow water, mu-dat fl +stabilizer, the plant helps to sustain the productivity of estuarine areas. The plant is used by the Seri +Indians of Mexico for diarrhea. +Commo N Names (eelgrass ): +Alva Marina (Sp.; HOC); Ama Mo (Japan; TAN); Barnacle Grass (Eng.; DAA); Eelgrass (Eng.; +TAN); Grass Weed (Eng.; HOC); Grass Wrack (Eng.; BIB); Hai Dai (Pin.; DAA); Sea Ware (Eng.; +HOC); Seagrass (Eng.; BIB); Seawrack (Eng.; BIB; DEM); Zostére Marine (Fr.; USN). +a Ctivities (eelgrass ): +Antiaging (1; X15022719); Antioxidant (1; X15022719); Antiseptic (1; X1755708); ATPase (1; +X12407193); Bacteria (1; X1755708); Dropsy (f; DAA); Immunomodulator (1; X1755708); Matrix Meta-l +loproteinase Inhibitor (1; X15022719); Phagocytotic (1; X1755708); Photoprotective (1; X15022719). +iNdi Catio Ns (eelgrass ): +Bacteria (1; X1755708); Diarrhea (f; EB28:429); Dropsy (f; DAA); Edema (f; HOC); Goiter (f; DAA; +HOC); Hysteria (f; DAA; HOC); Infection (1; X1755708); Sunburn (1; X15022719); Swelling (f; +HOC); Wrinkle (1; X15022719). +d osages (eelgrass ): +FNFF = ! +Bellacoola eat plants raw with eulachon grease. Cowichan use efl shy roots and leaf bases to afl - +vor seal, porpoise, and deer meat. Hesquiat clean and eat the brownish rhizomes raw. Kwakiutl +dip stems and roots in oil to eat during feasts. Nitinaht once ate the efl shy, whitish rhizomes raw. +Oweekeno picked and ate the leaves with attached herring spawn. Saanich used efl shy roots and +leaf bases to afl vor deer, porpoise and seal. Seri Indians of Mexico ground the seeds into an edible +ofl ur. The grain, although small and relatively bland, is toasted, winnowed, and ground into ofl ur +and made into a gruel, traditionally combined with other food (e.g., sea turtle oil or honey) in Baja +California. (BIB; DEM; http://www.innvista.com/health/foods/seeds/waternut.htm.) +• Seri Indians of Mexico use the plant for diarrhea (BIB). +Natural History (eelgrass ): +Brownish “roots” (actually rhizomes) eaten by black brants, Canada geese, mallard ducks, and +cattle (DEM). +extra Cts (eelgrass ): +Zosterin (a seagrass pectin) has antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities of therapeutic e-ffi +cacy in experimental infections (X1755708). +8202_C001.indd 510 11/12/07 2:55:55 PM +References +Abascal, K. and Yarnell, E. 2003. The Many Faces of Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle). 1. Treating Cancer +and Hyperlipidemia and Restoring Kidney Function. Alternative & Complementary Therapies, +9(4):170–175. (ACT9:170) +Abascal, K. and Yarnell, E. 2003. The Many Faces of Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle). 2: Clinical Uses, Safety, +and Types of Preparations. Alternative & Complementary Therapies, 9(5):251–256. (ACT9:251) +Abe, K. and Saito, H. 2000. 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Cambridge University Press, New York. 223 pp. (ZOH) +8202_C002.indd 519 11/7/07 4:20:35 PM +8202_C002.indd 520 11/7/07 4:20:35 PM +Common Name Index +Corn Cockle, 8–10 +A +Coromandel, 176–177 +Abyssinian Myrrh, 130 +Costus, 419–421 +African Myrrh, 126–127 +Cucumber, 151–154 +Agarwood, 44–46 +Cumin, 155–159 +Aleppo Pine, 334 +Alexandrian Senna, 425–427 +D +Almond, 355–359 +Aloe, 30–34 +Daffodil, 283–284 +Apple, 261–265 +Dandelion, 453–459 +Apricot, 352–354 +Date Palm, 325–328 +Asian Buttercup, 369–370 +Desert Date, 58–61 +Dill, 39–42 +B Dog Rose, 380–383 +Balm of Gilead, 128–129 +E +Barley, 205–209 +Bay, 237–240 +Eelgrass, 508–510 +Bean Caper, 461–462 +Egyptian Henbane, 213 +Benzoin, 444–446 +Endive, 97–99 +Biblical Acacia, 7 +English Ivy, 202–204 +Biblical Bramble, 386–387 +English Walnut, 216–220 +Bitter-apple, 438–439 +Euphrates Poplar, 350–351 +Black Cumin, 298–302 +Black Mulberry, 276–278 +Black Mustard, 65–68 +F +Boxthorn, 260 +Boxwood, 69–71 +Faba Bean, 491–495 +Brittle Willow, 411–412 +Fenugreek, 463–467 +Broomcorn, 440–443 +Fig, 187–190 +Butcher’s Broom, 391–393 +Flax, 250–255 +Frankincense, 62–64 +C Fringed Rue, 394–396 +Cade Juniper, 226–227 +Calabash Gourd, 233–236 +G +Calabrian Pine, 332–333 +Galbanum, 185–186 +Camel’s Thorn, 13–15 +Garlic, 23–29 +Caper Bush, 76–79 +Giant Milkweed, 72–75 +Carob, 90–92 +Giant Reed, 52–54 +Cassia, 104–107 +Glasswort, 402–403 +Castor, 374–379 +Golden Henbane, 212 +Cattail, 474–477 +Golden Thistle, 423–424 +Cedar of Lebanon, 84–85 +Grape, 496–501 +Ceylon Ebony, 174–175 +Grecian Juniper, 224–225 +Charlock, 433–435 +Gundelia, 201 +Chickpea, 94–96 +Chicory, 100–103 +Christ’s Thorn, 315 +H +Cilician Fir, 1 +Cinnamon, 108–112 Hairy Elm, 478–479 +Citron, 121–125 +Henna, 241–244 +Colocynth, 115–117 High Mallow, 266–268 +Common Reed, 329–331 +Hollyhock, 11–12 +Common Saltwort, 413–414 Horseradish, 47–49 +Coriander, 138–142 Hyacinth, 210–211 +521 +8202_C003.indd 521 11/7/07 4:21:30 PM +522 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +I R +Indian Gum Arabic Tree, 2–5 Red Sandalwood, 360–361 +Italian Cypress, 160–162 Rocket, 181–184 +Rose-of-Jericho, 36 +Russian Olive, 178–180 +J +Jatamansi, 285–289 S +Jointed Anabasis, 35 +Safofl wer, 80–83 +Judas Tree, 93 +Saffron, 143–147 +Salt Cedar, 451–452 +Sandarac, 459–460 +L +Sea Blite, 449–450 +Ladanum, 113–114 +Sea Daffodil, 316 +Lake Rush, 422 +Sea Orache, 57 +Laurestinus, 490 +Shaggy Sparrowwort, 462 +Lebanese Oregano, 311 +Sheep Sorrel, 388–390 +Leek, 21–22 +Soft Rush, 221–223 +Lentil, 245–246 +Spanish Thistle, 88 +Lettuce, 229–232 +Spiny Cocklebur, 502–504 +Levant Cotton, 197–200 +Spiny Zilla, 505 +Star of Bethlehem, 312–314 +Stone Pine, 335–336 +M +Storax, 256–259, 447–448 +Sugarcane, 397–401 +Madder, 384–385 +Sycamore Fig, 191–193 +Maltese Mushroom, 171 +Syrian Christthorn, 506–507 +Mandrake, 269–272 +Syrian Scabious, 89 +Manna, 194–196 +Mastic, 339–340 +Mayweed, 43 +T +Melon, 148–150 +Tabor Oak, 367–368 +Milk Thistle, 428–432 +Talh, 6 +Millet, 317–319 +Terebinth, 341–342 +Mount Atlas Mastic, 337–338 +Myrrh, 131–134 Thorny Burnet, 418 +Tragacanth Milkvetch, 55–56 +Myrtle, 279–282 +Tulip, 472–473 +Turmeric, 162–167 +N +Nettle, 480–484 +V +Vetiver, 485–489 +O +Vine of Sodom, 436–437 +Oleander, 294–297 +Olive, 306–308 +W +Olive Oil, 309–311 +Onion, 16–20 Watercress, 289–293 +Watermelon, 118–120 +Opium Poppy, 320–324 +Weeping Willow, 409–410 +Oriental Plane Tree, 345–347 +Wheat, 468–471 +White Broom, 371–372 +P White Lily, 247–249 +White Poplar, 348–349 +Palestine Buckthorn, 373 +White Waterlily, 303–305 +Palmarosa, 168–170 +White Wormwood, 50–51 +Papyrus, 172–173 +Wild Mint, 273–275 +Peelu, 415–417 +Willow, 404–408 +Phoenician Juniper, 228 +Windofl wer, 37–38 +Pistachio, 343–344 +Poison Hemlock, 135–137 +Y +Pomegranate, 362–366 +Purple Star Thistle, 86–87 +Yellow Flag, 214–215 +8202_C003.indd 522 11/7/07 4:21:30 PM +Scientic Nfi ame Index +Armoracia rusticana, 47–49 +A +Artemisia herba-alba Asso, 50–51 +Abies cilicica, 1 +Artemisia inculta, 50 +Acacia arabica, 2 +Artemisia sieberii, 50 +Acacia nilotica, 2–5 +Arundo bengalensis, 52 +Acacia raddiana Savi, 7 +Arundo donax, 52–54 +Acacia seyal, 6 +Arundo phragmites, 329 +Acacia vera, 2 +Arundo vulgaris, 329 +Acanthoxanthium spinosum, 502 +Asclepias heterophylla, 72 +Agallochum malaccense, 44 +Asclepias procera, 72 +Agrostemma githago, 7, 8–10 +Astracanthus gummifer, 55 +Alcea rosea, 11–12 +Astragalus adpressus, 55 +Alhagi camelorum, 12 +Astragalus erianthus, 55 +Alhagi maurorum, 13–15 +Astragalus gummifer, 55–56 +Allium ampeloprasum, 21 +Astragalus noemiae, 55 +Allium cepa, 16–20 +Atriplex halimus, 57 +Allium laetum, 21 +Atropa mandragora, 269 +Allium porrum, 21–22 +Aucklandia costus, 419 +Allium sativum, 23–29 +Aucklandia lappa, 419 +Aloe barbadensis Mill, 30 +Aloe indica Royle, 30 +Aloe perfoliata, 30 +B +Aloe vera, 30–34 +Aloe vulgaris, 30 Baeumeria nasturtium, 289 +Amaracus syriacus, 311 Balanites aegyptiacus, 58–61 +Amygdalus communis, 355 Balsamodendron myrrha, 131 +Amygdalus dulcis, 355 Balsamodendrum habessinicum, 130 +Amyris gileadensis, 128 Benzoin officinale, 444 +Amyris opobalsamum, 128 Boswellia carteri, 62 +Anabasis articulata, 35 Boswellia sacra, 62–64 +Anastatica hierochuntica, 36 Brassica arvensis, 433 +Andropogon bicolor, 440 Brassica eruca, 181 +Andropogon martini, 168 Brassica erucoides, 181 +Andropogon muricatus, 485 Brassica kaber, 433 +Andropogon schoenanthus, 168 Brassica nigra, 65–68 +Andropogon sorghum, 440 Brassica sinapis, 433 +Andropogon squarrosus, 485 Brassica sinapistrum, 433 +Andropogon zizanioides, 485 Bryonia collosa, 148 +Anemone coronaria, 37–38 Bunias spinosa, 505 +Anethum graveolens, 39–42 Buxus sempervirens, 69–71 +Anethum sowa, 39 Buxus wallichiana, 69 +Anthemis abyssinica, 43 +Anthemis cotula, 43 +Anthemis foetida, 43 +C +Anthemis heterophylla, 43 +Calcitrapa stellata, 86 +Anthemis psorosperma, 43 +Callitris articulata, 459 +Anthemis ramosa Link., 43 +Callitris quadrivalvis, 459 +Aplotaxus lappa, 419 +Calotropis hamiltonii, 72 +Aquilaria agallocha, 44 +Calotropis heterophylla, 72 +Aquilaria malaccensis Lam., 44–46 +Calotropis inflexa, 72 +Aquilaria malaicense, 44 +Calotropis mudari, 72 +Aquilaria ovata, 44 +Calotropis procera, 72–75 +Aquilaria secundaria, 44 +Calotropis syriaca, 72 +Aquilariella malaccensis, 44 +Calotropis wallichii, 72 +Armeniaca vulgaris, 352 +Capparis rupestris, 74 +Armoracia lapathifolia, 47 +523 +8202_C004.indd 523 11/7/07 4:22:38 PM +524 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Capparis spinosa, 76–79 Coriandrum majus, 138 +Cardamine armoracia, 47 Coriandrum sativum, 138–142 +Cardamine fontana, 289 Crocus sativus, 143–147 +Carduus marianus, 428 Cucumis collosus, 148 +Carthamus tinctorius, 80–83 Cucumis colocynthis, 115 +Cassia acutifolia, 424 Cucumis melo, 148–150 +Cassia angustifolia, 424 Cucumis sativus, 151–154 +Cassia lanceolata, 424 Cucumis trigonus, 148 +Cassia senna, 424 Cucumis utilissimus, 148 +Castalia alba, 303 Cucurbita citrullus, 118 +Castalia minoriflora, 303 Cucurbita lagenaria, 233 +Castalia speciosa, 303 Cucurbita leucantha, 233 +Caulis sinapiaster, 433 Cucurbita longa, 233 +Cedrus cedrus, 84 Cucurbita siceraria, 233 +Cedrus libanensis, 84 Cuminia cyminum, 155 +Cedrus libani, 84–85 Cuminum cyminum, 155–159 +Cedrus libanotica, 84 Cuminum hispanicum, 155 +Cedrus patula, 84 Cuminum odorum, 155 +Centaurea calcitrapa, 86–87 Cupressus articulata, 459 +Centaurea iberica Spreng., 88 Cupressus sempervirens, 1, 160–161 +Cephalaria syriaca, 89 Curcuma domestica, 162 +Ceratonia siliqua, 90–92 Curcuma longa, 162–167 +Cercis siliquastrum, 93 Cymbopogon martini, 168–170 +Chamaemelum cotula, 43 Cynomorium coccineum, 171 +Chamaemelum foetidum, 43 Cyperus olivaris, 172 +Cicer arietinum, 94–96 Cyperus papyrus, 172–173 +Cicer lens, 245 Cyperus tuberosus, 172 +Cichorium divaricatum, 97 +Cichorium endivia, 97–99 +Cichorium intybus, 97, 100–103 D +Cichorium pumilum, 97 +Diospyros assimilis, 174 +Cicutaria vulgaris, 135 +Diospyros dubia, 176 +Cinnamomum aromaticum, 104–107 +Diospyros ebenum, 174–176 +Cinnamomum cassia, 104 +Diospyros glaberrima, 174 +Cinnamomum obtusifolium, 104 +Diospyros hebecarpa, 174 +Cinnamomum verum, 108–112 +Diospyros melanoxylon, 176–177 +Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 108 +Diospyros sapota, 174 +Cistus creticus, 113–114 +Diospyros tupru, 176 +Cistus incanus, 113 +Diospyros wightiana, 176 +Cistus ladinifera, 113 +Donax arundinaceus, 52 +Cistus villosus, 113 +Citrullus caffer, 118 +Citrullus colocynthis, 115–117 +E +Citrullus edulis, 118 +Citrullus lanatus, 118–120 +Elaeagnus angustifolia, 178–180 +Citrullus vulgaris, 118 +Elaeagnus hortensis, 178 +Citrus medica, 121–125 +Elaeagnus moorcroftii, 178 +Cnicus indicus fide, 80 +Elaeagnus orientalis, 178 +Cochlearia armoracia, 47 +Eruca arvensis, 433 +Cochlearia rusticana, 47 +Eruca sativa, 181–184 +Colocynthis citrullus, 118 +Ervum lens, 245 +Commiphora abyssinica, 130 +Commiphora africana, 126–127 +Commiphora gileadensis, 128–129 +F +Commiphora habessinica, 130 +Commiphora molmol, 131 Faba vulgaris, 491 +Commiphora myrrha, 131–134 Fedia grandiflora, 285 +Commiphora opobalsamum, 128 Ferula galbaniflua, 185 +Conium maculatum, 135–137 Ferula gummosa, 185–186 +Conium major, 135 Ficus carica, 187–190 +Conium vulgaris major, 135 Ficus cocculifolia, 191 +Coriandrum diversifolium, 138 Ficus gnaphalocarpa, 191 +Coriandrum globosum, 138 Ficus sycomorus, 191–193 +8202_C004.indd 524 11/7/07 4:22:39 PM +Scientific Name Index 525 +Ficus trachyphylla, 191 Juniperus macrocarpa fide, 226 +Fraxinus ornus, 194–196 Juniperus macropoda, 224 +Juniperus olivieri, 224 +Juniperus oophora, 228 +G Juniperus oxycedrus, 226–227 +Juniperus phoenicia, 228 +Gossypium abyssinicum, 197 +Juniperus polycarpos, 224 +Gossypium africanum, 197 +Juniperus recurva, 224 +Gossypium arboreum, 197 +Juniperus sabina, 224 +Gossypium cambayense, 197 +Juniperus seravschanica, 224 +Gossypium eglandulosum, 197 +Juniperus taurica, 224 +Gossypium herbaceum, 197–200 +Juniperus terminalis, 228 +Gossypium obtusifolium, 197 +Juniperus tetragona, 228 +Gossypium punctatum, 197 +Juniperus turbinata, 228 +Gossypium wrightianum, 197 +Juniperus turcomanica, 224 +Granatum punicum, 362 +Gundelia tournefortii, 201 +L +H Lactuca sativa, 229–232 +Lagenaria lagenaria, 233 +Hedera helix, 202–204 +Lagenaria leucantha, 233 +Holcus saccharatus, 440 +Lagenaria siceraria, 233–236 +Holcus sorghum, 440 +Lagenaria vulgaris, 233 +Hordeum aegiceras, 205 +Larix cedrus fide, 84 +Hordeum coeleste, 205 +Laurus cassia, 104 +Hordeum deficiens, 205 +Laurus cinnamomum, 104, 108 +Hordeum distichon, 205 +Laurus nobilis, 237–240 +Hordeum hexastichon, 205 +Lawsonia alba, 241 +Hordeum intermedium, 205 +Lawsonia inermis, 241–244 +Hordeum sativum, 205 +Lens culinaris, 245–246 +Hordeum vulgare, 205–209 +Lens esculenta, 245 +Hyacinthus orientalis, 210–211 +Lens lens, 245 +Hyoscyamus aureus, 212 +Lentilla lens, 245 +Hyoscyamus insanus fide, 213 +Leontodon dens-leonis, 453 +Hyoscyamus muticus, 213 +Leontodon glaucescens, 453 +Leontodon officinalis, 453 +Leontodon parvulum, 453 +I +Leontodon taraxacum, 453 +Leontodon vulgare, 453 +Iris longifolia, 214 +Leuconymphaea alba, 303 +Iris lutea, 214 +Ligusticum cuminum, 155 +Iris palustris, 214 +Lilium candidum, 247–249 +Iris Pseudacorus, 214–215 +Linum usitatissimum, 250–255 +Liquidambar orientalis, 256–258 +Lithocarpus benzoin, 444 +J +Lolium arvense, 259 +Lolium robustum, 259 +Juglans duclouxiana, 216 +Lolium temulentum, 259 +Juglans fallax, 216 +Lychnis githago, 8 +Juglans kamaonica, 216 +Lycium barbarum, 260 +Juglans orientis, 216 +Lycium europaeum, 260 +Juglans regia, 216–220 +Lycium mediterraneuum, 260 +Juglans sinensis, 216 +Lycium orientale, 260 +Juncus bogotensis, 221 +Juncus communis, 221 +Juncus effusus, 221–223 +M +Juncus laevis, 221 +Juniperus bacciformis, 228 Malus communis, 261 +Juniperus excelsa, 1, 224–225 Malus domestica, 261–265 +Juniperus foetida, 224 +Malus pumila, 261 +Juniperus gossainthaneana, 224 Malus sylvestris, 261 +Juniperus isophyllos, 224 +Malva ambigua, 266 +Juniperus lycia, 228 Malva elata, 266 +8202_C004.indd 525 11/7/07 4:22:40 PM +526 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Malva erecta, 266 Nymphaea melocarpa, 303 +Malva glabra, 266 Nymphaea minoriflora, 303 +Malva mauritiana, 266 Nymphaea occidentalis, 303 +Malva obtusa, 266 Nymphaea officinalis, 303 +Malva ruderalis, 266 Nymphaea parviflora, 303 +Malva sylvestris, 266–268 Nymphaea polystigma, 303 +Malva vulgaris, 266 Nymphaea splendens, 303 +Mandragora acaulis, 269 Nymphaea suaveolens, 303 +Mandragora mas, 269 Nymphaea urceolata, 303 +Mandragora microcarpa, 269 Nymphaea venusta, 303 +Mandragora officinalis, 269 +Mandragora officinarum, 269–272 +Mandragora praecox, 269 O +Mandragora vernalis, 269 +Olea europea, 306–311 +Marjorana crassa, 311 +Origanum crassa, 311 +Marjorana crassifolia, 311 +Origanum maru, 311 +Marjorana maru, 311 +Origanum pseudoonites, 311 +Marjorana nervosa, 311 +Origanum syriacum, 311 +Marjorana scutellifolia, 311 +Ornithogallum umbellatum, 312–314 +Marjorana syriacum, 311 +Marula cotula, 43 +Marula foetida, 43 +P +Marula vulgaris, 43 +Paliuris spina-christi, 315 +Mentha asiatica, 273 +Paliurus aculeatus, 315 +Mentha calliantha, 273 +Paliurus australis, 315 +Mentha candicans, 273 +Pancratium maritimum, 316 +Mentha capensis, 273 +Panicum asperimum, 317 +Mentha concolor, 273 +Panicum effusum, 317 +Mentha hamadanensis, 273 +Panicum miliaceum, 317–319 +Mentha incana, 273 +Panicum milium, 317 +Mentha longifolia, 273–275 +Panicum ruderale, 317 +Mentha royleana, 273 +Panicum spontaneum, 317 +Mentha spicata, 273 +Papaver somniferum, 320–324 +Mentha sylvestris, 273 +Passerina hirsuta, 462 +Mentha viridis, 273 +Patrinia jatamansi, 285 +Mimosa arabica, 2 +Peucedanum galbaniflua, 185 +Mimosa nilotica, 2 +Peucedanum graveolens, 39 +Momordica lanata, 118 +Peucedanum sowa, 39 +Morus nigra, 276–278 +Phoenix dactylifera, 325–328 +Myrtus communis, 279–282 +Phragmites australis, 329–331 +Phragmites communis, 329 +Phragmites longivalvis, 329 +N +Phragmites vulgaris, 329 +Phragmites vulgaris, 329 +Napus agriasinapis, 433 +Pimpinella spinosa, 418 +Narcissus tazetta, 283–284 +Pinus abasica, 334 +Nardostachys gracilis, 285 +Pinus alepensis, 334 +Nardostachys grandiflora, 285–288 +Pinus arabica, 334 +Nardostachys jatamansi, 285 +Pinus brutia Ten., 332–333 +Nasturtium armoracia, 47 +Pinus carica, 334 +Nasturtium fontanum, 289 +Pinus ceciliae, 334 +Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum, 289 +Pinus genuensis, 334 +Nasturtium officinale, 289–293 +Pinus halepensis, 332, 334 +Nerium indicum, 294 +Pinus hispanica, 334 +Nerium latifolium, 294 +Pinus loiseleuriana, 334 +Nerium odorum, 294 +Pinus maritima, 334 +Nerium oleander, 294–297 +Pinus parolinii, 334 +Nigella indica, 298 +Pinus penicillus, 334 +Nigella sativa, 298–302 +Pinus persica, 332 +Nigella truncata, 298 +Pinus pinea, 335–336 +Nymphaea alba, 303–305 +Pinus pityusa, 332 +Nymphaea erythrocarpa, 303 +Pinus pseudohalepensis, 334 +Nymphaea exumbonata, 303 +8202_C004.indd 526 11/7/07 4:22:41 PM +Scientific Name Index 527 +Pinus sylvestris, 334 Rubus sanctus, 386–387 +Pinus x saportae, 334 Rubus sanguineus, 386 +Pistacia atlantica, 337–338 Rumex acetosella, 388–390 +Pistacia lentiscus, 339–340 Ruscus aculeatus, 391–393 +Pistacia mutica, 337 Ruta angustifolia, 394 +Pistacia narbonensis, 343 Ruta bracteosa, 394 +Pistacia nigricans, 343 Ruta chalepensis, 394–396 +Pistacia officinarum, 343 Ruta graveolens, 394 +Pistacia reticulata, 343 +Pistacia terebinthis, 343 +Pistacia terebinthus, 341–342 S +Pistacia trifolia, 343 +Sabina bacciformis, 228 +Pistacia variifolia, 343 +Sabina excelsa, 224 +Pistacia vera, 343–344 +Sabina isophyllos, 224 +Platanus orientalis, 345–347 +Sabina lycia, 228 +Platanus vulgaris, 345 +Sabina olivieri, 224 +Populus alba, 348–349 +Sabina phoenicia, 228 +Populus euphratica, 350–351 +Sabina polycarpos, 224 +Porrum comune, 21 +Sabina religiosa, 224 +Porrum sativum, 21 +Sabina seravschanica, 224 +Porrum sativum Mill., 23 +Sabina turbinata, 228 +Poterium spinosum, 418 +Sabinella phoenicia, 228 +Prunus amygdalus, 355 +Saccharum officinarum, 397–401 +Prunus armeniaca, 352–354 +Salicornia europaea, 402 +Prunus dulcis, 355–359 +Salicornia europea, 402–403 +Pterocarpus santalinus, 360–361 +Salicornia herbacea, 402 +Punica florida, 362 +Salicornia virginica, 402 +Punica granatum, 362–366 +Salix acmophylla, 404–408 +Punica multiflora, 362 +Salix babylonica, 409–410 +Punica nana, 362 +Salix fragilior, 411 +Punica spinosa, 362 +Salix fragilis, 411–412 +Pycreus rotundus, 172 +Salix glauca, 404 +Pyrus malus, 261 +Salix japonica, 409 +Pyrus pumila, 261 +Salix octandra, 404 +Salix persicofolia, 411 +Salsola kali, 413–414 +Q +Salvadora persica, 415–417 +Quercus aegilops, 367 +Sanguisorba spinosa, 418 +Quercus ithaburensis, 367–368 +Sarcopoterium spinosum, 418 +Saussurea costus, 419–421 +Saussurea lappa, 419 +R +Schoenoplectus lacustris, 422 +Radicula armoracia, 47 Scirpus acutus., 422 +Scirpus lacustris, 422 +Radicula nasturtium, 289 +Ranunculus asiaticus Auth., 369–370 Scolymus hispanicus, 423–424 +Scopolia datora, 213 +Raphanus arvensis, 433 +Retama raetam Forssk., 372–372 Scopolia mutica, 213 +Rhamnus palaestinas Boiss., 373 Senna acutifolia, 424 +Senna alexandrina, 425–427 +Rhamnus paliurus, 315 +Rhamnus spina-christi, 506 Senna angustifolia, 424 +Seriphidium herba-album, 50 +Ricinus communis, 374–379 +Rorippa armoracia, 47 Silybum marianum, 428–432 +Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, 289 Sinapis arvensis, 433–435 +Sinapis kaber, 433 +Rorippa rusticana, 47 +Rosa armata, 380 Sinapis orientalis, 433 +Sinapis polymorhpa, 433 +Rosa canina, 380–383 +Rosa caucasica, 380 Sinapis schkuhriana, 433 +Rosa frondosa, 380 Sisymbrium nasturtium, 289 +Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum, 289 +Rosa glauca, 380 +Rosa lutetiana, 380 Solanum anguivi Lam., 436–437 +Solanum hermannii, 436 +Rosa taurica, 380 +Rubia tinctorium, 384–385 Solanum incanum, 438–439 +8202_C004.indd 527 11/7/07 4:22:42 PM +528 Duke’s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible +Solanum indicum, 436 +V +Solanum sanctum, 438 +Valeriana jatamansi, 285 +Solanum scalare, 436 +Vetiveria odorata, 485 +Solanum sodomeum, 436 +Vetiveria zizanioides, 485–489 +Sorghum bicolor, 440–443 +Viburnum tinus, 490 +Sorghum saccharatum, 440 +Vicia faba, 491–495 +Sorghum vulgare, 440 +Vicia lens, 245 +Styrax benzoin, 444–446 +Vitis vinifera, 496–501 +Styrax officinalis, 447–448 +Suaeda, 449–450 +Sycomorus gnaphalocarpa, 191 +X +Sycomorus trachyphylla, 191 +Xanthium americanum, 502 +Xanthium canadese, 502 +Xanthium catharticum, 502 +T +Xanthium cavanillesii, 502 +Xanthium chinese, 502 +Tamarix aphylla, 451–452 +Xanthium commune, 502 +Tamarix articulata, 451 +Xanthium cylindraceum, 502 +Taraxacum dens-leonis, 453 +Xanthium echinatum, 502 +Taraxacum eriopodum, 453 +Xanthium echinellum, 502 +Taraxacum officinale, 453–458 +Xanthium indicum, 502 +Taraxacum vulgare, 453 +Xanthium inflexum, 502 +Taraxacum wallichii, 453 +Xanthium italicum, 502 +Tetraclinis articulata, 459–460 +Xanthium macrocarpum, 502 +Tetraena dumosa, 461 +Xanthium occidentale, 502 +Theodorea costus, 419 +Xanthium orientale, 502 +Thuja articulata, 459 +Xanthium pensylvanicum, 502 +Thymelaea hirsuta, 462 +Xanthium pungens, 502 +Trigonella foenum-graecum, 463–467 +Xanthium saccharatum, 502 +Triticum aestivum, 468–471 +Xanthium speciosum, 502 +Triticum dicoccum, 468 +Xanthium spinosum, 502–504 +Triticum durum, 468 +Xanthium strumarium, 502 +Triticum sativum, 468 +Xanthium vulgare, 502 +Triticum spelta, 468 +Xiphium pseudoacorus, 214 +Triticum vulgare, 468 +Tulipa, 472–473 +Typha, 474–477 +Z +Zilla myagriodes, 505 +Zilla spinosa, 505 +U +Ziziphus spina-christi, 506–507 +Zostera marina, 508–510 +Ulmus canescens, 478–479 +Zygophyllum dumosum, 461 +Urtica dioica, 480–484 +8202_C004.indd 528 11/7/07 4:22:43 PM +